DRRR REVIEWER to analyse and reduce the causal factors

of disasters
Disaster - an event which causes
widespread damage, injury, and loss of Disaster Risk and Elements at
lives Risk
Factors of Disaster Risk:
Disaster - The. serious disruption of the
1.Hazard - is threatening event, or the functioning of society, causing
probability of occurrence of a widespread human, material, or
potentially damaging phenomenon environmental losses.
within a given time period and area
Types of Hazard Hazard - Any phenomenon, substance,
A. Natural hazards - are naturally or situation, which has the potential to
occurring physical phenomena caused cause disruption.
either by rapid or slow onset events
Examples : Capacities - The resources and skills
• Geophysical-(earthquakes, landslides, that people possess, can develop,
tsunamis and volcanic activity), mobilize, and access.
• Hydrological -(avalanches and floods),
• Climatological -(extreme temperatures, Vulnerability - A concept which
drought and wildfires) describes factors or constraints of an
• Meteorological - (cyclones and
economic, social, physical, or
storms/wave surges)
geographic nature
• Biological -(disease epidemics and
insect/animal plagues)
B. Technological or man-made hazards Risk - The probability that negative
- are events that are caused by humans and consequences may arise when hazards
occur in. interact with vulnerable areas, people,
Examples: property, and the environment.
• Complex emergencies/conflicts
• Famine Risk Reduction Measures - These are
• Displaced populations various activities, projects, and
• Industrial and transport accidents and programs that the communities may
transport accidents
identify after assessing and analyzing
the risks that they face.
2. Vulnerability - refers to the
natural tendency of exposed elements Disaster Risk - is the chance or
such as human beings, their livelihoods, likelihood of suffering harm and loss as
and assets to suffer adverse effects a result of a hazardous event
when impacted by hazard events.

3. Exposure - refers to the inventory

of elements in an area in which hazard
events may occur

Disaster risk reduction - is the

concept and practice of reducing
disaster risks through systematic efforts
Essential Components in 3.Physical/Material - poor people
Determining Risk suffer more from crises than people
who are richer because they have little
1.Hazard occurrence probability or no savings, less income or production
- is the likelihood of experiencing a options, and limited resources.
natural or technological hazard at a
given location or region. 4.Psychological - psychological
responses of the survivors can range
2.Elements at risk - The people, from transient mild stress reactions to
properties, systems, or other elements the more severe and prolonged
present in hazard zones are subject to consequences of PTSD.
potential losses that can be considered
as exposed to risks or elements-at-risk 5.Economic - the poor who suffer from
income fluctuations and have limited
3.Vulnerability of the elements at risk access to financial services may be
- Effect on school buildings or more prone to reduce consumption
• Direct Costs - Physical damage;
schoolchildren or other elements if
including that of productive capital and
they experienced some levels of
stocks
hazard impact. • Indirect Costs - Disruptions to the flow
of goods and services lower output from
Loss Management - These are the pre- damaged
and postdisaster actions designed to
keep the losses at the minimum in 6. Environmental Degradation
human, structural, and economic - The effects of climate change
aspects. manifest not only in the environment's
*Predisaster loss management degradation
- area activities focusing on reducing
the community vulnerability to hazards.
7. Political Impacts of Disasters -
*Post disaster loss management
Disaster represents extreme shocks to
- focuses on improving the
emergency response and broadening the the political system of the country,
range of support given to victims that increasing the number of citizen
include the facilitation of relief delivery demands while simultaneously reducing
and stimulating a rapid recovery. the government's response capabilities

Effects of Disasters Vulnerability - can be defined as the

1. Human/BioIogical - Infectious diminished capacity of an individual or
diseases are the most usual form of an group to anticipate, cope with, resist
epidemic disease because of the and recover from the impact of a
congested evacuation areas. natural or man-made hazard.

2. Social Effects of Disasters Exposure - People differ in their

- emotional and physical effects of the exposure to risk as a result of their
disaster on the population still harm social group, gender, ethnic or other
people well after the actual disaster. identity, age and other factors.
Concept of Vulnerability Earthquake Hazards
- The concept of vulnerability comes •Ground shaking – disruptive up
from many aspects, specifically, those down and sideways movement or
that arise from various social, economic, motion experienced during an
physical, and environmental factors earthquake.
•Ground rupture – displacement on
Three Vulnerable Sectors the ground due to movement of fault.
•Tsunami – sea waves resulting from
•Most Vulnerable Sector - They are the the disturbance of ocean floor by an
community members whose capacities earthquake.
are low and not sufficient to withstand •Liquefaction – is a process that
and overcome the damaging and transforms the behavior of a body of
adverse effects of disasters sediments from that of a solid to that of
a liquid when subjected to extremely
•Less Vulnerable Sector - They are the intense shaking.
community members whose capacities •Land subsidence –is defined as the
start from their own ability to acquire lowering of the land surface.
material resources, skills, and pieces of •Landslide – is the movement of
training, and position in society. rock, debris or earth down a slope.

•Not Vulnerable Sector - This is the Volcanic Phenomena

sector in society having a high position •Lava Flow – are stream-like flows of
in the community. incandescent molten rock erupted from
a crater or fissure.
Categories of Vulnerability •Ashfall or tephra fall – are showers of
airborne fine- to coarse-grained
•Physical / Material -Vulnerability For volcanic particles that fallout from the
example, poor people who have few plumes of a volcanic eruption
physical and material resources usually •Pyroclastic flows and surges – are
suffer more from disasters than rich turbulent masses of ejected fragmented
people. volcanic materials (ash and rocks)
•Lahars – are rapidly flowing thick
•Social / Organizational mixture of volcanic sediments
- Vulnerability People who have been •Ballistic projectiles – are Volcanic
marginalized in social, economic, or materials directly ejected from the
political terms are vulnerable to volcano’s vent with force and trajectory.
suffering from disasters •Volcanic gasses – gasses and aerosols
released into the atmosphere, which
•. Attitudinal / Motivational include water vapor, hydrogen sulfide,
-People who have low confidence in sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
their ability to affect change. hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride.
•Tsunami- sea waves or wave trains
that are generated by sudden
displacement of water
•Debris avalanche - massive collapse
of a volcano, usually triggered by an
earthquake or volcanic eruption
Signs of an Impending Volcanic Volcano - is a rent or rupture in the
Eruption earth's layer over which liquefied rock
from under the earth's exterior erupts.
Ground deformation - refers to surface
changes on a volcano, such as
TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS
subsidence (sinking), tilting, or bulge
Volcanic Gases - These gases are
formation, due to the movement of
released into the atmosphere from the
magma below the surface.
magma of the volcano during its
eruption.
Seismic activity - from earthquakes to
swarms of earthquakes
Lahar - It is the flow of the hot/cold
mixture of water and rock materials of a
Gasses - Gasses rise through vents
volcano going downstream through its
called fumaroles (from the Latin for
river valleys and slopes
“smoke”) and other cracks.
Ash Fall - It refers to the ashes ejected
Visual observations – People living near
by a volcanic eruption, which consists of
volcanoes may observe premonitory
very small jagged pieces of glass and
events before an eruption.
rock
Other sensory observations - This
Pyroclastic Flow - It is a high-density
includes sense of smell, hear, and feel.
mixture of dry and hot fragments of
rocks and hot gases that move away
from the volcano vent and move in high
Other Geologic Hazards speed.

1. Rainfall-induced Landslide Lava Flows - These flow coming out

- A form of mass wasting that includes from a volcano consist of molten rocks
a wide range of ground movements. that ooze from an eruption.

2. Sinkhole
A. Natural sinkholes – occur due to
erosion or underground water. They
start developing a long time before it
actually appears.
B. Man-made sinkholes – are
formed due to activities like drilling,
mining, constructio n, broken water or
drain pipes, improperly compacted soil
after excavation work or even heavy
traffic can result in small to large
sinkholes.