Introduction To Osi and Tcp/Ip Network Models
Introduction To Osi and Tcp/Ip Network Models
Introduction To Osi and Tcp/Ip Network Models
⚫ OSI Model
⚫ TCP/IP Model
⚫ Protocols at each layer
Learning outcomes
Hardware Hardware
& &
Software Software
1
DEVICE A DEVICE B
Evolution of the 7-Layers (1)
Application Application
Technical Technical
Standards Standards
⚫ Two Layer Model
– Problem: Applications were being developed to run over ever-increasing
number of media/signaling systems.
– Solution: Separate application aspects from technical (signaling and routing)
aspects
– Application Layer: Concerned with user interface, file access and file transfer
1
Evolution of the 7-Layers (3)
Application Application
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Physical Layer
–Describes physical aspects of network: cards, wires, etc
–Specifies interconnect topologies and devices
• Network Layer
–Defines a standard method for operating between nodes
–Address scheme is defined (IP)
–Accounts for varying topologies
• Data-Link
–Works with Network Layer to translate logical addresses (IP) into hardware
addresses (MAC) for transmission
–Defines a single link protocol for transfer between two nodes
Evolution of the 7-Layers (4)
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Five Layer Model – Increase Quality of Service (QOS)
•Variable levels of data integrity in network 1
•Additional data exchanges to ensure connectivity over worst conditions
•Became the Transport Layer
Evolution of the 7-Layers (5)
Application Application
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Six Layer Model - Dialogue Control and Dialogue Separation
– Means of synchronizing transfer of data packets
– Allows for checkpointing to see if data arrives (at nodes and end
stations) 1
http://www.howtheosimodelworks.com/
Evolution of the 7-Layers (6)
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
2
⚫ Gives end-user applications access
to network resources
⚫ Where is it on my computer?
– Workstation or Server Service in
MS Windows
3
Presentation Layer
3
Session Layer
⚫ Allows applications
to maintain an
ongoing session
⚫ Where is it on my
computer?
3
– Workstation and
Server Service (MS)
– Windows Client for
NetWare (NetWare)
Transport Layer
⚫ Responsibilities:
– Network addressing
– Routing
⚫ Example:
– IP from TCP/IP 3
Network layer
⚫ Network-wide addresses
⚫ Used to transfer data across subnets
⚫ Used by routers for packet forwarding
⚫ Example:
– IP Address
⚫ Where is it on my computer?
– TCP/IP Software
Data Link Layer
3
Data link layer
7 - Application All
6 - Presentation People
5 - Session Seem
4 - Transport To
3 - Network Need
2 - Data Link Data
1 - Physical Processing
TCP/IP model development
⚫ Layer 4: Application
⚫ Layer 3: Transport
⚫ Layer 2: Internet
⚫ Layer 1: Network access
⚫
The application layer
Layer Protocols
Application HTTP TELNET FTP SMTP SNMP
Internet IP ICMP
Network Access
ETHERNET PACKET RADIO
(Host-to-network)
Protocols at the application layer
⚫ HTTP:
– browser and web server communicatin
⚫ FTP :
– file transfer protocol
⚫ TELNET:
– remote login protocol
⚫ POP3: Retrieve email
– POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has
downloaded it
⚫ Reliable
⚫ IP
– Path selection ,
– routing and addressing
⚫ ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol )
– sends error messages relying on IP
⚫ a requested service is not available
⚫ a host or router could not be reached
Protocols at the link layer
⚫ Ethernet
– Uses CSMA/CD
⚫ Token Ring
Data Formats
Application data message
application
layer
64 to 1500 Bytes
Comparing TCP/IP with OSI
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols
7 th
Application Layer
6th
Presentation Layer Application Layer
5th
Session Layer
4 th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer
2nd
Link Layer
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer