ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

THEORY OF STRUCTURE I

Chapter Three: Influence Line for Statically Determinate

Structure(Structural Analysis)
 CHAPTER THREE

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 2

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

 Introduction
 Influence lines for beams
 Qualitative influence lines - Muller-Breslau Principle
 Influence lines for floor girders
 Influence lines for trusses
 Maximum influence at a point due to a series of concentrated loads
 Absolute maximum shear and moment
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 3
 INTRODUCTION
 What is meant by influence line? Is a graph showing the variation of the longitudinal stress, shear, bending
moment, or other effect upon a structural member due to a moving load as a function of the position
of that load.

 What is influence lines in structural engineering? Influence lines can be defined as a graph whose
ordinates show the variation of the magnitude of a certain response function of a structure as a
unit load traverses across the structure.

 What is Influence Line Diagram? It's a diagram which shows the reactions, Shear force and Bending
moment at each and every section or instant at any distance of any span that you want to find out. In
short, Influence Line Diagram shows the influence or effect of loads or reaction on the span.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 4

INTRODUCTION
 Influence lines have important application for the design of structures that resist large live loads.

 An influence line is a graph of a response function of a structure as a function of the position of

a downward unit load moving across the structure.

 The influence lines for determinate structures, are not curved lines.

 Influence lines are important in designing beams and trusses used in bridges, crane rails,
conveyor belts, floor girders, and other structures where loads will move along their span. The
influence lines show where a load will create the maximum effect for any of the functions
studied
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 5
 INTRODUCTION
o Qualitative Influence Lines: The influence line for a function (reaction, shear, moment) is to the same scale as
the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is acted on by the function. To draw the deflected shape properly,
the ability of the beam to resist the applied function must be removed.
o Qualitatively determine: how a structure should be loaded in order to obtain the maximum or minimum
value of the response function.
o Quantitative influence line: the deflected shape due to the unit deformation will be composed of
straight lines and can be used to locate the movable loads to cause maximum effect, and to calculate the
magnitude of the force. Such an influence diagram is called a quantitative influence line for a determinate
structure.
o Quantitatively determine: the value of the corresponding function for any given loading arrangement,
from the ordinate of the influence diagram.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 6

 INTRODUCTION

 Influence lines describe the variation of an analysis variable (reaction, shear force,
bending moment, twisting moment, deflection, etc.) at a point (say at C in Figure)

 Why do we need the influence lines? For instance, when loads pass over a structure, say a bridge, one
needs to know when the maximum values of shear/reaction/bending-moment will occur at a
point so that the section may be designed.
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 7
 INTRODUCTION CON…

Sign convention:

 Normal Forces - +ve forces cause +ve displacements in +ve directions

 Shear Forces - +ve shear forces cause clockwise rotation & - ve shear
force causes anti-clockwise rotation

 Bending Moments: +ve bending moments cause “cup holding water”

deformed shape.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 8

 INTRODUCTION CON…

Procedure:
(1) Allow a unit load (either N, kN, or tonne) to move over beam from left to
right or vice versa.

(2) Find the values of shear force or bending moment, at the point under
consideration, as the unit load moves over the beam from left to right

(3) Plot the values of the shear force or bending moment, over the length of
the beam, computed for the point under consideration.
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 9
 INFLUENCE LINE FOR BEAM

Moving concentrated unit load: Variation of Reactions RA and RB as functions of load position

12/1/2022 10

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 INFLUENCE LINE FOR BEAM

RA occurs only at A; and RB occurs only at B

Influence line
for RA

Influence line
for RB
12/1/2022 11

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 INFLUENCE LINE FOR BEAM

Variation of Shear Force at C as a function of load position!!!!!!

A. 0 < x < 3 m (unit load to the left of C):

12/1/2022 12

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 1

INFLUENCE LINE FOR BEAM

B. 3 < x < 10 m (unit load to the right of C)

Shear force at C is +ve = 1-x/10

Influence line for shear at C

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 13

 INFLUENCE LINE FOR BEAM

 Bending moment is +ve at C: 0 < x < 3.0 m ( Unit load to the left of C)

Bending moment is +ve at C

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 14

INFLUENCE LINE FOR BEAM

 3 < x < 10 ft (Unit load to the right of C)

Influence line for bending Moment at C

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 15

 EXAMPLE OF THE IL FOR BEAM

Construct the influence line for beam in figure below

a) The reaction at A and B
b) Shear at point C
c) Bending moment at point C
d) Shear before and after support B and
e) Moment at point B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 16

 SOLUTION

a) Reaction at support A

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 17

 SOLUTION
a) Reaction at support B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 18

 SOLUTION

b) Shear at C

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 19

 SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 20

 SOLUTION

c) Moment at C

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 21

 SOLUTION

Moment at c due to equilibrium

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 22

 SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 23

 SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 24

 SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 25

 SOLUTION

d) Shear before support B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 26

 SOLUTION

d) Shear before support B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 27

 SOLUTION

d) Shear after support B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 28

 SOLUTION

d) Shear after support B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 29

 SOLUTION

e) Moment at support support B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 30

 SOLUTION

e) Moment at support B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 31

 QUALITATIVE INFLUENCED LINES - MULLER-BRESLAU’S PRINCIPLE

 The principle gives only a procedure to determine of the influence line of a

parameter for a determinate or an indeterminate structure.

 But using the basic understanding of the influence lines, the magnitudes of
the influence lines also can be computed

 In order to draw the shape of the influence lines properly, the capacity of the beam
to resist the parameter investigated
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 32
QUALITATIVE INFLUENCED LINES - MULLER-BRESLAU’S PRINCIPLE

 The principle states that: The influence line for a parameter (say, reaction, shear or bending
moment), at a point, is to the same scale as the deflected shape of the beam, when the beam is
acted upon by that parameter.

o The capacity of the beam to resist that parameter, at that point, must be removed.

o Then allow the beam to deflect under that parameter

o Positive directions of the forces are the same as before

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 33

 INFLUENCE LINE FOR A DETERMINATE BEAM BY MULLER-BRESLAU’S METHOD

Example:
 Influence line for Reaction at supports
 Influence Line for Shear at C
 Influence Line for Bending Moment at C

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 34

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 35

 EXERCISE

1. Use the Müller-Breslau principle to sketch the influence lines for

a. The vertical reaction at A,
b. The shear at D, and
c. The moment at D.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 36

 INFLUENCE LINE FOR FLOOR GIRDERS
Floor systems are constructed as shown in figure below,

12/1/2022 37

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 INFLUENCE LINE FOR FLOOR GIRDERS
 Loading on Slab/Floor/Deck -> Floor Beams -> Girders-> Support Columns
 A unit load on the floor slab is transferred to the girder only at points where it is in contact with the floor
beams, i.e., points A, B, C, and D.
 These points are called panel points, and the region between these points is called a panel, such as BC in Figure below.

38

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022

INFLUENCE LINE FOR FLOOR GIRDERS
Key concepts:
- Calculating internal loading at a point in a structure
- Constructing an influence line from values at certain points
Steps:
1. Decide where to apply the unit load.
2. Apply a unit load and calculate the reaction, shear, and moment at the required point.
- unit load at A, B, C, D, etc.
3. Tabulate the values of each point
4. Plot the IL diagram

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 39

INFLUENCE LINE FOR FLOOR GIRDERS
Example
1. Construct the influence line for the shear in panel BC and the moment at C of the girder.
Note that support B in a pin and D is a roller.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 40

SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR GIRDER

Construct the table:

Unit load Distance from point A
position By(kN) Dy(kN) VBC(kN) MC (kN.m)

A X=0 1.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.25

B X = 5m 1 0 0 0

C X = 10m 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.5

D X = 15m 0 1 0 0

E X = 20m -0.5 1.5 -0.5 -2.5

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 41

SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR GIRDER

Construct the influence line diagram:

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 42

INFLUENCE LINE FOR FLOOR GIRDERS

Force Equilibrium Method:

Draw the Influence Lines for: (a) Shear in panel CD of the girder; and (b) the moment at E.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 43

 SOLUTION
Steps:
1. Decide where to apply the unit load.
2. Apply a unit load and calculate the reaction, shear force, and bending moment at the required point.
I. Unit load at A
- Calculate the reaction Ay and Ey.
- Cut the member between the joint C and D
- Cut the member at the joint C
II. Unit load at B
III. Unit load at C
IV. Unit load between C and D
V. Unit load at D, E and F
3.
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 44
 SOLUTION

Steps:
3. Construct the table
4. Plot the influence diagram

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 45

EXAMPLE OF IL FOR GIRDER

Draw the influence line diagrams of girder for

o The reaction at C and G
o Shear at E and H
o Bending moment at H

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 46

 INFLUENCE LINES FOR TRUSSES

 The data can be arranged in tabular form, listing unit load at joint versus force in member.
 As a convention, if the member force is tensile it is considered a positive value; if it is compressive it is negative.
 The influence line for the member is constructed by plotting the data and drawing straight lines between the
points

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 47

 INFLUENCE LINES FOR TRUSSES

Example:
1. Draw the influence lines for force in Member BF, GF; and FC of the truss shown below in Figure.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 48

 APPLICATION OF INFLUENCE LINES

Application of influence line

 From the influence line, we can determine the response (reaction, shear, and moment) of a structure due to
multiple point loads as well as due to uniform load. The influence line also helps in finding the maximum value of a
response function.

Response due to a point load

Response due to single load = magnitude of load x ordinate of ILD at the position of point load.

Response due to multiple point load = equal to the algebraic sum of the product of load and the corresponding
ordinate of ILD.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 49

 APPLICATION OF INFLUENCE LINES

Response at a particular location due to a single moving concentrated load

 The value of a response function due to any single concentrated load can be obtained by multiplying
the magnitude of the load by the ordinate of the response function influence line at the position of the
load

 To determine the maximum positive value of a response function due to a single moving concentrated
load, the load must be placed at the location of the maximum positive ordinate of the response
function influence line, whereas to determine the maximum negative value of the response function,
the load must be placed at the location of the maximum negative ordinate of the influence line.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 50

 EXAMPLE INFLUENCE LINES FOR TRUSSES

1. Determine the maximum force developed in member BC, BG, and CG of the truss due to the wheel
loads of the car. Assume the loads are applied directly to the truss.

the wheel loads of the car

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 51

SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Calculate the external reactions and the internal member forces:

o for member BC (by applying a unit load at joint A, B, C, D and E)

o for member BG(by applying a unit load at joint A, B, C, D and E)

o for member CG, (by applying a unit load at joint A, B, C, D and E)

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 52

SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Construct the table:

Unit load Distance from
position point A Ay(kN) Ey(kN) BC(kN) BG(kN) CG(kN)

A X=0 1 0 0 0 0
B X = 3m 0.75 0.25 0.375 0.3125 0

C X = 6m 0.5 0.5 0.75 -0.625 1

D X = 9m 0.25 0.75 0.375 -0.3125 0

E X = 12m 0 1 0 0 0

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 53

 SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Plot the influence line diagram:

a. Influence line for reaction A & E:

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 54

 SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Plot the influence line diagram:

b. Influence line for member BC:

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 55

 SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Plot the influence line diagram:

C. Influence line for member BG:

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 56

 SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Plot the influence line diagram:

d. Influence line for member CG:

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 57

 SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Calculate the maximum load for BC, BG and CG:

A. Maximum Load for BC(FBC)max:

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 58

 SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Calculate the maximum load for BC, BG and CG:

B. Maximum Load for BG(FBG)max:

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 59

 SOLUTION INFLUENCE LINE FOR TRUSS

Calculate the maximum load for BC, BG and CG:

C. Maximum Load for CG(FCG)max:

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 60

 EXAMPLE- CHAPTER-3-BEAM

2. For the beam shown in Figure below determine;

(a) The maximum positive and negative shears at point C
(b) The maximum positive and negative bending moments at point C
due to a concentrated live load of 90 kN, a uniformly distributed live load of 40 kN/m,
and a uniformly distributed dead load of 20 kN/m.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 61

 SOLUTION- CHAPTER-3-BEAM

1. Draw IL diagram for shear and moment at point C.

IL for Vc (kN/kN) IL for Mc (kN.m/kN)

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 62

 SOLUTION- CHAPTER-3-BEAM

II. Loading arrangement for maximum positive and negative shear at point C.

IL for Vc (kN/kN) IL for Vc (kN.m/kN)

Loading arrangement for maximum positive Vc

Loading arrangement for maximum negative Vc
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 63
 SOLUTION- CHAPTER-3-BEAM

II. Loading arrangement for maximum positive and negative shear at point C.

IL for Mc (kN/kN) IL for Mc (kN.m/kN)

Loading arrangement for maximum positive Mc

Loading arrangement for maximum negative Mc
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 64
 SOLUTION- CHAPTER-3-BEAM

III. Calculation of maximum positive and negative shear and moment at point C.

(Vc)max = area of IL times the loads for positive shear = 200kN

(Vc)max = area of IL times the loads for negative shear = -10kN

(Mc)max = area of IL times the loads for positive moment = 660 kN.m

(Mc)max = area of IL times the loads for negative moment = -180 kN.m

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 65

EXAMPLE FOR HINGE BEAM

3. Construct the influence line for

- the reaction A & C
- shear at D, E & F
- the moment at D, E & F

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 66

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 67

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 68

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 69

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 70

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 71

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 72

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 73

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 74

EXAMPLE
4. Determine the maximum reaction at support B, the maximum shear at point C and the maximum positive
moment that can be developed at point C on the beam shown due to
- a single concentrated live load of 8kN
- a uniform live load of 3k/m
- a beam weight (dead load) of 1kN/m

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 75

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 76

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 77

SOLUTION

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 78

 EXAMPLE: INFLUENCE LINES FOR MULTI-SPAN HINGED BEAMS

1. Draw the influence lines for reactions A and C, and the moment at point A of the beam shown
in Figure below.

hinge at point B

12/1/2022 79
 SOLUTION

 Place Unit Load at x = 0 (Point A)

Free-body Diagram

4 Unknowns – 3 Equations of
Equilibrium Need to make a cut at
the hinge at B

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 80

 SOLUTION

Place Unit Load at x = 0 (Point A):

Free-body Diagram 6 Unknowns – 6 Equations of Equilibrium

12/1/2022 81

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 SOLUTION

Place Unit Load at x = 5m

Free-body Diagram 6 Unknowns – 6 Equations of Equilibrium

12/1/2022 82

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 SOLUTION

Place Unit Load at x = 9m( at point B)

Free-body Diagram 6 Unknowns – 6 Equations of Equilibrium

12/1/2022 83

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 SOLUTION

Place Unit Load at x = 12m

Free-body Diagram 6 Unknowns – 6 Equations of Equilibrium

12/1/2022 84

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 SOLUTION

Place Unit Load at x = 15m(at point C)

Free-body Diagram 6 Unknowns – 6 Equations of Equilibrium

12/1/2022 85

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 SOLUTION

Place Unit Load at x = 18m(at point D)

Free-body Diagram 6 Unknowns – 6 Equations of Equilibrium

12/1/2022 86

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 SOLUTION

Plot the Influence Line for Cy

6 Unknowns – 6 Equations of Equilibrium
Free-body Diagram

12/1/2022 87

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 SOLUTION

Plot the Influence Line for Ay

12/1/2022 88

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

 SOLUTION

Plot the Influence Line for MA

12/1/2022 89

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

EXAMPLE OF COMPOUND BEAM

 A compound beam is subjected to a combined loading, as shown in Figure below. Using influence lines, determine
the magnitudes of the reactions at supports A, B, and D by equilibrium method.

Steps:
1. Draw IL for reaction, shear and
moment
2. The magnitude of the support
reaction Ay, By and Dy using the
influence line diagram( load*Area
for uniform load and p*IL coordinate
for concentrated load).
AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 90
EXERCISE: INFLUENCE LINES FOR MULTI-SPAN HINGED BEAMS

IL for reaction D

IL for moment n

IL for shear at n

IL for shear at s
12/1/2022 91
IL for moment at s
 WHAT IS MEANT BY ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT IN A BEAM?

What is meant by absolute maximum bending moment in a beam?

 When a given load system moves from one end to the other end of a girder, depending upon the
position of the load, there will be a maximum bending moment for every section.

 The maximum of these bending moments will usually occur near or at the mid-span.

 The maximum of maximum bending moments is called the absolute maximum bending moment

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 92

USES OF INFLUENCE LINES TO DETERMINE ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM
RESPONSE FUNCTION AT ANY POINT ALONG THE STRUCTURE

 The preceding sections explain the use of influence lines for the determination of the
maximum response function that may occur at specific points of a structure. This section will
explain the determination of the absolute maximum value of a response function that may
occur at any point along the entire structure due to concentrated loads exerted by moving
loads.

 The absolute maximum shear force for a cantilever beam will occur at a point next to the fixed
end, while that for a simply supported beam will occur close to one of its reactions.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 93

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RESPONSE FOR INFLUENCE LINE

 The absolute maximum moment for a cantilever beam

will also occur close to the fixed end, while that for
simply supported beam is not readily known and,
thus, will require some analysis. To locate the
position where the absolute maximum moment occurs
in a simply supported beam, consider a beam
subjected to three moving concentrated loads P1, P2,
and P3, as shown in Figure.

Note: The centerline must divide the distance between the resultant of all the loads in the moving series of loads and
the load considered under which maximum bending moment occurs. 12/1/2022 94

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RESPONSE FOR INFLUENCE LINE
 Although it is certain from statics that the absolute maximum moment will occur under one of the
concentrated loads, the specific load under which it will occur must be identified, and its location along
the beam must be known.

 The concentrated load under which the absolute maximum moment will occur may be determined by
inspection or by trial-and-error process, but the location of this load should be established analytically.
Assume that the concentrated load under which the absolute maximum moment will occur is P3, and
the distance of P3 from the centerline of the beam is x.

 To obtain an expression for x, first determine the resultant PR of the concentrated loads, acting at a
distance x′ from the load P3. 95

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM VALUES FOR CANTILEVER BEAM
 Location of a point where the maximum value for a certain function occurs
 The positioning of loads that can cause this effect

Using statics, first determine the value and the position of

the resultant of the moving loads

Cantilevers

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 96

EXAMPLE-ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM MOMENT

1. Determine the absolute maximum moment on the simply supported beam cased by the
wheel loads.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 97

SOLUTION-ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM MOMENT

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 98

SOLUTION-ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM MOMENT

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 99

SOLUTION-ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM MOMENT

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 100

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 101
 ASSIGNMENT- CHAPTER-3-BEAM

1 . Determine the maximum shear force created at point B in the beam shown in the
figure below due to the wheel loads of the moving truck.

The wheel loads of the car

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 102

 ASSIGNMENT- CHAPTER-3-BEAM

2. Determine the maximum positive moment and negative moment created at

point B in the beam shown in the figure below due to the wheel loads of the crane.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 103

 ASSIGNMENT – CHAPTER-3-GIRDER

3. Draw the influence line diagrams of girder for

o The reaction at G and H
o Shear at C and CD
o Bending moment at C, D and F
and determine the maximum for
• The reaction(G)max and (R)max
• Shear (CD)max
Due to
 A uniform dead load 2kN/m
 A uniform live load 5kN/m
 A concentrated live load 50kN

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 104

ASSIGNMENT-

4. A moving load is to pass through the bridge coming from the left. The loads are applied
directly to the truss and move only to the right. Compute the maximum compressive force
developed in member BG. the wheel loads.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 105

ASSIGNMENT- CHAPTER-3-ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM MOMENT

5. Determine the absolute maximum moment on the simply supported beam cased by
the wheel loads.

AAIT-SCEE-CHAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS 12/1/2022 106