MODULE II.

PART II. DAIRY PRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES:
✓ Full understanding on the Philippine dairy situation. Year 2000.
✓ Distinguish the breeds of dairy cattle. Goats and water Buffaloes.
✓ Familiarized Reproductive Physiology of Bulls and Cows.
✓ Acquired knowledge in herd management.
✓ Developed basic skills in Breeding and Feeding management and proper handling.
✓ Distinguish on some common Pasture/Grassland Plant Species
✓ Acquired knowledge in improving Pasture Management
✓ Developed a pasture system that is locally suited for Large and small ruminants
✓ Know how to preserve forage for a year- round feed supply
✓ Describe the types of Silo
✓ Familiarized the Dairy Cattle Production Terms and Definitions

Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF DAIRY PRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of dairy industry is to provide milk and milk products for man. Milk, with is
assortment of protein, fat, lactose (milk sugar). Minerals, vitamins, enzymes and water, is considered
the most nearly perfect food. The world’s people obtain most of their milk from cows, buffaloes,
goats, sheep, horse, reindeer, yak, and camel.
A versatile food that is in itself the basis of such products as cheese, ice cream, butter, and
cottage cheese. Milk is a major component of the human diet in many developed countries.
Dr. E. V. McColum, a noted American nutritionist, said:
“the people who have achieved, who have become large, strong and vigorous people, who have the
best trade in the word, who have an appreciation for art, literature and music, who are progressive in
science and in every activity of the people who have used liberal amount of milk and its products.”

NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF MILK

• Contains all the essential amino acids needed by humans. The protein of milk is composed of
casein, lactalbumin, lactoglobulin and serum albumin. Casein is the most abundant
protein constituent of milk. It has many uses in addition to providing protein diet.
Lactalbumin is part of the enzymes system that synthesizes lactose in the mammary gland. It
is secreted into milk as a by-product and becomes part of milk protein. Protein globulins of
milk are structural parts of antibodies.

• The first milk of a female produces after the young is born is called colostrum. It contains
many antibodies that give the new born protection from harmful microorganisms that invade
the body and causes illness. The new born animals have not yet to develop antibodies of its
own because of it has yet to be exposed to any disease-causing microorganisms.
 • Other constituents of milk include Lactose, minerals such as Ca and P (both of which are
important in bone growth and other body functions), and vitamins.

• In addition to cheese, ice cream and various iced milk drinks, many delectable and nutritious
foods are prepared from milk. Milk have a portion of the water It contains removed and sugar
added to produce condense milk, or it may be dried to produce either dried whole milk or
skim milk. Dried, condensed milk by may be reconstituted to provide milk to drink or it may
be used in cooking with or without reconstitution. Buttermilk is produced when butter is
made, or it can be cultured from the milk by the use of proper bacteria. Cottage cheese is
made of curdling the milk and removing most of the liquid (whey).

1.2 THE PHILIPPINE DAIRY SITUATION, YEAR 2000

• Dairy as an industry is worth of Php 65 B.

• Largest agricultural export worth ≥ 500 US Dollar
• Local production is approximately 1%

Year 2004 – 11, 610 metric ton

Year 2006 – 12, 324 metric ton

• Dairy animals:

Cattle = 11,261
Buffalo = 13,380
Goat = 1,105
25,746

• Herd build-up program; Introduction of 500-1000 dairy animals annually

• Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) suggested milk intake for Filipinos is 30 kg per
person per year.
• Assume that average production of dairy animal (cattle) is 2000 kg per lactation per year.
• How many dairy cattle do we need to have a per capita of 30 kg?
• Philippine population in 2007 = 88 million
Dairy cattle needed = Required per capita x Population
Ave. production of animal/year
= 30 kg x 88 kg
200 kg
= 1.32 M

• Importation of milk and milk products

338.88 million kg
91% were milk and cream
3.5 % were butter and butter fat
 2.0 were cheese
3.5 were curd

• Source of importation
New Zealand = 36
Australia = 23
Thailand = 12
USA = 11
Others = 18
100%
• Exportation: 10% of what we import are exported. Mostly milk and cream to Indonesia,
Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and others.

1.3 GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TO DEVELOP THE PHILIPPINE DAIRY INDUSTRY

• The most recent is the enactment of R.A. 7884. Otherwise known as the Dairy Development
Act of 1995, signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on 20 February 1995 and became
affective on 12 March 1995. The act integrates all government dairy development programs
into the National Dairy Authority or NDA.

• The DTRI (Dairy Training and Research institute), organized in 1962 from the Dairy
Husbandry Division of the department of Animal Science, UPLBCA, is mandated to conduct
research and training in dairy science.

1.4 BREEDS OF DAIRY ANIMALS

Dairy cattle. The conventional dairy breeds of cattle were developed mainly from the taurine
species. Among the Bos indicus breeds, Sahiwal and Red Sindhi are considered as milk cattle.

Water buffaloes. Water buffaloes contribute about one-fifth of the domestic milk production
of the Philippines in 2000. River swamp types of water buffaloes. Exotic breeds are imported by the
Philippines Carabao Center (PCC) to improve the local carabao population in terms of milk, meat and
draft characteristics.

Goats. One percent of the national milk production in 2000 is from goat.

Table 1.

BREEDS OF DAIRY CATTLE and their CHARACTERISTICS

Breed Holstein- Ayshire Brown Guernsey Jersey Milking
Friesian Swiss Shorthorn
 Origin Holland Scotland Switzerland Guernsey Jersey Island England
Island
Weight:
Male 1000 kg 839 kg 908 kg 773 kg 683 kg 908 kg
Female 681 kg 545 kg 500 kg 500 kg 500 kg 636 kg
Red & Blackish hairs
white, with Brown, Fawn, have white tips Red, roan
red varying The With small to give gray Or white, or
Black from light or Shade Amount color, or red tips red & white,
Color & brownish varying from Of white to give fawn or roan and
white shade to Light dark color, also can be white
very dark solid black or
mahogany white spotted

Yearly- Very high Intermediate Intermediate Low Low Low

milk yield 6850 kg 5400 kg 5650 kg 4950 kg 4650 kg 4750 kg
Percent fat Very low Intermediate Intermediate High Very high Low to
intermediate
3.70% 4.20% 4.20% 4.20% 5.40% 3.90%
Udders Very large Large, Large, Medium Small, strong Large,
strong strong size, strong strong
Ancestor Bos B. longifrons Bos Bos Bos longifrons Bos
primigenius & B. longifrons longifrons longifrons
primigenius

Table 2.
BREEDS OF WATER BUFFALOES

1. River Type- Dairy Type

Indian Buffalo Breeds

Indian Buffalo Breeds Characteristics

Murrah Jet black; Horn: spirally-curled; well-

develop udder.
Surti Black to brown; Horn: coiled down and up;
wedge-shape.
Jaffarabadi Black; Broad flat horns; Good udder

Pakistan Buffalo Breed

Black; small horns: lightly- coiled
Nili-Ravi

2. Swamp Type= Draft and Meat Type

 Philippine Carabao Black; strong, broad body, some albino
Thai Buffalo Black; strong, broad body

Table 3.
SOME BREEDS/STRAIN OF GOATS IN THE PHILIPPINES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS

MATUR MILK LACTATI

BREED/STRAI CHARACTERISTICS AND COLOR E PRODUCTION ON
N WEIGH PERIOD
T
(kg) (kg/day) % fat (days)
ANGLO- Long drooping ears, Roman nose, prominent
NUBIAN forehead. Color: Black, tan & white, or red 75 1.5 5.6 165
and white, or any of these colors’ w/o
markings.
TOGGENBUR Hornless with dished nose and erect ears. 60 1.5 3.81 200
G Color: chocolate brown with two white
stripes on the face and white legs below the
knees.
SAANEN Some are pooled, although horned but 60 2 4.3 200
disbudded ones are preferred. Straight nose
and erect ears. Color: cream white to white
FRENCH Horned or hornless; erect ears and straight 60 1.5 4 200
ALPHINE face. Multicolored coat with no standard
markings.
NATIVE Small but hardy. Color: red, white or a 20 0.4 4.6 185
combination of these colors
DADIANGAS Mixture of native, Nubian, Alpine and 30 1 4.8 190
Saanen goats. Varies in color

Chapter 2. DAIRY CATTLE REPRODUCTION

Profitable milk production and genetic improvement of dairy cattle are defendant on a high
degree of reproductive efficiency. The production of milk is a secondary sex characteristic; hence
milk production is dependent on reproduction.
Most dairy agree that a 12 -month calving – (act of giving birth) interval is ideal to maximize
production and profit. Failure to maintain this high degree of reproductive efficiency is a major
economic loss to the dairy industry. These losses occur from decreased milk production, decreased
feed efficiency, decreased number of calves, decreased value of valuable animals, and increased
treatment costs.
Sterility, which is the complete absence of reproductive ability, describes animals that cannot
reproduce. Such animals are usually easy to identify and should be culled from the herd. These
include freemartin heifers, bulls that do not produce live sperm cells, and other animals that, through
inherent abnormalities, injury, or disease are sterile.
 Infertility or lowered fertility, which is abnormal breeding efficiency, describes animals that
are not sterile but are not normally fertile. These animals are not so easily detected and are a more
serious and costly for most dairymen than are sterile animals.
A normal cow can be described as one that becomes pregnant on the first or second service
and produces a live healthy calf every 12 to 13 months.

2.1 PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION

Successful reproduction involves a complex series of physiological functions by both male
and female. The male functions are:
1. Produce large numbers of viable male germ cells (spermatozoa).
2. Ejaculate these spermatozoa into the vagina of the cow or, in the case of AI, into an
artificial vagina.
The function of the female in successful reproduction is more complex than that of the male because
her role continues after fertilization. The female’s functions are the following:
1. Productive viable female germ cell (ova)
2. Deliver the ova to the site of fertilization (the oviduct)
3. Provide optimum environment for fertilization, embryo-development, implantation,
and development of the fetus to term.
4. Deliver a live, healthy calf at the end of the gestation period.
5. Deliver the afterbirth and involute the reproductive tract back to normal size and
condition so the process may be repeated.

2.2 BULL’S REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, stored in the epididymis,
and at the time of ejaculation pass through the vas deferens, ampulla, urethra, and penis. During
ejaculation, fluids are added to the spermatozoa from the accessory sex glands, the ampullae (a small
amount), seminal vesicles, prostrate, and Cowper’s glands. This fluid, seminal fluid or plasma, serves
as a medium for sperm transport, sperm activation (sperm are relatively immotile until ejaculation),
and as supply of nutrients for the sperm.

• Volume of semen per ejaculate varies from 2 to 12 ml, with average = 5 to 6 ml.
• Sperm concentration ranges from 1 to 3 B sperm per ml, with an average of about 2B per ml.
• Percent motile cells ranges from 0 to 85%, with an average of 70%.
❖ Based on this figure, an average ejaculate contains about 7B motile cells (5 ml semen
X 2 B/ml X 70 %)
❖ In natural service, maximum fertility rates should be obtained by bulls whose semen
characteristics meet or exceed these average values and contain not more than 15%
abnormal sperm (head or tail abnormalities).
❖ In natural service a bull may be services 50 to 100 cows per year. In AI it is not
unusual for a bull to service 10,000 to 20, 000 cows per year.

In Artificial Insemination, semen is normally collected by the use of an artificial vagina.

Volume is recorded and the ejaculate is evaluated for concentration (spermatozoa per ml), motility,
and morphology. Inferior quality of semen is discarded as its use is likely to result in lowered
conception rates. The semen is diluted with an egg yolk-citrate extender or milk-base extender, and if
the semen is to be frozen, glycerol. Dilution rates are calculated to yield a final motile spermatozoa
per insemination of 10 to 12 million. An average ejaculate of 5 ml of semen that contains 1.25 B live
cells per ml after freezing contains enough spermatozoa for 500 to 600 inseminations. The semen is
packaged in ampules or straws, frozen and stored (usually in liquid nitrogen storage tanks) at a
temperature of -300 to -320F (-184 to -196C). as long as the semen is maintained at this temperature,
it remains viable for 10 to 15 years or more.

2.3 COWS REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

Ova are produced in the follicle of the ovary, released from the follicle (ovulation), picked up
by the infundibulum of the oviduct, move into the oviduct, fertilized in the oviduct, move into the
uterine horn 4 to 6 days after fertilization, and implanted in the uterus 30 to 33 days after fertilization.
The embryo is carried in the uterus while developing into a full-term calf, and the calf is discharged
through the cervix, vagina, and vulva. The process of ova production and release begins at puberty
(usually 6 to 10 months of age) and continues on a 21- day cyclic basis until pregnancy. The cycle is
normally reestablished within 40 to 50 days after calving and continues until pregnancy occurs again.

Time Breeding to Obtain Optimum Conception Rates. The time of optimum fertility of the
ova is very short, 2 to hours. Ovulation time varies from 5 to 16 hours after the end of standing heat,
with an average of 10 to 11 hours. Fertile life of sperm is limited to about 28 hours in the female
reproductive tract. This indicates that timing of breeding is critical to optimum fertilization rates.
Optimum conception rates have been reported by breeding during the last one-half of the standing
heat period. Breeding earlier or later than this reduces conception because of reduced viability of
either sperm or ova. Based on this facts and conception-rate data, the following recommendations
have been followed for some years: if standing heat is first observe in the morning breed in the
afternoon or evening; if standing heat is first observe in the afternoon or evening, breed the next
morning. These recommendations are based on an average length of heat period of 18 hours, average
ovulation time of 10 to 11 hours after the end of heat, and the assumption that the first observed
standing heat was near the beginning of the standing heat period.

Chapter 3. DAIRY CATTLE MANAGEMENT

Cattle are kept for two main purposes: beef production and milk production. Another type
is draft cattle, which are still present in many Third World countries. The management of a dairy
farm is more challenging and complex because it involves not only feeding and management but also
dairy milk production. Dairy herd management is guided by the age and weight of animals. Starting
from the new born calves, the young stocks, yearling to calves (herd replacement group), the milking
cows, dry cows and breeding bulls are managed accordingly.

3.1 BREEDING MANAGEMENT

The cows come into estrus the whole year, but chiefly in the summer, heat, seasons or estrus
lasts for about 18 hours and recurs every three weeks. The period of gestation is about 9 months.
These frequent periods of estrus make it possible to arrange that every cow in the herd does not calve
at the same time, and that the supply of milk is more or less distributed throughout the year. When in
heat, a dairy cow may show restlessness, enlarged vulvas, a tendency to ride other cows and
decline in milk production; other cows tend to ride her too. The most reliable sign is standing still
when mounted on which is called standing heat. It is easier to detect dairy cows that are in heat than
beef cows because they are milked each day and therefore are closely observed. The cow can then be
bred.

3.2 Table summarizes the breeding and reproductive characteristics of the three sources of the
domestic milk production in the country. However, this lecture will deal more on cattle, as they are
the main contributor to the production.

Table 3.2 Breeding characteristics cattle, carabao and goat.

Cattle Philippine Goat

(Bos Taurus) Carabao
Age of Puberty 8-9 months 3-5 years 5-6 months
Age at 1st Breeding 15 months 2 years 8-10 months
1-2 days
Estrus duration 18 hours 21 hours (1-4 days)

Signs of Heat “Standing Heat is the Most RELIABLE”

Estrus Cycle 21 days 21 days 21 days
(18-24 days) (13-28 days) (18-24 days)
10-11 hours 15 hours 33 hours
Ovulation After end of heat After end of heat After beginning of
heat
Gestation 283 days 320 days 150 days
(278-288 days) (295-339 days) (147-155 days)
Rebreeding after 60 days 60 days 60 days
freshening
Dry period 2 months 2 months 2 months
Freshening interval 12-14 months 16-18 months 8-10 months or 3
kidding in 2 years

3.3 FEEDING MANAGEMENT

The objective of the feeding program for the dairy operation is to provide a ration that will
encourage optimum economic milk production of acceptable composition while conducive to the
health of the cows. Achieving this objective is one of the greatest challenges in dairy herd
management.
Forages may be defined as vegetable feed for domestic animals. Examples are: pasturage,
green chopped feeds (soilage), silage, and hay. Because forages are relatively useless as a nutrient
source for humans and other monogastric animals, and the entire plant rather than the just the seed is
consumed, the cost per unit of nutrient from forages is usually much lower than the cost per unit of
nutrient from concentrate feeds.
Forges are a primary constituent of most dairy rations for physiological and economic
reasons. They can make up to 60 to 70% of the total dry matter intake of dairy cattle. Dairy cattle
must consume adequate amounts of fiber (a minimum of 15% of DM). usually supplied by forages, to
ensure adequate rumen function. Consumption of rations too low in fiber may result in decreased milk
fat percentage and decreased ration digestibility. This is also known as “low milk fat syndrome”
Rations that are too low in fiber is similar to high concentrate ration.

3.4 HERD HEALTH

Milk secretion is a process which can be carried out by the female with maximum efficiency
only if she is healthy. Dairy cattle are susceptible to a wide variety of diseases. Among the more
serious ones in the Philippines are Foot- and – mouth disease, tuberculosis, brucellosis, mastitis.
Perhaps the most troublesome condition is mastitis, the inflammation of the udders or mammary
glands that destroys tissues and impedes milk production.
The goals or objectives of a herd health program are to minimize nongenetic culling (culling
resulting from disease, injury, etc.) and mortality while maintaining a healthy herd with a high degree
of reproductive efficiency. To do this requires a herd health program centered on the prevention of
disease and other health problems rather than the sporadic treatment of various conditions.

3.5 MILK PRODUCTION

After parturition the level of milk production rises rapidly, until peak lactation is reach in two
to six weeks, then declines slowly until drying off or towards the end of lactation.
Milk secretion declines more rapidly after the 5 th month of pregnancy than in non-pregnant
cows. The effect is due to interaction of hormones which control milk secretion and the reproductive
state of the female. Hormones produced by the ovary and the pregnant uterus interact with, or
influence, the activity of the pituitary gland, the hormones with control the level of secretion as well
as the amount and state of milk-secreting tissue.
The milk yield is closely dependent upon lactation length. The ideal cow, calving annually
and provided with the necessary annual vacation, should milk for 300 days. Thus, famers seeking a
high producing herd must take persistency of lactation is the degree to which lactation is maintained.
A cow with 90% production persistency means that after its peak lactation is reach, the
succeeding monthly milk yields equal 90% of the previous months milk yield. Persistency
percentages over 90% are desirable and result in high lactation yield when compared to cows with
equal peak yield but lower persistency.

Chapter 4. PASTURE MANAGEMENT

Forage crops from the basis of the nutritional programs on ruminant livestock in the
Philippines. Most of the about 90% of the cattle in the Philippines which are raised by small hold or
with minimal concentrates. The main sources of this forage or roughage are: 1) weeds or
indigenous/native vegetation, 2) farm by-products or residues and, to a very extent, 3) sown
pastures.
Native tropical grasslands are mainly composed of short-season species which grow fast and
tall during rainy season, and become dominant in the pasture. While grasses are growing actively
protein is reasonably good.
As native grasses are usually adopted to low soil fertility levels, the direct application of
fertilizers alone will not produce any dramatic improvement in feed value of carrying capacity.
Further, in this native grassland there is a complete or almost complete absence of legumes which
themselves can supply high protein feed.

4.1 THE NEED FOR IMPROVED PASTURE

The value of a forage species is measured by its ability to supply the grazing animal with
energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. The feed value of native forage species and/or farm by-
products or residues is low. The productivity of the ruminants subsisting on these feeds is thus limited
by adequate nutrition. There is now a wide range of forage species, both grasses and legumes,
available to replace native vegetation.

4.2 SOME COMMON PASTURE/GRASSLAND PLANT SPECIES

Grasses

Scientific name Common name

Brachiaria mutica Para grass
Brachiaria decumbens Signal grass
Brachiaria humidicola Koronivia grass, Humidicola
Panicum maximum Guinea grass
Digitaria decumbens Pangola
Pennisetum purpureum Napier grass, elephant grass
Dicanthium aristatum Alabang-X, Angleton grass
Setaria sphacelata syn. Anceps Golden timothy, Setania
Sorghum halepense Johnson grass
Star grass Cynodon plectostachyus

Legumes

Leucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil, Leucaena

Centrosema pubescens Centrosema, centro
Calopogonium mucunoides Calopo
Macroptilium atropurpureum Siratro, purple bean
Pueraria phaseoloides Puero, Kudzu
Stylosanthes guianensis Schofield, Cook, Common Stylo
Stylosanthes hamata Verano stylo, Caribbean stylo
Stylosanthes humilis Townsville, Magsaysay luceme

Philippine Grassland Community Types

Saccharum spontaneum Talahib

Imperata cylindrica Cogon
Themeda triandra Bagokbok
Capillipedium parviflorum Misamis grass
Chrysopogon aciculatus Amorseco

Weeds

Lantana camara Lantana

Blumea balsamifera Sambong
 Amorphophallus campanulatus Pongapong
Pteridium aquilinum Bracken fern
Chromolaena odorata Hagonoy, Gonoy
Mimosa invisa Giant mimosa
Solanum ferox Wild eggplant

4.3 ESTABLISHING PASTURES

In a commercial dairy farm, it is necessary to establish pasture as soon as possible. Here, a
more thorough and positive method of establishing pasture is needed. Land preparation is important in
planting grasses as in planting agronomic crops as corn and rice. The intensity of land preparation
depends on whether the land is a newly opened timber or rainforest land, or a native grassland or open
woodland. Also, the type of planting materials affects the thoroughness of seedbed preparation.
Planting seeds of pasture species usually requires a finer seedbed than corn and sorghum
because the seeds are smaller.

4.4 SOWING TIME

The most reliable time for planting is just before the rain season, or shortly after the first rains
have fallen. For many of the small grass seeds, which must be planted close to the surface, available
moisture is quite critical for germination and emergence. Warmer temperatures usually occur with the
opening rains, and this favors germination of grass and legume seeds. Further, at this time of the year
the air humidity is high and evaporation is reduced. Both these factors favor seeding survival.

4.5 MANAGEMENT OF IMPROVED PASTURES

Management is as important as selecting the right pasture species and applying the correct
fertilizers. It is perhaps more of art than a science, and the best managers are those who by
observation and practical experience endeavor to combine the welfare of their livestock with the
welfare of the plants in the pasture.

4.6 EFFICIENT PASTURE USE

Efficient use of the pasture aims at carrying as many stocks as possible but at the same time
animals should be making maximum liveweight gains. In other words, as stocking rates are increased,
the output per animal decreases. Maximum production per hectare is measured by beef or milk
produced, or at a point when the output per animal multiplied by the number of stocks carried is at its
highest.
Stocking rates must, of course, be kept below a figure where damage to the sward or influx of
weeds occurs. This means that there must be some provision for feeding animals if this is likely.
Alternatives open are conservation of hay or silage, purchase of feed, adjustment or sale of stock.

Chapter 5. FORAGE PRESERVATION FOR A YEAR-ROUND FEED SUPPLY

There are two system of preserving forage, namely: silage making and hay making.
 The growth of forage crops is affected by several factors, among these are the seasons of the
year. Usually, forage availability is a problem during the dry season in our country. In the Philippines,
most areas with cattle and carabao experience a dry season ranging from 3 to 7 months. Forage
production id seriously affected with a telling effect on the performance of animals. A study on
growth curve of crossbred beef cattle conducted in UPLB showed that steers on optimum feeding
program attained slaughter weight in 3-4 years of age while those under sub-optimum feeding took 7-
8 months to reach the same weight.
Livestock production in the temperate zones of the world has been progressively freed from
the seasonality of forage production by using increasing proportions of forage conservation. For
example, in Europe, since the last three decades of the 19 th century, the meat and milk production has
increased at an accelerated rate per animal, per hectare and per farmer simultaneously with silage and
hay assuming a major role in winter feeding of dairy cows and fattening cattle.

5.1 STRATEGY OF PRESERVATION

Hay-making and silage-making differ in how the moisture content is employed in the strategy
of preservation. Fresh forage contains about 80% moisture, that is, 4 kg of water for every 5 kg of
forage. The fundamental strategy in the preservation of forage as hay is drying the forage below 20%
moisture content. While in silage making, the strategy is to exclude oxygen from the forage mass and
to educe the pH rapidly through bacterial fermentation.

5.1 TYPES OF SILO

The most common types of silo in the Philippines are the tower or upright, trench, bunker
and pit silos. These are found in commercial farms, Bureau of Animal Industry and agricultural
colleges. We have also tried drums and concrete culverts with success.

Chapter 6. DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION TERMS

ACTIVITIES:

• Lab. Ex. 2
Breeds of Dairy Cattle, water buffaloes, goats (Identify its breed, characteristics and insert
image)

• Lab. Ex. No.3

(Planting of some pasture for ruminants)