CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

It is said that electronics gadgets modify the world. It is now the

most acquired by many. This will show the true power of electronically

gadgets. Excessive use of mobile phones causes students to fare

poorly in elementary, junior high and high school, not only because it

makes them lose their concentration due to a lack of sleep, but also

because it apparently compromises what they have studied,

researchers say.

"A gadget is a little tool or apparatus that serves a specific

beneficial purpose. Our lives have changed as a result of technology

since the 20th century. Modern technology is crucial to everyone in

our generation. They are unable to leave without this item and

continue without those employees. Every year, advances in modern

technology were made, including the keypad, touch screen, and the

transition from bulky to tiny gadgets. Almost everyone fantasizes of

owning devices. Some people purchase gadgets with the intention of

becoming famous or attracting attention. The modern technology was

our generation's well-known telecommunication. Using electronics has

become widespread and essential for everyone at all times. In many

1
people's daily lives, technology is used. Students utilize technology to

speed up tasks related to their schoolwork and other compliance, even

when they are in class. ( https://bit.ly/3UZwStu )

According to Coughlan (2015) emphasized that students

are always busy sending and receiving messages while studying. As a

result, they got lower score in the test and were less effective at tasks

such as note taking. This generation of "voracious texters" might be

affected by so many online distractions. When students did not use

mobiles, they were better at being able to recall information with the

exam season under way, there are family arguments about whether

teenagers really can learn at the same time as using several online

gadgets.

In addition, he said how well young people could carry out a

task, such as watching a lecture on a video and then taking notes and

answering questions, while facing a series of interruptions on their

internet-connected mobile phones. Mobiles and portable devices are

now such a pervasive part of young people's lives, how much students

could really study at the same time as interacting online. Students

often spend more time on using gadgets than studying or doing

different types of physical and spiritual activities. Students usually

use gadgets for media and social interactions in particular Facebook,

twitter, and other sorts of social networks.

2
 “Electronic gadgets are the instruments which can perform

many activities at a time with vast speed & makes the hard work

efficient one.” Some of them are in following figure, there are many

‘Electronic gadgets’, which we are using in day days life such as

computer, T.V., mobile, I-pod, pen drive, etc. available easily. These

instruments help us by making easy paper work, entertaining, for

communication etc. But not to limit only this, these instruments are

proved useful in almost every industry. Electronic gadgets operate

many machines, ships, aero planes, and industrial activities. Also,

they are used to identify conditions for the performance of any works.

(Agrawal, S.(n.d.). The Influence of Electronic Gadgets in Student Life.

Retrieved from (http://writing.wikinut.com/)

This research is being conducted at Yllana Bay View College, a

private school in Pagadian City. In order to determine the effect of

electronic gadgets to the students' academic performance in

criminology, the researcher is interested in this study.

Statement of the problem

The main focus of this study is to determine the effects of

electronic gadgets in academic performance of the Yllana Bay View

College third year Criminology students.

3
 Specifically, this study sought to answer the following question:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. age,

b. sex,

c. class performance

2. What are those electronic gadgets that can affects the academic

performance of the third-year students?

3. What are the effects of electronic gadgets on the academic

performance of third year BS-Criminology students?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the effects of electronic

gadgets to the academic performance of the third year BS-Criminology

students?

Hypothesis

The hypothesis below is articulated to guide the readers:

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between

the electronic gadgets and academic performance of criminology

students.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant relationship

between the electronic gadgets and academic performance of

criminology students.

4
Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of

electronic gadgets on the academic performance of the Yllana Bay

View College third year Criminology students; and how does electronic

gadgets affect the academic performance of the students.

Students. The students of Yllana Bay View College especially the

Criminology this study will serve as awareness to the negative or

positive effects of using gadgets that will help them modified or control

the amount of time spent on it and eventually reorganize their study

habits.

Parents. The result would be beneficial for them to be reminded of

their important roles as parents. They would make constant follow-up

on their children’s study time. They would spend much time in

reminding their children on the bad effects always staring into mobile

phones or smartphones. That it tends to change their sleeping and

study habits.

Teachers. This study is important because it would help teachers

examine whether the use of electronic gadget has negative effects on

students’ note-taking behaviors and subsequent performance on

5
exam and study habits. Thus, they would impose discipline in the

classroom in the use of gadgets.

Criminology Student. This study is important to the criminology

student because it can give awareness on what the effects of using

electronic gadgets especially to their academic performance.

School Administration. This is significant for them to apply

discipline for the students who is addicted of using electronic gadgets.

And help the teachers to orienting guide the students.

Future Researcher. This study may help future researchers on their

own research. They may widen the scope of their own study or

improve this research study.

Scope and Delimitation

This study attempts to determine the effects of electronic gadgets

to the academic performance of the Yllana Bay View College third year

Criminology students. This study was limited only for the 60 third

year criminology students and 10 Criminology Instructor of Yllana

Bay View College. Furthermore, the study utilized questionnaire

checklist for the third year Criminology students’ and criminology

6
Instructor of Yllana Bay View College on the effect of electronic

gadgets to their academic performance.

This study was limited to the stated variables considering the

time frame and availability of the data and the time of the

respondents in answering the questionnaires.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the theories of Walberg’s theory of

academic achievement posits that psychological characteristic of

individual students and their immediate psychological environments

influence educational outcomes (Cognitive, behavioral, and

attitudinal) (Reynolds & Walberg, 1992). Further, Walberg’s research

identified nine key variables that influence educational outcomes as:

student ability/prior achievement, motivation, age/developmental

level, quantity of instruction, quality of instruction, classroom climate,

home environment, peer group, and exposure to mass media outside

of school (Walberg, Fraser, & Welch, 1986).

Also, the theory of academic performance (ToP) was developed by

Elger (2007). The theory emphasizes six foundational concepts to form

a framework that can be used to explain performance as well as

performance improvements. To perform is to produce valued results.

7
A performer can be an individual or a group of people engaging in a

collaborative effort. Developing performance is a journey, and level of

performance describes location in the journey. Current level of

performance depends holistically on six components: context,

level of knowledge, levels of skills, level of identity, personal factors,

and fixed factors.

In recent decades, studies of learning environments have been

concerned with conceptualization and theory development. Student

ratings have also been traditionally included in faculty and course

evaluation in higher education settings. Research on learning

environments (Astin, 1993; Fraser, Walberg, Welch, & Hattie, 1987;

Fullarton, 2002) show that psychosocial characteristics of classroom

learning environments demonstrate incremental validity in predicting

student achievement. These psychosocial characteristics (such as self-

concept, attitudes, behaviors, intrinsic motivation, and overall student

engagement in learning) are useful in curriculum evaluation studies,

and can provide teachers with useful information to arrange more

optimally functioning.

Another theory that can be applied to this study was anchored to

Distributed Cognition Theory, the student is afforded more power. In

other words, it is a student-centered approach to learning where the

learners participate in a systematically designed learning environment

8
that supports interaction amongst its participants (Bell & Winn,

2000). This theory promotes learning in a community of learners or a

system where interaction takes place. It is through this interaction

where cognition occurs. Distributed Cognition requires sharing of

cognitive activity among the parts and participants of this system,

which can be other people or tools such as devices, technologies or

media. These participants distribute their cognition among other

learners and physical or digital tools by externally representing their

knowledge. At times, by using these tools, a little bit of the

information might stick with the user, this is known as cognitive

residue. Itis through interaction with other members and tools that

progresses learning. Therefore, communication among all participants

is paramount in importance (Bell & Winn, 2000).

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Conceptual Framework

The first block contains the independent variable which is the

electronic gadgets mobile phone/cellphone, tablet, and laptop. An

arrow from the independent variable is pointing to the second block

containing the dependent variable which is effects of electronic

gadgets on the academic performance of YBVC Criminology students.

This means that the study’s outcome would determine what is the

effect of electronic gadgets in the academic performance of the YBVC

Criminology students.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Electronic Gadgets
Effects of Electronic Gadgets to
the Academic Performance
Mobile Phone/Cellphone
Tablet
Laptop

Figure 1: Showing the relationship between independent and

dependent variables.

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Definition of Terms

For the purpose of understanding some terminologies used in the

study were defined conceptually and or operationally.

Academic Performance is the extent to which a

student has achieve their

educational goals it is

represented by Cumulative

GPA

(https://bit.ly/3Cm9bD3).

As used in the study, it is

the assessment of the

teachers to their students

through their performance

either academic, behavior

and extra-curricular.

Effects it is the positive or negative

effects influenced by

gadgets

(https://bit.ly/3Cm9bD3).

As used in the study, it is a

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 result of the thing being

done.

Gadgets refers to a small electronic

device

(https://bit.ly/3Cm9bD3).

As used in the study, it is

an electronic thing or a tool

that we will use a lot in this

century.

Laptop is a personal computer that

can be easily moved and

used in a variety of

locations

(https://bit.ly/2ET9DOK).

As used in the study, this

one of the things that we

can use in our transaction

through online.

Mobile Phone is a wireless handled device

that allows users to makes

calls and send text

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 messages among other

features

(https://bit.ly/3Cm9bD3).

As used in the study, it's a

small thing but it helps a

lot by contacting our

acquaintances or relatives

who are in a distant place

or even use it in business.

Tablet is a wireless, portable

personal computer with a

touchscreen interface

(https://bit.ly/3COxxXA).

As used in the study, this

have much larger screens

than smartphones and we

can also use it to be active

or updated on social media.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents and discusses the related literature and

studies that have some bearing on effects of electronic gadgets on

academic performance, in order for the readers to have a clearer view

and understanding.

Electronic Gadgets on Academic Performance

Electronic gadgets occupied a major position in our daily lives.

Though they were invented to make life better for us the first place it

is an undeniable fact that many of the gadgets have negative effects

and influence upon the quality of our lives in some ways. According to

Brown (2005) people cannot live without them in this modern world

and they are now considered necessity, people have to find ways to

reduce the negative impact of those modern gadget. With the

14
tremendous advances in technology over the past decade, consumers

have grown to expect a new gadget or an upgrade to an existing one

on the market every few months. Gadgets like mobile phones, iPod,

mp3 players and game consoles are the most sought-after type of

gadgets nowadays. In addition, these games have effects on the

learning experiences of the students (Rheingold, 1993). According to

Liu & Chen (2005), academic standing and study habits are said to

improving because of the advent and the wide use of Internet,

hypertext and multimedia resources which greatly affect the study

habits.

In his widely cited paper, Romer (1993) is one of the first few

authors to explore the relationship between student attendance and

exam performance. A number of factors have contributed to declining

class attendances around the world in the last 15 years. The major

reasons given by students for non-attendance include assessment

pressures, poor delivery of lectures, timing of lectures, and work

commitments (Newman-Ford, Lloyd & Thomas, 2009). In recent times,

students have found a need to seek employment while studying on a

part-time basis due to financial constraints. The numbers of part-time

and mature students have also risen sharply. The use of information

technology also means that information that used to be obtained from

sitting through lectures can be obtained at the click of a mouse.

Indeed, web-based learning approaches have become the order of the

15
day. Given all these developments that either makes it impossible or

unnecessary for students to attend classes, the question that needs to

be asked is whether absenteeism affects students ‘academic

performance.

Also, According to Ally (2009), teachers nowadays know that

most of their students own at least a hand phone or other mobile

devices such as an MP3 player, a laptop and they are surrounded

with technological gadgets which keep on changing at a very fast rate.

In relation to this, nowadays students learned how to use the modern

technology.

Mobile Phone

Mobile phones or smartphones are rapidly becoming the central

computer and communication device in people's lives. Application

delivery channels such as the Apple AppStore are transforming mobile

phones into App Phones, capable of downloading a myriad of

applications in an instant. Importantly, today's smartphones are

programmable and come with a growing set of cheap powerful

embedded sensors, such as an accelerometer, digital compass,

gyroscope, GPS, microphone, and camera, which are enabling the

emergence of personal, group, and community scale sensing

applications. We believe that sensor-equipped mobile phones will

revolutionize many sectors of our economy, including business,

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healthcare, social networks, environmental monitoring, and

transportation, (Nicholas D Lane, Emiliano Miluzzo, Hong Lu, Daniel

Peebles, Tanzeem Choudhury, Andrew T Campbell IEEE

Communications magazine 48 (9), 140-150, (2010).

In addition, Felix Librero, Angelo Juan Ramos, Adelina I Ranga,

Jerome Triñona, David Lambert Distance education 28 (2), 231-244,

(2007) stated that the cell phone, now the most widely used medium

in Asia, has major educational implications. Most users, however, do

not realize the cell phone's potential for education, nor even for the

communication functions for which it was originally designed. Most

educators still see the computer and the cell phone as unrelated

devices, and the tiny cell phone more as a personal accessory,

especially for young people. With falling prices and increasing

functionality, however, it is virtually certain that not too far in the

future all of the world's students will have a cell phone. This is

sufficient reason and motivation for educators to explore the

possibility of making the cell phone an important tool in the

educational systems of developed and developing countries.

Tablet

The incorporation of tablets into education has become

widespread in recent years. Their use enables learners to gain access

17
to a plethora of learning resources. Nevertheless, reasonably little has

been done to systematically review the effects of tablet-assisted

learning on student learning achievements, participation, and

motivation. In this study, both the positive and negative effects of

tablet-assisted learning were explored. In addition, the motivational

elements of tablet-assisted learning were discussed, coupled with an

analysis of its effects on motivation and gender differences in tablet

use. The roles of tablet use in learner participation and ways to

enhance learner participation were also studied. Additionally, we

discussed the impacts of tablet-assisted learning at different grade

levels and provided constructive suggestions for technologists and

educators. Further research should carry out empirical investigations

with large samples or by combining tablets with gamification to

identify more factors affecting tablet use and address the existing

problems. ( https://bit.ly/3hvjkXq)

Amelito G Enriquez Computers in Education Journal 18 (3), 69-

84, (2008) stated that the importance of active and interactive

learning in science and engineering education has long been

recognized, and interactive and collaborative teaching and learning

techniques are routinely employed in small laboratory and discussion

sessions. Wireless technology, coupled with pen-based computing

technology that is suited for analyzing and solving engineering

problems, provides an ideal venue for applying these interactive

18
teaching and learning methods to a larger, more traditional lecture

setting. This study focuses on how Tablet PCs and wireless technology

can be used during classroom instruction to create an Interactive

Learning Network (ILN) that allows real-time student assessment and

assistance. The ILN is designed to enhance the instructor’s ability to

solicit active participation from all students during lectures, to

conduct immediate and meaningful assessment of student learning,

and to provide needed real-time feedback and assistance to maximize

student learning. This interactive classroom environment is created

using wireless Tablet PCs and a software application, Net Support

School, that allows various levels of interactions between the

instructor and the students during lectures, thereby enhancing the

instructor’s ability to systematically monitor and control individual

student progress, assess their understanding through instant

surveys, and provide immediate feedback and assistance through the

wireless network. Results from two separate controlled studies of the

implementation of this interactive model of instruction in sophomore-

level Dynamics course show a statistically significant positive impact

on student performance. Additionally, results of student surveys show

overwhelmingly positive student perception of the effects of this

classroom environment on their learning experience.

Laptop

19
 Fried (2008) in their study found that the level of laptop use was

negatively related to measures of student learning and caused

disruption in understanding of course material and course

performance. Bugeja reported in their study that those students who

were taking laptops to their class rooms were doing activities which

were unrelated to class work such as surfing the internet or sending

e-mails. Fang attributes this distraction to failure to involve students

in the class room rather than blaming them for lack of engagement.

Nworie and Houghton have found that students indulged in disruptive

activities using computers provided in the class room for learning

activities. Students have used these computers for instant messaging

with friends, sending and receiving emails, paying bills, shopping

online, downloading and using copyrighted materials, surfing the web,

playing computer games, downloading objectionable materials.

In addition, in the study of ABM Students in Bestlink College of

the Philippines state that in terms of activities, homework and project

using gadgets like laptops helps the students to do their compliances

in school. Using gadgets becomes common and vital to all people

anywhere and anytime now. Many people are using gadgets as part of

their daily lives. Even in academics, students use gadgets to expedite

the things they need to finish in connection with their school works

and other compliance.

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 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, the

orespondents, the sampling technique, the data gathering tools,

administrations of the questionnaire and the statistical treatment

used in this research study.

Research Design

This study used quantitative research with a descriptive research

design. Descriptive research design is a type of research design that

aims to obtain information to systematically describe a phenomenon,

situation, or population (https://bit.ly/3tclEFg). This design is

21
appropriate to be used in this research since the researchers are

describing certain phenomenon through survey.

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted in Yllana Bay View College located at

Enerio Street, Balangasan District, and Jamisola Street, St. Lucia for

the Annex campus both residing in the city of Pagadian, Zamboanga

Del Sur. The Yllana Bay View College was founded in the year 2008

and today it is one of the prime schools in the city. The Yllana Bay

View College accept reviewees from outsider schools because the

institution is a review center as well. To further state the fact, the

Yllana Bay View College was a review center before it became an

excellent college institution. The school is located in Barangay

Balangasan, Pagadian City.

Where the Pagadian City is a second-class component city in the

capital of the province of Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. It is the

regional center of the Zamboanga Peninsula and the second-largest

city in the region and in the province, after the independent city of

Zamboanga According to the 2020 census, it has a population of

210,452 people.

22
23
Figure 2. Map of Pagadian City Showing Enerio Street, Balangasan

24
Research Subject/Research Sampling

This study utilizing with seventy (70) respondents. Sixty (60)

from third year criminology Students and ten (10) from Criminology

Instructor. These seventy respondents where conveniently selected.

Convenience sampling is defined as a method adopted by

researchers where they collect market research data from a

conveniently available pool of respondents (https://bit.ly/3zZH1gJ).

This is appropriate to be used because it is the most commonly used

sampling technique as it’s incredibly prompt, uncomplicated, and

economical.

Data Instrument

The researcher used a questionnaire checklist. The checklist

prepared were based on the number of sub-problems presented in

chapter 1. There were three (3) sub-problems formulated by the

researchers. The first part of the questionnaire checklist which dealt

with the profile of the respondents according to age, sex, and class

performance. The second part was focused on the electronic gadgets

that affect the academic performance of the third-year criminology

students. The last part dealt with the effects of gadgets on the

academic performance on third-year criminology students. The

researcher used a 5-point Likert scale to rate the response of the

25
respondents as follows: 5 – Strongly Agree; 4 - for Agree; 3 – Neutral;

2 – Disagree; 1 – Strongly Disagree.

Scale used for Interpretation:

Scale weighted Means/equivalent Corresponding

Remarks

5 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

4 3.41 – 4.20 Agree (A)

3 2.61 – 3.40 Neutral (N)

2 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree (D)

1 1- 1.80 Strongly Disagree

(SD)

Table 1. Likert scale

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers used a survey questionnaire checklist in

gathering the data. The survey questionnaire was referred to the

adviser to pass judgement on the contents, appropriates and

suitability of the instruments. Permission to conduct the research in

Yllana Bay View College is the first request in a form of a consent

26
letter from the researcher’s adviser and teacher. Upon approval, the

respective residents were personally given a survey questionnaire by

the researchers to be answered by the respondents to conduct the

data gathering. When the researchers’ finish the survey, the tallying of

the data follows and will be calculated by the statistician to know

what is the correlation of the given data.

Data Analysis Technique

The following statistical procedure used to interpret the data that

is gather from the respondents of the study. The demographic profile

of the respondents in terms of age, sex, and class performance

analyze using simple percentage. Formula is shown below:

F
P= (100 %)
N
Where:

P=Percentage

F=Frequency for each category

N=Total number of respondents

100%=Constant multiplier

This study used the Descriptive Statistical Method specifically

weighted mean and Kendall Tau B Correlation using SPSS (Statistical

Package Sciences Software) to point out the relevant correlation

between the Effects of Electronic Gadgets on the Academic

Performance, the study used statistical tool for the treatment of both

27
 independent and dependent variables. The formula of the mean is as

follows:

∑FW
WM¿
N

Where:

WM=Weighted Mean

∑=Summation Symbol

F=Frequency for Each Option

W=Assigned Weight

N=Total Number of Frequencies

Kendall’s Tau B Values Interpretation:

● Less than (+ or -)0.10: very weak

● (+ or -)0.10 to 0.19: weak

● (+ or -)0.20 to 0.29: moderate

● (+ or -)0.30 or above: strong

28
 APPENDEX C

“EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC GADGETS ON ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF YLLANA BAY VIEW COLLEGE CRIMINOLOGY

STUDENTS”

Respondent Number:

QUESTIONNAIRE

(Criminology Students and Instructors)

Part 1: Socio-Demographic Profile

Age: Sex: Class Performance:

Part 2: Electronic Gadgets

Direction: Evaluate the following statement by putting a check ( √ ).

Please use the rating scale below for selecting the correct response.

Numerical Verbal Rating

29
 5 Strongly Agree (SA)

4 Agree (A)

3 Neutral (N)

2 Disagree (D)

1 Strongly Disagree (SD)

Statement SA A N D SD

5 4 3 2 1
Mobile Phones

1.1 mobile phones help to

communicate easily.

1.2 mobile phones are easy to

use.

1.3 often use of mobile phones

can cause health problem.

1.4 can easily bring anywhere.

1.5 it is thin and lightweight

that can put inside pockets.

Tablet

30
2.1 have larger screen size than

mobile phone.

2.2 tablet can be used for all

the task that users tend to do

on mobile phones and laptop.

2.3 tablet is more affordable

than a laptop.

2.4 it makes excellent portable

entertainment system.

2.5 they’re handy for giving

presentation.

Laptop

3.1 laptop is additionally

convenient to use for all types of

presentation.

3.2 laptop chassis provides

enough space to construct a

more effective and productive

system.

3.3 laptop can easily run

multiple programs

31
simultaneously.

3.4 laptop are helping students

as a good source for various

types of educational material.

3.5 laptop straightforward to

use with none additional

devices.

Part 3: The Effect of Electronic Gadgets on Academic Performance of

the Students.

Direction: Evaluate the following statement by putting a check ( √ ).

Please use the rating scale below for selecting the correct response.

Numerical Verbal Rating

5 Strongly Agree (SA)

4 Agree (A)

3 Neutral (N)

2 Disagree (D)

1 Strongly Disagree (SD)

32
Statement SA A N D SD

5 4 3 2 1
Students’ Academic

Performance

1.1Students have poor

academic performance because

of Electronic Gadgets.

1.2 Students rely more on using

gadgets than reading textbook.

1.3 Students have no more time

in studying.

1.4 Students can do their

homework and projects easily

because of electronic gadgets.

1.5 Students actively using

gadgets inside the classroom.

33