Compounding

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics Lab

Assignement-02
Submitted to : prof-Engr. Waqas Tahir

Submitted by: Muneeb Ali Moazzam
Roll no: Meen 19 111 057
Class: Meen-4A
Date: 27-Jun-2021
What is compounding ?
In a simple turbine the energy of steam/ water extracted in single stage. The main problem with
the single stage operation is that the large portion of energy of may get lose due to higher exit
velocity and pressure. This loss is known as carry over loss/ leaving loss. In other situation. The
one stage operation cause an extremely high speed of rotor which cause design complication due
to high vibrations. Which eventually leads the damage of structure. In order to avoid these
drawbacks and reduce the speed of rotor, the energy of fluid extracted in number of stages (in
multiple stages) rather than a single stage. This method is known as compounding of turbine.
Sets of blades and nozzle are arranged in such a way that the pressure energy and kinetic energy
are absorbed in stages as the working fluid flow over the blades. The multiple rotor is then keyed
to common shaft.
Purpose of compounding:
• Compounding reduces the speed of the rotor. If the same energy extracted by the single
stage the speed of rotor will too high to practical use.
• Minimize the vibration and noises.
• The turbine compounded for high efficiency with reasonable speed, dimensions.
• The compounding of turbine helps to design the turbine of proper size.
• Reduce the wastage of steam and energy loss due to carry over loss (by the high exit
velocity of fluid)
Types of compounding
According the arrangement and of blades and nozzle, and the way the energy extracted, the
compounding is divided into:
• Velocity compounding: Kinetic energy (velocity) of Working fluid (steam) is extracted,

and convert it to useful work in multiple stages. The pressure drop (steam expand)
occurs at first nozzle only.
The above figure show the arrangement of a velocity compound turbine. The turbine has
adjacent rows of moving blades and fixed blades. The moving blades are keyed to the same
shaft. Here the working fluid is a steam. Initially, the steam from boiler having high pressure
and low velocity is directed to moving blades through a stationary nozzle. The steam
completely expands in the nozzle, as steam passes through the nozzle the total enthalpy drop
and hence the pressure of steam drops. At the same time, the velocity or kinetic energy of
steam increases according to the Bernoulli’s principle. The portion of the kinetic energy is then
absorbed by the row of moving blades, impart a rotation on shaft. The velocity of steam is
decreases and pressure remains the same while it passing over the moving blades. The steam is
then pass through the fixed blades without any change in velocity and the pressure (the
velocity will slightly drop in practical application). The purpose of fixed blade is to redirect the
steam to the next rows of moving blades where again work is done on rotor with dissipating
kinetic energy. Finally, the low-velocity steam leaves the turbine.
• Pressure compounding: Steam expansion (pressure drop) occur in multiple stages.
The pressure compounding is a type of turbine in which the pressure energy of steam is
extracted in multiple stages instead of single stages. Figure shows that pressure
compounding arrangement of a turbine. It has rows of moving blades and fixed nozzle
arranged adjacently. Since it operates at high pressure the whole turbine should be airtight.
Here the steam is first directed to moving blades through the main nozzle. While pass
through the main nozzle, steam partially get expanded, the pressure drops, and velocity
increase. Approximately all of the gained kinetic energy is then absorbed by the first set
moving blades. The pressure remains constant while steam passes through the blades. The
steam then moves through the second set of nozzle, where it again partially get expanded.
The result will be decreasing pressure and increase velocity. Then the steam move to the
second set blades, there it continue the similar process happened in first set of blades.
Here set of one nozzle and blade consider as one stage. The process will repeat in each step
and finally steam leaves the turbine at low velocity and pressure. In curves of velocity and
pressure shows that the absorption of pressure energy in multiple steps. This type of
compounding of turbine known as pressure compounding. The inlet steam velocity for each
set of the blade is essentially equal, and velocity is very less when compared to velocity
compounding.
• Pressure-Velocity Compounding: it is a combination of both velocity compounding and
pressure compounding. Both velocity and pressure energy extracted in multiple stages.
Pressure-velocity compounding is a combination of pressure compounding and velocity

compounding. The fixed nozzle, moving blades and fixed blades are arranged as shown in
figure. Both kinetic energy and pressure energy extracted from steam in multiple stages.
Here, while steam passes through every fixed nozzle the pressure drops and velocity increase.
The gained velocity will be absorbed by the moving blades. The fixed blades used to redirect
the fluid to moving blades. The velocity of steam remains same when it passes through the
fixed blades. The pressure remains same in both fixed and moving blades.
The pressure-velocity curve shows that both kinetic energy as well as pressure energy will be
get absorbed by the turbine in stages. This type of compounding known as pressure velocity
compounding.

Compounding

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics Lab

Submitted to : prof-Engr. Waqas Tahir

• Velocity compounding: Kinetic energy (velocity) of Working fluid (steam) is extracted,

Pressure-velocity compounding is a combination of pressure compounding and velocity

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