 ABSTRACT- Battery management systems

(BMS) is used in electric vehicle to monitor

and control the charging and discharging of
rechargeable batteries which makes the
operation more economical. Battery
management system keeps the battery safe,
reliable and increases the senility without
entering into damaging state. In order to
maintain the state of the battery, voltage,
current, ambient temperature different
monitoring techniques are used. For
monitoring purpose different Analog/digital
sensors with microcontrollers are used. This
paper addresses state of charge, state of health,
and state of life and also maximum capacity of
a battery. By reviewing all these
methodologies future challenges and possible
solutions can be obtained.

 Keywords: Battery management system,

state of charge, state of health, state of life.
 1.INTRODUCTION: Electric vehicles (EV)
are playing a key role because of its zero-emission
of harmful gases and use of efficient energy.
Electric vehicles are equipped by a large number
of battery cells which require an effective battery
management system (BMS) while they are
providing necessary power. The battery installed
in an electric vehicle should not only provide long
lasting energy but also provide high power. Lead-
acid, Lithium-ion, -metal hydride are the most
commonly used traction batteries, of all these
traction batteries lithium-ion is most commonly
used because of its advantages and its
performance. The battery capacity range for an
electric vehicle is about 30 to 100 KWH or more.
Battery management system (BMS) makes
decisions based on the battery charging and
discharging rates, state of charge estimation, state
of health estimation, cell voltage, temperature,
current etc.

2.PROPOSED METHODOLOGY: Energy and

environmental problems are the most dangerous
problems faced by the world automotive
industry.to overcome these problems world has
accelerated to the new energy development

3.BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS):

Battery management system is the crucial
system in electric vehicle because batteries
used in electric vehicle should not be get
overcharged or over discharged. If that
happens, it leads to the damage of the battery,
rise in temperature, reducing the life span of
the battery, and sometimes also to the persons
using it. It is also used to maximize the range
of vehicle by properly using the amount of
energy stored in it
Battery management system is essential for
following reasons
1. Maintain the safety and the reliability of the
battery
2. Battery sate monitoring and evaluation
3. To control the state of charge
4. For balancing cells and controlling the
operating temperature
5. Management of regenerative energy
BMS BLOCK DIAGRAM:
STATE OF CHARGE ESTIMATION:
State of charge is defined as the available amount of
battery as the percentage of rated capacity of the
battery. State of charge gives a crucial support to
battery management system to assess the state of the
battery which helps the battery to operate within the
safe operating range by controlling charging and
discharging. It also increases the life span of the battery.
State of charge cannot be estimated directly. It is
calculated by using the equation
𝑆𝑂𝐶 = 1 − ∫ 𝑖𝑑𝑡/ 𝐶𝑛
Where I =current and
Cn= maximum capacity that the battery can hold.
 Figure 2 SOC During charging and discharging

There are various methods to estimate the state of

charge. Following are the list of state of charge
estimation method
1. Coulomb counting SOC estimation method
2. Fuzzy logic SOC estimation method
3. Impedance spectroscopy SOC estimation
method
4. Kalman filtering SOC estimation method
5. Open circuit voltage SOC estimation method
Among all these various methods
Kalman filtering method has been successful for
the estimation of SOC for EV’S.
 Figure 3 Kalman filtering SOC estimation model

State of Health Estimation:

State of health estimation describes the state of
the battery with respect to the newly manufactured
battery. It gives information regarding the
available amount of discharging capacity during its
lifetime. The SOH in EV use to describe the ability
to drive the specific distance. According to
Pattipati et al capacity fade and power fade
together combined as health characteristics.
capacity fade describes reduced driving range with
a fully charged battery and power fade describes
decrease in acceleration capacity. Power fade
occurs when the impedance in the cell increases
during aging. Hence, total impedance (RHF +
Rtc=R). where RHF and Rtc are frequency
resistance and the transfer resistance

Figure 4 circuit model of lithium-ion battery

STATE OF LIFE (SOL):
The remaining useful life of a battery is known as
SOL. RUL of a battery using a for different
thresholds of capacity fade C (i) and power fade
P(i) is given by equation
RUL(k)=h({𝑃(𝑖), 𝐶(𝑖)k}𝑖=1 )
where k is the kth week, approximately for an end-
of-life criterion 23% power fade and 30% capacity
fade is the RUL
Current BMSs:
Comprehensive and mature BMSs
are currently found in portable electronics, such as
laptop computers and cellular phones, but they
have not been fully deployed in EVs and HEVs.
This is because the number of cells in a vehicle’s
battery is hundreds of times greater than that in
portable electronics. Moreover, a vehicle’s battery
is designed not only to be a long-lasting energy
system, but also to be a high-power system. In
other words, batteries for EVs and HEVs have to
provide high voltage and high current. These make
BMSs for EVs much more complicated than those
for portable electronics.
From a hardware structure perspective, three
kinds of topologies have been implemented in
BMSs, including centralized, distributed and
modular structures However, the functions of the
BMSs in each case are similar. Meissner and
Richter proposed a layer structure for battery
monitoring, battery state, and battery management.
Gold categorized the different functions in a BMS.
These concepts can be combined into a generic
BMS structure with the basic functions as shown
in Figure 5. Various sensors are installed in the
battery pack for data acquisition at the monitoring
layer. The real-time collected data is used to
maintain the system’s safety and determine the
battery state. The battery state determines the
charge time, discharge strategy, cell equalization,
and thermal management among the cells, while
the state will be passed to the user interface as
well.

Figure 5 illustration of a battery management system

Table 1 Comparision between different BMS products
Concerns about Vehicle BMSs Today:
With the increasing prices of gasoline and
continuing breakthroughs in battery technology,
EVs and HEVs were reintroduced in the early
1990s and became mainstream in the 2000s.
Because of its promising properties, such as high
energy density, long life cycle, and low self-
discharge, lithium-ion battery technology has been
widely developed and applied in the past decade
when the development of BMSs for EVs has been
slow and insufficient. This lag has been caused by
the following difficulties:
(a) battery state evaluation
(b) battery modelling and
(c)cell balancing.
Battery State Evaluation:
Knowledge of the battery state not only helps to
determine whether the operational environment is
safe and reliable, but also provides information
about the charge-discharge operation, which is
especially important for cell balancing. Usually,
the battery state includes SOC and SOH
determination. SOC is similar to the fuel usage
indication in gasoline cars, but the battery is
inaccessible for measuring and experiences aging,
varying environmental conditions, and charge-
discharge cycles,
which will make it difficult for a BMS to provide
an accurate SOC estimation. According to, SOH
describes the percentage of battery life remaining.
However, there is no consensus on the definition
of SOH because it does not correspond to the
measurement of a specific physical quality.
Although the ratio of the current capacity to the
maximum capacity that the battery can hold is
usually viewed as a health indicator, more
parameters referring to the field performance must
be considered during SOH evaluation. The actual
formula of the SOH for a specific application is
often a trade secret. SOL is referred to in the
literature as the time when the battery must be
replaced It is similar to SOH, but quantifies the
remaining time until the battery will be unable to
perform. Prediction of battery performance helps
the engineer to plan maintenance strategies, and
handle disposal and replacement issues.
Battery Modelling :
Establishing a battery model is difficult due to the
complicated electrochemical mechanisms of
batteries. From the perspective of chemical
characteristics, Scrosati and Garche presented
voltage-to-capacity profiles of several Li/Li+
materials. For example, LiFePO4 has a long flat
trend when charging, while the voltage profiles of
LiMn3O4 and LiCo1/3Mn2/3O2 gradually
increase without a flat region. They showed that a
generic model for a battery family does not work
well for general applications.
Currently, battery modelling for SOC
determination is commonly developed from
various equivalent circuit (RC network) models,
which are distinct for different material
characteristics and accuracy requirements Cheng
and Tremblay adopted the generic battery model
that was integrated in MATLAB [ However, the
generic model is based on the assumption that the
internal resistance is constant during charge and
discharge cycles. Thus, the accuracy of this model
is subject to challenge. While taking into account
SOH estimation, the battery degradation model
based on capacity fade was simulated and built
These model parameters were predominantly
achieved in terms of the physical characteristics of
the specific anode and cathode. However, the
external factors, such as environment temperature
and discharge current load, will make these
stationary models inaccurate in a dynamic
environment. As a result, model selection is
always focused on in a BMS.
Cell Balancing :
In EVs and HEVs, cells are wired in parallel to
form a block to satisfy the requirement of high
capacity while several blocks (or cells) are
connected in series to provide a high voltage. Each
cell is distinct due to manufacturing and chemical
offset. Thus, the cells in a series have the same
current but different voltage. During charging,
capacity fade in cells may result in danger if a cell
comes to its full charge easily. In other words, it
will suffer from overcharging while all the rest of
the cells reach their full charge. Similarly, over-
discharge may happen on the weakest cell, which
will fail before others during the discharging
process. When the battery consists of multi-cells in
series, it will be subject to a higher failure rate
than any single cell due to a series network. To
reduce this effect for prolonging the battery life, an
effective cell balancing mechanism that would
keep the SOC levels of individual cells in a battery
pack as close to each other, should be developed.

ESTIMATION OF MAXIMUM BATTERY

CAPACITY:

The maximum capacity of the battery describes

the performance and future life of the battery. The
maximum capacity of a battery is calculated by:
Capacity = ∫ 𝐼𝑑𝑡
Where I is the current

BATTERY CAPACITY ESTIMATION USING

VARYING LOADS AND ENVIRONMENTAL
TEMPERATURES:
Degradation of a battery depends upon charge and
discharge cycle, environmental conditions and specific
materials. The status of the battery is predicted when
discharging at constant current and constant
temperature. Here are few experimental factors of a
lithium -ion battery at different discharge rates and
temperatures. Discharge Rate Temperature 0.5C (350
MA) 25 °C 0.5C (350 mA) 50 °C 1C (700 mA) 25 °C
1C (700 mA) 50 °C

FIGURE 6 Discharging capability alternating at different discharge

rates and at different temperature

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF LI-ION CELL

USING BMS:
Lithium-ion batteries are highly reactive, smaller in
weight and has the highest energy. Charging and
discharging of lithium-ion batteries are very faster than
the other batteries. Lithium-ion cells should be operated
beyond its safe operating voltage range to avoid
combination of many chemical reactions, rise in
temperature which leads to cell venting and generation
of fire. Hence, Battery management system (BMS) is
used which allows the battery to operate with in their
safety zone

FIGURE 7 Safe operation area charging and discharging

FIGURE 8 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OD LITHIUM ION BATTERY

Challenges of BMS and Possible Solutions

A literature review has revealed that
BMSs are still in a premature stage [40]. Even if state-
of-the-art algorithms and monitoring methods were
developed and applied in EVs and HEVs, the reliability
of BMSs would still make end users suspicious. Thus,
the gap between the laboratory tests and the real
requirements should be addressed by future research.
CHALLENGES :
Methodologies to assess battery performance were
demonstrated in Section 4 and their characteristics
were illustrated as well. Generally, the estimation and
prediction methods have unfeasible hardware
requirements, such as, impedance measurement,
which is costly and not practical in many BMS
 applications today. Meanwhile, the high
computational complexity depends on costly
hardware, such as, the central processor. It can be
seen that the trade off between high performance and
feasibility in a BMS is important. Furthermore, most
studies are performed in a laboratory environment
and are conducted using full charge-discharge cycles.
The performance of BMSs under operating
conditions, such as vibration from bumpy roads and
temperature extremes from snow, rain or summer
heat, has rarely been studied. These external loads
will be reflected in the battery’s available capacity.
Thus, it will add un-modeled effects not taken into
account in existing algorithms and models. Moreover,
with the growth of battery applications, disposal and
recycling problems also arise. The problems facing
vehicle BMSs are summarized below.
1. Capacity Estimation under Varying Loads and
Environmental temperatures
2. Estimation of Maximum Capacity
3.Communication Mechanisms
4.Assessment of Battery Health
5. Battery Disposal and Recycling.
Possible Solutions for BMS:
 Prognostics and health management (PHM) is an
enabling strategy consisting of technologies and
methodologies for BMSs. By monitoring the sensor
signals and processing real-time data from a BMS, the
battery status, including SOC, SOH, and SOL, can be
estimated and predicted to provide end users with an
accurate “gauge meter” in an EV or HEV. Based on the
data collected, the BMS determines the corresponding
maintenance strategies. Meanwhile, abnormality
detection can be used to capture signals to update the
predictive results and guarantee the safety and
reliability of batteries. In terms of inaccessible internal
reactions of the battery and varying external loads,
accurate battery modelling should be established that
takes into account -imposed factors. Regression
technology combined with the state-space models are
proposed as a competitive approach for battery
degradation modelling The regression approaches use
data training to fit degradation trend curves based on
specific battery materials. Once the Markov process
utilizes the fitted parameters as its initial information,
the empirical degradation characteristics can be
combined with the real-time state information to
achieve accurate predictive results. Our view is to
measure and collect current, voltage, and temperature as
the main operational parameters in order to improve
feasibility and reduce design costs.
RESULT:
Based on this work, specific challenges faced by BMS
and their solutions were presented as a foundation for
future research. Based on the particular situation
different strategies can be applied to upgrade and
optimize the performance of BMS in EV’S.

CONCLUSION:
In this way we are developing the system model for
battery management in electric vehicle by controlling
the crucial parameters such as voltage, current, state of
charge, state of health, state of life, temperature. It is
every important that the BMS should be well
maintained with battery reliability and safety. This
present paper focusses on the study of BMS and
optimizes the power performances of electric vehicles.
Moreover, the target of reducing the greenhouse gases
can greatly be achieved by using battery management
system.