QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1

At the end of this module, you are

expected to:
1. Describe how hazard becomes a
disaster;
2. Differentiate hazard, vulnerability,
exposure, disaster, and disaster risk;
3. Analyze the impacts of disaster; and
4. List ways to reduce the impact of
disasters
Concept of Disaster
- the occurrence of a disaster depends on the
interplay between a natural phenomenon (that
can turn into a hazard) and vulnerability of
populations exposed (exposure and
vulnerability)
When does a Natural Event become a
Hazard?

Natural events do not automatically become hazards,

much less cause disasters.

A natural event can be likened to a weak and old

tree (refer to the picture) that could collapse
even with just a slight push. It does not put a
threat to anything or anybody if there is nothing
or no one nearby. Once you park a car or stand
right beside it, it becomes a hazard.
When does a Hazard become a Disaster?

Vulnerability – refers to factors, such as physical,

social, economic, and environmental, that increase
that susceptibility to the impact of a hazard.

A disaster happens when the probable

destructive agent, the hazard, hits a vulnerable
populated area. It becomes a disaster only if
there are victims.
 NO DISASTER

Event or natural
Vulnerable
phenomenon (e.g,
population
flood)
 DISASTER

Hazard (e.g., Vulnerable

Disaster
flood) population
 Disaster Risk
- is expressed as the likelihood of loss of
life, injury or destruction and damage from a
disaster in a given period of time.

Disaster Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability

Minimizing Disaster Risk Reduction through
Reduction of Exposure and Vulnerability
Mitigation and preparedness measures will
result in the reduction of vulnerability and thus,
in disaster risk
Characteristics of Disasters:
1. Inherently unexpected or come quickly with
little or no warning.
2. Cause widespread death, injury, and property
damage.
3. Disasters cannot be managed through normal
means. Disaster create demands beyond the
capacity of a government
4. Knows no political boundaries
5. Requires restructured and new responding
organizations.
6. Exposes lack of disaster planning, response and
coordination
Impacts of Disasters:
1. Medical Effects – traumatic injuries, emotional
stress and epidemic diseases
2. Damage to critical facilities – among these is
communication installation, electrical generating
and transmission facilities, hospital, water
facilities etc.
3. Disruption of transportation – disrupted by
broken roads and bridges
4. Economic impact
5. Global environmental change – global climatic
change
6. Social and political impact – poor are most
prone to disaster
ASSIGNMENT

Directions:
1. Take a photo at least one that you think has
potential to be hazardous in your place or
anywhere that you can pass by.
2. Using Microsoft Word, paste the taken photo and
explain the occurring hazards;
3. And send to [email protected]
EXPOSURE
AND
VULNERABILI
Various Elements that may
be Exposed to Hazards:
TYSocial, Environmental,
Social and Economic
Social, Environment, and Economic Dimension of
Exposure and Vulnerability
Social. The social dimensions of exposure and vulnerability
covers a wide range concern but demography is the most
important aspect.

Environmental. The physical aspects of exposure and

vulnerability refer to location and built structures like
essential facilities, industrial and high potential facilities
and facilities containing hazardous materials,
transportation lifelines, and utility lifelines.

Economic. Business interruptions due to accessibility

problems, loss of jobs, and access to work, and loss of
government income due to inability of business and people to
pay taxes at a time when more funds are needed for relief and
rehabilitation.
BASIC CONCEPT OF
HAZARD
What is a HAZARD?
- Hazards are the potentials for damage to man and
his environment that may result from the occurrence
of natural or man-made events.
 Types of Hazard and Examples for Each

GEOLOGIC HYDROLOGIC ATMOSPHERIC BIOLOGIC MAN-MADE

Earthquakes: Floods – river and Typhoons or Epidemic in Transport accidents

• Vibration coastal hurricanes humans
• Ground rupture
• Liquefaction
• Earthquake-
Induced Landslide
• Tsunami

Volcanic Eruption Wave action Thunderstorm Epidemic in Industrial

• Lava flow Plants explosions and fires
• Volcanic gas
• Pyroclastic flow
• Tephra fall
• Lahar
• Volcanic debris
• Avalanche
 Types of Hazard and Examples for Each

GEOLOGIC HYDROLOGIC ATMOSPHERIC BIOLOGIC MAN-MADE

Rainfall-induced drought Excessive rainfall Epidemic in Accidental release

landslides animals of toxic chemicals,
radiological
material, biologic
material, oil, etc.
Rapid sediment Rapid glacier tornadoes locusts Nuclear accidents
movement advance
Subsidence Heavy snowfalls Collapse of public
buildings
Key Hazard Parameters:
• Magnitude – the magnitude of the event is a
measure of its strength and is an indication of
how destructive it can be.
• Intensity - describing the severity of an
earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth's
surface and on humans and their structures
• Speed of onset – among the most important
aspects of hazards. How predictable the hazard is
and how much lead time is allowed by it, is
critical in determining how damaging it will be.
• Duration – severe damage will depend on how
long the hazard affects an area
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS
When we heard EARTHQUAKE what
comes in our mind?
What is EARTHQUAKE?
 Also known as a tremor phenomenon characterized by a
feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced
by the sudden displacement of rocks and rock materials
below earth.
Two types of Earthquake

1. Tectonic Earthquake – generated by the sudden

displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of
the earth.
2. Volcanic Earthquake - Induced by the rising of lava or
magma beneath active volcanoes.
Two types of Earthquake

1. Tectonic Earthquake – generated by the sudden

displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of
the earth.
2. Volcanic Earthquake - Induced by the rising of lava or
magma beneath active volcanoes.
Active Faulting

 An active fault is a fault that is likely to have another earthquake sometime in the
future. Faults are commonly considered to be active if there has been movement
observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years. Active
faulting is considered to be a geologic hazard and related to earthquakes as a
cause. Effects of movement on an active fault include strong ground motion,
surface faulting, tectonic deformation, landslides and rockfalls, liquefaction,
tsunamis, and seiches.
Liquefaction

 takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground
surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking. 
 Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is
reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. Liquefaction occurs
when vibrations from seismic waves increase water pressure between soil
grains, transforming once cohesive soil into a slurry of mud
Measures to minimize or mitigate effects of Earthquake
 Ground Ruptures
1. Avoidance of active fault traces and deformation zones when planning any construction.
2. Setback – refers to the distance from the fault trace that is considered safe from the effects of
ground rupture. For the valley fault system (VFS), a known active fault of the eastern part of
Metro Manila, PHIVOLCS assigned a simple 5-meter setback regardless of building type.
 Liquefaction
1. The use of hazard zone maps
2. Additional engineering maybe required for new construction or existing buildings could be
strengthened or relocated. Water pipes, oil pipes, and transportation routes can be rerouted or
designed to withstand liquefaction.
3. Building liquefaction-resistant structures ensures that a building has ductility (the ability to
accommodate large deformation) and adjustable supports to correct against differential settlement
of the soil
Raft or Mat Foundation
Measures to minimize or mitigate effects of Earthquake
 Landslide
1. Recognizing and reporting any sign of slope instability to local authorities and neighbors in
your community is an important step.
2. Make a list of whom you should contact if an emergency involving landslide is suspected.
3. At the community level, provisions should be made for food, water, blankets, medicines, and
other supplies needed for possible prolonged isolation due to destruction of roads by future
landslide.
4. Communities must also stabilize part of the landscape with incipient landslide marks before it
develops into a full-blown landslide. Biological measures such as planting of deeply-rooting
trees hold slope material together and reduces the slope’s water load.
5. Engineering remedial measures such as landslide barriers and drainage structures are effective
in preventing landslide.
Wire Mesh Slope Protection
Risk Reduction Measures in Landslide
1. Developing and enforcing ordinances prohibiting construction in landslide-prone sites.
2. Creating emergency management programs for landslides and organizing training program to
prepare communities for landslide disasters.
3. Partnership with the private sector and the academic to offer assistance for geological and
engineering research on landslide and for creating effective systems of landslide assessment,
monitoring, forecasting, and early warning.
4. Establishing hazard maps or identifying areas that are considered vulnerable to landslide as
part of the research effort
5. Teaching people living in communities prone to landslides not only what to do but what not to
do before, during, and after a slandslide.
Measures to minimize or mitigate effects of Earthquake
 Tsunami
1. Providing warning systems and evacuation plan by the LGU or national government
2. Constantly remind the people through information and education campaigns about the dangers
involved so they can adopt personal preparedness measures before and during a tsunami
3. Constructing Seawalls can provide protection not only from tsunamis but also from surges.
Seawalls serve to intercept the onrushing waves so that upon reaching the shore, the energy
has largely diminished.
Seawalls
How to escape a Tsunami
1. Once its tsunamigenic nature is confirmed, prepare to vacate areas close to the shore and head towards
high ground right away. Large earthquakes occurring offshore indicate close proximity. This requires
immediate evacuation.
2. Always keep a radio or other sources of information. Warning and advisories taken seriously by those
living close to the shore.
3. Bring a survival kit with you at all times. Kit must include first aid items, water, canned goods or other
kinds of non-perishable items, flashlight with extra battery, whistle, and communication device.
4. Bring only a survival kit with you. One’s priority is safety. The idea is to get out a quickly as possible
with your family
5. Once the designated evacuation center is reached, stay there until advised by authorities when it safe to
leave
6. Take only escape routes that are safe from the tsunami waves and floods. Stay away from washed out
roads to avoid being exposed to landslides and other secondary effects of tsunami
7. If escape is too late, cling on to floating objects to prevent drowning. Stay alert at all times.
VOLCANIC
HAZARDS
 LAVA FLOW
Lava Flow – is a product of the quiet effusion of molten rock of magma from beneath a volcano

Effects of Lava Flow:

 Death
 Bring damage or total destruction to land and property
 LAVA FLOW

Mitigating the Effects of Lava Flows:

1. Stay away from lava flow danger zone.
2. Diversion of lava flow using explosive and barriers (Italy in 1983)
 PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
Pyroclastic Flow: is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. It is extremely
dangerous to any living thing in its path.

Effects:
 Burn
 Impact and burial
 Inhalation of hot ash and gases
 Lahars and flooding

Mitigating the Effects of Pyroclastic Flow:

1. High barrier or diversion design
TYPE OF PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
VOLCANIC GASES
Volcanic Gases: The term “volcanic gas” identifies the fluid gas phase released by active volcanoes, both during eruption and
quiescence. 

Effects: High concentration to the following:

 Carbon dioxide
 Sulfur dioxide
 Hydrochloric acid
 Hydrogen sulfide
 Fluorine
 VOLCANIC GASES
Mitigating the Effects of Volcanic Gases
 Evacuation and resettlement of the affected population.
 Personal protection measures
 To prevent worsening of pre-existing respiratory diseases following action are recommended:
 Drink fluids. Stay hydrated.
 Avoid contact with people who have colds
 Avoid smoking and second-hand smoke
 Avoid overexertion.
 Stay indoors, close windows and doors.
 Use gas mask
 LAHARS
LAHAR – is the process wherein wet cement-like mixture of volcanic material and water flows down to slopes of a volcano.
The deposits that lahar leave behind are like dry concrete, sometimes with boulders as big as house scattered everywhere.

How are lahar is generated?

Lahar during Mt. Pinatubo Eruption

Faces of Lahar
Debris flow – 60% volcanic
debris and 40% water

Transition flow – 60% to

20% from debris to watery

Hyper concentrated
streamflow or dilute flow –
20% debris and 60% water
 LAHARS
Mitigating the Effects of lahar:
 Evacuation would be the best preventive measures
 Effective dissemination of lahar hazard information is necessary
 Coordination between the lahar experts and emergency management agencies is a must
 A good monitoring and warning system should be in place.
Hydrometeorological
HAZARDS
7
Hydrometeorological
HAZARDS
TYPHOO STORM
N FLASHFLOO
7
SURGE

EL NIÑO
FLOO

D
LA NIÑA
D

THUNDERSTOR
M
TYPHOON

Intense
Tropical
Cyclone
TYPHOON

Severe
weather
disturbance
TYPHOON

Strong winds
and heavy
rains
TYPHOON

Most powerful type

of tropical cyclone
forms in the
northwestern
pacific ocean
TYPHOON

Chinese
term “Tai
Fung”
TYPHOON

“Ta” which
means BIG
TYPHOON

“Fung”
which means
WIND
TYPHOON

“Bagyo”
TYPHOON

“Bagyo”
TYPHOON

Derived after
Baguio City hit
by tropical
cyclone in 1911
Tropical cyclone
TYPES
Tropical
Depression
(ws up to
62kph)
Tropical cyclone
TYPES
Tropical
Storm (ws
raging from
63-118kph)
Tropical cyclone
TYPES
Typhoon (ws
greater than
118kph)
(hurricane)
Tropical cyclone
TYPES
Super typhoon
(ws exceeding
220 kph)
TROPHICAL CYCLONE

STRUCTURES
The “Eye”
The area of lowest atmospheric pressure in the
structure of tropical cyclone

Atmospheric pressure progressively decreases from the

outermost portion toward the eye

With diameter of 20-65 km wide

The “Eye”
Winds are weak, the temperature is warm, and the sky
is clear.

No weather disturbance

However, there is only short-lived.

The “Eye Wall”
The region immediately surrounding the tropical
cyclone center

Can reach as high as 15 km above mean sea level

Brings the strongest winds, heavy rains, and turbulence

shortly after the passage of the eye
The “Rain Bands”
Spiraling strips of clouds in the fringe of tropical
cyclones which are associated with rainfall

Counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and

clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to the
Coriolis effect.

Coriolis effect describe the deflection of an objects

motion due to the earth’s rotation about its axis
How do Tropical
Cyclones Form?
Effects of Tropical Cyclone

STRONG WINDS
• Cover much larger areas
• Cause the most obvious
damage
• Wind is usually slows down
upon making landfall
Effects of Tropical Cyclone

STORM SURGE
• Unusual increase of sea water
level way above the predicted
astronomical tide level
• Happens due to intense winds
and lowered atmospheric
pressure.
Effects of Tropical Cyclone

HEAVY RAINS
• Actually occur in lower
intensity
• Flooding due to heavy rains
is usually worse during
tropical depressions and
tropical storm
Measures for Mitigating the Destructive
Effects of Typhoon
1. Determining areas prone to typhoon-related disasters.
a. Geohazards maps – prepared by DENR can be consulted to determine which
areas prone to landslide and flooding.
2. Implementing legislation involving land use planning, zoning,
and building standards
3. Weather forecasting and monitoring
b. PAG-ASA - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration.
c. PAR – Philippine Area of Responsibility
Measures for Mitigating the Destructive
Effects of Typhoon
1. Determining areas prone to typhoon-related disasters.
a. Geohazards maps – prepared by DENR can be consulted to determine which
areas prone to landslide and flooding.
2. Implementing legislation involving land use planning, zoning,
and building standards
3. Weather forecasting and monitoring
b. PAG-ASA - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration.
c. PAR – Philippine Area of Responsibility
STORM SURGE
STORM SURGE

 Localized unusual increase of sea water level beyond the predicted

astronomical tide level primarily due to intense winds and lowered
atmospheric pressure during the passage of an intense tropical
cyclone from the sea to the land.
STORM SURGE

 Localized unusual increase of sea water level beyond the predicted

astronomical tide level primarily due to intense winds and lowered
atmospheric pressure during the passage of an intense tropical
cyclone from the sea to the land.
STORM SURGE

 Localized unusual increase of sea water level beyond the predicted

astronomical tide level primarily due to intense winds and lowered
atmospheric pressure during the passage of an intense tropical
cyclone from the sea to the land.
Factors that influence the build-up of
water level during storm surge
1. Storm Intensity (Wind Speed) – mainly wind-driven. Storm
intensity, which is related to the wind of a storm, has an influence on
the amount of the surge produced. Therefore, the stronger the winds
associated with a tropical cyclone, the higher the surge formed.

2. The pressure effect – storm surge level is also influenced by

atmospheric pressure. A lower atmospheric pressure results in a higher
storm surge level. Lowered atmospheric pressure and windspeed
are the major causes of storm surge formation.
Factors that influence the build-up of
water level during storm surge
3. Size – a tropical cyclone with a larger diameter will form a higher
surge because the winds brought about by larger tropical cyclones push
on a larger surface area of the ocean and affects this area for a longer
period of time.
4. Storm forward speed – a tropical cyclone travelling with a higher
velocity will produce a higher surge along an open coast.
Factors that influence the build-up of
water level during storm surge
5. Angle of Approach to coast – the amount of surge formed is
affected by the angle by which the tropical cyclone hits the coastline
6. The effects of the Earth’s rotation – Coriolis effect.
Northern Hemisphere – the surge will be observed to be largest in the
right forward portion of the tropical cyclone.
Southern Hemisphere – surge will be largest in left-forward portion
of the tropical cyclone.
Factors that influence the build-up of
water level during storm surge
7. The rainfall effect – water levels can rise quickly in estuaries
because large volumes of accumulated rainwater from watershed in
higher elevation areas which are drained by rivers encounter waters
driven by the tropical cyclone from the open ocean.
8. Geometry of a coastal area
Bathymetry – appearance of the ocean or sea bottom resulting from
the variation in depth in different portions.
Topography – land configuration resulting from variation in elevation.
Wide, low-lying areas with elevation of only a few meters above sea
level are vulnerable to storm surges
Factors that influence the build-up of
water level during storm surge
Shape of the coastline – affects the behavior of a storm surge. Storm
surge level is higher when tropical cyclone hits concave coastline.
Funneling effect, which simply the entrapment in a smaller
accommodation space of water being dumped by the strong winds

Man-made and natural local features

Factors that influence the build-up of
water level during storm surge
9. Timing – when the formation of a storm surge during a tropical
cyclone coincides with high astronomical tide, the resulting surge is
higher. And when the surge approaches the coast near the time of the
tropical cyclone’s maximum winds speed, the surge tends to have a
greater in land.
THUNDERSTORMS
Thunderstorms

 Isa violent, transients types of weather disturbance

associated with thousands of meters tall cumulonimbus
clouds.
 Involves lightning and thunder, strong winds, intense
rainfall, or tornadoes and hail
Three requirements for the formation of a
thunderstorms
1. Moisture
2. An unstable , rapidly rising mass of warm air
3. A strong upward current of air to force moisture to higher
Thunderstorm Life Cycle
begins with the upward growth
of a cumulus cloud due to the
continuous updraft and supply
of moisture
Indicated by the initiation of
strong downward current of
air and by precipitation.
Is when the updrafts are
prevented by the cool air of
the dominant downdrafts in
the lower portions of the
clouds
Lightning
 Is the abrupt, natural, visible high-voltage electrical discharge
which takes place when positive ang negative charges join
within the a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and
the ground.
 Lightning strike – if lightning hits an object on the ground
 Cloud-to-ground lightning – most dangerous type of
lightning. It involves negative charge from the cloud coming
contact with the positive charge on the ground below.
Effects of Lightning Strike to Humans

 Lightning strike could directly cause harm to people through contact

between the main lightning channel or a conductor the person is
touching.
 Could also directly cause either blunt force trauma to a person
thrown by a shock wave or hearing damage due to thunder or
electrical interferences to gadgets they are using like phones,
headphones, and hearing aids.
 May also cause injuries or casualties through secondary effects like
explosion and fires.
Lightning Safety Rules

 Danger Indoors – avoid staying nearby and watching the lightning

through windows or glass portions of doors.
 Danger outdoors – avoid open vehicles and small unenclosed
structures like steel waiting sheds and wooden huts. Using an
umbrella can only attract lightning if it makes you stand out as the
tallest feature in a certain area.
Lightning Safety Rules

 Danger Indoors – avoid staying nearby and watching the lightning

through windows or glass portions of doors.
 Danger outdoors – avoid open vehicles and small unenclosed
structures like steel waiting sheds and wooden huts. Using an
umbrella can only attract lightning if it makes you stand out as the
tallest feature in a certain area.
TORNADOES AND
WATERPOUTS
Tornadoes

 Are narrow, funnel – or cylindrical-shaped, intensely-

rotating columns of wind that form during powerful
thunderstorms and extend from the of a cumulonimbus
cloud down to the earths surface.
Waterspouts

 Same as tornadoes, the only difference is that the rotating

column of wind moves over a body of water
TORNADO FORMATION
Safety Tips

“GET IN, GET DOWN, AND COVER UP!’

FLOOD
Flooding

 Abnormal rise of water level of in rivers, coastal areas,

plains, and in highly urbanized centers which maybe a
result of natural phenomena, human activities, or both.
Primary Flood Types and Causes

 RIVERINE - when streams and rivers exceed the capacity of their natural
or constructed channels to accommodate water flow and water overflows the
banks, spilling out into adjacent low-lying, dry land.
 Due to extreme and sustained rainfall
Primary Flood Types and Causes

 ESTUARINE and COASTAL - induced either by a costal flood

whereby flood water is driven into the estuary or the incident of coastal and slow
rise flooding meeting in the estuary.
 Due to surge, astronomical high tide, spring tides, and neap tides
Primary Flood Types and Causes

 URBAN FLOODING - occurs when city landscapes cannot absorb

excess water after prolonged periods of intense rainfall, river overtopping, or
storm surge.
 Largely due to man-made causes
Primary Flood Types and Causes

 FLASH FLOODS – is a rapid, short-lived, and violent

arrival of a large volume of water which can be caused by
intense localized rainfall on land that is saturated or unable
to absorb water.
 May occur due to the collapse of infrastructure such as dams.
Primary Flood Types and Causes

 FLASH FLOODS – is a rapid, short-lived, and violent

arrival of a large volume of water which can be caused by
intense localized rainfall on land that is saturated or unable
to absorb water.
 May occur due to the collapse of infrastructure such as dams.
Destructive Effects of Flooding

 Primary Effects – are those which result from direct interaction of

humans and their property with flood waters.
 Secondary Effects – are the short-term, immediate, but indirect
consequences of flooding.
 Tertiary Effects – long-term indirect consequences of flooding.
EL NIÑO
EL NIÑO

 a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. El Nino is the “warm phase” of a larger
phenomenon called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
 Normally, strong trade winds blow westward across the tropical Pacific
Effects of El Nino

 Effects on domestic water supply, irrigation, and electricity generation.

 Agricultural effects
 Effects on marine ecosystem, capture fishery, and aquaculture
 Land degradation
 Water quality deterioration
 Forest Wildfires
 Land subsidence
 Direct economic and societal effects
COASTAL EROSION

 Coastal Erosion is a natural process which shapes shorelines by

the wearing away of coastal land or beaches, mainly by the impact
of waves along the shoreline.
Causes of Coastal Erosion

 Sediment redistribution process – moves water, sand, and bigger

rocks fragments
 Humans can also be considered as agents in speeding up the
process and intensifying the effects of coastal erosion.
Causes of Coastal Erosion

 Sediment redistribution process – moves water, sand, and bigger

rocks fragments
 Humans can also be considered as agents in speeding up the
process and intensifying the effects of coastal erosion.
Effects of Coastal Erosion

 destroys the beach biodiversity and ecological balance

 Environmental impacts
 oceanfront resorts tend to remove seaweed from their beaches to keep them looking pristine.
Managing Coastal Erosion
 Preservation of and restriction of activities and development in natural
protective features
 Regulating coastal erosion protection structures to ensure that natural
protective features are not damaged
 Prohibiting construction in areas of active coastal erosion and in areas within
reach of coastal storms
 Restricting development of public utilities in areas prone to coastal erosion to
discourage new development in these areas
 Building coastal erosion protection structures only when and where necessary
 FIRE
HAZARDS
 Fire - its is indeed tangible; its flame can be seen, its heat can be felt, and smoke
can be smelled, but it is actually just a manifestation of matter changing from one
state to another.
 Fire is a part of a very rapid, and usually persistent chemical reaction called
oxidation
 Oxidation involves the combination of oxygen and another substance
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
Fire Tetrahedron

 Which is triangular pyramid, is a visual aid that reminds us of the four important
ingredients required to initiate and sustain fire namely; HEAT, FUEL, an
OXIDIZING AGENT
HEAT

 Is energy that flows from an object of high temperature to an object of low

temperature
FUEL

 Is a any solid, liquid, gaseous substance that can be burned.

OXIDIZING AGENT

 Is an element or a compound which releases oxygen or other oxidizers during a

chemical reaction. The most common oxidizing agent is oxygen.
Stages of Fire

 IGNITION (Incipient) STAGE

 An incipient fire can be defined by the following factors:
 flames are small and aren’t widespread
 smoke allows visibility in the room
 the heat emitted from the flame is low
Stages of Fire
 GROWTH STAGE
 The growth phases are characterised by the following indicators:
 there are sufficient oxygen and fuel to support the ongoing growth of
the flame
 a defined layer of smoke above the flame
 the temperature in the room increases
 condensation disappears from windows
 brown stains on window glaze may appear
 cracks in windows
Stages of Fire
 FULLY-DEVELOPED STAGE
 Fully developed fires can be identified by the following factors:
 darkened or black smoke
 dense smoke
 substantial heat
 blackened window glazing
 visible exterior flames
 flames obscured by smoke
Stages of Fire
 DECAY STAGE
 This stage occurs after the fully developed flame starts to run out of fuel or
oxygen.
 Fires can be forced into the decay stage by reducing oxygen supply with
firefighting equipment.
WILD
FIRES
 WILDFIRES
Is any natural or anthropogenic-
caused uncontrolled fire in remote
areas where there is extensive
combustible vegetation and/or
organic material like forests,
grasslands, shrublands, brushlands,
and peatlands
 Ground Fires
 Also called underground or subsurface fires, ground fires occur when
accumulations of peat, hummus, tree roots, and other dead vegetation burn
underground.
 This type of fire moves very slowly and tends to smolder rather than produce
flame.
 Given these conditions, a ground fire can continuously spread for months.
 Surface Fire
 Surface fire occurs within the lower level of the forest and does not scorch the
canopy to the extent that it will carry a fire.
 Surface fires are common but are usually low intensity.
 They partially consume the “fuel layer” while presenting little danger to mature
trees and root systems.
 Crown Fires
 Crown fire is fast-moving fire in the upper canopy of vegetation.
 Crown fires involve the burning of vegetation both at the surface and crown fuel
layer farther up the tree.
 The “ladder effect” causes hot surface or ground fires to climb up into the
canopy. 
 Spotting
 Fire spotting occurs when the burning particles of an existing fire are carried by
the wind to start new fires outside the zone of direct ignition of the original fire.
 CAUSES OF
WILDFIRES
1.Natural Causes
2.Human Activities
 Controlling and
Preventing Wildfires
1. Grazing – can be done to reduce fuel
like brushes and to prevent from
starting and spreading.

Sanitation – continuous removal of

dead/dried-up/sick trees

Thinning – removal of less developed

and dying trees done every 7 to 10 days

Pruning – removal of lower branches of

a tree

Firebreaks and grazing

BUILDIN
G
FIRE
S
 CAUSES OF BUILDING FIRES

1. Unattended cooking equipment and

other household fire sources.
2. Electrical appliances and wiring
problems
3. Haphazardly stored flammable and
other easily combustible materials
4. Fireworks and firecrackers
5. Arson
PASS, to help
you use a fire
extinguisher:
Policies of DRRM - The Philippine
DRRM Law RA 10121 and Its
Implementing Rules and
Regulations
Global Policy Frameworks
 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 -
According to National Economic and Development Authority,
2020, this was adopted by UN member states, including the
Philippines, in March 2015. The Sendai Framework aims to
achieve the following outcome over the next 15 years: the
substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives,
livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social,
cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses,
communities and countries.
Global Policy Frameworks
 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015 - According to
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Hyogo Framework
for Action 2005-2015, is a world conference on disaster reduction
that was held from January 18-22, 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo Japan.
The HFA is a comprehensive, action‐ oriented response to
international concern about the growing impacts of disasters on
individuals, communities & national development. Its goal was to
substantially reduced disaster loses in live and in social, economic
and environmental assets of communities and countries.
Global Policy Frameworks
 ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency
Response - On December 24, 2009, the ASEAN Agreement on
Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)
was ratified by all ten (10) ASEAN member states that include
the Philippines. It focuses on the region’s policy backbone on
disaster management by giving priority to disaster risk reduction,
thus enabling a more proactive regional framework for
cooperation, coordination, technical assistance, and resource
mobilization in all aspects of disaster management.
What is the DRRM Act?
 According to National Economic and Development Authority,
2020, the Philippine DRRM Act of 2010 or Republic Act No.
10121 as signed into law on May 27, 2010, provides the basic
policies and coordination mechanism for DRRM through the
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (DRRMC) at
the national, regional, and local levels. Section 15 of the law
specifically indicates the criteria for identifying the lead DRRMC
in “preparing for, responding to and recovering from the effects
of any disaster.”
What is the DRRM Act?
 Coherence with international framework
 Adherence to universal norms, principles, and standards of humanitarian assistance
 Good governance through transparency and accountability
 Strengthened institutional mechanism for DRRM
 Integrated, coordinated, multi‐sectoral, inter‐agency, and community‐based approach to disaster risk
reduction
 Empowerment of local government units (LGUs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) as key partners
in disaster risk reduction
 Integration of the DRRM into the educational system
 Establishment of the DRRM Fund (DRRMF) at the national and local levels
 Providing for provisions on the declaration of a state of calamity, remedial measures, prohibited acts and
penalties
Who are involved in DRRM as mandated in the DRRM act?

National government Local government units Civil society Communities

(LGU) organizations (CSO),
the private Sector and
volunteers
Composed of government Leading agency in They participate and They are considered as
departments and agencies preparing for, responding involved in all aspects of the “most vulnerable
with responsibilities to, and recovering from DRRM from planning to sectors” since they can be
related to DRRM that are the effects of any disaster. implementation They also disaster victims and
constituted as members of They are considered as complement and enhance agents of change at the
the National DRRM the “frontliners” and the government’s same time. Their actively
Council (NDRRMC “first responders” in resources and efforts in and substantial
every disaster event. implementing the DRRM participation at DRRM
act. coordination is
acknowledged since they
are most familiar with
their situation.
National DRRM Councils

 The National DRRMC is designated with policymaking, coordination, integration,

supervision, and monitoring and evaluation functions.
 It is headed by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND) as
Chairperson.
Functions of the NDRRMC
 1. Develop a NDRRM Framework.
 2. Create NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP).
 3. Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation, response and rehabilitation operations. As well as recommend to
the President the declaration of a state of calamity in areas.
 4. Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation.
 5. Establish a national early warning and emergency alert system.
 6. Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms.
 7. Monitor the development and enforcement required by this Act.
 8. Manage and mobilize resources.
 9. Monitor and provide the necessary guidelines and procedures on the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF).
 10. Develop assessment tools in coordination with the Climate Change Commission.
 11. Develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms.
 12. Formulate a national institutional capability building program.
 13. Formulate a national agenda for research and technology development.
 14. Formulate and implement a framework for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management.
 15. Constitute a technical management group.
 16. Task the OCD to conduct periodic assessment and performance monitoring of the member-agencies.
 17. Coordinate or oversee the implementation of the country’s obligations with disaster management treaties.
Regional DRRM Councils (RDRRMC)
 They are responsible for coordinating, integrating, supervising and evaluating
DRRM activities of the Local DRRM Councils. It is headed by the Regional
Director of the Office of Civil Defense (OCD).
 Functions of the RDRRMC
 1. Coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the activities of the LDRRMC.
 2. Ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans.
 3. Establish an operating facility to be known as the Regional Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Operations Center (RDRRMC).
Local DRRM Councils (LDRRMC)
 The Local DRRM Councils shall be known as Provincial or Municipality Disaster
Coordinating Councils. The Barangay Development Council (BDC) shall undertake
the powers and functions of the council at the barangay level. It is composed of multi‐
sectoral and multi‐agency members. LDRRMCs oversee the implementation of the
Local DRRM Plans (LDRRMPs) formulated by Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMOs).
Functions of the RDRRMC
 Functions of the LDRRMCS
 1. Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the LDRRMPs.
 2. Ensure the integration of DRR and climate change adaptation.
 3. Implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation.
 4. Convene the local council.
Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMO)

 LDRRMOs are established in every province under the office of the

Governor, city under the office of the City Mayor, municipality
under the office of the municipality mayor and Barangay DRRM
Committees (BDRRMC) for the barangay level, headed by
Barangay Chairman. Local DRRM Offices sets the direction,
development, implementation and coordination of DRRM programs
and activities within their territorial jurisdictions.
Declaration of State of Calamity
According to IRR of RA 10121
 A. Declaration and lifting of state of calamity by the President
 - It shall be recommend by National Council - It can be a clustered
of barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions.
 - International humanitarian assistance may be necessary.
 B. Declaration and lifting of state of calamity by Local Sanggunian
 - Issued based on the recommendation of the LDRRMC
 Based on the result of the damage assessment.