CBSE Physics Class 12

Sample Paper 1 Page 1

CBSE Sample Paper 5

Class XII Exam 2022-23
Physics
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section
E. All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains eighteen MCQ of 1 mark each, Section B contains seven questions of two
marks each, Section C contains five questions of three marks each, section D contains three
long questions of five marks each and Section E contains two case study based questions of 4
marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D
and E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION-A
Q
1. In the figure, if net force on Q is zero then value of is:
q

(a) 2 (b)
2 2

(c) 1
1 (d)
2 2 2

2. Two plates of a parallel plate capacitor are 1 cm apart and potential difference between them
is 10 V. The electric field between the plates is
(a) 10 N-C-1 (b)
250 N-C-1
(c) 500 N-C-1 (d)
1000 N-C-1
3. The voltage V and current I graphs for a conductor at two different temperatures T1 and T2
are shown in the figure. The relation between T1 and T2 is

(a) T1 > T2 (b)

T1 . T2
(c) T1 = T2 (d)
T1 < T2

4. A circular coil of radius r carries a current I. The magnetic field at its center is B . At what
distance from the centre, on the axis of the coil, the magnetic field will be B/8
(a) 2 R (b)
2R
(c) 3 R (d)
3R

5. An electric current passes through a long straight copper wire. At a distance 5 cm from the
straight wire, the magnetic field is B . The magnetic field at 20 cm from the straight wire would
be
(a) B (b) B
6 4

(c) B (d)
B
3 2

6. If a bar magnet is dropped down in an infinitely long vertical copper tube, then the magnet
will move continuously
(a) increasing velocity and acceleration
(b) increasing velocity but constant acceleration
(c) decreasing velocity and ultimately comes to rest
(d) increasing velocity and ultimately acquires a constant terminal velocity
7. An aluminium ring B faces an electromagnet A. Which of the following statement is correct?

(a) if I increases, A will repel B

(b) if I decreases, A will repel B
(c) if I increases, A will attract B
(d) whether I increases or decreases B will not experience any force

8. Which scientist experimentally proved the existence of electromagnetic waves?

(a) Marconi
(b) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
(c) James Clerk Maxwell
(d) Jagdish Chander Bose

9. Two coils are placed close to each other. The mutual inductance of the pair of coils depends
upon
(a) currents in the coils
(b) materials of the wires of the coils
(c) relative position and orientation of the coils
(d) rates at which the currents are changing in the coils

10. What happens if a monochromatic light used in the Young’s double slit experiment is replaced
by white light?
(a) no fringes are observed
(b) all bright fringes become white
(c) all bright fringes are coloured between violet and red
(d) only central fringe is white and all other fringes are coloured
11. A particle of mass m and charged q is accelerated through a potential V. The De-Broglie
wavelength of the particle will be:
Vh (b) q
(a)
2qm 2mV

(c) h mh
(d)
2qmV 2qV

12. The minimum angular momentum of electron in Hydrogen atom will be

(a) h Js (b) h Js
π 2π
(c) hπJs (d) 2πh Js

13. If elements with principal quantum n > 4 were not allowed in nature, the number of possible
elements would have been
(a) 4 (b) 32
(c) 60 (d) 64

14. Which of the following set up can be used to verify the Ohm’s law?

15. The equivalent capacity between A and B is

(a) 20 µF (b)
9 µF
9
(c) 1 µF (d) 1 µF
9
16. Assertion : The resistivity of a semi-conductor increases with temperature.
Reason : The atoms of semi-conductor vibrate with larger amplitude as higher temperatures
thereby increasing its resistivity.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

17. Assertion : In Young’s experiment, the fringe width for dark fringes is different from that for
white fringes.
Reason : In Young’s double slit experiment the fringes are performed with a source of white
light, then only black and bright fringes are observed.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

18. Assertion : Photo-sensitivity of a metal is high if its work function is small.

Reason : Work function = hf 0 where f 0 is the threshold frequency.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

SECTION-B

19. A capacitor of capacitance C is being charged by connecting it across a DC source along with
an ammeter. Will the ammeter show a momentary deflection during the process of charging? If
so, how would you explain this momentary deflection and the resulting continuity of current in
the circuit? Write the expression for the current inside the capacitor.
20. A small magnet of magnetic moment M , is placed at a distance r from the origin O with its
axis parallel to X -axis as shown. A small coil, if one turn is placed on the X -axis, at the same
distance from the origin, with the axis of the coil coinciding with X -axis. For what value of
current in the coil does a small magnetic needle, kept at origin, remains undefiled ? What is the
direction of current in the coil ?

21. What is Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence? What is its importance?

o
A chain reaction dies out sometimes. Why?

22. You are given two converging lenses of focal length 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound
microscope. If it is desired to have a magnification of 30, then find out the separation between
the objective and eyepiece.

23. Draw the voltage-current characteristic curve of a diode and mark its important parameter.


o
Draw V - I characteristics of a p - n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving
reasons:
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential upto a
critical voltage?
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?

24. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity against the position x on the screen in Young
double slit experiment.

25. Two point charges having equal charges separated by 1 m distance experience a force of 8 N
. What will be the force experienced by them, if they are held in water, at the same distance?
(Given: K water = 80 )
 SECTION-C

26. Give some points of similarities and differences between Biot-Savart law for the magnetic field
and Coulomb’s law for the electrostatic field.

27. A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed
5.0 ms-1 at right angle to the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field, 0.3 # 10-4
Wb - m-2 . Find the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rod.

28. A capacitor C , a variable resistor R and a bulb B are connected in series to the AC mains in
the circuit as shown in the figure. The bulb glows with some brightness. How will the glow of
the bulb change if (i) a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of the capacitor keeping
resistance R to be the same (ii) the resistance R is increased keeping the same capacitance?

o
State the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs in a series LCR circuit.
Plot a graph showing the variation of current with frequency of an AC source in series LCR
circuit.

29. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of the
two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it and (ii) less kinetic energy?
Give reason to justify your answer.


o
(a) Give a brief description of the basic elementary process involved in the photoelectric
emission in Einstein’s picture.
(b) When a photosensitive material is irradiated with the light of frequency v, the maximum
2
speed of electrons is given by Vmax . A plot of V max is found to vary with frequency v as
shown in the figure.
Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation to find the expressions for (i) Planck’s constant and (ii)
work function of the given photosensitive material, in terms of the parameters l, n and mass
m of the electron.
30. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a total energy of - 1.5 eV. Calculate its
(i) kinetic energy
(ii) potential energy
(iii) wavelength of radiation emitted, when this electron makes a transition to the ground
state.
[Given, energy in the ground state =− 13.6 eV and Rydberg’s constant = 1.09 # 107 m−1 ]

SECTION-D

31. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as that of the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor but has the thickness d/2, where d is the separation between the plates. Find
out the expression for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between the plates of the
capacitor.


o
1. Define capacitance of a capacitor.
2. Derive expression for stored energy between plates of parallel plate capacitor. Show that
energy-density between plates of the capacitor can be expressed as 1/2 ε 0 E 2 , when E =
Electric field between plates.

32. 1. Derive an expression for the current density in terms of the drift speed of electrons.
2. Derive Ohm’s law on the basis of the theory of electron drift.
3. Derive an expression for the resistivity of a conductor in terms of number density of free
electrons and relaxation time.


o
A 100 W bulb B1 and two 60 W bulbs B2 and B 3 , are connected to a 250 V source as shown in
the figure. Now W1 , W2 and W3 are the output powers of the bulbs B1 , B2 and B 3 respectively.
What is the relation between the output powers of bulbs?

33. (a) How is a wavefront defined ? Distinguish between a plane wavefront and a spherical
wavefront. Using Huygen’s constructions draw a figure showing the propagation of a
plane wave refracting at a plane surface separating two media. Hence verify Snell’s law of
refraction.
When a light wave travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does it
imply reduction its energy ? Explain.
(b) When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain the following.
(i) Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light same as the frequency of incident
light ?
(ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by light wave ?


o
(a) In Young’s double slit experiment, two slits are 1 mm apart and the screen is placed 1 m
away from the slits. Calculate the fringe width when light of wavelength 500 nm is used.
(b) What should be the width of each slit in order to obtain 10 maxima of the double slits
pattern within the central maximum of the single slit pattern ?
(c) The intensity at the central maxima in Young’s double slit experiment is I 0 . Find out the
intensity at a point where the path difference is l , l and λ .
6 4 3

SECTION-E

34. Total internal reflection (TIR) is the optical phenomenon in which waves arriving at the
interface (boundary) from one medium to another (e.g., from water to air) are not refracted
into the second (“external”) medium, but completely reflected back into the first (“internal”)
medium. It occurs when the second medium has a higher wave speed (i.e., lower refractive
index) than the first, and the waves are incident at a sufficiently oblique angle on the interface.
For example, the water-to-air surface in a typical fish tank, when viewed obliquely from below,
 reflects the underwater scene like a mirror with no loss of brightness.
TIR occurs not only with electromagnetic waves such as light and microwaves, but also with
other types of waves, including sound and water waves. If the waves are capable of forming a
narrow beam , the reflection tends to be described in terms of “rays” rather than waves; in a
medium whose properties are independent of direction, such as air, water or glass, the “rays”
are perpendicular to the associated wave fronts.
Repeated total internal reflection of a 405nm laser beam between the front and back surfaces of
a glass pane. The colour of the laser light itself is deep violet; but its wavelength is short enough
to cause fluorescence in the glass, which re-radiates greenish light in all directions, rendering
the zigzag beam visible.
Refraction is generally accompanied by partial reflection. When waves are refracted from a
medium of lower propagation speed (higher refractive index) to a medium of higher speed e.g.,
from water to air the angle of refraction (between the outgoing ray and the surface normal) is
greater than the angle of incidence (between the incoming ray and the normal). As the angle
of incidence approaches a certain threshold, called the critical angle, the angle of refraction
approaches 90°, at which the refracted ray becomes parallel to the boundary surface. As the
angle of incidence increases beyond the critical angle, the conditions of refraction can no longer
be satisfied, so there is no refracted ray, and the partial reflection becomes total. For visible
light, the critical angle is about 49° for incidence from water to air, and about 42° for incidence
from common glass to air.

1. What is refractive index of a medium? (in terms of speed of light)

2. In the above diagram, calculate the speed of light in the liquid of unknown refractive
index?
3 What is refractive index of a medium (in terms of real and apparent depth)?


o
4 What is the relation between refractive index and critical angle for a medium?

35. A pure semiconductor germanium or silicon, free of every impurity is called intrinsic
semiconductor. At room temperature, a pure semiconductor has very small number of current
carriers (electrons and holes). Hence its conductivity is low. When the impurity atoms of
valance five or three are doped in a pure semiconductor, we get respectively n -type or p-type
extrinsic semiconductor. In case of doped semiconductor ne nh = ni2 . Where ne and nh are the
number density of electron and hole charge carriers in a pure semiconductor. The conductivity
of extrinsic semiconductor is much higher than that of intrinsic semiconductor.
Answer the following questions :
1. What is n -type semiconductor?
2. Do pure semiconductors obey Ohm’s law?
3. Why do semiconductors behave as conductors at room temperature?


o
4. Why does a semiconductor behaves as an insulator at very low temperature?

******
CBSE Physics Class 12 Sample Paper 1 Solutions Page 1

Sample Paper 5 Solutions

Class XII 2022-23
Physics
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section
E. All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains eighteen MCQ of 1 mark each, Section B contains seven questions of two
marks each, Section C contains five questions of three marks each, section D contains three
long questions of five marks each and Section E contains two case study based questions of 4
marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D
and E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION-A
1. In the figure, if net force on Q is zero then
Q
value of is:
q

In TABC ,
According to Pythagorean theorem,
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
AC = a2 + a2 = 2a
(a) 2 (b) 2 2 We know that,
1 (d) 1 Resultant force,
(c)
2 2 2 FR = F 12 + F 22 ...(1)
According to coulomb’s law,


Ans : (b) 2 2
According to the question, KQq
F1 = 2
a
KQq
Similarly, F2 = 2
a
KQQ KQ2
F3 = =
( 2 a) 2 2a2
From equation (1),
 KQq 2 KQq 2 3. The voltage V and current I graphs for a
FR = c a2 m c a2 m
+
conductor at two different temperatures T1
and T2 are shown in the figure. The relation
KQq 2
= c 2 m (1 + 1)
between T1 and T2 is
a
KQq 2
=

a2
Since, FR - F3 = 0
FR = F3
KQq 2 KQ2
2 =
a 2a2
Q
= 2 2
q

(a) T1 > T2 (b) T1 . T2

(c) T1 = T2 (d) T1 < T2


Ans : (a) T1 > T2
We know from the Ohm’s law that resistance
of a conductor,
R = V
2. Two plates of a parallel plate capacitor are I
1 cm apart and potential difference between We also know from given figure that V is
I
them is 10 V. The electric field between the the slope of the V - I graph.
plates is
b I l > b I l
Since, V V
(a) 10 N-C-1 (b) 250 N-C-1 1 2
(c) 500 N-C-1 (d) 1000 N-C-1 Therefore, R1 > R2 ...(1)


Ans : (d) 1000 N-C-1 We also know that the resistance at a
Given, temperature T ,
Distance between plates, R = R 0 (1 + αT )
d = 1cm or, R ? T ...(2)
= 0.01 m From equation (1) and (2), we get
and potential difference between them, T1 > T2
V = 10 Volt
We know that electric field between the 4. A circular coil of radius r carries a current
plates in a parallel plate capacitor, I. The magnetic field at its center is B . At
what distance from the centre, on the axis
E = V of the coil, the magnetic field will be B/8
d
(a) 2 R (b) 2R
= 10
(c) 3 R (d) 3R
0.01
= 1000 N−C−1


Ans : (c) 3 R
According to the question,
 Magnetic field at distance x from the =B
centre, 4
where, B2 = magnetic field at second point
magnetic field at center (B)
B axis =
8 6. If a bar magnet is dropped down in an
infinitely long vertical copper tube, then
B axis = B
8 the magnet will move continuously
µ 0 NiR2 µ 0 Ni (a) increasing velocity and acceleration
2 3/2 = 8 (b) increasing velocity but constant
2
2 (R + x ) # 2R
acceleration
8R3 = (R2 + x2) 3/2
(c) decreasing velocity and ultimately
This is possible only when x = ! 3 R . comes to rest
Hence, 3 R distance from the centre (d) increasing velocity and ultimately
magnetic field is equal to magnetic field at acquires a constant terminal velocity
centre.

Ans : (b) increasing velocity but constant
acceleration
5. An electric current passes through a long
We know that when a bar magnet is dropped
straight copper wire. At a distance 5 cm
down in an infinitely long vertical copper
from the straight wire, the magnetic field
tube, its velocity continuously increases
is B . The magnetic field at 20 cm from the
due to the gravitational attraction. As a
straight wire would be
result of this, the velocity of bar magnet
(a) B (b) B continuously goes on increasing but having
6 4
constant acceleration due to free fall under
(c) B (d) B gravity.
3 2

Ans : (b) B
4
Given,
Distance of first point from the wire,
r1 = 5 cm
Magnetic field at first point,
B1 = B
7. An aluminium ring B faces an electromagnet
and distance of second point from the wire,
A. Which of the following statement is
r2 = 20 cm correct?
We know that magnetic field due to current-
carrying long straight wire at the point,
µ
B = 0 # I ? 1
2π r r
B
Therefore, 1 = 2 r
B2 r1

= 20 = 4

5

B 2 = B1
4
(a) if I increases, A will repel B
 (b) if I decreases, A will repel B of the medium in which the coils wounded
(c) if I increases, A will attract B and degree of coupling i.e., the extent to
(d) whether I increases or decreases B which the magnetic flux primary current
will not experience any force links the secondary.

Ans : (a) if I increases, A will repel B 10. What happens if a monochromatic light
We know that when circuit is closed, used in the Young’s double slit experiment
increasing current in the coils of is replaced by white light?
electromagnet A produces time varying (a) no fringes are observed
magnetic flux which magnetised it. (b) all bright fringes become white
We also know from lenz’s law that when
(c) all bright fringes are coloured between
time varying magnetic flux links with a
violet and red
nearby ring, then direction of induced
current (or E.M.F.) in the ring will be such (d) only central fringe is white and all
that it opposes the cause which produces other fringes are coloured
it.

Ans : (d) only central fringe is white and
all other fringes are coloured
8. Which scientist experimentally proved the We know that if white light is used
existence of electromagnetic waves? in Young’s double slit experiment, we
(a) Marconi get a central white fringe, because all
(b) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz wavelengths of white light have zero path
(c) James Clerk Maxwell difference. And all other points on both
(d) Jagdish Chander Bose sides of central white fringe have different
path differences for different wavelengths


Ans : (b) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz of white light. Therefore no condition of
We know that Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was brightness or darkness is satisfied.
the first scientist to produce and detect As a result of this, coloured fringes are
the existence of electromagnetic waves observed on both sides of central white
experimentally in 1887. fringe.

9. Two coils are placed close to each other.

The mutual inductance of the pair of coils
depends upon
(a) currents in the coils
(b) materials of the wires of the coils
(c) relative position and orientation of
the coils
11. A particle of mass m and charged q is
(d) rates at which the currents are
accelerated through a potential V. The De-
changing in the coils
Broglie wavelength of the particle will be:


Ans : (c) relative position and orientation q
of the coils. (a) Vh (b)
2qm 2mV
We know that mutual inductance of the
(c) h (d) mh
pair of coils depends upon the geometry
2qmV 2qV
of the coils, distance between the coils,
relative position and orientation of the

Ans : (c) h
coils, no. of turns in the coils, permeability 2qmV
 13. If elements with principal quantum n > 4
A particle of mass m and charged q is
were not allowed in nature, the number of
accelerated through a potential V .
possible elements would have been
Kinetic energy gained by the particle,
2
(a) 4 (b) 32
K = 1 mv 2 = P (c) 60 (d) 64
2 2m
Work done on electron = qV .

Ans : (c) 60
P2 = qV Given,
Hence, Principal quantum number allowed in
2m
nature, n = 4 .
P = 2mqV We know that number of possible elements
Hence, the de-Broglie wavelength of the for principal quantum number,
particle, 4

λ = h
N = / 2n 2

n=1
P
= 2 6^1 h2 + ^2 h2 + ^3h2 + ^4h2@

h
=

2mqV = 2 630@ = 60

14. Which of the following set up can be used

to verify the Ohm’s law?

12. The minimum angular momentum of

electron in Hydrogen atom will be
(a) h Js (b) h Js
π 2π
(c) hπJs (d) 2πh Js

Ans : (b) h Js
2π
According to Bohr’s atomic model, the
electrons are permitted to circulate only
in those orbits in which the angular
momentum of an electron is an integral
multiple of h , h being plank’s constant
2π
L = nh
2π
When, n = 1
L = h
2π

Ans : (a)
Hence, the minimum angular momentum We know that Ohm’s law gives the resistance
of electron in Hydrogen atom will be h . offered by a conductor by measuring steady
2π
current I flowing through the conductor
 and voltage drop across the ends of the capacitance,
conductor. Cl = C1 + C2
We also know that ammeter is always
connected in series with the cell to measure = 3 + 2 = 5 µF
current flowing through the conductor and Cl and C 3 are connected in series
voltmeter is always connected in parallel to combination Now, equivalent capacitance
the cell to measure voltage drop across the between A and B ,
CAB = C # C 3
conductor. l

Therefore, option (a) is used to verify the Cl + C3
Ohm’s law. = 5#4
5+4

= 20 µF

9
16. Assertion : The resistivity of a semi-
conductor increases with temperature.
Reason : The atoms of semi-conductor
vibrate with larger amplitude as higher
temperatures thereby increasing its
resistivity.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct and the Reason is a correct
15. The equivalent capacity between A and B explanation of the Assertion.
is (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.

(a) 20 µF (b) 9 µF

Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason

9 are incorrect.
(c) 1 µF (d) 1 µF The resistivity of semiconductor decreases
9
with increase in temperature as more


Ans : (a) 20 µF electrons jump into conduction band
9
increasing its conductivity.

17. Assertion : In Young’s experiment, the

fringe width for dark fringes is different
from that for white fringes.
Reason : In Young’s double slit experiment
the fringes are performed with a source
of white light, then only black and bright
fringes are observed.
In the given circuit C1 and C2 are connected
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are
in parallel combination Hence, equivalent
 correct and the Reason is a correct SECTION-B
explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are 19. A capacitor of capacitance C is being
correct but Reason is not a correct charged by connecting it across a DC source
explanation of the Assertion. along with an ammeter. Will the ammeter
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is show a momentary deflection during the
incorrect. process of charging? If so, how would you
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are explain this momentary deflection and
incorrect. the resulting continuity of current in the
circuit? Write the expression for the current


Ans : (d) Both the Assertion and Reason inside the capacitor.
are incorrect.


Ans :
In Young’s experiment, fringe width of
dark and white fringes are equal. If white The ammeter will show the momentary
light is used as source, coloured fringes deflection.
are observed representing bright band of This momentary deflection occurs due
different colours. to the fact that the conduction current
flows through connection wires during
the charging of capacitor. This lead to
gathering of charge at two plated and hence
varying electric field of increasing nature
is produced between the plated which in
18. Assertion : Photo-sensitivity of a metal is
turn produce displacement current in space
high if its work function is small.
between two plates. This maintains the
Reason : Work function = hf 0 where f 0 is
continuity with the conduction current.
the threshold frequency.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are Ic = Id
correct and the Reason is a correct The current inside the capacitor,
explanation of the Assertion. dφ
Displacement current I and Id = ε 0 E .
c dt
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are
correct but Reason is not a correct
explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is correct but Reason is
incorrect.
(d) Both the Assertion and Reason are
incorrect.


Ans : (b) Both Assertion and Reason are
20. A small magnet of magnetic moment M ,
correct but Reason is not a correct
is placed at a distance r from the origin O
explanation of the Assertion.
with its axis parallel to X -axis as shown.
The photo-sensitivity of a metal is high A small coil, if one turn is placed on the X
when its work function is small. Work -axis, at the same distance from the origin,
function of a metal depends not on the with the axis of the coil coinciding with
threshold frequency but on the nature of X -axis. For what value of current in the
the metal. coil does a small magnetic needle, kept at
origin, remains undefiled ? What is the
 direction of current in the coil ? 1. Excessive neutron leakage if the size of
the fissionable material is smaller than
the critical size.
2. Fast neutrons may escape the
fissionable material without causing
further fissions.
3. Some neutrons may suffer non-fission
capture by 23892 U nuclei.

Ans :
This happens when magnetic field of
bar magnet is equal and opposite to the
magnetic field of coil
" "
Bm = Bc 22. You are given two converging lenses of
focal length 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design
µ0M µ 0 Ia2 a compound microscope. If it is desired to
3 =
4πr 2r3 have a magnification of 30, then find out
I = 2M 2 the separation between the objective and
4πa eyepiece.
Current is in anti-clockwise sense, an seen


Ans :
from the origin.
Given, f0 = 1.25 cm
21. What is Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence?
fe =− 5 cm
What is its importance?
Magnification, M = 30,


Ans :
D = 25 cm
In his special theory of relativity, Einstein
If the objective is very close to the principal
showed that,
focus of the objective and the image formed
E = mc2 by the objective is very close to eyepiece,
This equation expresses equivalence then magnifying power of a microscope is
between mass and energy. Thus the energy given by
content of an object is its mass times the
square of the speed of light. This principle M =− 1 $ D
fo f2
is central to our understanding of nuclear
energy and harnessing it as a source of 30 = 1 $ 25
1.25 5
power. Using this principle, the Q -value of
nuclear process can be expressed in terms L = 1.25×30×5
25×100
of initial and final masses.


o L = 25×30
100
A chain reaction dies out sometimes. Why?
L = 30


Ans : 4
L = 7.5 cm
A chain reaction may die out due to any of
This is a required separation between the
the following causes:
objective and the eyepiece.
23. Draw the voltage-current characteristic drifting of minority charge carriers
curve of a diode and mark its important from one region to another through the
parameter. junction.


Ans : A small applied voltage is sufficient to
sweep the minority charge carriers through
the junction. So, reverse current is almost
independent of critical voltage.
(ii)
At critical voltage (or breakdown
voltage), a large number of covalent
bonds break, resulting in the increase of
large number of charge carriers. Hence,
current increases at critical voltage.

24. Draw a graph showing the variation of

o intensity against the position x on the
Draw V - I characteristics of a p - n screen in Young double slit experiment.
junction diode. Answer the following

Ans :
questions, giving reasons:
On plotting the intensities of bright and
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias
dark fringes against distance x from O , we
almost independent of the applied
get a curve as shown in figure. The intensity
potential upto a critical voltage?
is maximum at the central point O . Then
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a
it becomes zero and maximum alternately
sudden increase at the critical voltage?
on either side of O , depending on x is odd


Ans : multiple of D2dλ and integral multiple of Dλ
d ,
respectively.

(i) In the reverse biasing, the current

of order of µA is due to movement/ Intensity Distribution Curve for an Interference
Pattern
25. Two point charges having equal charges Points of Similarity
separated by 1 m distance experience a force 1. Both fields depend inversely on the
of 8 N . What will be the force experienced square of the distance from the source.
by them, if they are held in water, at the 2. Both are long range fields.
same distance? (Given: K water = 80 ) 3. The principle of superposition is


Ans : applicable to both fields.
Two point charges system is taken from Points of Difference
air to water keeping other variables (e.g. 1. The magnetic field is produced by a
distance, magnitude of charge) unchanged. vector source: the current element I dl v.
So, the only factor which may affect the The electrostatic field is produced by a
interacting force is dielectric constant of scalar source: the electric charge dg .
medium. 2. The direction of the electrostatic
Force acting between two point charges. field is along the displacement vector
q1 q 2 joining the source and the field point.
F = 1 The direction of the magnetic field is
4πε 0 K r2
perpendicular to the plane containing
or F ? 1 the displacement vector rv and the
K current element I dlv.
Fair = K 3. In Bio-Savart law, the magnitude
FMedium of the magnetic field is proportional
8 = 80 to the sine of the angle between the
v and displacement
Fwater current element I dl
vector rv while there is no such angle
Fwater = 8 = 1 N dependence in the Coulomb’s law for
80 10
the electrostatic field.
SECTION-C
26. Give some points of similarities and
differences between Biot-Savart law for the
magnetic field and Coulomb’s law for the
electrostatic field.


Ans :
According to Coulomb’s law, the electric
field produced by a charged element is,
dq
dE = 1 2
4πε 0 r 27. A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long
According to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic extending from east to west is falling
field produced by a current element I dl is, with a speed 5.0 ms-1 at right angle to
µ θ the horizontal component of the Earth’s
dB = 0 I dl sin magnetic field, 0.3 # 10-4 Wb - m-2 . Find
4π r 2

On comparing the above two equations, we the instantaneous value of the emf induced
can note the following points: in the rod.


Ans :
 increased keeping the same capacitance?

Ans :
−4 −2
Given, B = 0.3 # 10 Wb− m (i) As, the dielectric slab is introduced
v = 5 m/s between the plates of the capacitor,
θ = 90c its capacitance will increase. Hence,
the potential drop across the capacitor
l = 10 m Q
will decrease, i.e., V = . As a result,
e = B vl sin θ C
the potential drop across the bulb will
= 0.3 # 10−4 # 10 # 5 # sin 90c
increase as they are connected in series.
= 15 # 10−4 V
Thus its brightness will increase.
(ii) As the resistance R is increased, the
Hence, e = 1.5 # 10−3 V = 1.5 mV potential drop across the resistor will
increase. As a result, the potential
drop across the bulb will decrease as
they are connected in series. Thus, its
brightness will decrease.


o
State the condition under which the
phenomenon of resonance occurs in a series
LCR circuit. Plot a graph showing the
variation of current with frequency of an
AC source in series LCR circuit.


Ans :
The condition for series resonance is,
28. A capacitor C , a variable resistor R and a
bulb B are connected in series to the AC
mains in the circuit as shown in the figure.
The bulb glows with some brightness. How
will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a
dielectric slab is introduced between the
plates of the capacitor keeping resistance
R to be the same (ii) the resistance R is
 XL = XC Clearly, λ p 2 λ a
Hence, proton has a greater de-Broglie
ω 0 L = 1 wavelength.
ω0C
2. Kinetic energy,
ω 20 = 1
LC EK = qV
1 For same V ,
ω 0 =
LC EK ? q
2πν 0 = 1
EK q
= p
p
LC EK a
qa
(where ν 0 is resonance frequency)
= e =1

1 2e 2
ν 0 =
2π LC Clearly, EK 1 EK
p a

The graph between I and ν is as shown in

figure.

o
(a) Give a brief description of the basic
elementary process involved in the
photoelectric emission in Einstein’s
picture.
(b) When a photosensitive material is
irradiated with the light of frequency
v, the maximum speed of electrons is
2
given by Vmax . A plot of V max is found to
29. A proton and an alpha particle are vary with frequency v as shown in the
accelerated through the same potential. figure.
Which one of the two has (i) greater value Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation
of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it to find the expressions for (i) Planck’s
and (ii) less kinetic energy? Give reason to constant and (ii) work function of the given
justify your answer. photosensitive material, in terms of the


Ans : parameters l, n and mass m of the electron.
1. De-Broglie wavelength,
Since, λ = h
p

= h
2mqV
For same V ,
λ ? 1
mq
l ma qa
Hence, p =
la mp qp
4m p 2e
=
.
mp e


Ans :
= 8

(a) According to Einstein, packets of energy
=2 2
called photons, which are absorbed
 completely by electrons. This absorbed E = hv = h c
energy is used to reject the electron λ
and also provide kinetic energy to the hc = 12.1 eV

emitted electron. λ
1 mV 2 = hv − φ = energy of radiation
(b) max 0
2 1 = 12.1 # 1.6 # 10−19
Hence,
2φ λ 6.62 # 10−34 # 3 # 108
2
V max = b 2h l v − b 0 l
m m λ = 1.025 # 10−7 m
= 2h = l
Hence, Slope c
= 1025 A
m n

h = ml
2n
2φ
= 0 =l
Intercept
m

Hence, φ 0 = ml
2
30. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a
total energy of - 1.5 eV. Calculate its SECTION-D
(i) kinetic energy
31. A slab of material of dielectric constant
(ii) potential energy
K has the same area as that of the plates
(iii) wavelength of radiation emitted, when
of a parallel plate capacitor but has the
this electron makes a transition to the
thickness d/2, where d is the separation
ground state.
between the plates. Find out the expression
[Given, energy in the ground state
for its capacitance when the slab is inserted
=− 13.6 eV and Rydberg’s constant
between the plates of the capacitor.
= 1.09 # 107 m−1


Ans :


Ans :
Initially when there is vacuum between
(i) The kinetic energy (KK ) of the electron
the two plates, the capacitance of the two-
in an orbit is equal to negative of its
parallel plates is,
total energy (E).
EK =− E C 0 = ε 0 A
d
=− (− 1.5) = 1.5 eV
where, A is the area of parallel plates.
(ii) The potential energy (U) of the electron Suppose that the capacitor is connected to
in an orbit is equal to twice its total a battery, an electric field E 0 is produced.
energy (E) Now, if we insert the dielectric slab of
thickness t = d/2 , the electric field reduces
i.e., U = 2E
to E .
=− 1.5 # 2 =− 3 eV Now, the gap between plates is divided in
(iii)
As, a result of transition of electron two parts, for distance t there is electric
from excited state of ground state. field E and for the remaining distance
Energy of radiation =− 1.5 − (− 13.6) (d - t) the electric field is E 0 .
If V be the potential difference between
(Since, Ground state energy of H-atom
the plates of the capacitor, then
=− 13.6 eV )
 V = Et + E 0 (d − t) Suppose the positive charge is transferred
from plate 2 to plate 1 bit by bit. In this
= Ed + E 0 d = d (E + E 0) process, external work has to be done
2 2 2
because at any stage plate 1 is at higher
ba t = 2 l
d
potential than the plate 2. Suppose at any
instant the plates 1 and 2 have charges Ql
= d b E0 + E0 l
and - Ql respectively, as shown in Figure
2 K
a. Then the potential difference between
= dE 0 (K + 1)
the two plates will be
2K
Ql
Vl =
b As, E = K l
E0 C

q
E 0 = σ =
ε0 ε0A
q
V = d $ (K + 1)
2K ε 0 A
q
C =
V
= 2Kε 0 A

d (K + 1)

o
1. Define capacitance of a capacitor.
2. Derive expression for stored energy (a) (b)
between plates of parallel plate Suppose now a small additional charged
capacitor. Show that energy-density dQl be transferred from plate 2 to plate 1.
between plates of the capacitor can The work done will be,
be expressed as 1/2 ε 0 E 2 , when E =
Ql
Electric field between plates. dW = V l$dQl = $ dQl
C


Ans : The total work done in transferring a
1. Capacitance charge Q from plate 2 to plate 1 (Figure
The capacitance of capacitor may be defined b) will be,
as the charge required to be supplied to Q
Ql
either of the conductors of the capacitor #
W = dW = #
0 C
$ dQl
so as to increase the potential difference
Ql2 Q
= ; E = 1$
Q2
between them by unit amount.
2C 0 2 C
Capacitance,
Charge on either plate (Q)
This work done is stored as electrical
=
C potential energy U of the capacitor.
Potential difference between the two plates (V )
2
SI unit of capacitance is farad (F ). Q
U = 1$ = 1$CV 2
2. Expression for the Energy Stored in a 2 C 2
Capacitor
= 1 QV ( Since, Q = CV )

Consider a capacitor of capacitance C. 2
Initially, its two plates are uncharged.
 Energy Density between Plates of Capacitor conductor is given by
Capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor
E = V
is given by, l
"
C = ε 0 A ...(1) Under the influence of field E , the free
d electrons begin to drift in the opposite
If σ is the surface charge density on the "
direction E with an average drift
capacitor plates, then electric field between velocity vd .
the capacitor plates will be, Let the number of electrons per unit
E = σ volume or electron density = n
ε0 Charge on an electron = e
σ = ε 0 E Number of electrons in length l of
Charge on either plate of capacitor is, the conductor = n # volume of the
Q = σA = ε 0 EA ...(2) conductor = nAl
Hence, Energy stored in the capacitor is, Total charge contained in length l of
the conductor is q = enAl
Q2 (ε EA) 2
U = = 0 ε A [From All the electrons which enter the
2C 2$ d 0

Eq. (1) and (2)] conductor at the right end will pass
through the conductor at the left end
in time,
= 1 ε 0 E 2 Ad
2
But Ad = volume of the capacitor between t = distance = l
velocity vd
its two plates. Therefore, the energy stored q
per unit volume or the energy density of Hence, Current, I = = enAl
t l/vd
the electric field is given by,
I = enAvd
u = U = 1 ε0E 2
The equation relates the current I with
Ad 2
the drift velocity vd .
The current density j is given by,
j = I = envd
A
32. 1. Derive an expression for the current 2. Deduction of Ohm’s law : If m is
density in terms of the drift speed of the mass of an electron and τ is the
electrons. relaxation time, then drift velocity,
2. Derive Ohm’s law on the basis of the
theory of electron drift. vd = eEτ = eVτ
m ml
3. Derive an expression for the resistivity
of a conductor in terms of number :since E = V D
l
density of free electrons and relaxation
time. Hence, Current, I = enAvd


Ans : = enA $ eVτ

ml
1. Relation between Electric Current and
V = ml
Drift Velocity : Suppose a potential dif- I ne2 τA
ference V is applied across a conductor
of length l and of uniform cross-section At a fixed temperature, the quantities
A. The electric field E set up inside the m , l , n , e , τ and A, all have constant
 value for a given conductor.
Therefore, V =a constant R
I
This proves Ohm’s law for a conductor
and here
R = ml
ne2 τA
is the resistance of the conductor.
3. Resistivity in Terms of Electron
Density and Relaxation Time : The
resistance R of a conductor of length l

Ans :
, area of cross-section A and resistivity
Given,
ρ is given by,
Power of bulb B1 , P1 = 100 W
R = ρ l
A Power of bulb B2 , P2 = 60 W
But, R = ml Power of bulb B 3 , P3 = 60 W
ne2 τA
Source voltage, V = 250 Volt
where, τ is the relaxation time.
Comparing the above two equations, Output power of bulb, B1 = W1
we get Output power of bulb, B2 = W2
ρ = m2 Output power of bulb, B 3 = W3
ne τ
We know that resistance of bulb B1 ,
Obviously, ρ is independent of the
2 (250) 2
dimensions of the conductor but R 1 = V = = 625 Ω
depends on its two parameters : P1 100
(a) Number of free electrons per unit Similarly, resistance of bulb B2 ,
volume or electron density of the 2 (250) 2
conductor. R 2 = V = = 1042 Ω
P2 60
(b) The relaxation time τ , the average and resistance of bulb B 3 ,
time between two successive collisions 2 (250) 2
of an electron. R 3 = V = = 1042 Ω
P3 60
We also know that as the resistance R1
and R2 are connected in series. Therefore,
output power of bulb B1 ,

W1 = V2 R
(R1 + R2) # 1
(250) 2


o =
# 625
(625 + 1042) 2
A 100 W bulb B1 and two 60 W bulbs B2
and B 3 , are connected to a 250 V source as = 14.1 W

shown in the figure. Now W1 , W2 and W3
Similarly, output power of bulb B2 ,
are the output powers of the bulbs B1 , B2
and B 3 respectively. W2 = V2
# R2
What is the relation between the output (R1 + R2) 2
powers of bulbs?
 (250) 2 every point on wavefront again behaves
=
# 1042
(625 + 1042) 2 like a light source and emit secondary
wavelets in all directions (Huygen’s
= 23.4 W

wave theory) including the region of
and output power of bulb B 3 , geometrical shadow. This explains
2 diffraction.
W3 = V 2 # R 3 Proof of Snell’s law of Refraction using
R3
Huygen’s wave theory : When a wave
(250) 2
=
# 1042 = 60 W starting from one homogeneous medium
(1042) 2
enters the another homogeneous
Therefore, W1 < W2 < W3 medium, it is deviated from its path.
This phenomenon is called refraction.
In transversing from first medium to
another medium, the frequency of
wave medium to another medium, the
frequency of wave remains unchanged
but its speed and the wavelength both
are changed. Let XY be a surface
33. (a) How is a wavefront defined ? Distinguish separating the two media 1 and 2. Let
between a plane wavefront and a v1 and v2 be the speeds of waves in
spherical wavefront. Using Huygen’s these media.
constructions draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave refracting
at a plane surface separating two media.
Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction.
When a light wave travels from a
rarer to a denser medium, the speed
decreases. Does it imply reduction its
energy ? Explain.
(b) When monochromatic light travels from
a rarer to a denser medium, explain the
following.
(i) Is the frequency of reflected and
refracted light same as the frequency
of incident light ?
(ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a
reduction in the energy carried by Suppose a plane wavefront AB in first
light wave ? medium is incident obliquely on the
boundary surface XY and its end A


Ans : touches the surface at A at time t = 0
(a) Wavefront : A wavefront is a locus of while the other end B reaches the
all particles of medium vibrating in the surface at point B after time-interval
same phase. t. Clearly BBl = v1 t . As the wavefront
Huygen’s Principle : When a wavefront AB advances, it strikes the points
strikes to the corner of an obstacle, light between A and Bl of boundary surface.
wave bends around the corner because According to Huygen’s principle,
 secondary spherical wavelets originate Hence, sin r = sin +ABlAl
from these points, which travel with
speed v1 in the first medium and speed = AAl = v2 t ...(2)
ABl ABl
v2 in the second medium. Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
First of all secondary wavelet starts sin r = v1 = constant
from A which transverses a distance
sin r v2
AAl (= v2 t) in second medium in time ...(3)
t. In the same time-interval t , the point
of wavefront transverses a distance
$ µ 0 Idl R
dBx = $
BBl (= v1 t) in first medium and reaches 4 πr 2 r
Bl, from where the secondary wavelet µ IR
= 0 3 dl
now starts. Clearly BBl = v1 t and 4πr
AAl = v2 t . As the rays are always normal to the
Assuming A as centre, we draw a wavefront, therefore the incident and
spherical arc of radius AAl (= v2 t) and refracted rays make angles i and r with
draw tangent BlAl on this arc from Bl. the normal drawn on the surface XY
As the incident wavefront AB advances, i.e., i and r are the angle of incidence
the secondary wavelets start from points and angle of refraction respectively.
between A and Bl, one after the other According to equation (3). The ratio of
and will touch AlBl simultaneously. sine of angle of incidence and the sine
According to Huygen’s principle AlBl of angle of refraction for a given pair
is the new position of wavefront AB in of media is a constant and is equal to
the second medium. Hence AlBl will the ratio of velocities of waves in the
be the refracted wavefront. two media. This is the second law of
First law : As AB , AlBl and surface refraction and is called the Snell’s law.
XY are in the plane of paper, therefore (b)
the perpendicular drawn on them will (i) If the radiation of certain frequency
be in the same plane. As the lines drawn interact with the atoms/molecules
normal to wavefront denote the rays, of the matter, they start to vibrate
therefore we may say that the incident with the same frequency under forced
ray, refracted ray and the normal at the oscillations.
point of incidence all lie in the same Thus, the frequency of the scattered
plane. This is the first law of refraction. light (under reflection and refraction)
Second law : Let the incident wavefront equals to the frequency of incident
AB and refracted wavefront AlBl radiation.
make angles I and r respectively with (ii) No, energy carried by the wave
refracting surface XY . depends on the amplitude of the
wave, but not on the speed of the
In right angled TABlB ,
wave.
+ABBl = 90c
Hence, sin r = sin +BABl
= BBl = v1 t ...(1)
ABl ABl
Similarly in right-angled
TAAlBl, +AAlBl = 90c


o
(a) In Young’s double slit experiment, two
SECTION-E
slits are 1 mm apart and the screen 34. Total internal reflection (TIR) is the optical
is placed 1 m away from the slits. phenomenon in which waves arriving at the
Calculate the fringe width when light interface (boundary) from one medium to
of wavelength 500 nm is used. another (e.g., from water to air) are not
(b) What should be the width of each slit refracted into the second (“external”)
in order to obtain 10 maxima of the medium, but completely reflected back into
double slits pattern within the central the first (“internal”) medium. It occurs
maximum of the single slit pattern ? when the second medium has a higher wave
(c) The intensity at the central maxima in speed (i.e., lower refractive index) than
Young’s double slit experiment is I 0 . the first, and the waves are incident at a
Find out the intensity at a point where sufficiently oblique angle on the interface.
the path difference is l , l and λ . For example, the water-to-air surface in a
6 4 3


Ans : typical fish tank, when viewed obliquely
from below, reflects the underwater scene
(a) Fringe width is given by
like a mirror with no loss of brightness.
β = λD TIR occurs not only with electromagnetic
d
−9 waves such as light and microwaves, but
= 500 # 10 # 1 = 0.5 mm also with other types of waves, including
10−3
sound and water waves. If the waves are
= 0.5 # 10−3 m = 5 # 10−4 m
capable of forming a narrow beam , the
(b) β 0 = 2λD = 10β reflection tends to be described in terms
d
−9 of “rays” rather than waves; in a medium
d = 2 # 500 # 10 −# 1 whose properties are independent of
10 # 5 # 10 4
direction, such as air, water or glass, the
= 2 # 10−4 m “rays” are perpendicular to the associated
(c) The general expression, for the intensity,
wave fronts.
at a point is
Repeated total internal reflection of a
φ 405nm laser beam between the front and
I = I 0 cos2
2 back surfaces of a glass pane. The colour
(i) For path difference = λ , φ = 60c of the laser light itself is deep violet; but
6
its wavelength is short enough to cause
I = 3I 0 fluorescence in the glass, which re-radiates
4
[For path difference λ , phase difference greenish light in all directions, rendering
φ = 2π ] the zigzag beam visible.
Refraction is generally accompanied by
(ii) For path difference = λ , φ = 90c partial reflection. When waves are refracted
4
I = I 0 from a medium of lower propagation speed
2 (higher refractive index) to a medium of
λ
(iii) For path difference = , φ = 120c higher speed e.g., from water to air the
3 angle of refraction (between the outgoing
I = I 0 ray and the surface normal) is greater
4
than the angle of incidence (between the
incoming ray and the normal). As the
angle of incidence approaches a certain
 threshold, called the critical angle, the atoms of valance five or three are doped in
angle of refraction approaches 90°, at which a pure semiconductor, we get respectively
the refracted ray becomes parallel to the n -type or p-type extrinsic semiconductor.
boundary surface. As the angle of incidence In case of doped semiconductor ne nh = ni2 .
increases beyond the critical angle, the Where ne and nh are the number density
conditions of refraction can no longer be of electron and hole charge carriers in a
satisfied, so there is no refracted ray, and pure semiconductor. The conductivity of
the partial reflection becomes total. For extrinsic semiconductor is much higher
visible light, the critical angle is about 49° than that of intrinsic semiconductor.
for incidence from water to air, and about Answer the following questions :
42° for incidence from common glass to air. 1. What is n -type semiconductor?
2. Do pure semiconductors obey Ohm’s
law?
3. Why do semiconductors behave as
conductors at room temperature?


o
4. Why does a semiconductor behaves as
an insulator at very low temperature?


Ans :
1. An n -type semiconductor is an intrinsic
1. What is refractive index of a medium? semiconductor doped with phosphorus
(in terms of speed of light) (P), arsenic (As), or antimony (Sb) as
2. In the above diagram, calculate the an impurity. Silicon of Group IV has
speed of light in the liquid of unknown four valence electrons and phosphorus
refractive index? of Group V has five valence electrons.
3 What is refractive index of a medium 2. Semiconductors do not obey Ohm’s
(in terms of real and apparent depth)? law because I –V characteristics is a


o curved line instead of straight line.
4 What is the relation between refractive 3. At room temperature, a few electrons
index and critical angle for a medium? in valence band acquire energy greater
than the forbidden energy gap and move


Ans : to conduction band. Hence, at room
1. Speed of light in vacuum/speed of light temperature a pure semiconductor
in medium. behaves slightly as a conductor.
2. 1.8 × 108 m/s.

o
3. Real depth/Apparent depth. 4. Pure semiconductor is almost an


o insulator at low temperature because
4. n = 1/ sin ic in this condition the electrons form the
valence band cannot move towards the
35. A pure semiconductor germanium or silicon, conduction band. Hence, it is almost
free of every impurity is called intrinsic insulator.
semiconductor. At room temperature, a pure
semiconductor has very small number of
current carriers (electrons and holes). Hence
its conductivity is low. When the impurity

******