MODULE 5

Data Gathering Research Instruments

-means open-ended questionnaires, interviews, observation,or any other forms which are used to collect
information.(Jones, 1985)

3 BEST EXAMPLES:

1. Qualitative Questionnaires

-attempt to elicit more in-depth responses and are usuallydesigned to find out what has changed as a
result of the program, what the menteeshave learned, and what they are doing differently.

Strengths (O’Leary, 2014)

▪Reach a large number of respondents

▪Represent an even larger population

▪Allow for comparisons

▪Generate qualitative data through the use of open-ended questions

▪Be confidential and even anonymous

Weaknesses (O’Leary, 2014)

 Time-consuming
 Expensive
 Difficult (to get right)
 Do not go as planned
2. Interviews

-a conversation for gathering information. A research interview involves an interviewer, who coordinates
the process of the conversation and asks questions, and an interviewee, who responds to those question

Can be:

a. Face-to-face
b. Over the telephone
c. Internet

Types:

a. Semi-structured interviews: the interviewer uses a set of predetermined questions and the respondents
answer in their own words.
b. Unstructured interviews: the interviewer has no specific guidelines, restrictions, predetermined
questions, or a list of options.

Strengths:

▪Interviews provide useful information when participants cannot be directly observed.

▪The interviewer has better control over the types of information that they receive. They can pick their own
questions.
▪If worded effectively, questions will encourage unbiased and truthful answers.

Weaknesses:

▪Can be time-consuming and inexperienced interviewers may not be able to keep the questions properly
focusedThe interviewee may provide biased information or be unreliable if only one interviewer is
interpreting the information. The best research requires many different point of views.

▪The interview answers may be deceptive because the interviewee tries to respond in a way that will please the
interviewer.

▪Equipment may be a problem. Equipment may be costly and require a high level of technical competence to use.

3. Observation

-a systematic data-collecting technique that involves watching individuals in their natural environment ora
naturally occurring situation.

-a way to gather data by watching people, events, or noting physical characteristics in their natural
setting

-Observations can be overt (subjects know they are being observed) or covert (do not know they are being
watched).

Participant Observation

•Researcher becomes a participant in the culture or context being observed.

•Requires researcher to be accepted as part of culture being observed in order for success.

Types of Observation:

1. Direct Observation

-This observation method makes you see or listen to everything that happens in the area of observation.
For instance, things happening in a classroom, court trial, street trafficking, and the like come directly to your
senses.

•To avoid waste of energy, time, and effort in observing you have to stick to the questions that your research
aims at answering.

•What you ought to focus your attention to during the observation is specified by your research
problems

2. Indirect Observation

•Results of an interaction, process or behavior are observed (for example, measuring the amount of plate
waste left by students in a school cafeteria to determine whether a new food is acceptable to them).
•The level of observer participation can vary from wholly participant toanon-participant. The non-
participant observer has limited interaction with the people being observed.
•Observers can collect data through field notes, video,or audio recordings, which can be analyzed using
qualitative analytical tools. If you code your observations to exact numerical data, it can be analyzed
using a quantitative approach.
•Oneof the main benefits of usingwholly or partial participant observation is that the level of immersion and
prolonged involvement with participants can lead to a good rapport, thereby encouraging participants to
speak up freely. This helps with the rich details of the collected data.
Strengths
•Due to disguised form of observation, behavior is naturally studied and data is not distorted.
•The subjects behave in the desired natural manner and do not get influenced by what the observer wants to
listen.
•Observation techniques are cost effective and produce valid results.
•People are observed and their willingness to participate is not taken into account as in case of focus
group discussions or personal interviews.drb-biology2011-ecological-method-of-observation-OrgzGq-
clipart.gif(tf bat may link)
Weaknesses
•Time consuming and may involve large amount of inactivity.
•Observations may lack depth and qualitative richness.
•If the ethics are not handled well, legal action can be taken
 MODULE 6
Planning Data Analysis
Coding - classifying or categorizing individual pieces data coupled with some kind of retrieval system (Babbie
2016, 387).
-It is done by classifying qualitative data such as interview responses, field notes, pictures, or symbols, into
themesorconcepts that they convey
3 Types of Coding (According to Babbie 2016, 388-391)

1. Open Coding –the first step at coding in which qualitative data are closely examined, compared with one
another, and then classified into discrete ideas. ‘Unemployment’, ‘missed payments’, and ‘educational
struggles’ are examples of open coding. This is done for every response or data that you process.If you
find similar ideas from other responses, you will file them under the same code.
2. Axial Coding - this is done by regrouping the results of open coding and finding a core concept
among the codes. For example, codes such as ‘TV network closure’, ‘Tourism industry, and
‘Factories’can be classified under the axial code of unemployment by company closure.
3. Selective Coding - –this is done to identify the single concept to which all other codes relate to. Once that
you have reviewed all of the data and identified all of the concepts, you will see a central concept that ties
it all.For example,if most of the responses point out that their families’ finances were severely impacted
due to the unemployment ofthe bread winneror the provider of the household, we can point out
unemployment as the selective code.

(More stuff sa module 6, d q nalang sinama baka d naman important HAHAHSHS)

Concept Mapping - graphical depiction of relationships of concepts or codes generated during the coding
steps. This makes it simpler for you to explain, and easier for the reader to comprehend.

Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Data Analysis

(nasa module rin, pero baka d rin lumabas sa exam)

MODULE 7

Elements of the Research Methodology

1.Research Design

2.Respondents or Participants of the Study

3.Sampling Procedure

4.Research Instrument

5.Data Gathering Procedure

RESEARCH DESIGN

-Select the appropriate qualitative research design for your study and describe how it could solve the
research problem. Research design describes the specific framework that you will follow to solve your
research problem. You may use qualitative research designs such as case study method, ethnography,
content analysis, phenomenological study, grounded theory, or other qualitative designs that you may see fit
for the problem. In this section, you will explain why you chose that specific design, and how it could provide
answers to your research questions and research problem.
RESPONDENTS OR PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY - describes who your respondents or participants are, from
which the data to answer the research problem is collected.

Respondents - people who took part in your study by answering a questionnaire or answer sheet

Participants - are people who took part in the study by performing tasks related to the purposes of the
study.

SAMPLING PROCEDURE - In this section, you will describe which sampling method you implemented, and why
you chose to implement it. You can choose between probability and non-probability sampling types,
depending on what is most appropriate for your study. One thing to remember, especially if you are going
to use Slovin’s Formula for Sampling in probability sampling types, is that you no longer need to write down
the complete formula and solution at this section. You simply have to describe that you used Slovin’s Formula
and its result.

Slovin’s Formula

Research’s Instrument

-In qualitative research, you are not limited to a single type of data gathering instrument. Aside
from survey questionnaires, you may use structured or unstructured interview questions,
observation checklists, audio and video recordings, or whatever data may be appropriate for
your research problem. In this section, you must explain the reasoning behind your chosen
instrument, and how it gathers accurate data for your analysis. You will also have to explain the
parts or contents of your research instrument, so that the reader could see how it answers the
research questions and helps solve the research problem. For example, if the first part of your
instrument requires the respondent to provide their profile, describe which specific bits of data
are you going to collect and why.

Data Gathering Procedure

-This section describes the entirety of how the data will be collected and the steps leading up to it.
Just like in sampling procedure, this is written sequentially, or according to order. Depending on the
advice of your research teacher, it can be written in essay form, or in a numbered or bulleted list
form. What is important is that you can explain in detail how the instrument will be used and
data will be collected.

MODULE 8

Formation of Research Instruments

1. Qualitative Questions - attempt to elicit more in-depth responses from the respondents.It
isdesigned to find out what has changed as a result of the program, what the mentees have
learned, and what they are doing differently.
2. Interview - An interview is a conversation for gathering information. A research interview
involves an interviewer, who coordinates the process of the conversation and asks
questions, and an interviewee, who responds to those questions.The success of gatheringdata
through interviews lies inthe readiness of the interviewer to askand follow upquestions.

Tips for formulating interview guidelines for QLR interview: (imma enumerate nalang, but if u want
to seek more info, nasa mod8 nalang, d ko lang naadd hehe tiway)

a. The relationship of research questions and interview questions.

b. Attributes of a population
c. Qualitative Interview are useful for eliciting people’s descriptions

d. Questions about factors that impact X

e. Knowledge Questions

•Tell me what you have noticed about X.

•What stands out to you with respect to Y?

f. Open-ended questions
g. Fewer questions

•You mentioned X, describe an example of how that works.

•You talked about Y, what usually happensthen?

3. Observation - Observational research is a “successful”instrument to the extent that it satisfies

the research objectives by capturing relevant events and participants along with the
constructs of interest. Fortunately, there are two tools used in conducting the observation–
the observation guide and the observation grid. These toolsserve to keep the observer on
track towards these objectives and generally facilitate the ethnographic data gathering process.
Types of Observational Tools

1. Observation Guide (Roller and Lavrakas, 2015)

2. Observation Grid

-As an adjunct to the observation guide, it is recommended that ethnographic

researchers also utilize an observation grid. The grid is similar to the guide in that, it helps remind
the observer of the events and issues of most import; however, unlike the guide, the observation
grid is a spreadsheet or log of sorts that enables the observer to record (and record hisreflections of)
observable events in relationship to the constructs of interest. The grid might show, for
instance, the relevant constructs or research issues as column headings and the specific foci of
observation as rows.