Arihant CBSE Physical Education Term 2 Class 11

CBSE Term II
2022
Physical
Education
Class
XI
CBSE Term II
2022
Physical
Education
Class
XI
Complete Theory is Sync with Syllabus
Case Based Questions
Short/Long Answer Type Questions
3 Practice Papers with Explanations
Authors
Reena Kar
Tushar Shukla
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)

CBSE Term II
2022
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)
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CBSE Term II
2022
Contents
CHAPTER
Physical Education and Sports for CWSN
Children with Special Needs : Divyang -
CHAPTER
Yoga -
CHAPTER
Physical Activity and Leadership Training -
CHAPTER
Psychology and Sports -
CHAPTER
Training and Doping in Sports -
Practice Papers - -
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CBSE Term II
2022
Syllabus CBSE Term II Class XI
UNIT NO. NAME

. PHYSICAL EDUCATION SPORTS FOR CWSN
Children With Special Needs- Divyang
Ÿ Aims objectives of Adaptive Physical Education
Ÿ Organization promoting Adaptive Sports Special Olympics Bharat; Paralympics;
Deaflympics
Ÿ Role of various professionals for children with special needs Counsellor,
Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist, Physical Education Teacher, Speech
Therapist special Educator
. YOGA
Ÿ Meaning Importance of Yoga
Ÿ Elements of Yoga
Ÿ Introduction - Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation Yogic Kriyas
Ÿ Yoga for concentration related Asanas Sukhasana; Tadasana; Padmasana
Shashankasana, Naukasana, Vrikshasana Tree pose , Garudasana Eagle pose
. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEADERSHIP TRAINING

Ÿ Leadership Qualities Role of a Leader
Ÿ Meaning, objectives types of Adventure Sports Rock Climbing, Tracking, River
Rafting, Mountaineering, Surfing and Paragliding
Ÿ Safety measures to prevent sports injuries
. PSYCHOLOGY SPORTS
Ÿ Definition Importance of Psychology in Phy. Edu. Sports
Ÿ Define Differentiate Between Growth Development.
Ÿ Adolescent Problems Their Management
. TRAINING AND DOPING IN SPORTS

Ÿ Meaning Concept of Sports Training
Ÿ Principles of Sports Training
Ÿ Concept classification of doping
Ÿ Prohibited Substances their side effects
CBSE Circular
Acad - 51/2021, 05 July 2021
Exam Scheme Term I & II
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CHAPTER 01
Physical Education
and Sports for CWSN
(Children with Special Needs: Divyang)
In this Chapter...
l Adaptive Physical Education
l Adaptive Sports
l Organisations Promoting Adaptive Sports
l Role of Professionals for Children with Special Needs
Today, even physically challenged people (Divyang) have the In other words, it is a diversified programme which includes
opportunity to participate in all physical education events developmental activities, games, sports, etc, that suit the
with full enthusiasm. The education programme that enables interests, capacities and limitation of children with
them to do so is called adaptive physical education. disabilities.
Such an education includes various special education It is a sub disciple of physical education that focuses on the
teachers who train children with disabilities to participate in creation of individualised programmes for students who may
various local, state, national, and even international sports safely or successfully engage in unrestricted participation in
events such as Special Olympics, Paralympics, Deaflympics, physical education programmes.
etc. Adaptive physical education provides safe, personally
satisfying and successful experiences of physical ability to
Adaptive Physical Education children who are differently abled.
Adaptive physical education programmes are school based Adaptive physical education programmes focus on the
programmes for children with disabilities like development of composition, posture, balance, coordination
deafness/hearing impairment, blindness, speech impairment, motor skills, etc. It teaches modified and suitable alternative
any type of physical impairments, autism, mental retardation activities which are more helpful in different circumstances.
etc.
Aims of Adaptive Physical Education
Children with disabilities have special needs because they
are not able to participate in regular physical exercises and The aim of an adaptive physical education programme is as
activities. So the adapted physical education programme is follows
specially designed for individuals with disabilities. l
Providing physical education that meets the unique needs
It can be defined as, ‘‘Adapted physical education is the art of such children.
and science of developing, implementing and monitoring a l
Development of the student’s motor skills.
carefully designed physical education instructional l
To assist differently abled students in achieving mental,
programme for learners with disabilities.’’ emotional, physical and social growth.
2 CBSE Term II Physical Education XI
l
Achieving meaningful success and positive education Organisations Promoting Adaptive Sports
outcomes.
For the promotion and organisation of adaptive sports, many
l
Developing self-esteem and improving socialisation skills.
different competitions are held. Some of them are Special
l
Coping with disabilities through an active and healthy Olympics Bharat, Paralympics, Deaflympics etc.
lifestyle.
These competitions provide a good platform for individuals
l
Developing cognitive abilities to improve education results. with disabilities to participate.
Objectives of Adaptive Physical Education Special Olympics Bharat
The objectives are discussed as follows Special Olympics Bharat is a National Sports Federation in
1. To Develop Motor Skills According to this objective, India accredited by Special Olympics International that uses
the emphasis is onto develop motor skills of students sports as a catalyst to transform the lives of children and
with disabilities. Motor skills are necessary for people with intellectual disabilities like Down Syndrome,
performing not only specific skills but daily routine Autism, ADHD and others.
activities also. These skills enable physically disabled
It was founded in 1987 as ‘Special Olympics India’ and later
students to be active and smart.
the name was changed to ‘Special Olympics Bharat’ in 2001.
2. To Improve Physical Fitness It is an important It is registered under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 (amended
objective of adaptive physical education in which in 2015). It is recognised by the Government of India as a
modified or adaptive exercises are provided in the National Sports Federation in priority category. It works for
programmes to improve physical fitness of students. development of sports opportunity for the people with
3. To Ensure Students Participation in Physical intellectual disabilities.
Education Programmes This objective focuses on
It is officially recognised programme of Special Olympics
ensuring that each students actively participates in
International founded by Eunice Kennedy. It is a designated
physical education programmes regularly. It also ensures
Nodal Agency for all disabilities.
that the student is integrated into regular education
programme whenever possible.
4. To Promote Sportsmanship Qualities It is another
vital objective of adaptive physical education to promote
sportsmanship qualities among the differently abled
students. Participation in adaptive physical education
programmes naturally improves sportsman qualities.
5. To Ensure Services to Differently Abled Students
This objective ensures that the differently abled
students are provided with the physical education Vision
services that meet their special needs properly. Its vision is to inspire children and people with intellectual
6. To Improve Social Adjustments Participation in disabilities to take up games and sports so that there is a
programmes of adaptive physical education helps the general acceptance and inclusion of these people in society.
differently abled students to make social adjustments, as Special Olympics Bharat strives to
such adjustments are most important especially in l
Focus on holistic development and training that goes beyond
present day society. the classrooms into the playing fields, etc, to encourage
Overall, the aims and objectives of adapted physical children with disabilities to join and remain in school.
education programmes is to make the children with special l
Create role models with a view to inspire the children and
needs cope with their disabilities in a better way. also motivate parents to send their children to school and
to participate in sports and other extra-curricular activities.
Adaptive Sports l
Train teachers to sensitise them to needs of special
Adaptive sports are the type of competitive sports that are children, and create a cadre of physical education teachers
designed for individuals with disabilities. These sports are from among the disabled who can work with schools and
slightly different than normal sports as there may be some community centers.
modifications in the rules or in the equipment to meet the l
Ensure maximum involvement of community for greater
special needs of the participants. For instance, sled hockey public understanding and acceptance of people with
allows the use of sleds for players to sit and play the game. intellectual disabilities.
CBSE Term II Physical Education XI 3
Mission International Paralympic Committee

Its mission is to provide adequate sports infrastructure and This committee was founded on 22nd September, 1989. It
training to develop fitness, courage, confidence, good health, organises Paralympics after every four years in the same year
joy etc. for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. in which Olympics are held.
It also focuses on making them participate in sharing of gifts, After every Summer and Winter Olympics, Summer
skills and friendship with their family, friends and the Paralympic and Winter Paralympics are held at the same
community. venue.
Oath The International Paralympic Committe also serve as the
The oath of Special Olympics Bharat is “Let me win, but if I International Federation for nine sports, for which it
cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt.” supervises and coordinates the world championship and other
competitions. Its headquater is located in Bonn, Germany.
Benefits of Special Olympic Bharat
The aim of IPC is to develop sports opportunities for all the
l
It is helpful in developing a positive attitude, people with an impairment from the beginner to the elite
self-confidence and self-worth. level.
l
It improves motor skills and physical fitness. The Paralympic Committee has allowed competitions in ten
l
It promotes mental, physical, social and emotional eligible impairment types. They are
development.
1. Impaired muscle power
l
It increases family support and social acceptance.
2. Impaired passive range of movements
Organisation of Sports Championship 3. Loss of limb
Special Olympics Bharat organises championships at local, 4. Leg length difference
district, state, national and international level like National
5. Short stature
Games, National Football, Table Tennis Championship,
National Floor Hockey Championship, National Volleyball, 6. Hypertonia (i.e. spastics)
National Badminton Championship, etc. It has sent a number 7. Ataxia (lack of muscle coordination)
of athletes for summer and winter international sports events. 8. Athetosis (a brain disorder causing involuntary writhing
movements)
Paralympics
9. Vision impairment (i.e. blindness)
Paralympics is derived from the Greek word which means
‘parallel to Olympics’. Dr Ludwig Guttmann is credited with 10. Intellectual impairment
the starting of the paralympic movement which is an Olympic Deaflympics
event for physically and intellectually disabled persons.
Deaflympics is an international Olympic event at which deaf
Guttmann was a neurologist during World War II and treated athletes compete. Unlike other paralympic events, deaf
British War casualties. He founded the National Spinal athletes cannot be guided by sounds like referee whistle,
Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. gunshot etc. Therefore, special arrangements are made for
In July 1948, Guttmann organised a sports competition for the deaf athletes at Deaflympics such as waving a flag, using
British World War II patients with spinal cord injuries. light instead of gunshots etc.
This event was hugely popular and in 1960 after the Rome The Deaflympics are more than just the world’s second oldest
Olympics, Paralympic events were held for the first time in multiple sports after olympics. These games are the world’s
Rome. Since then, these games are held at an interval of every fastest growing sports events.
four years following the Olympic games. The Deaflympics are an equivalent to the Olympic games for
deaf athletes. These games have been organised by the
International Committee of sports for deaf since the first event.
The first of such games were held in Paris in 1924. Since
then, these games have been held regularly after every four
years. The Deaflympics Winter Games were started in 1949.
From 1924 to 1965, these games were officially known as the
‘International Games for the Deaf’ or the ‘International Silent
Paralympic Logo Games’.
From 1966 to 1999, they were recognised as ‘World Games Year and Venue of Summer Deaflympics
for the Deaf’ or the ‘World Silent Games’.
S. No. Year City Country
Since 2001, these games are renamed as Deaflympics’. Till
I 1924 Paris France
now, the Deaflympics have been hosted by 36 cities in 21
countries. II 1928 Amsterdam Netherlands
III 1931 Nuremberg Germany
Motto and Logo
IV 1935 London Great Britain
The Motto of Deaflympics is ‘Per Ludos Aequalitas’ meaning
V 1939 Stockholm Sweden
‘Equality through sports’. It’s logo is inspired by the sign for
Olympics. The circle in the middle represents an eye because VI 1949 Copenhagen Denmark
deaf people have more visual power. VII 1953 Brussels Belgium
The four colours of the logo i.e. red, green, yellow and blue VIII 1957 Milan Italy
represent the four regional confederations of the IX 1961 Helsinki Finland
International Committee of Sports for Deaf viz. Europe, Asia X 1965 Washington DC United States
Pacific, Pan-America and Africa. It ties together the strong
XI 1969 Belgrade Yugoslavia
elements, sign language, deaf and international cultures,
unity and continuity. XII 1973 Malmo Sweden
XIII 1977 Bucharest Romania
XIV 1981 Cologne West Germany
XV 1985 Los Angeles United States
XVI 1989 Christchurch New Zealand
XVII 1993 Sofia Bulgaria
XVIII 1997 Copenhagen Denmark
XIX 2001 Rome Italy
XX 2005 Melbourne Australia
Deaflympics Logo XXI 2009 Taipei Chinese Taipei

XXII 2013 Sofia Bulgaria
Objective
XXIII 2017 Samsun Turkey
The main purpose of Deaflympics is to provide opportunities
XXIV 2022 Caxias do sul Brazil
to person with hearing disability to participate in elite sports.
Eligibility Criteria Year and Venue of Winter Deaflympics
The eligibility criteria to compete at the Deaflympic Games, S. No. Year City Country
the athletes must have a hearing loss of minimum 55 decibel
I 1949 Seefeld Austria
in their better ear. Hearing aid, cochlear implants, etc., are
not allowed to be used in the competition. II 1953 Oslo Norway
III 1955 Oberammergaau Germany
Summer and Winter Deaflympics
The sports included in Summer Deaflympics are Athletics, IV 1959 Montana-Vennala Switzerland
Badminton, Basketball, Beach Volleyball, Bowling, Cycling V 1963 Are Sweden
Road, Football, Handball, Judo, Shooting, Karate, VI 1967 Berchtesgaden West Germany
Orienteering, Swimming, Table Tennis, etc.
VII 1971 Adelboden Switzerland
The sports that are included in Winter Deaflympics
are Alpine skiing, Cross-country skiing, Curling, Ice Hockey, VIII 1975 Lake Placid United States
and Snowboard. IX 1979 Meribel France
S. No. Year City Country Occupational Therapist

X 1983 Madonna di Campiglio Italy An occupational therapist is a professional who helps the
children with special needs to develop fine and gross motor
XI 1987 Oslo Norway
skills like eating, dressing, bathing, drinking etc.
XII 1991 Banff Canada
An occupational therapist also helps them develop their
XIII 1995 Yllas Finland sensory and cognitive abilities. This is done by teaching
XIV 1999 Davos Switzerland simple activities like grasping, reaching, picking, dressing,
feeding etc.
XV 2003 Sundsvall Sweden
The primary aim of an occupational therapist is to maximise
XVI 2007 Salt Lake City United States the child’s potential to participate in activities of everyday life
XVII 2015 Khanty-Mansiyak Russia by minimising the impact of their disability.
XVIII 2019 Sondrio Province Italy The role of an occupational therapist is to develop physical
XIX 2023 Quebec Canada
coordination among the children with special needs like
hand-eye coordination to improve skills such as hitting a ball
or copying from a blackboard, etc. This professional also
Role of Professionals for arranges for any specialised equipment if required by the
Children with Special Needs child.
The professionals who work with children with special needs Physiotherapist
have to focus on their overall development. They help and The role of the physiotherapist is to manage children with
support such children in achieving their full potential, giving movement disorders. He teaches them how to balance their
ability to communicate properly, etc. movements while walking, rolling, sitting and crawling. For
The professionals working with these children are this, various exercises are taught that also prevent the
counsellors, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, development of deformities.
physical education teachers, speech therapists and special Another role of the physiotherapist is to encourage a child’s
educators. independence and mobility, thereby helping in building
The roles of these professionals are discussed below self-esteem. He evaluates movements and functions of the
body with special reference to physical mobility, balance,
Counsellor
posture, gain, fatigue, etc. He uses range of techniques
A counsellor is a trusted professional who provides a safe and like massage, exercise, electrotheraphy and hydrotheraphy,
supportive environment. The role of the counsellor is to etc.
discuss the concerns of the child with special needs and A physiotherapist also identifies the type of equipment that
understand the feelings, emotions and sentiments of the child. can help a child in managing movement disorders.
A counsellor also counsels the parents, guardians and
Physical Education Teacher
teachers of the child with special needs. He provides
guidance and helps the child to adapt to different situations Physical education teacher generally determines the abilities
because he understands the mental and physical needs of the of students with special needs and also the procedures that
child. may need to be implemented to support their participation
A counsellor helps students with special needs with in sports and physical fitness.
their academic goals, their social, personal and career The physical education teachers help students with special
development. needs to improve their physical fitness. They help in
He also carries out various development programmes related improving hand-eye coordination, flexibility, muscular
to stress management, anger management, conflict strength, endurance and even cardiovascular efficiency of
management, positive thinking, etc. He provides social students with special needs.
support to the child along with exploring ways to make the The physical education teachers also teach physical activities
disability more manageable. A counsellor helps the child to which may help in reducing stress tension, depression and
cope better with the disability. anxiety of the students with special needs.
They also help students with special needs in developing Speech therapist also helps such students who have fluency
a feeling of self-esteem and social awareness as the disorders like stoppages, repetitions or prolonging sounds in
students with special needs may often feel isolated and words, etc.
removed from the group. They organise various physical Special Educator
activities for students with special needs to promote their
The role of a special educator is to work for the overall
mental and physical health.
development of children with special needs. This is done by
Speech Therapist developing teaching aids and instructional materials as well as
The role of a speech therapist is to build the through remedial teaching.
communication of children with special needs. This is Special educators are concerned with the overall success of
done by teaching them how to use words, sounds of children with special needs. Their role is to improve a student’s
speech, gestures and maintenance of eye contact. ability to function in social, emotional and behavioural capacities.
His essential job is to help the children to express Another role of special educator is to encourage family
themselves using oral communication skills or sounds involvement, working with other school staff to better understand
and gestures. This helps in emotional development as well the needs of the specific child, etc. For this purpose, collaborating
as building confidence in children with special needs. with school and community professionals is also required.
Chapter
Practice
PART 1 6. Identify the event for which this logo is
Objective Questions
l Multiple Choice Questions
(a) Summer Olympics
1. The aim of adaptive physical education is to help (b) Paralympics
whom? (c) Winter Olympics
(a) Adults (b) Differently abled students (d) International Cricket Council
(c) Athelets (d) All of these
Ans. (b) The logo is for Paralympics. The event supports
Ans. (b) The aim of adaptive physical education is to help leadership, promotes health and develops confidence.
differently abled students. It develops the opportunity for
the differently abled students to participate in physical 7. The given logo is used for sports event organised in
activity. India. Name it
2. Which of the following organisations helps
promoting adaptive sports?
(a) Special Olympics Bharat (b) Deaflympics
(c) Paralympics (d) All of the above
Ans. (d) All the given such as Special Olympics Bharat,
Deaflympics and Paralympics help in promoting adaptive
sports. (a) Special Olympics Bharat
(b) Cerebral Palsy Games
3. In which year, the name of ‘Special Olympics India’ (c) Para Sports
was changed to ‘Special Bharat Olympics’ ? (d) Wheelchair Racing
(a) 1985 (b) 2000 Ans. (a) The given logo is for a specific sports event ‘Special
(c) 2001 (d) 2002 Olympic Bharat’ which is organised for differently abled
Ans. (c) In the year 2001, the name was changed to Special people.
Olympics Bharat from Special Olympics India.
8. Match the following.
4. In which year the International Paralympic
Committee was founded? List I List II
(Summer Deaflympics, Host City ) (Year)
(a) 22nd September, 1989 (b) 22nd September, 1990
(c) 20th September, 1989 (d) 20th September, 1992 A. Nuremberg 1. 1953
Ans. (a) International Paralympic Committee was founded on B. Brussels 2. 2005
22nd September, 1989 to organise paralympics after every
C. Melbourne 3. 1997
four years.
D. Copenhagen 4. 1931
5. How many types of competition has been allowed
by the paralympic committee? Codes
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 22 A B C D A B C D
Ans. (b) A total of 10 types of competitions are allowed by the (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 1 2 3
paralympics committee. (c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 3 4 1 2
Ans. (b) The options in the left are the names of the cities Ans. (b) The first Paralympics games were held in Rome in
where summer deaflympics were held. On the right 1960 and the event became hugely popular.
column are the year in which the events were held. So
12. Seetha who is studying in class XI at Kaveri Public
Nuremberg hosts the event in 1931, Brussels in 1953,
School has a tendency to forget things along with a
Melbourne in 2005 and Copenhagen in 1997.
flickering mind. She is also not able to sit quietly in
9. Match the following. a place for a while. The teacher observed her and
List I (Adaptive Sports) List II (Year of Starting advised Seetha’s parents during a parent teacher
meeting to see a professional for CWSN.
A. Special Olympics Bharat 1. 1989
Which among the following professional should
B. International Paralympics 2. 1949 Seetha’s parents meet?
Committee
(a) Psychologist
C. Deaflympic Winter Games 3. 1987 (b) Speech therapist
(c) Physical education teacher
Codes (d) Counsellor
A B C A B C
Ans. (d) Seetha is facing emotional problems. Her parents
(a) 3 1 2 (b) 1 3 2 should meet a counsellor to understand the feelings,
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 3 2 1 emotions and sentiments of the child.
Ans. (a) The left column indicates the organisations promoting
adaptive sports and the right column indicates the years
13. Raman is five year old boy facing movement
in which these organisations were formed. Special
disorders. He is not able to balance himself
Olympic Bharat was formed in 1987, International properly while walking, rolling or sitting. He should
Paralympics Committee was formed in 1989 and be taken to which of the following professional?
Deaflympics Winter Games were held in 1949 for the first (a) Counsellor
time. (b) Physiotherapist
(c) Special educator
10. Match the following. (d) Psychologist
List I List II Ans. (b) Raman is facing problems of balancing himself while
A. Counsellor 1. Overall development of CWSN walking, rolling, sitting etc. So he should be taken to a
physiotherapist so that proper equipments to manage the
B. Physiotherapist 2. Understand feelings of CWSN movements can be identified.
C. Special educator 3. Oral Communication Skills 14. These games are major international multi-sport
D. Speech therapist 4. Manage Movement disorders events for the athletes with various disabilities such
as mobility disabilities, blindness, cerebral palsy.
Codes Which games are discussed here?
A B C D A B C D (a) Olympics
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 4 1 3 2 (b) Special Olympic Bharat
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 2 1 3 4 (c) Paralympics
Ans. (c) The left column indicates the professionals and the (d) Deaflympics
right column indicates the work. Counsellor understands Ans. (c) The games discussed here is Paralympics which is a
the feeling of CWSN. Physiotherapist helps CWSN in sporting event for differently abled people.
managing movement disorders. Special educator work for
overall development of CWSN and speech therapist l
Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
develops oral communication skills of children facing
speech problems. Directions (Q. Nos. 1-4) Each of these questions contains
two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Each of
11. Paralympic Games are the world’s largest sporting these questions also has four alternative choices, any one
event for the people with physical, visual and of which is the correct answer. You have to select one of
intellectual disabilities. It is held in two categories, the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
one is Summer Olympics and the other is Winter (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
Olympics. of A
Where were the first Paralympic Games held? (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A
(a) Greece (b) Rome
(c) A is true, but R is false
(c) New Delhi (d) London
(d) A is false, but R is true
1. Assertion (A) Children with disabilities have special (i) Vishal can take part in ______.
needs. (a) Deaflympics (b) Paralympics
Reason (R) These children are not able to (c) T20 World Cup (d) Olympic Games
participate in regular physical exercises and Ans. (b) Vishal can take part in paralympics as he is having
activities. intellectual impairment and there are competitions for
such people in paralympics.
Ans. (a) The Assertion is true as children with disabilities are
different than normal children, so they have special (ii) How vishal is different from other people?
needs. (a) He has problems of general mental ability
The Reason is also true as due to disabilities that cannot (b) He can see partially only
participate in regular exercises as normal students. (c) He is not having one of the limbs
So, both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation (d) None of the above
of A. Ans. (a) Vishal is different from other people as he has
intellectual impairment which means general mental
2. Assertion (A) Adaptive sports are designed for all ability problems or mental retardation.
the individuals.
(iii) How can physical education and sports help Vishal?
Reason (R) Deaflympics is an example of the (a) Develop motor skills
adaptive sports. (b) Improve social adjustment
Ans. (d) Adaptive sports are designed for children and adults (c) Improves physical fitness
with disabilities and not for everyone so assertion is false. (d) All of the above
Reason is true as deaflympics is a sporting event for the Ans. (d) Physical education and sports help Vishal by
deaf people and it is part of adaptive sports. developing his motor skills, improving social adjustment
3. Assertion (A) The motto of Deaflympics is ‘Equality and physical fitness.
through sports’. 2. Adaptive physical education programmes focus on
Reason (R) The role of counsellor is to manage the development of composition, posture, balance,
children with movements disorder. coordination, motor skills etc. It teaches modified
Ans. (c) Assertion is true as Deaflympics was formed to spread and suitable alternative activities which are more
the word of equality for all irrespective of their helpful in different circumstances. Based on this
disabilities. passage, answer the following questions.
Reason is false as the role of a counsellor is to provide a (i) Adaptive physical education programmes are meant
supportive environment and understand the feelings, for which of the following?
emotions and sentiments of a child. (a) Divyang (b) Retarded
4. Assertion (A) Differently abled students should be (c) Blind (d) All of these
treated equally. Ans. (d) Adaptive physical education programmes are meant
Reason (R) Differently abled students should not for children and adults with special needs so divyang,
be looked sympathetically rather they should be retarded and blind, all the categories will be there.
recognised for their talent and capabilites. (ii) Which of the following is an example of adaptive
Ans. (a) The Assertion is true as differently abled students have sports?
same emotions, feelings, hope and ambitions, so they (a) Indian super league
should be treated equally. (b) Special Olympics Bharat
The reason is also true as differently abled students (c) Asian Games
should be treated with respect. Their talents and (d) Euro Championships
capabilities should be recognised so that they develop self Ans. (b) Special Olympics Bharat is an example of adaptive
confidence. So, both A and R are true and R is the correct sports that organises sports events for people with special
explanation of A. needs or Divyang.
(iii) In adaptive sports, the sports equipments are
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Case Based MCQs _____.
1. Vishal is having intellectual impairment but he is (a) modified (b) not used
good in sports. He wants to take part in one of the (c) minimal (d) All of these
sports events that are specially developed for such Ans. (a) The sports equipments in adaptive sports are modified
people. Based on this case, answer the following so that people with disabilities can practice on them.
PART 2
Subjective Questions
l Short Answer (SA) Type Questions 4. Define Special Olympic Bharat. List the benefits of
1. Explain the adaptive physical education Special Olympics Bharat.
programme. Ans. Special Olympics Bharat is a government organisation
made for the development of sports opportunity for the
Ans. The adaptive physical education programme is a school
people with intellectual disabilities.
based programme for children with disabilities.
It was founded in 1987 as special Olympics India and later
Children with special needs like deafness/ hearing
the name was changed to special Olympic Bharat in 2001.
impairment, blindness, speech impairment, autism,
It is officially recognised programme of Special Olympics
mental retardation etc. are not able to participate in
International founded by Eunice kennedy. It is a designated
regular physical exercises and activities.
Nodal Agency for all disabilities.
The adaptive physical education programme is not only
Benefits of Special Olympic Bharat are as follows
for differently abled but also for the people of all ages.
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It is helpful in developing a positive attitude,
The adaptive physical education programme focuses on
self-confidence and self-worth.
the development of composition, posture, balance,
coordination, motor skills, etc.
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It improves motor skills and physical fitness.
The programme teaches modified and suitable
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It promotes mental, physical, social and emotional
alternative activities which are more helpful in different development.
circumstances. l
It increases family support and social acceptance.
2. What is the need for adaptive sports? 5. What is the vision and mission of Special Olympics
Ans. Adaptive sports are needed for the following reasons Bharat?
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To enhance the self esteem and boost self confidence Ans. Vision of special Olympic Bharat is to inspire children and
of children with disabilities. people with intellectual disabilities to take up games and
sports so that there is a general acceptance and inclusion of
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To develop social skills in such children so that they
these people in society. Mission of special Olympic Bharat
interact with normal children freely.
is provide adequate sports infrastructure and training to
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To develop a sense of achievement by participating in develops fitness, courage, confidence, good health, joy etc.
adaptive sports and games. for children and adults with intellectual disabilities.
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To improve their emotional skills so that they donot
feel left out in the society. 6. Mention three objectives of Special Olympics Bharat.
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To enhance the efficiency and growth of disabled Ans. The objectives of Special Olympics Bharat are as follows
people in physical education and sports. l
Focus on holistic development and training that goes
beyond the classrooms into the playing fields, etc, to
3. What is the aim of Adaptive Physical encourage children with disabilities to join and remain in
Education? school.
Ans. The aim of adaptive physical education is as follows l
Create role models with a view to inspire the children and
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Providing physical education that meets the unique also motivate parents to send their children to school and to
needs of such children. participate in sports and other extra-curricular activities.
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Development of the student’s motor skills. l
Train teachers to sensitise them to needs of special
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To assist differently abled students in achieving children and create a cadre of physical education teachers
mental, emotional, physical and social growth. from among the disabled who can work with schools and
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Achieving meaningful success and positive education community centers.
outcomes. 7. When was the International Paralympic Committee
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Developing self esteem and improving socialisation formed? What are the categories of impairment
skills. eligible to take part in it?
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Coping with disabilities through an active and healthy Ans. International Paralympic Committee was formed on 22nd
lifestyle. September, 1989.
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Developing cognitive abilities to improve education The Paralympic Committee has allowed competitions in ten
results. eligible impairment types.
These are as follows A counsellor also comes out with developmental

1. Impaired muscle power. programmes related to stress management.
2. Impaired passive range of movements. So, a counsellor guides the child, its parents and society
3. Loss of limb. in developing a supportive environment.
4. Leg length difference. 11. How can an occupational therapist help a child with
5. Short stature. special needs?
6. Hypertonia (i.e. spastics) Ans. An occupational therapist is a professional who can help a
7. Ataxia (lack of muscle coordination) child with special needs by developing its fine and gross
8. Athetosis (a brain disorder causing involuntary motor skills. The primary aim of an occupational therapist
writhing movements). is to maximise the child’s potential to participate in
9. Vision impairment (i.e. blindness). activities of everyday life by minimising the impact of
their Disability. This is done by teaching simple activities
10. Intellectual impairment. like grasping, reaching, picking, dressing etc.
8. Write a short note on how Paralympics started? These activities increase physical coordination among
Ans. Paralympics was started due to the efforts of Dr Ludwig such children. When the child is able to do simple
Guttmann. He was a neurologist who treated British war activities independently, it builds confidence in the child.
casualties during World War II. He founded the National The occupational therapist also arranges for any special
Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in equipment needed by the child.
England. 12. Differentiate between counsellor and
Then in July 1948, Guttmann organised a sports physiotherapist on the basis of their work.
competition for patients with spinal cord injuries which Ans. The differences between counsellor and physiotherapist
became immensely popular. This was the first event of are as follows
this type after which the Paralympics were held regularly
after every four years. Counsellor Physiotherapist
Paralympics events were held the first time in Rome. The role of the counsellor is The role of the
to discuss the concerns of the physiotherapist is to manage
9. What is Deaflympics and discuss the eligibility child with special needs and children with movement
criteria to compete at Deaflympics? Which sports understand the feelings, disorder. He teaches them
are included in Summer Deaflympics? emotions and sentiments of how to balance their
Ans. Deaflympics is an international Olympic event at which the child. movement while walking,
deaf athletes compete. Unlike other paralympic events, sitting etc.
deaf athletes cannot be guided by sounds like referee A counsellor also counsels Physiotherapist evaluates
whisstle, gunshot etc. Some special arrangements are the parents, guardians and movements and functions of
made for them like waving a flag, using light instead of teachers of the child with the body with special
gunshot etc. The eligibility criteria to compete at special needs. reference to physical
Deaflympic Games, the athletes must have a hearing loss mobility, balance, posture etc.
of minimum 55 decibel in their better ear. Hearing aid,
cochlear implants etc. are not allowed to be used in the 13. What is the role of physical educator in dealing
competition. with CWSN?
The sports included in Summer Deaflympics are Ans. The role of physical education teacher is to generally
Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Beach Volleyball, determines the abilities of students with special needs
Bowling, Cycling, Football, Handball, Judo, Shooting, and also the procedures that may need to be implemented
Karate, Orienteering, Swimming, Table Tennis, etc. to support their participation in sports and physical
fitness.
10. Explain the role of a counsellor in developing a The physical education teachers help students with
supportive environment for children with special special needs to improve their physical fitness. They help
needs. in improving hand-eye coordination, flexibility, muscular
Ans. The role of a counsellor is to develop a safe and strength, endurance and even cardiovascular efficiency of
supportive environment for children with special needs. students with special needs.
He does this by understanding the feelings, emotions and The physical education teachers also teach physical
sentiments of the child. activities which may help in reducing stress, tension,
The counsellor counsels the child’s parents, guardians depression and anxiety of the students with special needs.
and teachers on how to deal with different situations They also help students with special needs in developing
related to the child. The counsellor also develops social a feeling of self-esteem and social awarness as the
support for the child so that the child could manage students with special needs may often feel isolated and
his/her disability in a better way. removed from the group.
14. How a Speech Therapist can help the children cope Guttmann was a neurologist during World War II and
up with speech difficulties? treated British War casualties. He founded the National
Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in
Ans. Speech therapist can help the children to copeup with
England.
speech difficulties as he build the communication to the
children facing speech difficulties. This is done by In July 1948, Guttmann organised a sports competition
teaching them how to use words, sounds of speech, for British World War II patients with spinal cord injuries.
gestures and maintenance of eye contact. This event war hugely popular and in 1960 after the
His essential job is to help the children to express Rome Olympics, Paralympic events were held for the first
themselves using oral communication skills or sounds and time in Rome. Since then, these games are held at an
gestures. This helps in emotional development as well as interval of every four years following the Olympic Games.
building confidence in children with special needs. Seeing the rising popularity of the sports events
Speech therapist also helps such students who have International Paralympic Committee was formed.
fluency disorders like stoppages, repetitions or This committee was founded on 22nd September, 1989. It
prolonging sounds in words, etc. organises Paralympics after every four years in the same
year in which Olympics are held.
l Long Answer (LA) Type Questions After every Summer and Winter Olympics, Summer
Paralympic and Winter Paralympics are held at the same
1. Enumerate the objectives of adaptive physical venue.
education. The International Paralympic Committee also serve as the
Ans. The objectives of adaptive physical education are as International Federation for nine sports, for which it
follows supervises and coordinates the world championship and
(i) To Develop Motor Skills This objective emphasis on other competitions. Its headquater is located in Bonn,
developing motor skills of students with disabilities. Germany.
They are necessary for performing not only specific
3. Disuss about ‘Deaflympics’ in detail.
skills but daily routine activities.
Ans. Deaflympics are the world’s second oldest multiple sports
(ii) To Improve Physical Fitness This objective is to
after Olympics. The Deaflym pics is an International
provide modified or adaptive exercises to students in
Olympic Committee sanctioned event at which deaf
order to improve their physical fitness.
athletes compete at an international level. The Deaflym-
(iii) To Ensure Students Participation in Physical pics games are held after every four years.
Education Programmes This objective ensure that
The first Deaflympics Games were held in Paris in 1924.
each student actively participate in physical
In that deaflympics, only 148 deaf athletes from nine
education programmes regularly at his/her own
European countries participated.
level.
From 1924-1965, these games were officially known as
(iv) To Promote Sportsmanship Qualities This objective
the ‘International Games for the Deaf ’. From 1966-1999,
ensures promotion of sportsmanship qualities among
they were called ‘World Games for the Deaf ’. Since,
differently abled students.
2001, these games are known as ‘Deaflympics’.
(v) To Ensure Services to Differently Abled Students
In Deaflympics the starter’s gun bullhorn commands or
This objective ensures that the differently abled
refree’s whistles are not used, rather flags or any visual
students are provided with proper services that meet
signals are used to alert participants.
their needs.
The motto of Deaflympics is ‘Equality through sports’.
(vi) To Improve Social Adjustments This objective is
The four colours of the logo i.e. red, green, yellow and
essential especially in present day world as the
blue, represent the four regional confederations of the
participation in programmes of adaptive physical
International Committee of Sports for the Deaf viz.
education helps differently abled students to make
Europe, Asia Pacific, Pan-America and Africa. The circle
social adjustments.
in the middle represents an eye as deaf people are very
2. Explain in detail about how Paralympics was formed? visual. The athletes, to compete in Deaflympics, must
Ans. ‘Paralympics’ is derived from the Greek word which have a hearing loss of minimum 55 decible in their better
means ‘parallel to Olympics’. Dr Ludwig Guttmann is ear.
credited with the starting of the paralympic movement So, it can be said the Deaflympics provide ample
which is an Olympic event for physically and opportunities to persons with hearing disability to
intellectually disabled persons. participates in sports competitions.
4. What is the role of professionals who work for (i) Which professions are specially designated to work
children with special needs. Explain the role of any for children with special needs?
one professional. Ans. Professions like counsellor, occupational therapist,
Ans. The professionals who work with children with special physiotherapist, physical education teacher, speech
needs have to focus on their overall development. They therapist and special educator work for children with
help and support such children in achieving their full special needs.
potential, giving ability to communicate properly, etc. (ii) What is the role of a speech therapist for children
Their role is to understand the specific need of CWSN with special needs?
and devise pragrammes, activities and games accordingly.
Ans. The role of a speech therapist is to build the
The professionals working with these children are communication of children with special needs by teaching
counsellors, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, them the use of words, sounds, gestures etc to express
physical education teachers, speech therapists and themselves.
special educators.
The role of a Counsellor is as follows 2. Prabha is a Divyang. She is in 9th standard and likes
to take part in sports activities. Her younger sister
A counsellor is a trusted professional who provides a safe
and supportive environment. The role of the counsellor is
also takes part in sports. But the equipments used
to discuss the concerns of the child with special needs by Prabha for playing is different than what her
and understand the feelings, emotions and sentiments of sister uses. Based on this case answer the following.
the child. (i) Why Prabha’s equipments are different from her
A counsellor also counsels the parents, guardians and sisters?
teachers of the child with special needs. He provides Ans. Prabhas equipments are different from her sister because
guidance and helps the child to adapt to different they are specifically designed for the children with special
situations because he understands the mental and needs to play adaptive sports.
physical needs of the child. (ii) How physical education help CWSN?
A counsellor helps students with special needs with their Ans. Physical education provide and develop need based
academic goals, their social, personal and career programmes for children with disabilities.
development.
He also carries out various development programmes 3. Special Olympics Bharat organises championships
related to stress management, anger management, at local, district, state, national and international
conflict management, positive thinking, etc. level like National Games, National Football, Table
He provides social support to the child along with Tennis Championship, National Floor Hockey
exploring ways to make the disability more manageable. Championship, National Volleyball, National
A counsellor helps the child to cope better with the Badminton Championship, etc. It has sent a number
disability. of athletes for world summer and winter games.
(i) Why Special Olympics Bharat was formed?
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Case Based Questions Ans. It was formed to provide sports opportunity to people
1. Children with special needs have to cope up with with intellectual and physical disabilities.
many kinds of problems. Some professionals teach (ii) What is the vision of Special Olympics Bharat?
the children how to use words, sounds of speech, Ans. The vision is to inspire children and people with
gestures and maintenance of eye contact. The intellectual disabilities to take up games and sports so that
objective is to help the children to express there is general acceptance and inclusion of these people
themselves using oral communication skills. in society.
Chapter Test
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Special Olympics Bharat organises championships at which level(s)?
(a) Local level (b) State level (c) International level (d) All of these
2. Which country hosted Summer Deaflympics in 1939?
(a) United States (b) Italy (c) Sweden (d) Austria
3. What is the role of Physiotherapist?
(a) To manage special needs children with movement disorder (b) Help special needs children to develop find and gross motor skills
(c) To build communication of children with special needs. (d) To work for the overall development of children with special needs
4. Paralympics is derived from ............. word which means ‘parallel to olympics’.
(a) Greek (b) Latin (c) Sanskrit (d) Roman
5. Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) Special Olympics Bharat was initially named as Special Olympics India.
(b) Varied instruments and strategies are used in adaptive physical education.
(c) The first Summer Deaflympics was held in 1928 in Paris.
(d) Skiing, Snow-board, ice hockey are some of the games played in Winter Deaflympics.
6. The physical education instructor in a primary school wanted to include all the children of his class for a sports
competition. Some students of his class were children with special needs.
Which type of sports should be designed for such students?
(a) Zonal competition (b) Deaflympics
(c) Adaptive Sports (d) Paralympics
Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

7. How are adaptive sports different from normal sports?
8. Explain the role of special educator in working with children with disabilities.
9. Write a short note on the formation of any one adaptive sports in India.
10. How adaptive physical education motivates children with disabilities?
11. What are adaptive sports? Which organisations promote adaptive sports?
Long Answer (LA) Type Questions

12. Write a detailed note on how Deaflympics came into existence.
13. Elucidate the role of occupational therapist for students with special needs.
Answers
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b)
CHAPTER 02
Yoga
In this Chapter...
l Meaning of Yoga
l Importance of Yoga
l Introduction to Asanas, Pranayama, Meditation and Yogic Kriyas
l Yoga for Concentration and Related Asanas
The practice of yoga is believed to have started with the very l

According to Agam, “The knowledge of Shiva and Shakti is
start of the Indian Civilisation. Many ancient sculptors, Yoga.”
scriptures, seals and fossil remains of the Indus Valley l
According to Bhagwad Gita, “Yoga is skill in action.”
Civilisation suggest that yoga was a part of the ancient Indian
culture. Yoga has also been mentioned in Mahabharata, Importance of Yoga
Ramayana and the Upanishads along with many other The modern age is the age of stress, tension and anxiety. The
Indian scriptures. improper lifestyle and the lack of proper relaxation make
Though Yoga was practiced in the ancient period, it was the people physically tired and mentally tense.
great Sage Patanjali, who compiled Yoga Sutras in 147 BC, Their lives are full of problems. They are always in a hurry
which presented its existing knowledge in a very systematic and have no time for leisure. As a result, most of them be it
manner. Since then, Yoga has played a significant role in rich or poor, do not live a peaceful, healthy or a happy life.
maintaining the mental and physical well-being of people all
At such a juncture, yoga becomes very significant. The
across the world.
practice of yoga is not merely an exercise for the body. In
fact, it is the knowledge that our ancestors developed to
Meaning of Yoga live a healthier, happier, peaceful and meaningful life.
The word ‘Yoga’ is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘yuj’, Thus, yoga is important in many ways, which are described
which means ‘to join’ or ‘to unite’. This means that Yoga as follows
unites the individual’s soul with the divine soul (i.e. God), a 1. Brings about Physical Purity Internal organs of
unification of Atma with Parmatma. our body can be cleansed by doing various yogic
It implies the unification of the physical, mental, intellectual exercises.
and spiritual aspects of a human being. It is also considered According to Ayurveda, our body is made of Vaat (airy
as a science which develops a person’s consciousness. elements), Pitt (fiery elements) and Kaph (watery
The following definitions can be helpful to understand the elements). These elements must remain balanced for us
meaning of Yoga to remain healthy.
l
According to Maharishi Ved Vyas, “Yoga is attaining the Yogic exercises which keep our bodies healthy and clean
pose.” include Basti, Dhoti, Kapalbhati, Nauli, Tratak etc. For
l
According to Patanjali, “Suppression of modifications of the proper cleanliness and purity of our internal organs, we
mind is Yoga.” should perform these yogic exercises regularly.
2. Prevents and Cures Diseases There are various diseases Makarasana, Shavasana, Shalabhasana and Bhujangasana
which usually hamper the smooth functioning of our benefit us by reducing stress and tension.
body. Yoga protects us from these diseases and also cures 5. Reduces Obesity and Beautifies the Body Everyone
them. Various yogic exercises increase the body’s wants to have a beautiful body. Obesity is a universal
immunity. problem today and makes people prone to many diseases
Diseases which can be cured by some asanas, if like high blood pressure, diabetes, heart diseases, stroke,
performed regularly, are given in the table below gall bladder stones, cancer, gout, breathing problems etc.
Pranayam and yogic asanas like Mayurasana reduce
Disease which can Asanas to be
be Cured Performed Regularly obesity and make the body more beautiful.
Poor functioning of Halasana / Plough pose and 6. Gives Relaxation When we indulge in any work, after
thyroid gland Matsyasana / Fish pose some time we feel tired. At such times, we are unable to
PCOS in women Dhanurasana / Bow pose and work further as we need relaxation.
(excess male hormone Bhujangasana / Cobra pose Asanas like Padmasana, Shavasana and Makarasana as
production) well as Pranayama helps in relaxing the body and mind,
Arthritis Shishuasana / Child pose and Adho thus removing fatigue.
Mukha Svanasana / Downward facing
dog pose
7. Helps Maintain the Correct Posture Due to the
modern lifestyle of city dwellers, where most jobs are
Lower back pain Supta Matsyendrasana / Supine
performed while being seated, deformities in posture are
Spinal Twist and Marjaryasana/Cat
or Cow pose becoming common.
Diabetes Ardha Matsyendrasana / Half Spinal Practising asanas like Sarvangasana, Mayurasana,
Twist and Chakrasana / Wheel Chakrasana, Bhujangasana, Vajrasana and Dhanurasana
pose helps to cure postural deformities and makes the
Indigestion / stomach Apanasana / Knees to chest pose and practitioners of these asanas maintain correct posture.
disorder Paschimottanasana / Seated forward 8. Increases Flexibility Flexibility helps in moving the
bend pose body efficiently. Chakrasana, Dhanurasana,
Migraine Padmasana / Lotus pose and Shalabhasana, Halasana and Bhujangasana helps in
(recurrent headache) Padangusthasana/Big Toe Pose improving flexibility and prevents sports related injuries.
Liver problems Ardha Bhekasana / Half Frog pose 9. Develops People Spiritually Padmasana and Siddhasana
and Parighasana / Gate Pose improve the power of meditation and give better control
Depression Baddha Konasana / Bound Angle over the mind to develop people spiritually. Pranayama
pose and Sukhasana / Easy pose also helps in spiritual development that brings peace
Kidney disorders Salamba Bhujangasana / Sphinx pose in life.
and Naukasana / Boat pose 10. Improves Moral and Ethical Values Nowadays, there is
a declining trend in moral and ethical values. Following
3. Improves Health in General Yoga maintains and the first two elements of Yoga, i.e. Yama (meaning
improves our health by making our respiratory, universal moral guidelines) and Niyama (meaning
circulatory, nervous, digestive and excretory self-purification by discipline) helps in the development of
systems more efficient as well as strengthening our moral and ethical values.
muscles.
4. Reduces Mental Tension In the modern world, most Elements of Yoga
people are under constant stress and tension. Without In his description of the ancient Indian classical Yoga,
peace of mind, people feel upset and disturbed. Yoga Patanjali had classified Yoga into eight elements or Ashtanga
helps to reduce any stress and tension. (eight limbs).
The Pratyahara, Dharana and Dhyana elements of Yoga These elements are also called the eight-fold paths or steps.
help in bringing peace of mind. Some asanas like These steps form a sequence from outer to inner self.
Through this sequence, the ultimate goal of yoga, i.e. union of the deeds to God. He/she must think that all the
our soul with the divine can be achieved. These elements are facilities and prosperity such as body, mind,
as follows intelligence, etc. available to him are due to God.
There must not exist any pride, ego and other
1. Yama Yama contains the ethical rules of Hinduism. With
impurities within him/her.
the practice of Yama, one learns to self-restraint from
struggle for survival. Yama contains 5 moral vows or 3. Asanas Asanas are a set of physical postures that
codes of conduct, which are as follows improve strength and balance. These asanas are
l
Ahimsa (Non-violence) It means that we must stay beneficial for the inner organs.
away from negative emotions like jealousy, hate anger, There are various types of asanas such as corrective
etc. and not harm any other living being. asanas, relaxative asanas and meditative asanas. These
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Satya (Truthfulness) It means that we must be truthful types of asanas have different types of effects on our
in our thoughts, words and deeds at any cost. body.
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Asteya (Non-stealing) It means that we must not use or 4. Pranayama It involves controlled breathing and is also
even think of using others’ objects, money or thoughts practised with some asanas. It consists of three simple
for our own benefit. We must be satisfied with what exercises, i.e. Puraka (Inhale), Kumbhaka (Retain the
we have. breath) and Rechaka (Exhale).
l
Brahmacharya (Celibacy) It means that we must stay It is considered beneficial for lungs and helps in boosting
away from anything that stimulates sexual desires. the count of red blood corpuscles. It improves heart and
We must also not indulge in any sexual relations. lung functioning and increases longevity.
l
Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness) It means that we Ujjayi, Digra, Bahya, Aulom-Vilom Sheetali, Bhastrika,
must live our life with minimum requirements. Nadi Sodhana, Kapalabhati etc are various types of
We must not desire to own any material possessions. Pranayama.
2. Niyama Niyamas are ethical practices that are related to 5. Pratyahara Pratyahara means to control our mind and
the individual’s body and senses. It contains essential senses. It is a self-control process where people become
teachings for self-maintenance including Saucha, able to control their various senses.
Santosh, Tapa, Swadhyaya and Isvara Pranidhana,
In other words, an individual stops responding to the
which are as follows
external sensory world such as touch, taste, smell, etc.
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Saucha (Maintaining Cleanliness/Purity) It means that
that hinders mental concentration and self-welfare. As a
we must keep our mind, body and speech clean and
result, one starts meditating into the inner self.
pure.
In yoga, special emphasis is given to cleanliness of 6. Dharana It is the concentration of the mind and the first
internal organs using six Shudhikriyas or Shatkarmas stage of meditation. You focus all your energy at one
such as Neti kriya, Dhauti kriya etc. point without letting your mind get distracted, and
discard all your random thoughts. The mind is fixed on
l
Santosh (Contentment) It means that we must develop a
one subject, topic or place.
feeling of satisfaction in all situations of life.
l
Tapa (Discipline) It means that we must bear the 7. Dhyana It is a process of complete constancy of mind.
difficulties, obstacles and complex situations in our Dharana sets the stage for dhyana. When one starts
life, in order to achieve the goal. We should also have focussing on a topic, the mind starts actively engaging
the same spirit for all conflicts in our life like pleasure with its focus.
and pain, loss and gain. Thus, dhyana is the active modification of knowledge in
l
Swadhyaya (Introspection or Study of the Self) It complete stability and calmness.
means the study of the various scriptures such as 8. Samadhi It is the ultimate union of an individual’s soul
Vedas, Granths, Upanishads, etc. with devotion as well with God. It is the stage where a person lose himself to
as the study of self. God. The concepts of ‘I’, ‘me’ and ‘mine’ hold no
l
Ishvara Pranidhana (Prayer or Surrendering to God) significance for that person and he forgets himself
It means that as a devotee, a person must dedicate all completely.
Introduction to Asanas, Pranayama, It consists of three parts

Meditation and Yogic Kriyas 1. Puraka (Inhale) When we breathe in, the chest expands,
the diaphragm contracts and the ribs move outwards and
Asanas up.
According to Patanjali, asana means, ‘sthiram sukham 2. Kumbhaka (Retain) It consists of two parts, retaining the
aasanam’ i.e. that position which is comfortable and steady. breath after complete inhalation (called ‘internal
In other words, Asana is a state of body in which it may be Kumbhaka ’) and retaining the breath after complete
kept easily for an extended period in such a manner that all exhalation (called ‘external Kumbhaka ’).
the organs and glands work most efficiently. Hence, Asanas
are the means through which one can improve the health of 3. Rechaka (Exhale) When we breathe out, the chest
mind and body. contracts, the diaphragm relaxes and the ribs move
inwards and down.
Asanas also enhance the beauty of the body by reducing
inappropriate accumulation of fat in the body. They help to Types of Pranayama
regulate blood and oxygen flow. They bring flexibility and There are essentially various types or methods of pranayama.
agility by stretching of muscles. They have no age restrictions Some of them are
and even old people can perform asanas. l
Suryabhedi pranayama or right nostril breathing,
Asanas are performed to improve flexibility, strength, and l
Ujjayi pranayama or victorious breath,
balance. The poses are not meant to simply be physical l
Sheetkari pranayama or the hissing breath,
exercises but rather used as a mind-body practice to improve l
Sheetali pranayama or cooling breath,
physical, mental, and spiritual health. l
Bhastrika pranayama or bellows breath,
Types of Asanas l
Bhramari pranayama or bee breathing technique,
Asanas can be classified into three categories on the basis of l
Plavini pranayama or the floating breath,
its function. These are as follows l
Morcha pranayama or swooning breath, etc.
Types of Asana Function Examples
Meditation
Meditative Power of Padmasana, Siddhasana,
meditation is Gaumukhasana, It is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Dhyana’. It is the
improved Swastikasana, Samasana, process of complete constancy or stability of mind.
Veerasana etc. According to Patanjali, Dhyana is “the concentration of
Reparative/ Removes fatigue Shashankasana, Shavasana, chitta (the mind) on a vritti (an impulse) without any
Relaxative and relaxes a Makarasana etc. divergence”.
person mentally
and physically It is described by Patanjali as “tatra pratyaya ekatanata
Cultural / Regulate and Sheersasana, Sarvangasana, dhyanam”, meaning a continuous and uninterrupted flow of
Corrective systematise bodily Matasyasana, Halasana, attention towards the object of meditation.
activities and Bhujangasana, Shalabhasana, As the 7th limb of yoga, it precedes the last step towards the
provide energy Dhanurasana, Vajrasana,
achievement of goal of yoga. It essentially means to think,
Chakrasana etc.
imagine, contemplate, and recollect. When such a perception
Pranayama starts, we call it Dhyanavastha.
The word ‘Paranayama’ is composed of two words, prana When a person is in Dhyanavastha, he/she is only aware of
(meaning ‘life’) and ayam (meaning ‘control’). Thus, it his/her self and the object of meditation.
means ‘control and regulation of the vital life force i.e. When perception starts directly without seeing any object,
‘breathing.’ he/she gets the stage of Dhyanavastha, which is the prior
Pranayama strengthens the respiratory system, purifies the stage of samadhi.
blood, soothes the nervous system, improves digestion, As a result, one modifies his/her knowledge and moves
develops endurance and tones up the whole body. towards samadhi.
Benefits of Meditation
Yoga for Concentration
The various benefits of meditation are as follows
l
It removes the agitation of the mind and creates
and Related Asanas
calmness and peace inside. Concentration is one’s power of focusing or attention on
l
Practice of dhyana improves memory and attention in something. It is one of those essential attributes or skills that all
our day to day activities. individuals need to perform well in everything they do.
l
Dhyana brings forth our hidden creativity. However, with stress and anxiety, people are often unable to
l
Regular practice of meditation can give good physical concentrate on the task at hand.
health and a sense of well-being. Yoga, by its very nature, is said to be a great means to improve
l
Negative emotions like anger can be slowly brought concentration and enable people to focus on their work
under our control with dhyana. effectively.
l
The peace that one feels during meditation, radiates to Patanjali mentioned about Yoga as, “Yoga chitta vritti nirodha”
others in our daily activities and creates a harmonious which means that yoga reduces the fluctuation of mind.
society, free of negative thoughts and feelings. Meditative exercises, various asanas helps to train mind and
Yogic Kriyas bring it to a relaxed state.
The human body requires both internal and external Various medical studies also show that yoga not only improves
cleanliness for proper functioning. Generally, we carry out concentration, but also contributes to good mental energy and
outer cleanliness, which is very easy, but inner cleanliness brings a balance to the body and the mind.
is slightly difficult. Some asanas which help to improve concentration include
Inner cleanliness of our body can be accomplished by Sukhasana ( E a s y P o s e )
practising six yogic Kriyas, also called Shatkarmas or
Sukhasana is a combination of two words i.e. ‘sukh’ meaning
Shudhhi Kriyas. These are as follows
happiness or pleasure and ‘asana’ meaning posture. It is the
1. Neti Nasal cleansing. foundation posture for seated meditation.
2. Dhauti Cleaning of digestive tract, especially
Procedure
oesophagus and stomach.
l
Sit on the floor with your legs straight in front of the body.
3. Nauli Abdominal massage.
l
Now, cross your legs such that each foot is under the opposite
4. Kapalabhati Purification of lungs and frontal lobe of
thighs, i.e. the left foot should be under right thigh and the
brain.
right foot must be under left thigh.
5. Basti Colon cleaning. l
Keep your hands on your legs such that your palms are placed
6. Trataka Purification of the eye to overcome eye on your knees.
problems. l
Keep your head, neck and spine straight.
Benefits of Yogic Kriyas l
Keep your legs and shoulder relaxed.
The general benefits of performing these kriyas are as l
Close your eyes and practice deep breathing.
follows
Benefits
l
They help in overcoming many diseases completely, so l
It strengthens muscles of the back and improves body
they are effective in Yoga therapy.
posture.
l
The practice of the shatkarmas creates harmony l
It has relaxing effects on mind and body.
between body and mind.
l
It builds physical and mental balance as well as concentration.
l
The different systems of the body are purified by the
practice of the shatkarmas, so energy can flow through
l
It is helpful in reducing stress and anxiety.
the body freely. l
It creates flexibility in ankle, knee and hip joints.
l
Practising the shatkarmas increases the capacity to l
It increases the functioning of the glands.
work, think, digest, taste, feel, experience etc. l
It helps in curing arthritis and knock-knees.
Contraindication l
It relieves tension, aches, and pains throughout the body.
The individuals who have knee injury or have severe knee
pain or lower back pain should not perform this asana for
longer duration.
Sukhasana Tadasana
Contraindications
Tadasana ( M o u n t a i n P o s e ) l
Don’t do this pose, if you suffer from insomnia/
Tadasana is made from two words i.e. ‘tada’ meaning sleeplessness.
mountain or palm tree and ‘asana’ meaning posture. It is the l
If you experience a headache, stop immediately.
foundation of all of the standing yoga asanas. l
If you take any blood thinning medications or have low
Procedure blood pressure, avoid doing this pose without consulting a
l
Stand straight with your feet slightly apart and your hands doctor.
by your side. Padmasana ( L o t u s P o s e )
l
Inhale deeply and slowly raise your arms upwards, then
Padmasana is made of two words i.e. ‘padma’ meaning lotus
interlock your fingers.
and ‘asana’ meaning posture. This yogic exercise primarily
l
Raise your heels and stand on your toes. means setting and meditating in a position without any
l
Feel your body stretching and look up. movement.
l
Place your body weight on your toes and stretch out your
Procedure
shoulders, arms, and chest up.
l
Sit on the floor or on a mat with legs stretched out in front
l
Hold this pose for a few moments.
of you, while keeping the spine erect.
l
Exhale and return to the starting position. l
Bend the right knee and place it on the left thigh. Make
Benefits sure that the sole of the feet point upward and the heel is
l
It improves posture. close to the abdomen.
l
It strengthens and increases the flexibility of thighs, knees, l
Now, repeat the same step with the other leg (i.e. left knee
and ankles. on right thigh).
l
It firms abdomen and buttocks. l
Place your hands on the knees in mudra position.
l
It helps to cure the disease sciatica. l
Keep the head straight and spine erect.
l
It helps in increasing height. l
Hold and continue with gentle long breaths in and out.
l
It improves the function of respiratory and digestive organs. Benefits
l
It strengthen the nervous system. l
It calms the brain and increases the focus of mind.
l
It is good to improve balance and concentration as well as l
It increases concentration.
increase alertness. l
It stimulates the pelvis, spine, abdomen, and bladder.
l
It stretches the ankles and knees. l
Inhale and exhale slowly.
l
It helps in reducing blood pressure and muscular tension. l
Inhale and raise your arms and trunk to the vertical
l
It helps in reducing abdominal fat. position.
l
It strengthens the hip and knee joints.
Contraindications
l
Do not perform this asana if you are suffering from ankle
injury or knee injury.
l
It is considered to be an intermediate to advanced pose.
Thus, do not perform this pose without sufficient prior
experience or unless you have the supervision of an
experienced teacher.
Shashankasana
Benefits
l
It is known for abdomen toning.
l
It helps in stretching and strengthening of the arms,
shoulders and upper back.
l
It helps in ankle and knee strengthening and flexibility.
l
It helps in posture correction through treatment of the
‘dropping shoulders’ symptom.
l
It relieves fatigue and promotes concentration.
l
It helps in relieving stress, anxiety and calms the mind.
Padmasana l
It improves the blood supply in the head and therefore,
nourishes the brain and the eyes.
Shashankasana ( R a b b i t / H a r e P o s e ) l
It stimulates the functioning of the glands.
Shashankasana has been derived from two Sanskrit words i.e. l
It controls diabetes.
‘shashanka’ which means rabbit or hare and ‘asana’ means Contraindictation
posture.
Do not perform this asana if you are suffering from backache
Also known as the ‘Crescent Moon Posture’ (shashanka also or slipped disc, knee pain, migraine, abdominal injury or high
means moon), the final pose of this asana resembles a leaping blood pressure.
rabbit.
Procedure Naukasana (Boat Pose)
l
Sit in a kneeling position with your knees fully bent and Naukasana is comprised of two words i.e. ‘nauka’ means boat
hands on the thighs (Vajrasana). and ‘asana’ means posture. This yoga posture has been named
l
Straighten the back. based on the shape it takes i.e. of a boat.
l
Inhale and slowly raise the arms, above the head. The arms Procedure
should be in line with the shoulders. l
Lie on your back with your feet together and arms beside
l
Now, exhale and bend forward. your body.
l
The arms, trunk and head should remain in one line. l
Take a deep breath in and as you exhale, lift your chest and
l
The forehead and arms should rest on the floor in front of feet off the ground, stretching your arms towards your feet.
the knees. l
Your eyes, fingers and toes should be in a line.
l
Relax the whole body and let the elbows also rest on the l
Feel the tension in your navel area as the abdominal
floor. muscles contract.
l
Keep breathing deeply and easily while maintaining the l
Ensure that your spine is straight.
pose. l
Keep taking in long deep breaths. With each exhalation,
l
As you exhale, come back to the ground slowly and relax. relax the body more and more. Just be with the body and
the breath with a gentle smile on your face.
Benefits
l
With slow exhalation, gently bring down your hands from
l
It strengthens the back and abdominal muscles.
the sides. You may gently release the right leg.
l
It tones the leg and arm muscles. l
Now, stand tall and straight as you did at the beginning of
l
It is useful for people with hernia. the posture. Repeat this pose with the left leg off the
l
It helps to remove belly fat. ground on the right thigh.
l
It improves digestion.
l
It improves the circulation of blood.
l
It gives strength to thigh, hips, shoulder and neck.
l
It helps in regulating the sugar level in the blood.
Contraindications
l
Do not practice this yoga pose if you have low blood
pressure, severe headache, migraine, or if you have
suffered from some chronic diseases or spinal disorders in
the recent past.
l
Asthma and heart patients are advised to avoid this pose.
l
Women should avoid doing this pose during pregnancy and
during the first two days of the menstrual cycle.
Vrikshasana
Benefits
l
This pose leaves you in a state of rejuvenation and relaxation.
l
It brings balance and equilibrium to your mind.
Naukasana l
It helps improve concentration.
l
This posture has been found to relieve some cases of
Vrikshasana (Tree Pose)
sciatica.
The name of this asana comes from the two Sanskrit words l
It strengthens the spine while improving both balance and
i.e. ‘vriksa or vriksha’ meaning tree, and ‘asana’ meaning poise.
posture. This posture is a close replica of the steady, yet l
It tones the leg muscles while making the ligaments and
graceful stance of a tree.
tendons of the feet stronger.
Procedure l
The knees become stronger, and the hip joints are loosened.
l
Stand tall and straight with arms by the side of your body. l
The eyes, inner ears, and shoulders are also strengthened
l
Bend your right knee and place the right foot up on your in this pose.
left thigh. The sole of the foot should be placed flat and l
It makes you stable, flexible, and patient.
firmly near the root of the thigh. l
It enhances concentration and activates all the mental
l
Make sure that your left leg is straight. faculties.
l
Once you are well balanced, take a deep breath in,
Contraindication
gracefully raise your arms over your head from the side,
and bring your palms together in ‘Namaste’ mudra Avoid doing this posture, if you are suffering from migraine,
(hands-folded position). insomnia, low or high blood pressure, knee problems and
l
Look straight ahead in front of you. hip injury.
Garudasana ( E a g l e P o s e )
l
It improves balance.
l
It strengthens the calves and ankles.
The name comes from the Sanskrit words i.e. ‘garuda’
meaning eagle, and ‘asana’ meaning posture. It is a standing
l
It helps alleviate sciatica and rheumatism.
balancing asana in modern yoga as exercise. l
It loosens the muscles of legs and hips, making them more
flexible.
Procedure
l
Take a standing position. Contraindication
l
Bend your right leg and twist it around the left one. Avoid practicing this pose if you’ve had a recent knee, ankle
l
Ensure that right thigh should be in front of the left thigh. or elbow injury.
The top of the right foot should place on the calf of the left
leg.
l
Now, bend your elbows and place them on the front of the
chest.
l
Twist your forearms around each other, the left elbow
should remain below.
l
Bring your palms together to resemble an eagle’s beak.
l
Now, bend the left knee and lower the body in slow
motion, until the tip of the right big toe touches the floor.
l
Hold this position for around 20 to 30 seconds with steady
breathing.
l
Now, release the posture and return to standing position.
l
After completing this procedure, repeat this on the other
side.
Benefits
l
It stretches the hips, thighs, shoulders and upper back. Garudasana
Chapter
Practice
PART 1 5. Match the following.
List I List II
Objective Questions A. Santosh 1. Non-possessiveness
B. Brahmacharya 2. Purity
l Multiple Choice Questions
C. Saucha 3. Contentment
1. Yoga has been mentioned in _______. D. Aparigraha 4. Celibacy
(a) Mahabharata (b) Ramayana
(c) Upanishads (d) All of these Codes
Ans. (d) Yoga has been mentioned in Mahabharata, Ramayana A B C D A B C D
and Upanishads. It is an integral part of Indian culture. (a) 3 4 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
2. From where do we derive the elements of (c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 4 1 3 2
yoga? Ans. (a) The correct match is A-3, B-4, C-2 and D-1.
(a) Bhagwad Gita 6. Swami ji described about one of the elements of
(b) Yoga-sutra yoga. He said that it is the concentration of mind
(c) Upanishads
and the first stage of meditation. All energies are
(d) Ramayana
focussed at one point and the mind is not
Ans. (b) The elements of yoga are derived from Yoga-sutras, distracted. Swami ji is talking about which stage?
which were compiled by Patanjali in 147 BC.
(a) Dharana (b) Dhyana
3. Match the following. (c) Pratyahara (d) Pranayama
List I List II Ans. (a) Swami ji is talking about Dharana the first stage of
meditation. The mind is prepared to be fixed at one
A. Vaat 1. Fiery element subject, topic or place.
B. Pitt 2. Yogic element 7. Sukhasana strengthens muscles of the back and
C. Kaph 3. Airy element improves _______.
D. Tratak 4. Watery element (a) body posture (b) spine
(c) focus of mind (d) abdomen
Codes
Ans. (a) Sukhasana strengthens muscles of the back and
A B C D A B C D improves body posture.
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 3 1 4 2
8. Human body requires both internal and external
cleanliness for proper functioning. Outer cleanliness
Ans. (d) The correct match is A-3, B-1, C-4 and D-2.
is easy but inner cleanliness is slightly difficult. The
4. The yogic elements that includes the study of self inner cleanliness of the body can be attained by
is _______. practicing which of the following kriyas?
(a) Pratyahara (b) Dhyana (a) Neti (b) Basti
(c) Swadhyaya (d) Rechaka (c) Nauli (d) All of these
Ans. (c) The yogic element that includes the study of self is Ans. (d) The inner cleanliness of the body can be attained by
called swadhyaya. Swadhyaya means interospection or Neti, Basti, Nauli. Dhamti, Kapalabhati and Trataka are
study of the self. etc. also ways of inner cleanliness.
9. Identify the asana shown in the image. 12. Which of the following is the correct
contraindication of the asana shown below.
(a) Avoid doing if you suffers from insomnia

(b) Avoid doing if you have high blood pressure
(c) Avoid doing if you have ankle or elbow injury
(a) Tadasana (d) Avoid doing if you have Asthama or are a heart
(b) Sukhasana patient
(c) Shashankasana Ans. (d) The asana in the given image is Naukasana. Avoid
(d) Naukasana doing if you have Asthama or are a heart patient, is the
Ans. (b) The asana shown in the image is Sukhasana. It is done correct contraindication of this asana.
in sitting position and is the foundation posture for seated
meditation. 13. The english name for ‘Garudasana’ is _______.
(a) Bird pose
10. Ishani is a yoga teacher. His students are middle (b) King pose
aged people facing stiffness of muscles of shoulders (c) Eagle pose
and upper back. He gave them a demonstration on (d) Moon pose
how to do an asana. See the image below and Ans. (c) The English name for ‘Garudasana’ is Eagle
identify the asana shown by Ishani. pose as the posture made in this asana resembles
the eagle.
14. Which of the following asanas does not help in
improving concentration?
(a) Sukhasana (b) Tadasana
(c) Chakrasana (d) Padmasana
(a) Mayurasana (b) Sulabhasana Ans. (a) Chakrasana does not help in improving
(c) Shashankasana (d) Vrikshasana concentration.
Ans. (c) The asana shown by Ishan is Shashankasana. It is also 15. Match the following.
called rabbit or hare pose. It is beneficial for reducing the
stiffness of muscles. List I List II
11. When we indulge in any kind of mental work, after A. Sciatica 1. Hare pose
sometime we feel tired. Our mind can no longer B. Arthiritis 2. Mountain pose
focus. At such times, we are unable to work further
C. Diabetes 3. Lotus pose
as we need relaxation.
Which among the following is an asana that relaxes D. Blood Pressure 4. Easy pose
the body and mind thus removing fatigue?
Codes
(a) Padmasana
A B C D
(b) Sukhasana
(c) Shashankasana (a) 3 1 4 2
(d) All of the above (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 4 1 3
Ans. (d) All of the asanas i.e. Padmasana, Sukhasana and
Shashankasana are the asanas that relaxes the mind. Thus, (d) 4 3 2 1
remove fatigue. Ans. (c) The correct match is A-2, B-4, C-1 and D-3.
l Assertion-Reasoning MCQs l Case Based MCQs

Directions (Q. Nos. 1-4) Each of these questions 1. The Yoga instructor advised 62 years old Mr. Verma
contains two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason to do Yoga daily. He showed him the asana called
(R). Each of these questions also has four alternative Eagle pose as it will help to make muscles of legs
choices, any one of which is the correct answer. You flexible.
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) Based on this case, answer the following questions
given below.
(i) Eagle pose is used to treat _____ and _____.
Codes
(a) sciatica and rheumatism (b) hairfall and back pain
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A (c) eyes and shoulders (d) knee pain and abdomen
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct Ans. (a) Eagle pose is used to treat sciatica and rheumatism.
explanation of A (ii) Eagle pose asana is done in which pose?
(c) A is true, but R is false (a) Standing (b) Sitting
(d) A is false, but R is true (c) Lying (d) All of these
1. Assertion (A) Yoga unites the individual’s soul with Ans. (a) Eagle pose asana is done in standing position. Here
the divine soul. the hands and legs are crossed out in the front position.
Reason (R) The word ‘Yoga’ is derived from the (iii) Which of the following is the contraindication of
Sanskrit word Yuj which means to unite. Eagle pose?
Ans. (b) The assertion is true as Samadhi is an element of yoga (a) Avoid if had a knee injury
that unites the individual’s soul with divine soul. The (b) Avoid if had an ankle injury
reason is also true as the meaning of yoga is to join and is (c) Both (a) and (b)
derived from Sanskrit word Yuj. But reason do not (d) None of the above
explains assertion. Thus, both A and R are true, but R is Ans. (c) The contraindication of Eagle pose is that it should be
not the correct explanation of A. avoided if there is a knee or ankle injury.
2. Assertion (A) Yoga is not effective for depression. 2. Mahesh is a yoga instructor in a school. He
Reason (R) Yoga helps in maintaining correct explained about the 8 concepts or elements of yoga
posture. to his students.
Ans. (d) Assertion is false as depression is a psychological 8 elements of Yoga are the eight fold paths or steps
condition and yoga deals with physical, mental, to reach the ultimate goal of Yoga.
intellectual aspects, so it can help in depression too. (i) Which of the elements of Yoga focus on controlled
Reason is true as yogic asanas help in maintaining correct breathing techniques?
posture and improves strength and balance. Thus, A is
(a) Niyama (b) Pratyahara
false, but R is true.
(c) Dharana (d) Pranayama
3. Assertion (A) Pratyahara is the ultimate union of an Ans. (d) Pranayama is a systematic and rhythmic control of
individual’s soul with God. breathing techniques.
Reason (R) Pranayama involves controlled breathing. (ii) Which Yoga element contains 5 moral vows or
Ans. (d) Assertion is false as Pratyahara means to control our codes of conduct?
mind and senses. Reason is true as Pranayama involves (a) Yama (b) Niyama
controlled breathing and is also practised with some (c) Dhyana (d) Asana
asana. Thus, A is false, but R is true. Ans. (a) Yama contains five moral vows which are ahimsa,
4. Assertion (A) Naukasana is good for reducing belly satya, asteya, brahmacharya and Aparigraha.
fat. (iii) The concepts of I, me, mine hold no significance in
Reason (R) Tadasana is performed in a sitting which element?
position. (a) Dharana (b) Pratyahara
Ans. (c) Assertion is true as Naukasana is a good asana that (c) Samadhi (d) Dhyana
improves digestion and help in removing belly fat. Ans. (c) In samadhi, which is the eighth and last element
The reason is false as Tadasana is done in standing of Yoga, the concepts of I, me and mine hold no
position. Thus, A is true, but R is false. significance.
PART 2
l Short Answer (SA) Type Questions 4. What are asanas and how are they beneficial?
1. Enlist nine reasons, why the practice of Yoga is Ans. Asanas are a set of a steady and comfortable postures
important for us. perfomed in a way to make the activities of the organs and
glands of the body more efficient, besides bringing many
Ans. Nine reasons why the practice of Yoga is important for us
other benefits. Benefits of Asanas are as follows
are as follows
l
They benefit the internal organs by helping to regulate
l
It brings about physical purity.
blood and oxygen flow.
l
It prevents and cures diseases by providing immunity to
the body.
l
They bring flexibility and agility by stretching of
l
It reduces mental tension. muscles.
l
It reduces obesity and beautifies the body.
l
They help to maintain correct posture.
l
It relaxes the body and mind. 5. Asanas can be classified into how many categories.
l
It corrects and maintains posture. Explain the categories briefly.
l
It increases flexibility. Ans. Asanas can be classified in three categories. These are as
l
It develops people spiritually. follows
l
It improves moral and ethical values. (i) Meditative This types of asanas improve the power of
2. What is the meaning of the second element of Yoga? meditation. Examples are Padmasana (lotus pose),
What are its five parts? Siddhasana (accomplished pose) and Gaumukhasana
Ans. The second element of Yoga is called Niyama, which (cow face pose).
contains five esssential teachings for self-maintenance. (ii) Reparative or relaxing This types of asanas removes
These teachings are as follows fatigue and relaxes a person mentally and physically.
l
Shaucha It means maintaining cleanliness of the body, Examples are Shashankasana (hare/ rabbit pose),
both internal and external. Shavasana (corpse pose) and Makarasana (crocodile
l
Santosh (Contentment) It means to develop a feeling of pose).
satisfaction in what we have. (iii) Cultural/Corrective This types of asanas regulate
l
Tapas (Discipline) It means to bear the complex and systematise the bodily activities and provide
situations of our life to achieve the goal. energy. Examples are Sheershasana (head stand),
l
Swadhyaya It means the study of various scriptures for Bhujangasana (cobra pose) and Matasyasana (fish
introspection. pose).
l
Isvaraparanidhana It means prayer or surrendering to 6. What do you understand by pranayama? Describe
God. its three parts in detail.
3. What do you mean by Yama? What are the five Ans. The word pranayama is composed of two words, prana
basic vows mentioned in it? (meaning life) and ayam (meaning control). Thus, it
means control and regulation of the vital life force or
Ans. Yama is the first element of Yoga, which teaches that we
energy.
should not corrupt our souls by indulging in wrongful
activities. It contains five basic vows which everyone It consists of three parts, which are as follows
should have. These are as follows (i) Puraka (Inhale) When we breathe in, the chest
l
Ashimsa (Non-violence) It means not harming any other expands, the diaphragm contracts and the ribs move
living being. outwards and up.
l
Satya (Truthfulness) It means that we must be truthful (ii) Kumbhaka (Retain) It consists of two parts,
in our thoughts, words and deeds. retaining the breath after complete inhalation
l
Asteya (Non-stealing) It means that we should not steal called internal Kumbhaka and retaining the breath
and remain satisfied with what we have. after complete exhalation called ‘external
l
Brahmacharya (Celibacy) It means that we must not Kumbhaka’.
indulge in any sexual desires. (iii) Rechaka (Exhale) When we breathe out, the chest
l
Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness) It means that we contracts, the diaphragm relaxes and the ribs move
should not desire material possessions. inwards and down.
7. Write a short note on meditation. l

Shashankasana, is called the hare pose. It relaxes the
Ans. Meditation is the process of complete constancy or body, relieves depression and gives the upper body a
stability of mind. It is described by Patanjali as ‘tatra good stretch.
pratyaya ekatanata dhyanam’ meaning a continuous and 10. Explain the procedure for performing Sukhasana.
uninterrupted flow of attention towards the object of Ans. The procedure for performing Sukhasana is as follows
meditation. l
Sit on the floor with your legs straight in front of the
It essentially means to think, imagine, contemplate and body.
recollect everything about the object. l
Now, cross your legs such that each foot is under the
The various benefits of meditation are as follows opposite thighs, i.e. the left foot should be under right
l
It removes the agitation of the mind and creates thigh and the right foot must be under left thigh.
calmness and peace inside. l
Keep your hand on your legs such that your palms are
l
It improves memory and attention in our day to day placed on your kness.
activities. l
Keep your head, neck and spine straight.
l
Dhyana brings forth our hidden creativity. l
Keep your legs and shoulder relaxed.
l
The peace the one feels during meditation, radiates to l
Close your eyes and practice deep breathing.
others in our daily activities and creates a harmonious
society, free of negative thoughts and feelings. 11. What is Tadasana? What are the benefits of Tadasana?
l
Regular practice of meditation can give good physical Ans. Tadasana is one of the yogic asana that is done in standing
health and a sense of well-being. posture. It is also called as mountain pose or palm tree. It
is the foundation of all standing yoga asanas.
8. What are the six yogic kriyas and what are the Tadasana as a yogic exercises has many benefits. These
functions of these kriyas? are as follows
Ans. The six yogic kriyas and the function of each of them are l
It improves posture.
as follows l
It strengthens and increases the flexibility of thighs,
(i) Neti It helps in nasal cleansing. knees and ankles.
(ii) Dhauti It helps in cleaning of oesophagus and l
It firms abdomen and buttocks.
stomach. l
It helps in inceasing height.
(iii) Nauli It used in abdominal massage to improve l
It improves the function of respiratory and digestive
functioning of the whole digestive system. organs.
(iv) Kapalabhati It helps in purification of lungs and l
It strengthen the nervous system.
frontal lobe of brain. l
It is good to improve balance and concentration as well
(v) Basti It is a technique of replenishing the body as increase alertness.
internally by Cleansing the colon completely. 12. What are the contraindications of Tadasana and
(vi) Trataka It is used in purification of the eye to Sukhasana?
overcome eye problems. Ans. The contraindications of Tadasana are as follows
9. Give the Sanskrit names and their equivalent l
Don’t do this pose, if you suffer from
English meanings of any four asanas in Yoga which insomnia/sleeplessness.
help in improving concentration. l
If you experience a headache, stop immediately.
Write one benefit of performing each of these l
If you take any blood thinning medications or have low
asanas. blood pressure, avoid doing this pose without consulting
Ans. The four asanas in Yoga which help in improving a doctor.
concentration and their additional benefits are as follows The Contraindications of Sukhasana are as follow
l
Tadasana, is called the palm tree pose or mountain l
The individuals who have knee injury or have severe
pose. It helps to gain sense of balance, opens up the knee pain or lower back pain should not perform this
chest cavity for breathing exercises, stimulates the asana for longer duration.
thyroid gland and helps increase height.
13. What are the benefits of Padmasana?
l
Sukhasana, is called the easy pose. It calms the wind,
Ans. Padmasana is also called Lotus pose. It is done in a sitting
strengthens the back and stretches the knees and
posture. The benefits of Padmasana are as follows
ankles.
l
It calms the brain and increases the focus of mind.
l
Padmasana, is called the lotus pose. It calms the mind,
increases awareness and attentiveness and restores
l
It increases concentration.
energy levels. l
It stimulates the pelvis, spine, abdomen and bladder.
l
It stretches the ankles and knees. (Truthfulness), Asteya (Non-stealing), Brahmacharya
l
It helps in reducing blood pressure and muscular tension. (Celibacy) and Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness).
l
It helps in reducing abdominal fat. (ii) Niyama It contains essential teachings for
l
It strengthens the hip and knee joints. self-maintenance including Saucha (Maintaining
cleanliness of the body/purity), Santosh
14. Explain the procedure for performing Vrikshasana. (Contentment), Tapa (Discipline), Swadhyana
Ans. The procedure for performing Vrikshasana is as follows (Introspection or studying the self) and Isvara
l
Stand tall and straight with arms by the side of your Pranidhana (Prayer or surrendering to God.)
body. (iii) Asanas These are a set of physical postures that
l
Bend your right knee and place the right foot high up improve strength and balance. These asanas are
on your left thigh. beneficial for the inner organs, help to regulate blood
l
Make sure that your left leg is straight. and oxygen flow, bring flexibility and agility by
stretching of muscles and help to maintain posture.
l
Once you are well balanced, gracefully raise your arms
over your head from the side, and bring your palms 2. Explain the Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana,
together in ‘Namaste’ mudra (hand-folded position). Dhyana and Samadhi element of Yoga.
l
Look straight ahead in front of you. Ans. Pranayama It consists of three simple exercises Puraka
l
Ensure that your spine is straight. (Inhale), Kumbhaka (Retain) and Rechaka (Exhale). It
l
Now, stand tall and straight as you did at the beginning involves controlled breathing, improves heart and lung
of the posture. Repeat this pose with the left leg off the functioning and increases longevity.
ground on the right thigh. Pratyahara It means to control our mind and senses. In
other words, an individual stops responding to the
15. Explain the procedure for performing Garudasana. external sensory word such as touch, taste, smell, etc. that
Ans. The procedure for performing Garudasana is as follows hinders mental concentration and self-welfare.
l
Take a standing position. Dharana It is the first stage of meditation. You focus all
l
Bend your right leg and twist it around the left one. your energy at one point without letting your mind get
l
Ensure that right thigh should be in front of the left distracted. The mind, then get focused on one topic
thigh. The top of the right foot should place on the calf object or thing.
of the left leg. Dhyana Dharana sets the stage for dhyana. It is a process
l
Now, bend your elbows and place them on the front of of complete constancy of mind. When one starts focusing
the chest. on a topic, the mind starts actively engaging with its
l
Twist your forearms around each other, the left elbow focus. Thus, dhyana is the active modification of
should remain below. knowledge in complete stability and calmness.
l
Bring your palms together to resemble an eagle’s beak. Samadhi It is the ultimate union of ones soul with God. It
is the stage where one loses oneself to God. The concepts
l
Now, bend the left knee and lower the body in slow
of I, me and mine hold no significance for that person.
motion, until the tip of the right big toe touches the floor.
l
After completing this procedure, repeat this on the 3. Write the procedure of performing the
other side. Shashankasana, also called the hare pose.
Ans. The procedure of performing the Shashankasana is as
l
Long Answer (LA) Type Questions follows
l
Sit in the kneeling pose with knees fully bent. Place
1. What is Yoga? Discuss any three elements of Yoga in your hands on the thighs and breathe in a relaxed
Brief. manner.
Ans. The word ‘Yoga’ is derived from the Sanskrit word Yuj, l
Raise both your hands above the head, palms facing
which means ‘to join’ or to unite. Thus, Yoga unites the forward. The arms should be in line with the shoulders.
individual’s soul with the divine soul (i.e. God). l
Slowly bend down and bring the hands forward, till the
It also implies the unification of the physical, mental, hands and forehead touch the ground. Exhale while you
intellectual and spiritual aspects of a human being. are bending forward.
According to Patanjali, Yoga has eight elements known as l
In the final position, the forehead and hands rest on the
Ashtanga. ground. Rest in this position for as long as you are
Three elements of Yoga are discussed as follows comfortable and breathe rhythmically.
(i) Yama This contains five basic ethical rules that l
Exhale slowly and come back to the starting position
every person should possess. These five moral codes (kneeling pose). Repeat this process 5 to 10 times
of conduct are Ahimsa (Non-violence), Satya depending on time and comfort.
4. Write the procedure for performing Naukasana and 2. The physical education teacher of ABC school
also write its benefits. made a chart for the students to explain about the
Ans. The procedure for performing Naukasana is as follows 8 elements of yoga.
l
Lie on your back with your feet together and arms beside
your body. 1. Yama
Moral
l
Take a deep breath in and as you exhale, lift your chest 8. Samadhi Principles
and feet off the ground, stretching your arms towards your Absorption of 2. Niyama
Consciousness Observance
feet. in the Self
l
Your eyes, fingers and toes should be in a line.
l
Feel the tension in your navel area as the abdominal Eight
7. Dhyana Elements 3. Asanas
muscles contract. Meditation Postures
of Yoga
l
Keep breathing deeply and easily while maintaining the
pose.
l
As you exhale, come back to the ground slowly and relax. 6. Dharana
4. Pranayama
Regulation
Concentration
Naukasana has various benefits, which are as follows 5. Pratyahra
of Breath
l
It strengthens the back and abdominal muscles. Withdrawal of
the Senses
l
It tones the leg and arm muscles.
l
It is useful for people with hernia.
(i) Which moral vows are contained in Yama
l
It helps to remove belly fat.
element?
l
It improves digestion.
Ans. The moral vows contained in Yama element are Ahimsa,
l
It improves the circulation of blood. Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya and Aprigraha.
l
It gives strength to thigh, hips, shoulder and neck.
(ii) What does the word ‘Yoga’ imply?
l
It helps in regulating the sugar level in the blood.
Ans. The word ‘Yoga’ implies the unification of the physical,
mental, intellectual and spiritual aspects of a human
l Case Based Questions being.
1. Shivam is a student of class XI and is facing problem 3. Some students of class XI complained to their
of poor concentration. During a recent medical teacher that they are facing anxiety and stress due
check-up of school he was advised to practice to the upcoming examinations.
Yogasana (as given in syllabus) and participate in
Based on the case, answer the following
sports activities for curing it.
questions.
Based on this case answer the following questions.
(i) Which asana is suggested by the teacher to
(i) What are relaxative asanas? reduce anxiety and stress?
Ans. Asanas that removes fatigue and relaxes a person mentally Ans. Sukhasana is suggested by the teacher to reduce
or physically are called relaxative asanas. anxiety and stress.
(ii) How Yoga helps in concentration? (ii) What are the benefits of the ‘Lotus pose’?
Ans. Yoga improves power of focusing or attention. It Ans. The Padmasana or Lotus pose helps in meditation and
trains the mind, reduces fluctuation of mind which concentration. It also calms the brain, increases
helps in concentration. awareness and attentiveness and restores energy levels.
Chapter Test
1. Which is the seventh element of Yoga?
(a) Dhyana (b) Yama (c) Pratyahara (d) Samadhi
2. Cleaning of internal organs is a parts of ________ .
(a) Dhauti kriya (b) Swadhaya (c) Tapa (d) Apoigraha
3. According to whom the definition of Yoga is simply to attain the pose?
(a) Patanjali (b) Maharishi Ved Vyas (c) Agam (d) None of the above
4. Which is the foundation posture for seated meditation?
(a) Padmasana (b) Sukhasana (c) Shashankasana (d) Garudasana
5. Find the incorrect statement
(a) Yama contains 5 moral vows or codes of conduct
(b) Ishavara Pranidhana means study of scriptures
(c) Niyama are ethical practices related to body and senses
(d) Samadhi is ultimate union of a soul with God.
6. Pranayam means control and regulation of the vital life force i.e. breathing. Pranayam is the fourth element of
yoga. It strengthens the respiratory system, soothes the nervous system and tones up the whole body.
Pranayam is an important yogic kriya and is practised in India from ancient times. it consists of three parts.
From the given options, find out the three parts of Pranayama.
(a) Neti, Dhauti, Nauli (b) Kapalbhati, Basti, Trataka
(c) Puraka, Kumbhaka, Rechaka (d) Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi

7. What is the other name of Tadasana? Explain its procedure.
8. Briefly explain the element of Dhayana and Samadhi.
9. What are the benefits of yogic kriyas?
10. What is Ishvara Paranidhara?
11. Explain the procedure of doing Naukasana.
Long Answer (SA) Type Questions

12. Yoga is known to prevent and cure various diseases. List in tabular form, five lifestyle diseases which can be
cured by performing yogic asanas and two asanas which help in curing/preventing each of these diseases.
13. Explain the procedure and contraindications of Padmasana.
Answers
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c)
CHAPTER 03
Physical Activity and

Leadership Training
In this Chapter...
l Introduction to Leadership
l Qualities of a Leader
l Role of a Leader
l Adventure Sports
l Safety Measures to Prevent Sports Injuries
Physical education and its activities ensures the growth and These definitions of leadership reveals that the main
development of many qualities including intelligence, firm essence of a leader is the personality which comprises of
determination, cooperation, etc. One of these qualities essential the following elements
to the field is leadership. l
Creating a vision for the future.
l
Inspiring and motivating people to reach that vision.
Introduction to Leadership l
Managing by making plans for the fulfilment of that
Leadership is defined as “the activity of inspiring people to vision.
perform and engage in achieving a goal.” It means to lead a l
Building a team to achieve that vision.
group of people or an organisation in reaching a particular
A leader, thus, has the ability to provide positive influences
target.
on the lives and behaviours of others. He/She possess the
Leadership is a unique skill that cannot be taught but can be qualities that inspire, guide and mentor people in reaching
learned through observing others. It means to have a clear a common goal.
vision and then aligning and motivating others in the fulfilment
In the field of physical education, the quality of
of that vision.
leadership is essential not only to build a good athlete but
According to Cohen, “Leadership is the art of influencing also for the overall development of the athlete as a
others to their maximum performance to accomplish any task, person.
objective or project.”
According to Richards and Engle, “Leadership is about Qualities of a Leader
articulating visions, embodying values and creating an A leader is a person who gathers support and cooperation
environment within which things can be accomplished.” from his/her colleagues, subordinates or team members.
According to Field Marshal Mantgomery, “Leadership is the He/She possess certain qualities i.e. personal as well as
capacity and will to rally people to a common purpose together professional, that are necessary in the field of physical
with the character that inspires confidence and trust.” education.
The qualities possessed by a leader includes 12. Good Personality A leader must have a good
1. Self Awareness Leaders must possess a vision along personality. He/She should have good physical, mental
with knowledge about their own strengths and and social qualities which helps to influence his/her
weaknesses, knowledge about skills and complete followers.
information about the vision.
Role of a Leader
2. Determination and Dedication Leaders should have
the confidence to meet the challenges with firm An able leader has the capability to take his team and
determination and dedication. He/She should be organisation to new heights. Thus, the role of a leader is very
devoted to the profession and must be able to face even important in the field of physical education. Following are
the worst situations. the main roles of a leader
3. Intelligence Wisdom is very important for a leader to 1. Guidance and Counselling The role of a leader is to
develop intuition and insight for future events. A leader mentor as well as guide the team members and counsel
should be intelligent enough to find out all possible them from time to time so that they do not forget the
solutions for a complex set of problems. vision.
4. Strong Interpersonal Skills A leader must be social. He/She should understand his/her students and
He/She should possess essential social qualities such as their mental needs to not only provide help but also
cooperation, brotherhood, sympathy, empathy, respect motivate them towards achieving the personal as well as
etc. He/She must have the ability to interact and work the common goal.
harmoniously with all team members.
2. Representation The role of a leader is to represent the
5. Decision-making A leader of physical education should team or the organisation at different places such as in
be able to take decision spontaneously. He/She should competitions, seminars, conferences etc.
be able to look at the problems logically and must take
He/She is the spokesperson of the team who
decisions at the right time.
communicates the feelings and problems of the team to
6. Energy and Enthusiasm A leader should be the higher authorities and works for their benefit. An
energetic and enthusiastic. He/She should be able to effective representation increases the confidence of the
motivate and excite the players to give their best to the entire team.
game.
3. Integrate Goals The role of a leader is to integrate the
7. Good Health and High Motor Capacity A leader in
individual goals with that of the organisation or team. In
physical education should have good health and high
this way, a leader brings people closer to work for a
motor fitness. He/She must display all the components
common goal or a common purpose.
of physical fitness such as strength, speed, endurance,
flexibility, etc. 4. Support and Cooperation The leader, with his
intelligence, maturity and pleasing personality, helps
8. Effective Communication Skills Communication is an the team members by providing them support and
essential and integral part of positive leadership. increasing cooperation.
A leader must be able to convey his/her thoughts and
He/She leads all the matters related to discipline and
ideas clearly to the players. It plays a very effective role
settles all the internal differences. He/She controls the
in teaching and coaching process.
internal relationship within a team and makes all efforts
9. Impartiality A good leader must be economically to raise the morale of the team.
balanced. He/She should see everyone as equal, should
be moral and should not participate in any kind of 5. Decision Maker The role of a leader is to take strategic
partiality. decisions for the success of the team as well as develop
plans to realise those decisions.
10. Creative A leader in physical education must be
6. Team Builder An important role is to make an
creative. He/She must be able to produce new
impressive team that consists of people with different
techniques and ideas that may be needed in this field.
talents so that the team members assist each other
11. Teaching Skills A leader in physical education, must instead of competing with each other.
have deep knowledge of various teaching skills to
7. Organiser A good leader in sports is also a good
efficiently transfer his/her knowledge.
organiser. He/She not only organises any group event
He/She should also be capable of using and that may take place, but also plan the ways in which a
understanding the body language, gestures, team/athlete may achieve its goal. He/She has a
expressions, etc. thorough and vivid knowledge to lay out the plan.
8. Executor A good leader makes sure that the plans are Its objectives are as follows
executed well. It is his/her responsibility to make sure 1. To Develop Self-confidence By overcoming the fear
that the objectives of the group are put well into all the and experiencing the thrill, one can develop
affairs. He/she makes sure that the execution take place self-confidence. Individuals who participate in adventure
efficiently and with care. sports compete against themselves and therefore have a
9. Examplary A good leader acts as an example for his/her great sense of achievement when they reach their goal.
team. He/She sets up an example of top norms of 2. To Build the Concentration In these sports, a person
conduct, character and idealism. He/She shows all those has to be very alert and attentive all the time.
qualities within himself/herself that he/she wants
his/her team to gain or learn. Hence, a person develops a habit of extended attention
and concentration.
Adventure Sports 3. To Develop Mental and Physical Fitness Adventure
sports involves fitness skills like jumping, climbing,
Adventure sports also called as action sports, aggro sports and swimming, etc. These activities then help in building
extreme sports is a popular term for certain activities mental and physical fitness.
perceived as having a high level of inherent danger. These
4. To Improve Social Relations During participation in
activities are usually outdoor sports which involves certain
adventure sports, qualities like sympathy cooperation,
intense actions involving speed, height, etc., that creates an
helpfulness, adjustment, sincerity, patience, are
adventurous atmosphere.
developed between two individuals.
In these games, sports person go through unlimited thrill,
5. To Have a Bond with Nature Most of the adventure
excitement, entertainment and adventure.
sports are outdoor activities which give enough
Generally, adventure sports can be understood as the sports opportunities to experience nature. A result of this
that involve extraordinary speed, scaling height, physical exposure to nature, makes an individual bond with the
exertion and sometimes life-threatening stunts. However, a nature so that he/she not only learns to respect it but
very clear and precise definition of the term has yet not been also learns to cherish it.
found. 6. To Face the Challenges Against any Odd Situations
According to Dr. Rhonda Cohen, “An adventure sport is a These sports enhance one’s capacity to face odd
competitive (comparison or self-evaluative) activity within situations with courage and determination.
which the participant is subjected to natural or unusual 7. Proper Use of Abundant Energy Adventure sports
physical and mental challenges such as speed, height, depth provide the participants a positive and a healthy
or natural forces and where fast and accurate cognitive channelisation of their energy and enthusiasm. Such use
perceptual processing may be required for a successful of energy is beneficial for the holistic development of
outcome.” the individual.
As explained by the Living Dangerously Website, the 8. To Provide Amusement and Excitement It is the vital
phrases ‘adventure sport’ or ‘extreme sport’ are used to objective of adventure sports to provide amusement,
classify certain activities that feature a high level of danger. excitement, exhilaration, recreation, and enjoyment.
According to them, “These activities often involve speed,
height, a high level of physical exertion, and high specialised Types of Adventure Sports
gear or spectacular stunts.” Various types of adventure sports are as follows
Adventure sports have been best defined as “Outdoor sports
or activities in which the participants competes in a natural Rock Climbing
environment, more against themselves than against others.’’ Rock climbing is an activity in which participants climb up,
down or across natural rock formations or artificial rock walls.
Objectives of Adventure Sports The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the end
The main aim and objectives of adventure sports is to provide point of a pre-defined route without falling. To successfully
a carefully planned stimulating environment which will help complete a climb, one must return to the base of the route
each individual achieve excellent foundation for creative safely.
learning and independence. As one of the most dangerous adventurous sports, rock
As adventure sport is more of an individual sport rather than climbing requires strong mental control, agility, flexibility,
a team sport, it essentially focuses on the development and endurance and various coordinative abilities such as
growth of an individual. coordination, balance, etc.
For the safe and secure completion of routes, knowledge of It is to be kept in mind that trekking is not an easy task to do.
proper equipments and its usage along with climbing Infact, it requires a lot of courage and confidence alongwith a
techniques is must. Even with utmost care, it is an accident strong physique.
prone sport. It is also known as backpacking in America, Trumping in
Due to the length and extended endurance required in the New Zealand and Hiking in India.
sport, accidents are more likely to happen on descent than on Trekking involves carrying bag with all the things that may be
ascent, especially on the larger multiple patches. required for a journey of more than a day. This can include
Apart from being an entertaining sport, various rock climbing food, water, bedding, shelter, clothing, stove, cooking kit, etc.
competitions are also organised all around the world. Trekking is all about enjoying a great walking holiday of
These competitions have the objective of either completing either overnight hikes or extended hikes of many days.
the route in the quickest possible time or attaining the As a physical sport, it helps not only in building
farthest point on an increasingly difficult route. self-confidence but also improves the general health of an
Further, because of the wide range and variety of rock individual, especially the cardiovascular system.
formations around the world, rock climbing has been Types of Trekking
separated into several different styles and kinds, such as aid Based on its difficulty level, trekking may be of four types
climbing, free climbing, bouldering, free soloing, top rope which are as follows
climbing, trad climbing, sport climbing, etc.
1. Easy Trekking This kind of trekking is generally done
Safety Measures During Rock Climbing by beginners. It does not include any kind of difficult
The following safety measures should be taken before and high-altitude climbing. In other words, it includes easy
while taking part in this activity climbing.
l
Don’t climb higher than you are supposed to. 2. Moderate Trekking Treks that are slightly difficult and
l
Put the harness on the body correctly, so that you do not challenging, come under this category. It requires more
get tangled in the rope if you fall. energetic climbers, as it usually takes longer than 10
days of walking up and down.
l
If you are new to rock climbing, belay (i.e. fix a running rope
round a rock to secure it) with an experienced climber. 3. Strenuous Trekking This type of trekking needs a lot of
physical effort, energy and determination. Such trekking
l
Use the right equipment like shoes, ropes, slings, etc.
requires a previous experience in mountain walking, as
l
Practise falling away from the rock wall (so you do not hit treks involve walking to high altitude about 5,000 m.
any rocks on the way down). You will fall sometimes,
4. Difficult Trekking This is the type of trekking that
especially if you want to get better.
includes walking up to some very steep altitudes. The
l
Take small breaks in between attempts. Give yourself a participants of this kind of trekking must have enough
chance to recover before climbing again. experience as well as endurance to take this trek, as it
l
Practise correct technique. Many new climbers try to hang generally extends over one month.
with their fingers and elbow; this technique wastes energy Safety Measures During Trekking
and isn’t effective.
The following safety measures should be taken before and
Your arms should be used for shifting weight, not trying to
while taking part in this activity
hold yourself up with a tight grip. l
Avoid trekking during the rainy season or during bad
l
Watch experienced climbers to help you improve your own weather. Before starting, check the weather report for the
technique and climbing safety. area where you are going and prepare yourself or your
Trekking group (if any) accordingly.
Trekking can be defined as a form of walking, undertaken
l
Take all the required materials like water, matchbox, food
items, rope, sleeping bag, tent, etc.
with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the
scenery.
l
To avoid insect bites, wear full sleeve shirts and full pants.
l
Wear proper footwear so that you do not slip while
It is essentially a long walking journey that usually takes
trekking in hilly areas. Do not eat leaves, flowers etc. found
place on trails in areas of relatively unspoiled wilderness, on the wayside, as they may be poisonous.
especially the mountains. l
Take along a multi-pocket carry bag which is large enough
In other words, trekking is a journey on foot to remote to carry all the essential items.
regions where there may be no proper road and modes of l
It is suggested that you use trekking stick for better and
transport. efficient trekking.
River Rafting l
Grade VI The river has huge waves. This level is very
River rafting or white water rafting is the challenging tough and thus requires great physical endurance and
recreational outdoor activity of using an inflatable raft to mental toughness. At this level, the individuals may face
navigate a river or any other water body. any injury or even death.
This is often done on ‘white water’ (meaning different Safety Measures During River Rafting
degrees of rough and harshly flowing water), in order to thrill The following safety measures should be taken before and
and excite the passengers on the raft. while taking part in this activity
This activity as a leisure sport, became popular in the l
Never go on this activity alone. Always have a team of
mid-1970s, evolving from individuals paddling 3 metre rafts people in the raft.
with double-bladed paddles to multi-person rafts propelled l
All participants must have adequate capabilities as
by single-bladed paddles and steered by a tour guide at the swimmers, in case of an accident.
stern. It is considered an extreme sport and can even be l
Always wear a life vest and helmet while participating in
fatal. this activity.
The modern raft is an inflatable boat consisting of very l
Before starting, check all the equipments to ensure
durable, multilayered rubberised (hypalon) or vinyl (PVC) everything is okay. Particularly check the dinghy / raft for
fabric with several independent air chambers. any cracks and proper air level.
It is usually propelled with ordinary paddles and l
If any participant feels tired, he should not drag his paddle
typically holds 4 to 12 persons. in the water, as it might hit a rock in the river.
Rafts come in different forms like
l
Drink plenty of liquids before, during and after the rafting
activity, as this activity makes you dehydrated.
l
A symmetrical raft steered with a double-bladed paddle at
the stern, which is the most common one used in Europe
l
End your rafting before darkness falls; if it is getting dark,
and Australia. don’t go for this activity.
l
An asymmetrical rudder-controlled raft. Mountaineering
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A symmetrical raft with central helm (oars) and stern Mountaineering, also referred to as ‘mountain climbing’ or
mounts with the oar frame located at the rear of the raft. ‘Alpinism’ in Europe, is the sport of climbing or ascending a
Based on how demanding the paths of the rivers are, river high mountain.
rafting has been classified into grades ranging from I to VI. Often confused with rock climbing and hiking,
These are as follows mountaineering differs from these sports. This adventurous
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Grade I The river has flat water but potentially with small sport is a combination of the skills required in hiking as well
waves. The path is clear of obstacles, or has very few as rock climbing.
obstacles to manoeuvre around. This type is generally Also, the mountains generally have a mixed terrain with the
enjoyed by the beginners. presence of rock, ice and snow, so climbers need to be able to
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Grade II The river may have some waves or rough water navigate through a wide variety of conditions.
with little obstruction in the form of rocks. It require Depending on the case, mountaineering may involve using
guidance for safe navigation. technical equipment and combining a series of related skills.
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Grade III It is the most common route including normal Climbing mountains embodies the thrills produced by testing
waves, rocks with a clear passage downstream. However, one’s courage, resourcefulness, strength, ability, and stamina
careful manoeuvring, prior experience and strong paddling to the utmost in a situation of inherent risk. In fact, this
skills under an experienced guide are required. adventurous sports challenges an individual’s capabilities and
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Grade IV The river has many irregular sized large waves skills.
and obstacles including rocks. This grade should not be Besides reaching a summit, the main objective of a
performed without any prior experience and the presence mountaineering trip lies on overcoming safely every hazard
of an experienced guide. along the route.
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Grade V The rivers have large and irregular waves, with For most climbers, the pleasures of mountaineering lie not
many obstructions in the forms of large rocks. It requires only in the ‘conquest’ of a peak but also in the physical and
very careful and précise manoeuvring. Only the individuals spiritual satisfactions brought about through intense personal
with advanced training and experience should participate effort, ever-increasing proficiency, and contact with natural
at this level. grandeur.
Safety Measures During Mountaineering Types of Surfing

The following safety measures should be taken before and The various categories of surfing are as follows
while taking part in this activity 1. Stand-up Surfing The modern-day definition of surfing
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Before each excursion, look at the latest weather forecast most often refers to stand-up surfing. In this, a surfer
for the area and keep your eye open for any changes in the rides a wave by standing up on a surfboard. It is the
weather. most popular and easiest method of surfing.
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Assess your fitness level objectively and choose a suitable 2. Body Boarding In this form of surfing, a surfer rides
mountain to climb. a wave on a body board (full body length board),
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Before starting, check all the equipment to ensure either lying on the belly, on a dropped knee, or
everything is okay, particularly the safety equipment, like standing up.
ropes and slings, climbing boots, protective clothes for cold 3. Knee Boarding This is a type of surfing done from a
weather etc. kneeling position, usually on a small, wide, blunt-nosed
board. People doing this form of surfing prefer it
Surfing because of the increased sensation of speed that comes
Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave from riding closer to the water surface.
rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward part or face
4. Surf Matting This is also called Mat surfing. It is a type
of a moving wave on the surface of the water, which is usually of surfing performed on a soft, inflatable, rectangular
carrying the surfer towards the shore. surf mat consisting of four pontoons stuck together. It is
In other words, a surfer waits for an ocean, river or man-made suitable for beginners, so children start learning surfing
wave and then glides across the wave until it breaks and loses with it.
its energy. 5. Body Surfing In this, the wave is surfed without a
The ultimate goal of surfing is to ride and progress with a board, using the surfer’s own body to catch and ride the
moving wave using a surfboard. wave. It is considered by some to be the purest form of
According to many historians, surfing had been a sport in surfing, but it is the most difficult form which requires
much practice.
Hawaii, even before Christopher Columbus sailed in 1942.
These ancient surfers generally used wooden boards that 6. Tow-in Surfing In this, a motorised boat tows the
were up to 18 feet (5.5 m long). surfer into the wave front, helping the surfer match a
large wave’s speed, which is generally a higher speed
Today, surfing is a popular adventurous sport in many
than what a self-propelled surfer can produce. Thus, it is
countries including Australia, Brazil, France, etc.
the safest form of surfing for beginners.
The boards used for surfing today are made of a strong, Safety Measures During Surfing
lightweight plastic called polyurethane and fibreglass.
The following safety measures should be taken before and
These boards fall under two categories while taking part in this activity
1. Short Board Board under the length of 7 feet (2 m) with l
Make sure you warm up before surfing. This may include a
a width of about 20 inches (51 cm) and a thickness of 2 general body warm-up followed by suitable stretches.
inches (5 cm) is called short board. It weighs from 6-8 l
Take lessons from an approved surfing training agency to
pounds (2.5-3.5 kgs). learn appropriate skills, techniques and water safety if you
2. Long Board Board with the length of more than 7 feet haven’t surfed before.
with a width of 23 inches (5.8 cm) and a thickness of 2.5 l
Use the correct surfing equipment, like a surfboard with
inches (6 cm) is called long board. It weighs from 15-17 nose guards (to minimise injury risk) and a wetsuit for
pounds (7-8 kgs). buoyancy, sun protection and to prevent any injuries.
All forms of surfing requires sharp reflexes to stay balanced. l
Follow surfing etiquette, meaning that respect the rights of
Surfers should be able to anticipate what breaking a wave will other surfers in the water. There is not enough room on a
do. Many surfers train their bodies by running and body wave for more than one surfer; otherwise collisions, injury
building for the different categories of surfing. and conflict between surfers can occur.
Paragliding
Safety Measures to
Paragliding is the recreational and competitive adventure
sport of flying paragliders i.e. a lightweight, free-flying, Prevent Sports Injuries
foot-launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure. Sports is one of the most effective physical activities
A paraglider is a foot launched, ram air, airfoil canopy that is that provide innumerable health benefits. It improves
flown and landed solely on the energy of the wind, gravity physical coordination, fitness, mood, sleep habits, etc.
and the pilot’s muscle power. It also helps in reducing stress and depression, boosting your
In other words, the pilot or the individual is suspended self-confidence and maintaining a healthy weight.
through a harness attached to a fabric that acts like a wing. There are so many choices of sports that one can choose
Wing shape is maintained by the suspension lines, the pressure from like basketball, football, baseball, volleyball,
of air entering vents in the front of the wing, and the badminton, etc.
aerodynamic forces of the air flowing over the outside. However, as human beings, we are not immune to certain
This sport consists of only 3 equipments, i.e. the harness, a injuries. While participating in sports or games, an individual
wing and a helmet that weighs less than 20 kgs, which can be is always at risk of sport injuries.
easily packed into a bag and carried around. Hence, ensuring safety is essential in preventing any sports
Despite not using an engine, paraglider flight can even last related injury. It is important that we take care of our body in
many hours and cover many hundreds of kilometres (in rare performing sports and even fitness-related activities.
cases), though flights of one to two hours and covering some There are various tips or methods that help in preventing any
tens of kilometres are normal. sport injuries.
By skilful exploitation of sources of lift, the pilot may gain These tips or methods are as follows
height, often climbing to altitudes of a few thousand metres. 1. Wear Protective Gear One cannot tell if he/she will
Safety Measures During Paragliding encounter accidents or emergencies in the middle of the
The following safety measures should be taken before and game. Hence, he/she should always be ready. Wear
while taking part in this activity protective gears, equipment, and devices that will
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Practise for increasing endurance and physical strength, as it protect him/her from unexpected injuries.
will make the sport more enjoyable for you. This includes mouth guards, helmets, gloves, protective
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Enhance your ability by taking your glider to a field and pads, proper shoes and other equipment. Also, he/she
work on your ground handling. should make sure to wear equipment suited to his/her
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Gain knowledge about techniques by searching websites, age.
reading blogs as well as books on the sport. They will give 2. Warm-up Warming-up is a must before engaging into
you knowledge about the basics, flying, weather and also sports. It prepares the body, mind, and heart for the
about first aid. training or the sports. Warming-up gradually raises the
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Weather is the most important constraint to manage even heart rate, warms muscles and connective tissues,
for people with a high level of experience. It is always improves the mobility and promotes functionality of all
important to watch the forecast from a reliable source individuals’ body movements.
before leaving for paragliding. It also allows entry of oxygen to the muscles, tendons,
Wind is the main factor and a strong and straight wind can ligaments and flexible joints which reduces the risk of
turn out to be very disastrous. injury.
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Look for a good paragliding site. Visibility and accessibility 3. Take Rest It is extremely important that one should
of the site are important. Irregular and rough landings may always listen to his/her body. When he/she engage in
lead to fractured bones. sports, he/she must remember that learning or training
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Go for paragliding spots with visible wind indicators to is a slow process. Fatigue often lead to sports injuries.
assist you on which direction to take. Hence, take breaks and give the body proper rest.
4. Improve Technique Based on the principles of exercises that will return your heart rate to a normal
biomechanics, the most effective way of improving pace.
oneself performance is by improving his/her techniques. By cooling down, you are allowing your body to remove
His/Her physical built is just a small factor in his/her excess wastes and allow the flow of oxygen and
performance. The coordination of his/her body nutrients into your muscles.
movements is important in performing well in different 7. Know the Rules of the Game You need to have proper
kinds of sports. knowledge of the mechanics and rules of the sports.
5. Keep Hydrated Our body is composed of 60% of water. These rules are made to prevent athletes from acquiring
When we exercise or we do sports, we lose this water in injuries.
the form of prespiration. Thus, we need to gain this 8. Eat Healthy Diet and proper nutrition are important
water through proper hydration. for athletes. A good nutrition plan is the foundation of
According to sports dietitians, water is essential in an effective fitness program.
maintaining blood volume, regulating body temperature The demands of sports and exercise on the body mean
and allowing muscle contractions. Apart from water, that you should replace all the energy and nutrients
hydrating drinks that are rich in electrolytes are consumed by eating healthy food.
recommended for athletes. For athletes, it is important that they eat
6. Cool Down If warming-up is important, cooling down regular, well-balanced meals to fuel their training or
is also essential. After working out or training, you have sport. They should also take protein to promote muscle
to spend at least 10 minutes of performing gentle health.
Chapter
Practice
PART 1
Objective Questions
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Multiple Choice Questions (c) To aid a holistic development of an individual.
(d) To direct the abundant energy towards a proper aim.
1. Which of the following is not an element of
Ans. (a) The main objective of adventure sports is to carefully
leadership?
provide an environment that helps an individual to create
(a) Creating (b) Managing
a base for learning and independence.
(c) Building (d) Teaching
Ans. (d) Teaching is not an element of leadership. Leaders
5. Which safety measure is used for the adventure
create new ideas, manage people and build relations with sport shown in the below image?
team members.
2. Which of the following is not a quality of a leader?
(a) Good personality
(b) Pride
(c) Passion, determination and dedication
(d) Good communication skills
Ans. (b) Pride is not a quality of a leader. Leaders should have
attractive personality, they should be dedicated and (a) Fix a running rope
determined. They should have good communication (b) Do not eat wayside leaves or flowers
skills. (c) Always wear a life jacket
3. Arun is made the group leader of a mountaineering (d) Keep close watch on visible wind indicators
expedition. On the first day he told about all the Ans. (a) Fixing a running rope around the waist of the climber
group activities to his team. Arun and his group is a safety measure used for this adventure sport.
members executed all the plans nicely. 6. Adventure sports are activities that are risky and
Which among the following is the role of a leader? involve some sort of danger. They are performed in
(a) Planning for the group natural environment and do not harm the nature.
(b) Logical decision making These type of sports have become very popular.
(c) Be a representative of his team Which of the following is not an adventure sports?
(d) All of the above (a) Handball (b) Scuba diving
Ans. (d) The role of a leader is to make plans for the whole (c) Skiing (d) Rock climbing
group, to take logical decisions on behalf of the group and Ans. (a) Handball is not an adventure sport. It is played by two
the leader is also a representative of his team. So, Arun is teams. Scuba diving, skiing and rock climbing are
a good group leader. adventure sports.
4. The main objective of adventure sports is 7. In rock climbing, the hands serve the purpose of
(a) To carefully provide an environment that helps an (a) hanging properly
individual to create a base for learning and (b) being stable while holding the rocks
independence.
(c) shifting weight
(b) To develop self worth and self confidence while being
in the lap of nature. (d) None of the above
Ans. (c) In rock climbing, the hands serve the purpose of 12. The pilot or the individual is suspended through a
shifting weight. harness attached to a fabric that acts like a wing.
8. You and your friends planned for camping to Wing shape is maintained by the suspension lines.
countryside near a lake. You have carefully planned The sport consist of only three equipments i.e, the
for the outing and packed all the essentials. harness, a wing and a helmet.
Which of the following is not an equipment needed The adventure sport that is described here is...........
for trekking? (a) Surfing (b) Sky diving
(a) Sleeping bag (c) Paragliding (d) Sailing
(b) Ropes Ans. (c) The adventure sport that is described here is
(c) Surfing board paragliding. It is a recreational and competitive adventure
(d) Mountain axe sport.
Ans. (c) Surfing board is not an equipment needed for 13. Match the following.
trekking. Sleeping bag, ropes and mountain axe may
List I List II
be required in it but surfing board is not needed in
trekking. A. Moderate trekking 1. Experienced trekkers
9. River rafting is divided into grades on the basis of B. Difficult trekking 2. Beginners
(a) roughness of river C. Easy trekking 3. Trekkers with experience
and endurance
(b) type of boat
(c) level of experience of participants D. Strenuous trekking 4. Energetic trekkers
(d) None of the above A B C D A B C D
Ans. (a) River rafting is divided into grades on the basis of (a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 4 3 2
roughness of river. i.e. some where the river water flows (c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 4 2 1 3
slowly and some where it is very fast. Ans. (a) The correct match is A-4, B-3, C-2 and D-1.
10. What is the European name of the sport shown in 14. Match the following.
the image below?
List I List II
A. River Rafting 1. Climbing boots
B. Paragliding 2. Life Jacket
C. Mountaineering 3. Helmet
D. Surfing 4. Body suit (wet)
(a) Rock climbing (b) Alpinism A B C D A B C D

(c) Mountaineering (d) Surf Mating (a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 2 3 1 4 (d) 4 1 2 3
Ans. (b) The European name of the sports shown in the image
is Alpinism as Alps mountains are present in Europe. Ans. (c) The correct match is A-2, B-3, C-1 and D-4.
Mountaineering is done on these mountains. l
Assertion and Reasoning
11. Identify the adventure sports shown in the image.
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-4) Each of these questions
contains two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has four alternative
choices, any one of which is the correct answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d)
given below.
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A
(a) Trekking (b) Rock Climbing (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
(c) Surfing (d) River Rafting explanation of A
Ans. (c) The adventure sports shown in the image is surfing. It (c) A is true, but R is false
is a water sport. (d) A is false, but R is true
1. Assertion (A) Leadership is a unique skill that (i) Which of the following takes place through physical
cannot be taught but can be learned through education?
observing others. (a) Growth (b) Development
Reason (R) Every individual has leadership quality. (c) Emotional stabality (d) All of these
Ans. (c) The assertion is true as leadership can be learnt by Ans. (d) Through physical education, proper growth and
observing others. It is a skill that is acquired. Reason is development of a person along with emotional stablity
false as every person do not have leadership qualities. takes place in an individual.
Thus, A is true, but R is false. (ii) Physical education helps in developing which of the
2. Assertion (A) A leader has a capacity to change the following qualities?
society. (a) Determination
(b) Intelligence
Reason (R) Leaders helps in guiding people on the
(c) Dedication
right path.
(d) All of these
Ans. (a) Assertion is true as a leader has power and the ability
Ans. (d) Physical education helps in developing the qualities of
by which he can make followers. Thus, he can change the
determination, intelligence, dedication etc. It makes a
society. Reason is true as leaders also act as guide to show
person physically and mentally strong.
the right path to the people. Reason correctly explains
assertion. Thus, both A and R are true and R is the (iii) Camping is part of which adventure sports?
correct explanation of A. (a) Trekking (b) Surfing
(c) Paragliding (d) All of these
3. Assertion (A) A good leader in sports is also a good
organiser. Ans. (a) Camping is part of the adventure sports ‘trekking’. In
trekking, people walk for long distances.
Reason (R) The role of a leader is to integrate the
individual goal with that of the organisation or 2. Surfing is a sport of riding on the waves in the
team. standing position. Sometimes surfers like to surf in
Ans. (b) Assertion is true as a good leader organises the lying position also. Raman is a surfer, he has done
activities also so leader is an organiser too. Reason is also surfing in the Arabian sea. Now, he is a lifeguard on
true as a true leader integrates individual goals with that the beach and also coaches young surfers. Based on
of the team or organisation. Reason donot explains this information answer the following questions.
assertion. Thus, both A and R are true, but R is not the (i) Which of the following is a necessary item needed
correct explanation of A. for surfing?
4. Assertion (A) Adventure games do not improve (a) Wet suit (b) Sun glasses
social relation. (c) Paddle raft (d) Helmet
Reason (R) Surfing is a famous adventure game. Ans. (a) Wet suit is a necessary item needed for surfing. It
provides protection while wet.
Ans. (d) Assertion is false as adventure games actually
improves social relation. It helps in mixing with people. (ii) The surf board is made up of which material?
Reason is true as surfing is a famous adventure sports. It (a) Iron (b) Aluminium
is done on waves. Thus, A is false, but R is true. (c) Fibreglass (d) Thick cloth
Ans. (c) The surf board is made up of fibreglass. It is very
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Case Based MCQs lightweight and strong material.
1. The main aim of physical eduction is overall (iii) Surfing activity can be done in _______ .
development of a student. Through the (a) Oceans
participation in physical education programmes, (b) Seas
the qualities of a student can be developed. (c) Rivers
Organising trips, camps and similar activities in (d) All of the above
natural environment helps in developing the latent Ans. (d) Surfing can be done in oceans, seas or rivers. Thus,
abilities in students. option (d) is the correct answer.
PART 2
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Short Answer (SA) Type Questions l
If you are new to rock climbing, belay (i.e., fix a running
rope round a rock to secure it) with an experienced
1. What is the importance of leadership in sports? climber.
Ans. Leadership is referred to as the activity of inspiring l
Use the right equipment like shoes, ropes, slings etc.
people to perform and engage in achieving a goal. In l
Practise falling away from the rock wall (so you do not
sports, leadership is very important because sports
hit any rocks on the way down). You will fall sometimes,
requires a clear objective, a definite goal and team spirit.
A person with leadership skills builds a strong team and
gives a clear vision which helps the teammates to focus on 5. Define rock climbing. Why is it considered as a
the target. dangerous sport?
Creating a clear vision helps to fix a definite goal and Ans. Rock climbing is an activity in which participants climb
achieve it. For instance, in a hockey match, leadership up, down or across natural rock formations or artificial
skills shown by the team captain will help the team to rock walls with the objective of reaching the summit of a
focus on scoring goals and achieving success. formation or the end point of a pre-defined route without
falling.
2. Why are strong interpersonal skills required in a
Rock climbing is considered a dangerous sport because
leader?
knowledge of proper climbing teachniques and usage of
Ans. In terpersonal skills means the ability to communicate specialised climbing equipment is crucial for the safe
and interact well with people. For a leader, it is important completion of routes.
to process strong interpersonal skills so that there is
The duration and length of climb may be too tiring and
proper interaction with the other members of his team.
high level of endurance is required otherwise it may lead
This helps in increasing cooperation, building support to acidents.
and motivating teammates. A leader has to work
harmoniously with others; for that effective 6. Differentiate between rock climbing and trekking
communication is needed. A leader with strong on basis of their nature.
interpersonal skills brings success for his team. Ans. The differences between rock climbing and trekking are
as follows
3. Briefly explain any three objectives of adventure
sports. Rock Climbing Trekking
Ans. Three objectives of adventure sports are as follows Rock climbing is an activity Trekking is a form of walk,
(i) To develop Mental and Physical Fitness Adventure in which participants climb undertaken with the specific
up, down or across natural purpose of exploring and
sports involves fitness skills like jumping, climbing
rock formation or artificial enjoying the scenery.
and swimming etc. These activities thus help us rockwalls.
building mental and physical fitness.
The goal is to reach the It involves carrying bag with
(ii) To Improve Social Relations During participation in summit of a formation or all the things that may be
adventure sports, qualities like sympathy the end point of a required for a journey of
cooperation, helpfulness, adjustment, sincerity, pre-defined route without more than a day.
patience, are developed between two individuals. falling.
(iii) To Provide Amusement and Excitement It is the This activity can be done This can be done by anyone
vital objective of adventure sports to provide only after practice as it even old people as it
amusement, excitement, exhilaration, recreation and involves climbing involves walking.
enjoyment. techniques.
4. Enlist the safety measures that should be taken 7. What are the safety measures that should be used
while rock climbing. while trekking?
Ans. The safety measures that should be taken while rock Ans. The following safety measures should be used in trekking
climbing are as follows l
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Don’t climb higher than you are supposed to. weather. Before starting, check the weather report for
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Put the harness on the body correctly, so that you do the area where you are going and prepare yourself
not get tangled in the rope if you fall. accordingly.
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Take all the required materials like water, matchbox, Before each excursion, look at the latest weather forcast
food items, rope, sleeping bags, etc. for the area and keep close watch on local weather
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To avoid insect bites, wear full sleeve shirts and full changes.
pants. Check all the equipments, ropes, slings, boots, protective
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Wear proper footwear so that you do not slip while clothes and gears. They should be in proper condition.
trekking in hilly areas. Eat right amount of food and monitor your fitness levels
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Do not eat leaves, flowers etc found on the wayside, as before starting any mountaineering expedition.
they may be poisonous. Put on proper warm clothes and shoes according to the
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Take along a multi-pocket carry bag which is large terrain.
enough to carry all the essential items. Carry some high energy giving foods and water.
8. What are the different types of raft used in river Drink plenty of liquids to avoid dehydration.
rafting? Also describe the modern raft. 11. What should be the dimensions of long and short
Ans. Three different types of rafts are used in river rafting. boards in surfing?
They are as follows Ans. The longboards used in surfing have a length of more
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A symmetrical raft with a double bladed paddle. than 7 feet. Its width should be 23 inches (58 cm) and the
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A symmetrical rudder-controlled raft thickness of 2.5 inches (6 cm). The average weight of a
long board should be 15-17 pounds (7-8 kg).
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A symmetrical raft with central helm and the stern
mounted with the oar frame located at the rear of the The short board used in surfing should have a length of 7
raft. feet (2 m), width of about 20 inches (51 cm) and a
thickness of 2 inches (5 cm). The short board should
Three modern raft used in river rafting is an inflatable
weigh from 6 to 8 pounds (2.5 - 3.5 kgs). Both long and
boat consisting of very durable, multilayered rubberised
short boards are made up of strong but lightweight plastic
(hypalon or vinyl) PVC fabric with several independent
called fibreglass or polyurethane.
air chambers. It is usually propelled with ordinary
paddles and typically holds 4 to 12 persons. 12. Enlist three safety measures while surfing.
9. Write a short note on the adventure sports of Ans. Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave
mountaineering. rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward part
or face of a moving wave on the surface of the
Ans. Mountaineering, also referred to as ‘mountain climbing’
water, which is usually carrying the surfer towards
or ‘Alpinism’ in Europe, is the sport of climbing or
the shore.
ascending a high mountain.
The three safety measures are as follows
Often confused with rock climbing and hiking,
mountaineering differs from these sports. The (i) Use the correct equipment like surfboard with nose
adventurous sport is a combination of the skills required guards, a wetsuit for buoyancy, sun protection etc.
in hiking as well as rock climbing. (ii) Take lessons from an approved trainer, agency to
Also, the mountains generally have a mixed terrian with learn appropriate lessons, skills and techniques.
the presence of rock, ice and snow, so climbers need to (iii) Warm up before starting to surf. Do body warm
be able to nevigate through a wide variety of up exercises.
conditions.
13. What are the distances and durations which
Besides reaching a summit, the main objective of a paragliders normally fly before landing? By what
mountaineering trip lies on overcoming safely every techniques can they extend these distances and
hazard along the route. times?
Depending on the case, mountaineering involves using Ans. Paragliders normally fly for one to two hours and cover
technical equipment and combining a series of related tens of kilometres before landing despite not using an
skills. engine.
It test one’s courage, resourcefulness, cunning, strength,
By skillful exploitation of lift, the pilot of the paraglider
ability and stamina to the utmost in a situation of inherent
may gain height, often climbing to altitudes of a few
risk.
thousand metres so that the flight can even last many
10. What safety measures should be followed while hours and cover many hundreds of kilometres (in rare
mountaineering? cases).
Ans. The safety measures followed while mountaineering are As wind is the main factor here, paragliders can identify
as follows the direction of the wind and sail accordingly.
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Long Answer (LA) Type Questions (iii) Integrate Goals The role of a leader is to integrate
the individual goals with that of the organisation or
1. Explain in detail six qualities a leader should team. In this way, a leader brings people closer to
possess. work for a common goal or a common purpose.
Ans. The qualities which a leader should possess are as (iv) Support and Cooperation The leader, with his
follows intelligence, maturity and pleasing personality, helps
(i) Self-awareness Leaders must possess vision along the team members by providing them support and
with knowledge about their own strengths and increasing cooperation.
weaknesses, knowledge about skills and complete He/She deals with matters related to disciplines and
information about the vision. settles all internal differences. He/She controls
(ii) Determination and Dedication Leaders should internal relationships and increases the morale of the
have the confidence to meet the challenges with firm team.
determination and dedication. He/She should be (v) Decision Maker The role of a leader is to make
devoted to the profession and must be able to face strategic decisions for the success of the team as well
even the worst situations. as develop plans to realise those decisions.
(iii) Intelligence Wisdom is very important for a leader (vi) Team Builder An important role of a leader is to
to develop intuition and insight for future events. make an impressive team that consists of people with
different talents so that the team members assist
A leader should be intelligent enough to find out all
each other instead of competing with each other.
possible solutions for a complex set of problems.
(iv) Strong Interpersonal Skills A leader must be social. 3. Explain how the adventure sport of river rafting is
He/She should possess essential social qualities such carried out. Why is it considered an extreme sport?
as cooperation, affections, brotherhood, sympathy, Ans. River rafting or white water rafting is the challenging
empathy, respect etc. recreational outdoor activity of using an inflatable raft to
He/She must have the ability to interact and work navigate a river or other water body.
harmoniously with all team members. This is often done on white water (meaning different
(v) Decision Making A leader of physical education degrees or rough water), in order to thrill and excite the
should be able to take decision spontaneously. passengers on the raft.
He/She should be able to look at the problems This activity as a leisure sport has became popular in the
logically and must take decisions at the right time. mid-1970s, evolving from individuals padding 3 metre
long rafts with double bladed paddles to multi person
(vi) Energy and Enthusiasm A leader should be
rafts propelled by single bladed paddles and steered by a
energetic and enthusiastic. He/She should be able to tour guide at the stern.
motive and excite the players to give their best to the
The modern raft is an inflatable boat consisting of very
game.
durable, multilayered rubberised (hypalon) or vinyl (PVC)
2. Decribe the role of a leader in the success of his/her fabric with several independent air chambers. It is usually
team. propelled with ordinary paddles and typically propelled
Ans. A leader has immense responsibility for his team. A with ordinary paddles and typically holds 4 to 12 persons.
leader is a guide, a counsellor, a supporter, a team builder Extreme sports are recreational activities perceived as
and a representative of his/her team. A leader is also a involving a high degree of risk. These activities often
major decisions maker. involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion
The role of a leader is as follows and highly specialised gear. As river rafting meets all
(i) Guidance and Counselling The role of a leader is to these conditions, it is considered an extreme sports.
mentor or guide the team members and counsel 4. What is surfing? Explain any five types of surfing in
them from time to time so that they do not forget the detail.
vision. Ans. Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider,
(ii) Representation The role of a leader is to represent referred to as surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a
the team or the organisation at different places such moving wave on the surface of the water, which usually
as in competitions, seminars, conferences etc. carries the surfer towards the shore. Five types of surfing
He/She is the spokesperson of the team who are as follows
communicates their feelings and problems to the (i) Stand-up Surfing The modern-day definition of
higher authorities and works for their benefit. surfing most often refers to stand up surfing. In this,
An effective representation increases the confidence a surfer rides a wave by standing up on a surfboard.
of the entire team. It is the most popular and easiest method of surfing.
(ii) Body Boarding In this form of surfing, a surfer rides a l

wave on a body board (full body length board), either
lying on the belly, on a dropped knee, or standing up. 1. Students of Doon Public School are going for
(iii) Knee Boarding This is a type of surfing done from a the adventure sports ‘Trekking’. You are the
kneeling position, usually on a small, wide, blunt-nosed team leader and incharge of all the students. You
board. People doing this form of surfing prefer it have told the students about the safety measures
because of the increased sensation of speed that comes that they should follow during trekking. In your
from riding closer to the water surface. group, there are 20 boys in the age group of 14
(iv) Surf Matting This is also called Mat surfing. It is a type to 16 years.
of surfing performed on a soft, inflatable, rectangular Based on this case, answer the following
surf mat consisting of four pontoons stuck together. questions.
It is suitable for beginners, so children start learning (i) Which type of trekking will you choose for your
surfing with it. students?
(v) Body Surfing In this, the wave is surfed without a Ans. As a team leader, I will choose easy trekking as the
board, using the surfer’s own body to catch and ride the school students are the beginners. Easy trekking
wave. It is considered by some to be the purest form of includes easy climbing to hills of low elevation.
surfing, but it is the most difficult, requiring much
practice. (ii) What things should be carried while going for
trekking?
5. Explain how paragliding is carried out. Suggest three Ans. Food, water, bedding, tent, clothes, stove, cooking kit
precautions to be followed before and while engaging and medical kit should be carried for trekking.
in this sport.
Ans. The paraglider is a lightweight, free flying, foot-launched 2. Ravi is a trainer for the adventure sport river
glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure. rafting. He often takes river rafting activities on
Paragliding is carried out with the pilot sitting in harness
the mountain rivers. A group of 5 boys aged
suspended below a fabric wing comprising a large number of between 15-18 years asked him to train them.
interconnected cells. Based on this case, answer the following
Three precautions to be followed before and while engaging questions
in paragliding are as follows (i) Which grade should be chosen by Ravi to train
(i) Knowledge, Ability and Mental Strength It is advisable those boys?
to practise for endurance and physical strength, as these Ans. Grade I or II should be chosen by Ravi as the river
will have great impact on your success. has small waves, almost flat water and free or very
A quicker way to enhance your ability is to take your little obstacles. These grades are done by beginners.
glider to a field and tirelessly work on your ground (ii) If one of the boys do not know swimming,
handling. should Ravi train him?
Knowledge is gained by searching websites, reading Ans. It is not advisable as having adequate capabilities of
blogs and books, through which one can have swimming is a safety measure during river rafting.
knowledge about the basics, flying, weather and also
about performing first aid. 3. Sports is one of the most effective physical
(ii) Favourable Weather It is the most important constraint activities that provide innumerable health
to manage even for people with a high level of benefits. Ensuring safety in sports is essential to
experience. prevent any sports injuries. It is important that
we take care of our body in performing sports
It is always important to watch the forecast from a
reliable source before leaving for paragliding.
and even fitness related activities.
Wind is the main factor, whereby strong and straight (i) What are the protective gears that a person
wind can turn out to be very disastrous. should wear in paragliding?
(iii) Good Landing Site Visibility and accessibility are some Ans. In paragliding, the helmet, mouth guards, gloves,
of the factors that should be considered when looking protective pads and proper shoes are essential to wear.
for a good paragliding site. Irregular and rough landings (ii) How adventure sports is different from sports?
may lead to fractured bones. Ans. Adventure sports involve outdoor sports that have
It is also advisable to go for paragliding spots with high level of risks or danger. Sports are the forms of
visible wind indicators to assist you on which direction organised activities that are played for recreation and
to take. do not involve risks or danger.
Chapter Test
1. The board whose length is less than 7 feet is called
(a) Long board (b) Mat board
(c) Knee board (d) Short board
2. The leaders of physical education has both _______ and _______ qualities.
(a) Acquired (b) Innate
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
3. Choose the incorrect option
(a) A good leader executes the plans well (b) Mountain biking is an example of mountain sports
(c) Rock climbing is also done on artificial walls (d) Trekking is also known as backpaking
4. Find the odd one out
(a) Surfing (b) Skating
(c) Mountaineering (d) Skiing
5. In this grade, the river has huge waves. The level is tough and thus rafting requires great physical endurance and
mental toughness. People may also face severe injuries or even death.
Which grade of river rafting is being talked about?
(a) Grade II (b) Grade I
(c) Grade IV (d) Grade VI

6. Why is it essential to wear protective gears in adventure sports?
7. List three ways of preventing injuries in paragliding.
8. Write a short note on the adventure activity of trekking.
9. Why mountaineering is so popular as an adventure activity?
10. Mention three qualities developed by participating in adventure sports.
11. Explain the different grades of river rafting.
12. What safety precautions or measures should be taken to prevent any sport injury?
Answers
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d)
CHAPTER 04
Psychology
and Sports
In this Chapter...
l Meaning and Definition of Psychology
l Growth and Development
l Adolescent Problems and their Management
A sport or a physical activity is essentially a mind game. It is a l

According to Woodworth, “Psychology deals with the
place where a small difference in mental powers often makes activities of the individual in relation to his environment.”
a big difference between success and failure. Thus, there l
According to the Oxford Dictionary, “Psychology is the
came to be an understanding of importance of the scientific study of human mind and its functions, especially
inter-relatedness of sports and psychology. those affecting behaviour in a given context.”
In simple words, in physical education and sports, it is very l
According to Crow and Crow, “Psychology is the study of
important to understand the psychological aspects of an human behaviour and human relationships.’’
individual or sportsperson.
Meaning and Definition of
Meaning and Definition Sports Psychology
of Psychology The increasing importance of the field of psychology in sports
The word ‘psychology’ is derived from a Greek word ‘Psyche’ and physical education lead to the emergence of a new
meaning ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ meaning ‘scientific study’. Hence, discipline called Sports Psychology.
psychology came to be understood as the scientific study of Sports psychology is the branch of applied psychology that
the soul. However, this definition of psychology was deals with the performance and behaviour of an individual
discarded and psychology was defined as ‘science of mind’. while performing sports and any other physical activity.
With time and further research, the definition of It is a multidisciplinary science that uses psychological
psychology kept on changing. It became the ‘science knowledge and skills to address optimal performance and
of consciousness’ and finally reached to its most well-being of athletes, developmental and social aspects of
accepted and latest definition as the, ‘science of sports participation, and systemic issues associated with
human behaviour’. sports settings and organisations.
Various psychologists and scientists defined psychology in In other words, sports psychology involves the study of
different ways. how psychological factors, such as behaviour, arousal,
Some accepted definitions of psychology are motivation and aspiration, affect performance and how
l
According to WB Pillsbury and JB Watson, “Psychology is participation in sports and exercise affect psychological and
the science of human behaviour.” physical factors.
Various eminent psychologists asserted such an 2. Learning Motor Skills Sports psychology plays a major
understanding of sports psychology in different terms. Some role in learning motor skills. Such a learning depends on
of them are as follows the individual’s level of readiness, i.e. both physiological
l
According to RN Singer, “Sports psychology is and psychological readiness.
encompassing scholarly educational and practical activities Physiological readiness in children is the development
associated with the understanding and influencing of of necessary strength, flexibility and endurance, while
selected behaviours of people in athletics, physical psychological readiness is related to the learner’s state
education, vigorous recreational activity and exercise.” of mind, i.e. the desire and willingness to learn the
l
According to Clark and Clark, “Sports psychology is an particular skill.
applied psychology. It is more concerned with the Sports psychology plays an essential part in
personalities, emotional or motivational aspects of sports understanding psychological readiness and interests
and physical activities. It employs many of the techniques as well as attitudes of an individual towards efficient
used in psychology.” learning and performance of a motor skill.
l
According to John Lauther, “Sports psychology is an area 3. Understanding Behaviour Sports psychology helps in
which attempts to apply psychological facts and principles understanding the behaviour of athletes or
to learning performance and associated human behaviour sportspersons engaged in competitive sports.
in whole field of sports.” Coaches also come to know the interest, attitude
l
According to KM Burns, “Sports psychology for physical towards a physical activity, instinct, drive and
education is that branch of psychology which deals with the personality of a sportsperson.
physical fitness of an individual through his participation in 4. Controlling Emotions Sports psychology plays an
games and sports.” important role in controlling the emotions of
sportspersons during practice as well as in competition.
Importance of Psychology in Physical Spontaneous and uncontrolled outbursts of emotions
Education and Sports such as anger, fear, negative self thinking, etc., may lead
In the present scenario, sports psychology is becoming to a decline in performance. Hence, it is essential to
increasingly important, particularly with respect to the control emotions during sports competitions.
improvement and maintenance of athletic performance. Sports psychology plays a vital role at such a juncture,
With its purpose being the modification of behaviour as it helps in balancing the arousal of emotions, which
according to the needs of a situation, sports psychology helps further improves performance.
to improve attitudes and mental skills to help sportspersons 5. Psychological Preparation for Competition Sports
perform well. psychology plays a significant role in the psychological
It helps to identify limited beliefs, behaviours and attitudes preparation of an athlete.
that act as obstacles in good performance and helps to It focuses on improving mental abilities such as
embrace a healthier philosophy during performance. concentration, confidence, etc. reducing stress, and
Sports psychology also helps the coaches to make a building the competitive spirit among the athletes.
good coaching technique that conditions and prepares Owing to this feature, today, sports psychologist
a player to deal with stress situations while being mentally services are required for many national and
ready and confident. international level games.
The following points highlight the importance of sports 6. Helps Solve Emotional Problems of Sportspersons
psychology Stress, tension and anxiety are natural during
competitions or tournaments as well as during
1. Enhancement of Physiological Capacities Sports
practice/training.
psychology plays a unique role in the enhancement of
physiological capacities such as strength, speed, There may be some other emotional problems such as
flexibility etc. Motivation and proper feedback plays a depression, frustration, anorexia, panic, etc.
major role in the enhancement of physical capacity of Knowledge of sports psychology is helpful in
sportspersons. It is an established fact that psychological such situations. Techniques of relaxation and
capacity or power can increase physiological capacities of concentration for stress management can be applied by
individuals. sportspersons who are facing such problems.
Thus, it can be said that sports psychology plays a vital role in Differences between
enhancing the performance of sportspersons. It deals with Growth and Development
various mental qualities such as concentration, confidence,
emotional control, commitment, etc., which are important for From the above given definitions of growth and
successful performance in sports and games. development, one can say that development is more wider
and comprehensive term than growth.
Growth and Development The differences between growth and development are
summarised in the table given below
It is an accepted fact that physical education aims at the
holistic development of an individual. All physical activities Growth Development
and sports are very essential for proper growth and It refers to the physical It refers to the overall cognitive
development of a child. changes in the height, weight, changes in the shape, form
Thus, the knowledge of growth and development is essential for shape and size of an and structures that result
physical education teachers as well as parents. individual. in improved functioning.
Without sufficient knowledge of the process of growth and It is one aspect of It is a more comprehensive term
development. It may or may that includes growth.
development of humans, it is impossible to understand the
not bring development. It is possible without growth.
physical, mental, social and emotional development of their
It is quantitative and thus can It is qualitative and thus cannot
students/children. be measured. be measured. It can only be
Generally, growth and development are used as synonyms. observed.
However, the definitions of these terms indicate a very minute It is not a continuous step. It It is a life-long process.
difference between them. stops at a particular age of
physical maturity.
Meaning and Definition of Growth It is based on biological It includes psychological, social
The word ‘growth’ implies an increase in size. It is the physical parameters that grow as well as mental growth. They
externally (physically) and are internal and are emphasised
change that an individual goes through certain stages in life.
naturally. by individual behavioural factors.
Whenever a person undergoes growth, it essentially means that
It is related to one aspect of It looks at personality as a whole.
his/her organs or body parts have become larger and heavier. It personality.
is thus an increase in size, height, weight and length of a
human body. Both growth and development differ in definition, but in a
Various definitions of growth given by scholars are wider and a practical sense both the terms are used
collectively.
l
According to Hurlock, “Growth is change in size, in
proportion, disappearance of old features and acquisition of Both of them refer to the changes in physical, intellectual,
new ones.” social, and emotional aspects of human life. Thus, growth
l
According to Crow and Crow, “Growth refers to structural and development go hand in hand.
and physiological changes.” This is a stage of complex changes which brings us to the
stage that will end the childhood and lead to adulthood.
Meaning and Definition of Development l
This stage marks the start of puberty i.e. a series of
The term ‘development’ is referred to as an improvement in complex physical changes that marks the beginning of
functioning. It refers to the continuous process of qualitative sexual maturity.
changes in the organism as whole which leads to maturity. It brings remarkable change in the shape of an individual
In other words, it is a process by which physical, emotional and such as breast development, muscular changes, bone
intellectual changes occur so as to improve the working and hardening, change in voice, pimples, etc.
functioning of the body. Various definitions of development
given by scholars include Adolescent Problems and
l
According to EB Herlock, “Development means a their Management
progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly
predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience.” Adolescence
l
According to Gesell, “Development can be observed and to a Spanning between 13 to 19 years, adolescence is a stage,
certain extent, measured and evaluated. Its evaluation and when the individual becomes integrated with the society of
measurement can be done in three ways, i.e. anatomical, adults by undergoing marked intellectual and sexual
physiological and behavioural.” transformations.
Adolescence is a very important stage of development as it Their behaviour become erratic as they are not able to
faces rapid and important physical developments. adjust themselves to such changes.
The term ‘Adolescence’ is derived from a Latin word Therefore, they find it difficult to coordinate and adjust
‘Adolescere’ meaning ‘to grow to maturity’. It is a period easily with others. They feel that they are constantly
which fills the gap between childhood and adulthood. under pressure and desire a free atmosphere.
According to Stanley Hall, “Adolescence is a period of great 3. Aggression and Uncontrollable Emotions Adolescents
stress and strain, storm and strife.” In fact, it is a period of are very emotional and hyper. They go through sudden
growth and development that acts as a bridge of transition change of mood and outbursts almost every day.
from childhood to adulthood. One aspect of this suddenness of change include the
According to Jersield, ‘‘Adolescence is that span of years thoughts of suicide, self-hate, anxiety and depression
during which boys and girls move from childhood to that they may face.
adulthood mentally, emotionally, socially and physically.’’ Adolescents also display aggressive behaviour. They
This stage has been identified as a period of storm and stress. overreact to minor situations and are rebellious
The adolescent undergoes extreme variations in emotions. towards criticism. This may get them into bad
In a state of instability, as they are not sure of their capacities, anti-social habits and also may land them into
interests and the treatment, they face intense emotions, problems that may affect their future.
confusion and rebellion nature between being independent 4. Social Standing Adolescents are very conscious of their
and dependent in different situations. social status and their personal identity. They want to
Therefore, the lack of balance and understanding in the make their own respectable place in the society while
changes happening in their lives results in lot of problems fitting into it. To fit perfectly, they come under peer
that the adolescents face in their day-to-day lives. pressure which sometimes leads them into wrong means
of obtaining luxurious things.
Thus, the knowledge of these problems and how to manage
They feel themselves to be important and demand
them becomes crucial not only for educators but for parents
the same respect from others. They sometimes
as well. With this knowledge, they can help the children in
become overconfident and try to hide their mistakes.
laying a strong foundation for them and teach them to solve
They put their blame on others and protect
such problems for the future.
themselves.
Problems Faced by Adolescents 5. Problems Related to Sex In contrast to the previous
Due to the sudden and rapid biological, psychological and stages, adolescents now are more attracted to the
behavioural changes taking place in the body, an adolescent opposite sex. Their urges related to this attraction is so
suffers through many problems. strong that they become restless and may take wrong
means to attain them.
The only source of comfort during these times, for them, are
their peers with whom they might develop bad habits. 6. Mental Problems At this stage, children suffer from
Hence, it is essential to know these problems as well as the immense stress, anxiety and tension. With a lot of things
bad habits that an adolescent may develop. going on around them, their emotions are
uncontrollable and their concentration power declines.
The problems of adolescents are described as follows This severely affects their studies and also results in
1. Physical and Biological Problems In the stage of many social problems.
adolescence, both girls and boys go through immense 7. Drug Addiction The imbalance and instability that the
bodily changes. Girls start menstruating and nightfall adolescents face lead them towards developing bad
starts in boys. The lack of knowledge of such changes habits. In addition, the curiosity, lack of knowledge and
makes the adolescents feel restless and worried. peer pressure leads them towards the drugs and alcohol.
As a result, they often go through the sleepless nights and This experimentation can turn into addiction which can
are unable to rest leading to various health problems. spoil the entire future of the teenager.
2. Issues of Stability and Adjustment Adolescents 8. Criminal Activities The desire to be accepted by the
becomes highly conscious of themself and of the world peers and the restlessness, as a result of changes
around them. occurring in their lives, makes them more inclined to
They try to find themselfs a place within this world. participate in criminal activities. Adolescents indulge in
However, adolescents constantly go through the criminal offences like thefts, stealing, violence,
changes which makes them unstable. molestation, etc.
Management of Adolescent Problems 4. Recognition of Individuality Adolescents are often

disturbed by being treated as a small child. So, parents
The problems of adolescence should be managed and
must recognise the opinions and views of such teenagers.
addressed promptly, otherwise it may spoil the life of the
adolescents. They may be the victims of smoking, drug They need respect and responsibility just like every
abuse, alcohol, unsafe abortions (girls) and other other adult. Hence, parents must not constantly correct
undesirable activities. them and scold them.
The following techniques may be used for the management 5. Sex Education Adolescents must be educated about sex,
of adolescent problems just like any other lessons taught in school, in a
1. Proper Counselling The problems of adolescence are straightforward way. Correct knowledge enables them to
the result of natural growth and development of the understand the changes occurring in the their body as
body. At this time, lack of experience develops well as their urges better.
shyness, introversion etc. in them. It prevents them They must be properly guided to tackle all the problems
from expressing their problems to their elders. related to sex as well as to channelise their drives
This condition may increase their mental tension. towards constructive work.
Therefore, proper counselling and guidance by 6. Religious and Moral Education Religious and moral
parents, teachers and elders is the best method for education is very important for managing adolescents.
the management of adolescent problems. It will give them mental peace and some problems like
2. Participation in Co-curricular indiscipline, anxiety and worry will be sorted out easily.
Activities Adolescence is an age of energy and
7. Suitable Environment Adolescents should be provided
dynamism. If the energy is utilised in activities other
suitable environment for growth and development. They
than academics i.e. sports, dance, social functions etc, should be taught how to behave and live.
their surplus energy is spent properly. As a result,
emotional upheavals as well as instability will not Parents must look after the health and diet of
occur. adolescents and provide them a safe and healthy
environment for growth and development.
This helps in the development of their motor skills
and in harmonising the personality of an adolescent. 8. Adequate Independence Adolescents value freedom and
independence. They want to express their views and
3. Mutual Understanding Family members and all
feelings independently.
elders must try to understand the problems of
adolescents. They should be symphathetic and They desire to take their own decision and are irritated
affectionate towards them and must try to build a when any order or restriction is imposed on them.
relationship with them. Hence, parents must give them adequate freedom and
At the same time, adolescents must also understand try to understand their sentiments.
that their parents are trying to help them for their Therefore, it can be observed that adolescence is the age
betterment. With such a mutual understanding, of struggle. It is very necessary to give proper attention
teenagers feeling of instability can reduce and they to them, so that they are able to manage their problems
may not get stressed and anxious. during this crucial phase of growth and development.
Chapter
Practice
6. Pinky is a 13 year old girl. She has an elder sister of
PART 1 19 years and a younger brother of 5 years. Pinky
falls in the age group of
Objective Questions (a) Infants (b) Childhood
(c) Adolescents (d) Adulthood
l Multiple Choice Questions Ans. (c) Pinky falls in the age group of adolescent. This stage
spans from 13 to 19 years.
1. According to its Greek meaning, psychology came
to be understood as 7. Which of the following is a problem faced by
(a) Scientific study of soul (b) Study of behaviour adolescents?
(c) Study of mind (d) Study of consciousness (a) Drug addiction (b) Social standing
Ans. (a) According to its Greek meaning, psychology came to (c) Aggression (d) All of these
be understood as Scientific study of soul. Ans. (d) Problems faced by adolescents are drug addiction,
social standing, aggression, etc.
2. According to whome, ‘Psychology is the science of
human behaviour? 8. Ajay is the coach of a Basketball team. He often
(a) WB Pillsbury (b) JB Watson notices that the team members do not play as a
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these team. They are more interested in playing
Ans. (c) According to WB Pillsbury and JB Watson, individually. What kind of issues the members are
‘Psychology is the science of human behaviour’. having?
(a) Behaviourial issues (b) Emotional problems
3. The term _______ is referred to as an improvement (c) Problems in motor skills (d) All of these
in functioning. Ans. (a) The team members are going through behavioural
(a) Growth (b) Development issues as they are not playing as a single unit but are more
(c) Phycology (d) Adolescent interested in their individual performances.
Ans. (b) The term development is referred to as an
improvement in functioning.
9. Atul noticed that his 14 year old son has become
very emotional and hyper. He overeacts in minor
4. According to whom ‘Development can be observed situations and becomes too protective of himself.
and to a certain extent measures and evaluated. Its What problems is he going through?
revaluation and measurement can be done in three (a) Physical problems (b) Uncontrollable emotions
ways, i.e., anatomical, physiological and (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
behavioural’? Ans. (b) Atul’s 14 year old son is facing the problem of
(a) Crow and Crow (b) Gesell uncontrollable emotions as he becomes very emotional
(c) Herlock (d) Woodwroth and hyper. He is going through the stage of adolescence.
Ans. (b) According to Gesell ‘Development can be observed Children in this stage go through sudden change of mood
upto some extent, measures and evaluated. Its revaluation and outbursts.
and measurement can be done in three ways, i.e.,
10. Match the following.
anatomical, physiological and behavioural’.
List I List II
5. Growth is considered which type of process?
A. Mental problems 1. Height, weight
(a) Continuous process (b) Quantitative process
(c) Qualitative process (d) Both (a) and (b) B. Physical changes 2. Self hate, depression
Ans. (b) Growth is considered as a quantitative process as it C. Unstable emotions 3. Stress, tension, anxiety
can be measured. D. Social standing 4. Confusion, personal identity
Codes Ans. (d) The concept of growth is quantative in nature, it is not

A B C D A B C D qualitative. Adolescent is the age group that faces lot of
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 3 1 2 4 problems due to their social standing. They are confused
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 3 4 1 2 about themselves, their needs and their abilities. Thus, A
Ans. (b) The correct match is A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4. is false but R is true.
11. Amans parents feel that Aman is acquiring some 4. Assertion (A) Adolescent age period is quite
bad habits like lying, stealing and even fighting dynamic in nature.
with his peers. He should be taken to a _______. Reason (R) In this age group, both girls and boys
(a) Physician (b) Physical education instruction go through the emotional and physical changes.
(c) Counsellor (d) Sports academy Ans. (a) Assertion is true as the age group of adolescents
Ans. (c) Aman should be taken to a counsellor so that the undergo extreme variations emotional variations,
counsellor can talk to Aman and understand the feelings interests, capacities and physical changes.
and emotions that he is going through. Reason is also true as adolescent boys and girls go
through lot of changes physically and emotionally. Reason
l Assertion-Reasoning MCQs correctly explains assertion. Thus, Both A and R are
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-4) Each of these questions correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
contains two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has four alternative
l Case Based MCQs
choices, any one of which is the correct answer. You 1. Sports psychology is important for coaches also, to
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) understand the behaviour patterns of sports persons
given below. in different situations and to modify their
Codes behaviours accordingly. The coaches then are able
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation to understand various emotions faced by the sports
of A persons like fear, anger, disgust, aggression,
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct frustration etc.
explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false (i) Sports psychology is helpful for which of the
(d) A is false, but R is true following?
(a) Sports coaches
1. Assertion (A) Psychology is the science of human (b) Sports persons
behaviour. (c) Physical eduction teachess
Reason (R) Psychology is not related to sports. (d) All of above these
Ans. (c) The Assertion is true as the subject of psychology Ans. (d) Sports psychology is a subject that is helpful in
deals with the thinking pattern of human mind that understanding the behaviour of sports persons, so it is
influences human behaviour. helpful for coaches, physical education teachers and
The Reason is false as psychology influences the sports persons.
behaviour and thinking of a sports person so it is related (ii) Sports psychology plays a significant role in _____.
to sports also. Thus, Assertion A is true, but R is false.
(a) Understanding behaviours
2. Assertion (A) Sports psychology plays a major role (b) Solving emotional problems
in learning motor skills. (c) Both (a) and (b)
Reason (R) Growth refers to structural and (d) None of the above
physiological changes. Ans. (c) Sports psychology plays a significant role in both i.e.
understanding behaviours of the sport spersons as well as
Ans. (b) The assertion is true as sports psychology influences
in solving their emotional problems.
the learning capabilities of the players and enables them
to grasp specific motor skills needed in sports. Reason is (iii) With the help of sports psychology, coaches can
also true as growth changes the physical structure of better understand which of the following?
human being. It also brings Psychological changes. But (a) Growth
reason do not explains assertion. Thus, both A and R are (b) Development
true and R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) Aggression
(d) Physical Education
3. Assertion (A) Growth is qualitative in nature.
Ans. (c) With the help of sports psychology, coaches can better
Reason (R) Adolescents face many problems understand the aggression in sports person. They can
including the problem of social standing. then look for the causes and ways of treating them.
2. Mohit is a 17-year-old football player. When he was (ii) The cause of Mohits aggressive behaviour towards
the captain of the football team, then he played David is
really well. But from the past 3 months, his (a) David’s popularity
performance is deteriorated. He is specially (b) Mohit’s captaincy
showing his aggression to David, who is now the (c) David’s captaincy
captain of football team. (d) None of the above
Based on this case answer the following question Ans. (c) Cause of Mohit’s aggressive behaviour towards David
(i) Why Mohit’s performance is going down? is his captaincy. Earlier, he was the captain of the team.
Now when David is the captain, Mohit is not able to
(a) Due to physical problems
adjust with the situation and feels bad.
(b) Uncontrollable emotions
(c) Lack of balance (iii) Mohit is in which age group?
(d) Adjustment issues (a) Adoloscent (b) Adulthood
Ans. (b) Mohit’s performance is going down due to (c) Childhood (d) Infant
uncontrollable emotions. He is getting very emotional Ans. (a) Mohit is in the age group of adolescent. This age
and hyper. He is constantly under pressure. group spans between 13 to 19 years.
PART 2
l Short Answer Type Questions 3. Explain the concept of growth.
Ans. The word ‘growth’ implies an increase in size. It is the
1. Write a short note on sports psychology.
physical change that an individual goes through certain
Ans. Sports psychology is the branch of applied psychology stages in life. Whenever a person undergoes growth, it
that deals with the performance and behaviour of essentially means that his/her organs or body parts have
individual while performing sports and any other physical become larger and heavier. It is thus an increase in size,
activity. It is multidisciplinary science that uses height, weight and length of a human body.
psychological knowledge and skills to address optimal Various definitions of growth given by scholars are as follows
performance and well-being of athletes, developmental l
According to Hurlock, ‘‘Growth is change in size, in
and social aspects of sports participation and
proportion, disappearance of old features and
systemic issues associated with sports settings and acquisition of new ones.’’
organisations. l
According to Crow and Crow, ‘‘Growth refers to
In other words, sports psychology involves the study of structural and physiological changes’’.
how psychological factors, such as behaviour, arousal,
motivation and aspiration, affect performance and how 4. What is development, explain with the help of
participation in sport and exercise affect psychological definitions.
and physical factors. Ans. The term ‘development’ is referred to an improvement in
functioning. It refers to the continuous process of
2. How sports psychology helps in learning motor qualitative changes in the organism as whole which leads
skills? to maturity.
Ans. Sports psychology plays a major role in learning motor In other words, it is a process by which physical,
skills. It helps in identifying the behaviour and attitudes emotional and intellectual changes occur so as to improve
of players. This knowledge can then be applied to the working and functioning of the body.
develop strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, etc. Various definitions of development given by scholars include
Sports psychology plays an essential part in l
According to EB Herlock, ‘‘Development means a
understanding psychological readiness and interests of an progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly
individual towards learning a particular skill. Accordingly, predictable pattern as a result of maturation and
that skill can be developed by enhancing the motor skills experience.’’
needed to develop a particular area. l
According to Gesell, ‘‘Development can be observed
It helps coaches to design a good coaching technique that and to a certain extent, measured and evaluated. Its
conditions and prepares players to use particular motor evaluation and measurement can be done in three ways,
skills. i.e. anatomical, physiological and behavioural.’’
5. Why adolescence is identified as a period of storm place within this world. Adolescents are confused
and stress? about their identity so they face various adjustment
Ans. Adolescence is identified as a period of storm and stress
problems.
as in this stage boys and girls face extreme variations in 8. What are the techniques used for the management
their emotions. They go through a state of instability. of adolescent problems? Explain any two?
In a state of instability, they are not sure of their Ans. Techniques used for the management of adolescent
capacities, interests they face intense emotions, confusion problems are as follows
and rebellion nature between being independent and (i) Proper Counselling
dependent in different situations.
(ii) Participation in Co-curricular Activities
The lack of balance and understanding in the changes
(iii) Mutual Understanding
happening in their lives results in lot of problems that the
adolescents face in their day-to-day lives. Therefore, this (iv) Recognition of Individuality
period is also called as period of storm and stress. (v) Sex Education
(vi) Religious and Moral Education
6. List three problems faced by adolescents.
(vii) Suitable Environment
Ans. Three problems faced by adolescents are as under
(viii) Adequate Independence
Aggression Adolescents display aggressive behaviour.
They overreact to minor situations and are rebellious Mutual Understanding Family members and all elders
towards criticism. This may get them into bad anti-social must try to understand the problems of adolescents. They
habits and also may land them into problems that may should be symphathetic and affectionate towards them
affect their future. and must try to build a relationship with them.
Drug Addition The imbalance and instability that the Recognition of Individuality Adolescents are often
adolescents face lead them towards developing bad disturbed by being treated as a small child. So, parents
habits. In addition, the curiosity, lack of knowledge and must recognise the opinions and views of such teenagers.
peer pressure lead them towards the drugs and alcohol.
This experiementation can turn into addiction which can
9. In what way a counsellor can help an adolescent if
he/she faces emotional problems?
spoil the entire future of the teenager.
Ans. It is important to manage the problems of adolescence.
Criminal Activities The desire to be accepted by the
Otherwise it will become a hindrance in the normal
peers and the restlessness, as a result of changes
occurring in their lives, makes them more inclined to growth and development of a teenager. A counsellor can
participate in criminal activities. Adolescents indulge in help an adolescent in facing emotional problems by the
criminal offences like thefts, stealing, violence, following ways
molestation, etc. l
A counsellor can hear their problems and provide them
guidance.
7. Explain the physical, mental and adjustment l
They can solve the emotional problems in a better way
problems of adolescents.
as they are trained.
Ans. The physical, mental and adjustment problems of l
They can suggest ways to control aggression, frustration,
adolescents are explained as follows
anxiety, etc. It leads to their proper growth and
(i) Physical problems In the stage of adolescence, both development.
girls and boys go through immense bodily changes. l
Adoloscent children can also talk openly and freely to a
Girls start menstruating and nightfall starts in boys.
counsellor and discuss about the ways of coping up.
The lack of knowledge of such changes makes the
adolescents feel restless and worried. l
As a result, they often go through sleepless nights and
are unable to rest, leading to various health problems. 1. How is psychology important for sports persons?
(ii) Mental Problems At this stage, children suffer from Ans. Sports psychology plays a very important role in
immense stress, anxiety and tension. With a lot of improving the performance of a sportsperson. Its
things going on around them, their emotions are importance is clearly highlighted below
uncontrollable and their concentration power (i) Enhancement of Physiological Capacities Sports
declines. This severely affects their studies and also psychology plays a unique role in the enhancement of
results in many social problems. physiological capacities such as strength, speed,
(iii) Issues of Adjustment An adolescent becomes highly flexibility etc.
conscious of himself/herself and of the world around Motivation and proper feedback plays a major role in
him/her. He/She tries to find for himself/herself a the enhancement of physical capacity of a sportsperson.
(ii) Learning Motor Skills Sports psychology plays a It is quantitative and thus It is qualitative and thus cannot
major role in learning motor skills, such as learning can be measured. be measured. It can only be
depends on the individual’s level of readiness, i.e. observed.
both physiological and psychological readiness. It is not a continuous step. It is a life-long process.
It plays an essential role towards an individual It stops at a particular age
of physical maturity.
attitudes understanding psychological readiness and
interests in efficient learning and performance of a It is based on biological In includes psychological,
motor skill. parameters that grow social as well as mental growth.
externally (physically) and They are internal and are
(iii) Psychological Preparation for Competition Sports naturally. emphasised by individual
psychology plays a significant role in the behavioural factors.
psychological preparation of an athlete. It focuses on It is related to one aspect It looks at personality as a
improving mental abilities, reducing stress, and of personality. whole.
building the competitive spirit among athletes.
(iv) Understanding Behaviour Sports psychology helps 3. Discuss five problems faced by adolescents.
in understanding the behaviour of athletes or sports Ans. The problems faced by adoloscents are as follows
persons engaged in competitive sports. (i) Aggression and Uncontrollable Emotions
Coaches also come to know the interest, attitude Adolescents are very emotional and hyper. They go
towards physical activity, instinct, drive and through sudden change of mood and outbursts almost
personality of a sportsperson. every day. One aspect of this suddenness of change
(v) Controlling Emotions Sports psychology plays an include the thoughts of suicide, self-hate, anxiety and
important role in controlling the emotions of depression that they may face.
sportspersons during practice as well as in Adolescents also display aggressive behaviour. They
competition. overreact to minor situations and rebellious towards
Spontaneous and uncontrollable outbursts of criticism. This may get them into bad anti-social
emotions such as anger, fear etc. may lead to decline habits and also may land them into problems that may
in performance. Hence, it is important to control affect their future.
emotions during competitions. (ii) Social Standing Adolescents are very conscious of
Sports psychology plays a vital role at such a their social status and their personal identity. They
juncture, as it helps in balancing the arousal of want to make their own respectable place in the
emotions, which further improves performance. society while fitting into it. To fit perfectly, they come
(vi) Helps to Solve Emotional Problems of under peer pressure which sometimes leads them
Sportspersons Stress, tension and anxiety are natural into wrong means of obtaining luxurious things.
during competitions or tournaments as well as during They feel themselves to be improtant and demand
practice/training. the same respect from others. They sometimes
There may be some other emotional problems such as become overconfident and try to hide their mistakes.
depression, frustration, anorexia, panic, etc. They put their blame on others and protect
Knowledge of sports psychology is helpful in such themselves.
situations. (iii) Problems Related to Sex In contrast to the previous
Techniques of relaxation and concentration for stress stages, adolescents now are more attracted to the
management can be applied by sportspersons who opposite sex. Their urges related to this attraction is
are facing such problems. so strong that they become restless and may take
wrong means to attain them.
2. Mention six differences between growth and
development. (iv) Drug Addiction The imbalance and instability that
the adolescents face lead them towards developing
Ans. Differences between growth and development are as
bad habits. In addition, the curiosity, lack of
follows
knowledge and peer pressure leads them towards the
Growth Development drugs and alcohol. This experimentation can turn into
It refers to the physical It refers to the overall cognitive addiction which can spoil the entire future of the
changes in the height, changes in the shape, form and teenager.
weight, shape and size of structures that result in (v) Criminal Activities The desire to be accepted by the
an individual. improved functioning. peers and the restlessness as a result of changes
It is one aspect of It is more comprehensive term occurring in their lives, makes them more inclined to
development. It may or that includes growth. It is participate in criminal activities. Adolescents indulge
may not bring possible without growth. in criminal offences like thefts, stealing, violence,
development. molestation, etc.
l Case Based Questions Ans. Ruchi wants to go home because she is not able to adjust
herself to the hostel life. She is finding difficulty in
1. Praveen is in his adolescence and he lives in society coordinating and is constantly under pressure.
‘Y’. During a councelling session in his school he (ii) In which age group is Ruchi? Why is she facing
informs councellor about his bad habits of stealing, problems?
drug dealing, etc. Praveen knows that stealing is a Ans. Ruchi is in the age group of adolescence. In this stage,
crime and he wants to get rid of this bad habit. He adolescents become highly conscious of themselves, their
is also aware that drug dealing is an offence and behaviour become erratic and their emotions are
morally wrong. unstable.
Based on this case, answer the following questions.
3. The knowledge of growth and development is
(i) How environment can hamper Praveen’s essential for physical education teachers as well as
behaviour? parents. Without sufficient knowledge of the
Ans. Adolescents acquire the habits and behaviour that they process of growth and development in humans, it is
see around them so if Praveen lives in an environment impossible to understand the physical, mental,
where there are criminal activities taking place, then he social and emotional development of their
will acquire those. students/Children.
(ii) How a suitable environment can be given to Praveen? Based on the passage, answer the following questions.
Ans. Praveen’s parents must look after him and teach him how
(i) Why development is called a life long process?
to behave and live. They should guide him and provide
him a safe and healthy environment. Ans. Development is considered as a life long process as it is
continuous and do not stops at a particular age of physical
2. Ruchi is a student of class 9 and is new to the or mental maturity.
school hostel. Her warden is worried as she is not (ii) What is the major difference between growth and
taking her meals and wants to leave the hostel and development, in the context of psychology?
go home. She is not taking interest in any kind of
Ans. Growth is defined as the physical change that a particular
school activities either. She do not interacts with
individual undergoes during certain stages in his lifetime,
other students also. whereas development is the overall change of the
Based on this, answer the following questions individual in terms of his physique, behaviour, emotions
(i) Why Ruchi wants to go home? and cognition throughout his lifespan.
Chapter Test
1. The term ‘_______’ is referred to as an improvement in functioning.
(a) Development (b) Growth
2. Identify the incorrect statement
(a) Growth pattern is different for everyone
(b) Adolescents may become victim of criminal activities
(c) Adolescents face physical instability
(d) Cognitive ability is part of development
3. A new discipline that merges psychology and physical activity and games is
(a) Applied psychology (b) Sports psychology
4. _______ means a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly pattern
(a) Growth (b) Psychology
(c) Behaviour (d) Development.
5. Growth and development are never ending process.
It starts from the period when a person is not born and continues upto death. These changes are constantly taking
place related to physical and psychological abilities and capacities. Growth and development are often used to
describe these changes. Based on the passage answer the following questions
What is the meaning of development?
(a) Change in structure of body organ (b) Change in size
(c) Change in maturity (d) All of these

1. How mutual understanding between parents/ teacher and adolescents help in knowing them better?
2. How sports can help in solving emotional problems of the adolescents?
Long Answer (LA) Type Question
1. What advice should be given to teachers and parents to solve the problems of adolescent children?
2. Explain any three techniques for management of adolescent problems?
Answers
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d)
CHAPTER 05
Training and
Doping in Sports
In this Chapter...
l Meaning and Definition of Sports Training
l Principles of Sports Training
l Concept of Doping
l Prohibited Substances and Methods
Today, sports and physical education are specialised Various definitions of sports training as given by scholars are as
fields. All sports and physical activities require a follows
specific, scientific and systematic set of skills and l
According to Thiess and Schnabel, “Sports training is a
techniques that leads to a successful performance of a scientifically based and pedagogically organised process which,
player. through planned and systematic effort, affects performance
A sportsperson also needs special types of physical ability and performance readiness, aims at sports perfection and
fitness components. These set of skills, techniques and performance improvement as well as the contest in sports
components are achieved by training that further competitions.”
improves the performance of an individual. Hence, l
According to Martin, ‘‘Sports training is a planned and
training is essential in the field of sports and physical controlled process of achieving goals in which the changes of
education. motor performance and behaviour are made through measures of
content, methods and organisation.”
Meaning and Definition l
According to D Harre, “Sports training, based on scientific
knowledge, is a pedagogical process of sports perfection which,
of Sports Training through systematic effect on psycho-physical performance ability
The word ‘training’ means the process of preparation for and performance readiness, aims at leading the sportsman to
some task. It is a process by which one gains practical high and highest performance. Through active and conscious
and theoretical knowledge. interaction with the given demands in sports training, the
Training in sports means the preparation of a sportman’s personality develops according to the norms and
sportsperson based on the scientific principles for standards of socialist society.’’
giving the highest level of performance. It is a Training is a long-term, systematic and a continuous process that
specialised process of all-round physical strengthening recognises an individual’s needs and capabilities to develop
aimed at improving an athlete’s fitness in a selected exercises based on scientific knowledge that enhances sports
activity. performance.
It develops basic and advanced skills, techniques, tactics, Training techniques have the following objectives
strategies, etc. for all sports activities and competitions. 1. Physical Preparation Athletes need a holistic physical
Often, the concept of training and preparation coincide but development as a training base as well as overall
they are not identical. While preparation is a broader and a physical fitness. The purpose is to increase endurance
complex term including training, nutrition, competitions, etc. and strength, develop speed, improve flexibility, and
Training is one part of preparation that includes fitness, refine coordination, thus achieving a harmoniously
safety, individual care, exercise, etc. developed body.
2. Technical Preparation Technical training involves
Concept of Sports Training developing the capacity to perform all technical actions
Sports training is a concept whose practice is spread over correctly, perfecting the required technique,
many years. Training method for a particular sport consists performing specific techniques and improving the
of training periods which are split into sessions and technique of related sports while ensuring the ability to
schedules. perform all movements correctly.
These sessions and schedules are progressive in nature and 3. Tactical Preparation Tactical factors include
training continues till mastery over a skill is achieved. improving strategy by studying the tactics of opponents,
All training programmes are divided into three parts as expanding the optimal tactics within athletes’
discussed below capabilities, perfecting strategies, and developing a
strategy considering future opponents.
1. Preparatory Period This is the basic training
programme wherein stress is given on basic fitness and 4. Psychological Preparation Psychological preparation is
skill for competitions. It is further divided into number also necessary to ensure enhanced physical
of phases as follows performance. Psychological trainingimproves discipline,
perseverance, willpower, confidence, and courage.
l
Phase I It includes various conditioning programmes
that develops general abilities such as endurance,
speed, strength, etc. taking about 6-12 weeks of Principles of Sports Training
practice. Training techniques include weightlifting, Sports training is based on certain scientific principles which
circuit training, running, etc. guides the coaches, trainers and sportspersons to develop and
l
Phase II In this phase, training focuses on mastery of implement suitable training programmes. These principles
advanced skills which continues for 4-8 weeks. are generally agreed upon guidelines that are grounded in
Various techniques of specific games are also sport science and hold true in practice and competition.
introduced in this phase. The key sports training principles are as follows
l
Phase III In this phase, a player develops the tactics 1. Priniciple of Continuity Training should be a
and strategies to be used under difficult situations like continuous process, as any break in training will reduce
that of a competition. This phase continues over 2-5 physiological capacity of the sportsperson. Training
weeks. should be carried out on a regular basis without any
2. Competition Period In this period, the player achieves long period of inactivity. However, there should be
its top form and can participate in competitions to intervals of rest and recovery between training sessions.
achieve top performance. 2. Principle of Balanced Training This principle suggests
Training, in this period, has maximum intensity. that the right mix of training activities, diet and healthy
Sportspersons are trained technically and tactically with lifestyle habits are required for optimal functioning.
main focus on speed. Going to extremes can result in poor performance,
3. Transitional Period This period comes after the illness and injury. Overtraining, consuming too much of
competition. In this period, a player relaxes and rests to certain foods and nutrients (including water), or
recover from stress. adopting crash diets are examples of imbalance.
The main purpose of this period is the maintenance of 3. Principle of Individual Differences It concerns
physical abilities for next competition. adjustments in training based on differences between
individual athletes. As different persons respond
Objectives of Sports Training differently to exercise and load, their training
Training improves an individual’s physical, psychological, programmes should be modified to take care of their
intellectual and technical capacities and capabilities. differences.
4. Principle of Overload It provides guidance about 10. Principle of Progression According to this
intensity of workloads and increasing the workload after principle, the overload should not be increased too
the body has adapted to the previous load. slowly or too rapidly as it may result in injury or muscle
It means that the training loads should be increased for damage. Exercising above the target zone can be
improving the performance of sportspersons. Once the dangerous.
load is adapted, it is no longer efficient. Hence, the load The principle of progression also makes us realise
must be increased after a passage of time for continuous the need for proper rest and recovery. The constant
improvement. overload can lead to exhaustion and injury.
5. Principle of Rest and Recovery It concerns rest and 11. Principle of General and Specific Preparation For the
recovery between exercises and time gap between improvement of performance, both the general and
workouts. The body regenerates between training specific preparations are significant. General
sessions and so intervals between them should be preparation serves as the base for specific preparation.
planned accordingly. The general preparation increases the functional
6. Principle of Reversibility It provides guidance about capacity of all the body systems and organs while,
detraining when athletes stop working out. It says that specific preparation is required to improve those
sportspersons lose the beneficial effects of training systems and organs, on which the performance of
when they stop working out. sportspersons directly depends.
The physiological effects of fitness training diminishes 12. Principle of Active Involvement The principle of
over time, causing the body to revert to its pre-training active involvement means that for an effective training
condition. Conversely, it also means that detraining programme, the athlete must participate actively and
effects can be reversed when athletes resume training. willingly.
7. Principle of Specificity It tells how workouts change Various experts list describe sports training principles in
sportspersons’ bodies to prepare for the demands of different ways but the underlying concepts in all of them are
their sports. To become better in a particular skill, the essentially the same.
sportsperson must train in that particular exercise or All of these principles work together in coordination with
skill required in it. For example, Gymnasts require each other during sports training to effectively improve the
more flexibility training. performance.
8. Principle of Transfer It provides guidance on how
workout activities can speed up the athlete’s results in
competitive performances. It says that learning and
Concept of Doping
performing one activity affects the performance of The word ‘doping’ refers to the use of drugs in the field of
related skills and activities. sports to enhance the physical capacity of sportspersons. In
This principle is essential for designing practice general, it is the use of performance enhancing substances by
strategies that have the greatest positive impact on the athletes or sportspersons to gain an advantage over
competitive performance. Correctly applying this competitors.
principle saves valuable training time besides The concept of doping is not new in sports. In ancient
accelerating results. Greece, there were specialists who would offer nutritional
9. Principle of Variation It provides direction about ingredients such as mushrooms, opium and other herbal
variations in exercises, rest time, intensity and other beverages that enhanced sports performance. Even
variables. Gladiators are known to use various substances that aimed at
As training occurs over a long period of time, it tends to enhancing strength.
become boring for both the sportsperson and the coach. In the modern times, the use of doping first came out in 1904
Varying the training programmes helps to maintain the Olympics, when Thomas Hicks won the marathon race. He
interest and motivation of the sportsperson. had taken injections of strychnine.
Further, introduction of new activities and including The increase in doping increased so much that in 1928, the
fun games into the session can prevent problems such as International Athletic Association Federation banned doping
plateaus in performance and overtraining effects. followed by other sport federations.
With the introduction of synthetic hormones, the problem 3. Beta-2-Agonists These drugs relax the muscles of the
of doping worsened. As a result, sports federations airway to allow more oxygen to come in during
all-around the globe, banned doping and emphasised on respiration. Athletes usually take these drugs to enhance
blood testing. respiratory function, increase the capacity for strenous
The International Olympic Committee started considering activities and to shorten recovery time.
the “presence in the human body of substances which are All Beta-2-Agonists such as formoterol, salbutamol, etc.
prohibited according to the list published by the IOC and/or are prohibited, although they are easily available in the
the international organisation” as illegal. form of inhalers for asthma patients.
Soon, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was formed 4. Anabolic Steroids They stimulate the growth of
in 1999 which defined doping as “the occurrence of one or muscles and help athletes to train harder and recover
more of the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 quickly. Nandrolone, Drostanolone, Primbolan (also
known as methenolone) and oxandrolone are some
through Article 2.8 of the code.”
common anabolic steroids. These are taken orally or by
They set some anti-doping rules that identified doping as intramuscular injection.
l
The presence of prohibited substances and methods. 5. Diuretics They reduce weight rapidly by removing
l
Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or body fluids such as water. Though they cannot enhance
prohibited method by an athlete. performance, their use is illegal because they are used
l
Refusing or failing to submit sample collection after as masking agents for removing other doping
notification by the authority. substances. Dextran is an example of a diuretics.
l
Possession of prohibited substances or prohibited methods. 6. Peptide Hormones These hormones are produced
l
Tampering or attempting to tamper with any part of the naturally by glands in the body. They increase muscle
doping control process. bulk, strength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
l
Trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited These include erythropoietin (EPO), human Growth
substance or prohibited methods. Hormone (hGH), Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-1)
l
Failure to inform an athlete’s whereabouts after being etc.
notified. 7. Glucocorticosteroids These drugs are used for relief
l
Administering, or attempting to administer a prohibited from fatigue and pain. They help in preparing athletes
substance or method to an athlete. to continue their efforts for longer periods.
Therefore, doping refers to the substances that are prohibited 8. Aromatase Inhibitors They help in increasing
by the authority. testosterone secretion, thus giving more strength.
Examples of such inhibitors are Testolactone,
Classification of Doping Anastrozole, Formestane, etc.
Doping can be classified into the following two types 9. Cannabinoids They cause a feeling of relaxation.
I. Performance Enhancing Substances
Athletes use them for speedy recovery after any exertion.
Hashish and Marijuana are common Cannabinoids which
1. Stimulants These are the drugs that enhance alertness
are banned.
and physical activity by increasing heart rate, breathing
rate and the functions of the brain. II. Physical Methods
These include adrafinil, ephedrine, cocaine and It includes gene doping and blood doping
various amphetamines. 1. Gene Doping It is the manipulation of cells or genes
They stimulate both physically and mentally by for enhancing the body’s sports performance. It is based
reducing the feeling of fatigue and enhancing on the principles of gene therapy.
aggressiveness. They are taken through injection, nasal It plays a vital role in the growth of musculoskeletal
spray and orally. structures. It helps in speedy recovery from tendon,
ligament and muscle injuries.
2. Narcotics They are used to relieve pain and discomfort
which could arise from muscle strain or an injury. They 2. Blood Doping World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
also reduce anxiety and help in making persistent efforts defines blood doping as the misuse of certain techniques
for a longer time. or substance to increase one’s red blood cell count, which
Narcotics such as methadone, morphine, heroin, allows the body to transport more oxygen to muscles
pethidine, etc. are usually used during competition. and therefore increase stamina and performance.
The method used in it includes taking out some blood 4. Diuretics All diuretics and masking agents are banned
from an athlete a few weeks before competition, freeze in and out of all competitions for giving athletes an
and store it till one or two days before the competition unfair competitive edge, as these drugs are used in
and then inject the blood back into the athlete. sports to remove fluids from the body and reduce
This practice boosts red blood cells, raising the capacity weight rapidly.
of the blood to carry oxygen, thus enhancing the 5. Hormones and Metabolic Modulators Any substances
performance of the athlete. that interfere with the function of hormones such as
This is called autologous blood doping. The injection of tamoxifen and comipherne are banned from all sports.
fresh blood in the body of an athlete from another person
Methods Prohibited at all Times
is called homologous blood doping.
WADA has prohibited three methods of doping athletes.
Another way of blood doping is to inject artifical oxygen These are as follows
carriers including certain chemicals and proteins into
the blood. 1. Manipulation of Blood and Blood Components
This category includes
Prohibited Substances l
Administration or reintroduction of any quantity
of autologous, homologous or heterologous blood, or
and Methods red blood cell products of any origin into the
Prohibited substances and methods are those that are not circulatory system.
allowed to be used in competitive sports. WADA maintains l
Artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or
and updates this list of prohibited substances and methods delivery of oxygen through haemoglobin-based blood
every year. substitutes products, but not including supplemental
Some substances are banned only during competition oxygen by inhalation.
whereas others are banned at all times. Some others may be l
Any form of intravascular manipulation of the
banned due to the method of administration. blood or blood components by physical or
If any of these are required as a medicine, they must fulfil the chemical means.
conditions given below 2. Chemical and Physical Manipulation This category
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The athlete’s health will be adversely affected if he does includes
not take it. l
Tampering, or attempting to tamper the samples
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There is no suitable alternative to it. collected during doping control, including urine
substitution or adulteration.
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There is no considerable performance enhancing benefit by
consuming this drug.
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Intravenous infusions and/or injections of more than
50 ml per 6 hour period except for those legitimately
Substances Prohibited at all Times received in the course of hospital admissions, surgical
According to WADA, the following substances are banned in procedures or clinical investigations.
all sports competitions 3. Gene Doping This category includes
1. Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids such as l
The transfer of polymers of nucleic acids or nucleic
drostanolone, metenolone, oxandrolone, acid analogues.
tetrahydrogestrinone, stanzolol, etc. are prohibited as l
The use of normal or genetically modified cells.
they enhance the performance of an athlete artificially
and have serious side effects. Substance Prohibited in Competitions
2. Peptide Hormones Peptide hormones such as Many substances are banned or prohibited only at the time of
erythropoietin, human growth hormone, insulin, human competitions. They are as follows
chorionic gonadotropin and adrenocorticotropic 1. Stimulants Stimulants such as caffeine, amphetamines,
hormone, etc are banned as they artificially increase the ephedra, cocaine, etc. act on the central nervous system
muscle and produces excess red blood cells. and improves the performance artificially. Hence, they
3. Beta-2-Agonists These are the substances that are are banned in competitions.
generally prescribed for asthma patients. These are 2. Narcotics Narcotics such as fentanyl, morphine and
prohibited in all sports. oxycodone are not allowed during competitions.
3. Cannabinoids Substances such as hashish, marijuana, 4. Stimulants They are very harmful for the cardiovascular
etc. induces relaxation artificially and hence, are system. Blood pressure and body temperature increases
banned during all competitions. due to narrowing of blood vessels and results in cardiac
4. Glucocorticosteroids Some pain relievers such as arrest. They can also cause respiratory paralysis and
Betamethasone, Budesonide, Cortisone, etc. are banned psychological problems.
from all competitions. 5. Diuretics They disrupt the balance of water and salt in
Apart from these, certain Beta-blockers such as Bisoprolol, the body. This can lead to muscle cramps, acute
Carteolol, etc are banned from hypertension and circulatory shock. Other side effects
are gastrointestinal and kidney problems.
certain sports including Archery, Golf, Shooting,
Skiing/Snowboarding and Underwater sports. 6. Narcotics They cause problems in coordination and
concentration. Overdose of narcotics may lead to fatal
Side Effects of Prohibited Substances respiratory paralysis.
It can also cause a false sense of security and
The use of prohibited substances results in numerous invincibility which is very fatal, as it leads to
problems. It may even be fatal for health. The side effects of overtraining.
such substances are as follows
7. Cannabinoids They lead to a drop in physical
1. Anabolic Steroids Overdose of steroids can have performance and affect short-term memory. High doses
serious side effects including the risk of cardiovascular cause anxiety, panic, restlessness and confusion. They
diseases, liver diseases and many behavioural changes. reduce concentration and coordination, and can also
It affects the endrocrine systems and brings many cause heart diseases and lung cancer.
physical changes.
8. Glucocorticoids They affect the immune system which
In males, female body developments like enlarging leads to decrease in bone density (osteoporosis) and
of breast becomes eminent. In females, facial hair, muscle wasting, which increases the risk of injury.
abnormal menstrual cycle is commonly observed.
9. Alcohol The consumption of alcohol leads to impairment
The intake of steroid results in extreme mood swings, of the thinking process. It can cause respiratory paralysis
aggression, depression etc. leading to death. Alcohol addiction damages cells of the
2. Beta-2 Agonists The side effects are excessive body, besides affecting the nervous system and liver.
sweating, headache, nauseal, muscle cramps, 10. Peptide Hormones Their excess use can be fatal. The
restlessness, rapid heartbeat etc. They also have some overdose of these hormones leads to heart palpitations,
other side effects like reduction in potassium agitation, hypertension, diabetes etc.
concentration in blood serum and increase in glucose High intake of EPO causes thickening of blood which
level in the body. increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes and pulmonary
3. Hormone and Metabolic Modulators They interfere embolism. Due to imbalance of these hormones, there
with the body’s endocrine system and enhance the risk could be osteoporosis, ulcers and cataracts.
of serious diseases. They also slow down some enzyme Further, it can lead to abnormal enhancement of body
reactions causing hot flushes, excessive sweating, and organs as well as low blood sugar levels which can cause
loss of sleep. brain damage and even death.
Chapter
Practice
PART 1
Objective Questions
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Multiple Choice Questions Ans. (c) Alcohol stimulates the nervous system. Due to its
consumption, brain and nerves become weak,
1. Which period of training comes after competition? neuromuscular coordination decreases and reaction time
(a) Preparatory (b) Competition of such individuals increases.
(c) Transitional (d) Technical
6. Match the following
Ans. (c) Transitional period of training comes after
competition. In this period, player gets recovery time List I List II
and maintains physical ability for the next competition. A. Adrafinil 1. Peptide hormone
2. What is the full form of ‘WADA’? B. Erythropoietin 2. Narcotics
(a) White Anti-doping Agency C. Dextran 3. Stimulant
(b) Wide Anti-doping Academy
D. Pethidine 4. Diuretics
(c) World Anti-doping Agency
(d) None of the above Codes
Ans. (c) The full form of WADA is World Anti-doping Agency. A B C D
It was formed in 1999. It defined doping as ‘‘the (a) 3 1 4 2
occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule (b) 4 2 3 1
violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8. (c) 2 3 1 4
(d) 1 4 2 3
3. Women who take ..........., tend to develop muscular
bodies. Ans. (a) The correct match is A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2.
(a) Beta-blockers (b) Amphetamines 7. Match the following.
(c) Diuretics (d) Steroids
List I List II
Ans. (d) Women who take steroids, tend to develop miscular
bodies. Steroids are drugs that stimulate the growth of A. Anabolic Steroids 1. Nervous system
muscles. B. Cannabinoids 2. Endocrinal changes
4. Which of the following is the performance C. Alcohol 3. Heart diseases
enhancing substance or method?
D. Beta-2 Agonists 4. Diabetes
(a) Blood doping (b) Gene doping
(c) Narcotics (d) Autologos doping Codes
Ans.(c) Narcotics is the performance enhancing substance. A B C D
Blood doping, gene doping and autologos doping are (a) 4 1 3 2
physical methods of enhancing performance. (b) 4 2 1 3
5. Alcohol stimulates the (c) 2 3 1 4
(a) Muscular system (b) Digestive system (d) 1 4 2 3
(c) Nervous system (d) Excretory system Ans.(c) The correct match is A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4.
8. The use of doping first came out in _____. Codes

(a) 1906 (b) 1904 (c) 1912 (d) 1940 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A
Ans. (b) The use of doping first came out in 1904.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
9. Joy, a boxer initially started taking certain drugs in explanation of A
small amount to increase his muscle power. But (c) A is true, but R is false
after some time, his body got a habit of it and now (d) A is false, but R is true
he takes it daily. 1. Assertion (A) Sports training is planned and
What should a doctor at medical camp suggest Jay? controlled process.
(a) Rapidly reduce stimulants intake. Reason (R) Training is essential in the field of
(b) Slowly reduce stimulants intake. sports and physical education.
(c) It is impossible to leave this habits. Ans. (b) The Assertion is true as sports training means proper
(d) Given away sports. planning, preparation of the process and a controlled way
Ans. (b) Doctor at medical camp suggest jay to slowly reduce of practising.
stimulants intake. Regular intake of stimulants makes it a Reason is also true as training is the first and the most
habit. The habit should be reduced slowly by decreasing essential step in the field of sports and physical education.
its intake. It enhances sports performances. Thus, Both A and R are
10. Stimulants such as caffeine, amphetamines, true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
ephedra, cocaine etc. act on the central nervous 2. Assertion (A) Stimulants are considered as drug.
system and improves the performance artificially. Reason (R) Gene doping is physical method of
This affects athletes health adversely. doping.
How stimulants impact the performance of a Ans. (b) The Assertion is true as stimulants enhance alertness
sportsperson? and physical activity so they are considered as drug.
(a) It reduces stress. Reason is also true as Gene droping is when cells or genes
(b) It removes tiredness. are manipulated for enhancing sports performance. But
(c) It increases blood pressure. reason do not explains assertion. Thus, Both A and R are
(d) All of the above true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Ans. (c) The stimulants have a direct effect on the cardio 3. Assertion (A) Cannabinoids are banned from sports
vascular systems as they increase the heart rate thereby competitions although they give relief from fatigue
increasing the blood pressure. and pain.
11. You have noticed your friend using sports Reason (R) This practice boosts red blood cells
enhancing drugs for winning sports competitions. raising the capacity of blood to carry oxygen
He says that he needs it for stimulation as winning therefore cannabinoids are banned.
the competition is very important for him. To Ans. (c) Assertion is true as Cannabinoids like Hashish and
explain him the side effects of taking drugs, select Marijuana are banned from sports competition. They
the best option from the following. cause a feeling of relaxation and pain relief. The reason is
(a) They are good pain killers. false as red blood cells are boosted by the physical
(b) They increase muscle mass. method of blood doping while cannabinoids are
(c) They cause hyper tension. performance enhancing substances. Thus, A is true but R
(d) They reduce anxiety. is false.
Ans. (c) Stimulants raise the blood pressure and cause hyper 4. Assertion (A) Principal of reversibility tells how
tension which is an ill effect. Other options increase in adjustments based on individuals should be done.
muscle mass, reducing anxiety are positive.
Reason (R) The overload should not be increased
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Assertion and Reasoning too slowly or too rapidly as it may result in injury or
muscle damage.
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-4) Each of these questions Ans. (d) The assertion is false as principle of reversibility
contains two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason provides guidance about detraining when athletes stop
(R). Each of these questions also has four alternative working out.
choices, any one of which is the correct answer. You The reason is true as overloading of training exercises
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) should not increased too slowly or too rapidly to avoid any
given below. related injuries. Thus, A is false but R is true.
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Case Based MCQs and training is different in everyone due to individual
differences.
1. Prakash is the coach for the school Basketball (ii) Which principle of training means that training sessions
team. During training sessions, he noticed that should consist of many variables?
some players could continue exercises without (a) Principle of active involvement
fatigue for longer periods than others while (b) Principle of variation
some players have faster reaction time. He then
(c) Principle of reversibility
split the students and gave different exercise
(d) Principle of overload
and training schedules. Based on this case,
answer the following question Ans. (b) Principle of variation or variance means that training must
be planned with different challenges and variables.
(i) Which principle of sports training is observed
by Prakash? (iii) The principle of recovery means which of the following?
(a) Rest is important
(a) Principle of balanced training
(b) Training is continues process
(b) Principle of Specificity
(c) Intensity of workloads
(c) Principle of Individual differences
(d) None of the above
(d) Principle of progression
Ans. (a) Principle of recovery means rest is important as rest is
Ans. (c) Prakash observed the principle of individual
always required for the body to recover from exertion of
differences which states that response to exercise
training.
PART 2
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Short Answer (SA) Type Questions a sportsperson’s potential will never be fulfilled. They will
not be able to develop the skill and competitive edge
1. Define sports training? Enlist the principles of needed to win a sports event. The sport persons will be
sports training. weak in physical, technical, tactical and psychological
Ans. Training in sports means the preparation of a preparation needed in winning a sports competition.
sportsperson based on the scientific principles for
giving the highest level of performance. It is a
3. Explain any three principles of sports training.
specialised process of all-round physical Ans. Three principles of sports training are as follows
strengthening aimed at improving an athlete’s fitness (i) Principle of Balanced Training It concerns achieving the
in a selected activity. right proportions between training activities and rest. It
The principles of sports training are also relates to the body’s tendency to return to normalcy
or homeostasis.
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Continuitytraining
Balanced
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Individual differences
Overload (ii) Principle of Individual Differences It concerns
adjustments in training based on differences between
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Recovery
Reversibility
individual sportspersons.
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Specificity
Transfer
(iii) Principle of Overload It provides guidance about
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Variation
Progression
intensity of workloads and increasing the workload after
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General and specific preparation the body has adapted to the previous load.
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Active involvement
4. Explain the three phases of preparatory period in sports
2. What are two reasons for the requirement of an training.
effective training programme in sports? What is Ans. Preparatory period is the basic training program where stress
the result if they are not conducted? is given on developing fitness and skill needed for sports
Ans. Two reasons for the requirement of an effective competitions. The three phases of preparatory period are as
training programme in sports are as follows follows
(i) Producing skillful high performers for success l
Phase I This phase consist of programs that develop speed,
in major international competitions. strength, endurance. This phase includes 6-12 weeks of
(ii) Development of healthy participants. practice. Training of weight lifting, running and circuit
If such training programmes are not conducted, training comes in it.
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Phase II This phase focus on mastery of advanced skills. l
Possession of prohibited substances or prohibited
It includes 4-8 weeks of practice and various techniques methods.
of specific games are introduced in this phase. l
Tampering or attempting to tamper with any part of the
l
Phase III This phase develops the tactics and strategies doping control process.
to be used under tough situations and consist of 2-5 l
Trafficking or attempted trafficking in any prohibited
weeks of practice. substance or prohibited methods.
5. What is Principle of Variation? How it enhances l
Failure to inform an athlete’s whereabouts after being
sports training? notified.
Ans. The Principle of Variation provides direction about l
Administering, or attempting to administer a prohibited
variations in exercises, rest time, intensity and other substance or method to an athlete.
variables. It means to include a number of different 8. Discuss the effects of stimulants both beneficial and
activities and exercises in the training program to harmful.
maintain the interest and motivation of the athlete. This
Ans. Stimulants are a class of drugs that stimulate the body’s
can be done by changing the nature of exercise,
central nervous system which include the brain and
increasing the time of each session, changing the group
spinal cord. They have, both beneficial and harmful
and environment, etc.
effects like enhancing alertness and physical activity by
As training occurs over a long period of time, it tends to increasing heart rate, breathing rate and the functions of
become boring for both the sportsperson and the coach. the brain.
Varying the training programmes helps in maintaining the They stimulate both physically and mentally by reducing
interest of the sportsperson. Further, introduction of new the feeling of fatigue and enhancing aggressiveness.
activities and including fun games into the session can
The harmful effects of stimulants increase in
prevent problems such as plateaus in performance and
hypertension, anxiety and even respiratory paralysis and
overtraining effects.
cardiac arrest.
6. ‘‘Doping has been a part of the field of sports since Stimulants also has many toxic effects like they increase
time immemorial’’. Justify the statement. aggression and violent behaviours, cause dizziness,
Ans. Doping refers to the use of drugs to enhance physical blurred vision and irregular heartbeat. They also cause
performance. The concept of doping is not new in sports. addiction and increase dependance which can lead to
In ancient Greece, there were specialists who would offer intake of high doses of stimulants.
nutritional ingredients such as mushrooms, opium and 9. What do you mean by a prohibited substance? State
other herbal beverages that enhanced sports performance. the effects of using Betablockers and Peptide
Even Gladiators are known to use various substances that Hormones.
aimed at enhancing strength. Ans. Substances which are not allowed to be used in sports by
In the modern times, the use of doping first came out in any sportsperson are known as prohibited substances.
1904 Olympics, when Thomas Hicks won the marathon The use of these substances is illegal. Therefore, World
race. He had taken injections of strychnine. Anti-doping Agency (WADA) has issued a list of
After that, the increase in doping increased so much that prohibited substances.
in 1928, the International Athletic Association Federation The effect of using Betablockers is to relax the muscles of
banned doping followed by other doping federations. the airway to allow more oxygen to come in during
Soon, the International Olympic Committee started respiration, which increases endurance. They also reduce
considering the ‘‘presence of substances in the human blood pressure and heart rate in heart patients.
body which are prohibited according to the list published The effects of using Peptide Hormones are increase in
by the IOC and/or the international organisation’’ as muscle bulk, strength and oxygen-carrying red blood
illegal. cells. However, they interfere with the working of
Hence, it can be said that doping has been a part of the estrogens (i.e. female hormones).
field of sports since time immemorial.
10. What constitutes manipulation of blood and blood
7. Elaborate the anti-doping rules of sport. components, according to WADA?
Ans. Anti-doping rules of sport are as follows Ans. According to WADA, manipulation of blood and blood
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The presence of prohibited substances and methods. components includes
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Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or l
Administration or reintroduction of any quantity of
prohibited method by an athlete. autologous, homologous or heterologous blood, or red
l
Refusing or failing to submit sample collection after blood cell products of any origin, into the circulatory
notification by the authority. system.
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Artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or delivery 14. Differentiate between autologous and homologus
of oxygen through haemoglobin-based blood substitute blood doping.
products, but not including supplemental oxygen by Ans. The difference between autologous and humologus are as
inhalation. follows
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Any form of intravascular manipulation of the blood or
blood components by physical or chemical means. Autologous Blood Homologous Blood
Autologous blood doping is Homologous blood doping is
11. Explain the side effects of Cannabinoids, when blood from an athlete when fresh blood of another
Glucocorticoids and alcohol. is taken out, frozen and person is injected into the
Ans. (i) Cannabinoids They lead to a drop in physical stored a few weeks before body of an athlete.
performance and affect short-term memory. High the competition.
doses cause anxiety, panic, restlessness and It is again injected one or This also increases red blood
confusion. They also reduce the concentration and two days before the cells in the body and enhances
coordination power and can cause heart and lung competition. This boosts the performance.
red blood cells in the body
diseases.
and enhances performance.
(ii) Glucocorticoids They affect the immune system
In autologus own blood is In homologous blood of some
which leads to decrease in bone density
used. other person is used.
(osteoporosis) hence increasing the risk of injury.
(iii) Alcohol The consumption of alcohol leads to
impairment of the thinking process. It can cause
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respiratory paralysis leading to death. Alcohol 1. Explain in brief the meaning and concept of sports
addiction damages the cells of the body, affecting the training.
nervous system and liver.
Ans. Training in sports means the preparation of a sportsperson
12. List the substances that are banned in sports based on the scientific principles for giving the highest
competitions but otherwise can be taken? level of performance.
Ans. Many substances are banned or prohibited only at the It is a specialised process of all round physical
time of competitions. They are as follows strengthening aimed at improving an athlete’s fitness in a
(i) Stimulants Stimulants such as caffeine, selected activity.
amphetamines, ephedra, cocaine, etc. act on the Training is a long term, systematic and a continuous
central nervous system and improves the process that recognises an individual’s needs and
performance artificially. Hence, they are banned in capabilities to develop exercises based on scientific
competitions. knowledge that enhances sports performances.
(ii) Narcotics Narcotics such as morphine and It develops basic and advanced skills, techniques,
oxycodone are not allowed during competitions. tactics, strategies, etc. for all sports activities and
(iii) Cannabinoids These substances such as hashish, competitions.
mariyuana, etc. induces relaxation artificially and Sports training is a concept whose practice is spread over
hence are banned during all competitions. many years. Training method for a particular sport
(iv) Glucocorticosteroids Some pain relievers such as consists of training periods which are split into sessions
betamethasone, budesonide, cortisons, etc. are and schedules.
banned from all competitions. These sessions and schedules are progressive in nature
and training continues till mastery over a skill is
13. Write a short note on blood doping. achieved.
Ans. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) defines blood
All training programs are divided into three parts. These
doping as the misuse of certain techniques or substance
are as follows
to increase one’s red blood cell count, which allows the
body to transport more oxygen to muscles and therefore (i) Preparatory Period This is the basic training
increase stamina and performance. program wherein stress is given on basic fitness and
skill for competitions.
The method used in it includes taking out some blood
from an athlete a few weeks before competition, freeze (ii) Competition Period In this period, the player
and store it till one or two days before the competition achieves its top form and can participate in
and then inject the blood back into the athlete. competitions to achieve top performance.
This practice boosts red blood cells, raising the capacity (iii) Transitional Period This period comes after the
of the blood to carry oxygen, thus enhancing the competition. In this period, a player relaxes and rests
performance of the athlete. to recover from stress.
2. List five major categories of performance enhancing 4. What are the side effects of any five prohibited
substances used by sports persons and explain their substances?
effects in one sentence each. Ans. Five prohibited substances with their side effects are as
Ans. The categories of performance enhancing substances used follows
by sportspersons are as follows (i) Anabolic Steroids Overdose of steroids can have
(i) Stimulants They enhance alertness and physical serious side effects inducing the risk of
activity by increasing heart rate, breathing rate and cardiovascular disease, liver diseases and many
the functions of the brain, besides reducing the behavioural changes.
feeling of fatigue and enhancing aggressiveness. It affects the endocrine systems and brings many physical
(ii) Narcotics They are used to relieve pain and changes. In males, developments such as enlargement of
discomfort which could arise from muscle strain or breasts happen, while in females, facial hair is commonly
an injury, reduce anxiety and help in making seen.
persistent efforts for a longer time. (ii) Beta-2-Agonists Their side effects are excessive
(iii) Beta-2-Agonists These drugs relax the muscles of sweating, restlessness, rapid heartbeat, etc. They also
the airway to allow more oxygen to come in during have some other side effects like reduction in
respiration, which increases endurance. potassium concentration in the blood serum and
(iv) Anabolic Steroids They stimulate the growth of increase in glucose level in the body.
muscles and help athletes to train harder and recover (iii) Hormone and Metabolic Modulators They interfere
quickly. with the body’s endocrine system and enhance the
(v) Diuretics They reduce weight rapidly by removing risk of serious diseases. They also slow down some
body fluids such as water and are also used as masking enzyme reactions causing of flushes, excessive
agents for removing other doping substances. sweating and loss of sleep.
(iv) Narcotics They cause problems in coordination
3. Describe briefly about the substances prohibited by and concentration. Overdoes of narcotics may lead
WADA. Also explaining the reason for prohibiting to fatal respiratory paralysis. It can also cause a
them. false sense of security and invincibility which is
Ans. WADA has classified the prohibited substances into very fatal.
following categories (v) Diuretics They disrupt the balance of water and salt
(i) Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids such as in the body. This can lead to muscle cramps, acute
drostanolone, matenolone, oxandrolone, etc. are hypertension and circulatory shock. Other side
prohibited as they enhance the performance of an effects are gastrointestinal and kidney problems.
athlete artificially and have serious side effects.
(ii) Peptide Hormones Peptide hormones such as
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Case-Based Questions
erythropoietin, human growth hormone, insulin, etc.
are banned as they artificially increase the muscle
1. Karan is an athlete. He completed the 400 m relay
and produces excess red blood cells.
race, which he won. But after the decleration of the
result, he was disqualified for doping charges.
(iii) Beta-2-Agonists Substance that are generally
prescribed for asthma patients, are prohibited in all
sports. (i) What do you understand by doping?
(iv) Diuretics All diuretics and masking agents are Ans. Doping means the use of drugs in the field of sports
banned in and out of all competitions for giving to enhance the physical capacity of the Athletes. It
athletes an unfair competitive edge. improves sports performance.
(v) Hormones and Metabolic Modulators Any (ii) What are the two methods of doping?
substances that interfere with the function of Ans. The two methods of doping are taking performance
hormones such as tamoxifen and clomiphene are enhancing substances and altering the body by injecting
banned from all sports. or manipulating cells or genes.
2. In the preparatory period, there are three phases in 3. Sanju wants to loose weight rapidly to take part in a
which the players achieve their physical fitness and boxing event. At the same time, he wants to
skill efficiency needed for the competitions. They improve his muscle mass. He has started taking
are preparatory, competition and transitional diuretics and anabolic steroids. Based on this case,
period. The preparatory period also has three answer the following questions.
stages. (i) What are diuretics?
(i) Which period of training is a relaxing period? Ans. Diuretics are used to remove fluids from the body
Ans. The third phase i.e. transitional period of training is a to reduce body weight rapidly. They are used by
relaxing period. It is also called off reason as player gets boxers, wrestlers, weightlifters, etc.
recovery from competition stress. (ii) What are the side effects of Beta-2 Agonists?
(ii) Which phase is the longest period of training? Ans. The side effects of Beta-2-Agonists are restlessness,
Ans. The preparatory phase is the longest period of training. It rapid heartbeat, excessive sweating, reduction of
has three phases and the total duration is 4-5 months. It potassium in blood serum and increase in glucose
prepares a player for an upcoming sports event. level etc.
Chapter Test
1. Find the incorrect statement
(a) Sports training is a scientifically based program (b) Sports training is a planned process
(c) Sports training is short term, static program (d) Sports training is a systematic process.
2. ______ drugs relax the muscle of the airway to allow more oxygen to come in during respiration.
(a) Anabolic Steroids (b) Beta-2-Agonists
(c) Narcotics (d) Diuretics
3. .............. is the physical method of doping.
(a) Gene doping (b) Blood doping
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
4. ............... provides guidance about detraining when the athletes stop working out.
(a) Principle of Reversability (b) Principle of overload
(c) Principle of rest and recovery (d) Principle of Transfer
5. Which among the following is a performance enhancing drug?
(a) Diuretics (b) Cannabinoids
(c) Peptide Hormones (d) All of the above
6. Rohit is a student of class XIth and is going through a stimulant’s intake. During a recent medical check-ups at school
he was advised to do certain things.
(i) Which part or system of body is highly prone to stimulants?
(a) Respiratory system (b) Digestive system
(c) Cardiovascular system (d) None of the above

7. Explain the nature of sports training and differentiate it with preparation.
8. How is the principle of specific preparation different from general preparation?
9. The concept of doping is not new. Explain this statement.
10. What is the effect of steroids in sports?
11. Give the ill effects of narcotics.
12. Explain any five principles of sports training in detail.
13. All training programs are divided into how many parts? Explain them.
Answers
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c)
Physical Education
Class 11th ( Term II )
*
Practice Paper 1
(Solved)
General Instructions Time : 2 Hours
Max. Marks : 35
1. There are 9 questions in the question paper. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question no. 1 is a Case Based Question, which has five MCQs. Each question carries one mark.
3. Question no. 2-6 are Short Answer Type Questions. Each question carries 3 marks.
4. Question no. 7-9 are Long Answer Type Questions. Each question carries 5 marks.
5. There is no overall choice. However, internal choice have been provided in some questions.
Students have to attempt only one of the alternatives in such questions.
* As exact Blue-print and Pattern for CBSE Term II exams is not released yet, so the pattern of this
paper is designed by the author on the basis of trend of past CBSE Papers. Students are advised
not to consider the pattern of this paper as official. It is just for practice purpose.

1. Rohit is a yoga instructor in a primary school. He noticed that young children are lacking in balance and
coordination of their limbs. Therefore in his yoga class, he taught the children a particular asana that will
help them to strengthen their limbs, back and also improve balance. The picture below shows the asana
taught by Rohit to young children. (1´ = 5)
(i) Name the asana shown in the image.

(a) Tadasana (b) Shashankasana (c) Naukasana (d) Garudasana
(ii) Which among the following is done is standing posture?
(a) Vrikshasana (b) Naukasana (c) Sukhasana (d) Padmasana
(iii) Eagle pose is the other name of which asana?
(a) Sheershasana (b) Garudasana (c) Vajrasana (d) Halasana
(iv) Which among the following asanas help to improve coordination and balance?
(a) Garudasana (b) Vrikshasana (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(v) The asana, children can do to increase their height is _____ .
(a) Naukasana (b) Tadasana (c) Matsyasana (d) Makarasana
Short Answer Questions (3 ´ 5 = 15)
2. Write a brief note on any three stages of the development. (3)
Or ‘Adequate independence’ is crucial in management of adolescent problems. Examine.
3. Discuss Dharana and Dhayana. (3)
4. Briefly explain any two principles of the sports training. (3)
Or Define technique in sports and what are basis of its selection by or the player’s.
5. If any team or organisation has a good and capable leader then team or organisation always perform good.
Such leader will play what roles. (3)
6. How sports psychology helps in learning motor skills? (3)
Or What precautions need to be taken by while trekking.
Long Answer Questions (5 ´ 3 = 15)
7. Describe the role of professionals for children with special needs. (5)
Or In what ways dream of Inclusion of children with the special need can cherished?
8. A leader is muti-dimensional in nature. What qualities make him/her multi-dimensional. (5)
Or If school management ask you to go on any adventure sports. Then what it would be and what safety measure’s
you need to take.
9. “Warming-up is considered as most important in the sports arena.” Examine (5)
Or Dinesh is member of school football team. In order to boost his performance he has started consuming
prohibited substance. What may be side effect of prohibited substance on his body.
Answers
1. (i) (d) The asana shown in the image is Garudasana. It Late Childhood This stage lies between 6 to 12 years of
is a standing balancing asana. age and is also referred to as troublesome age. It is also
(ii) (a) Among the following, Vrikshasana is done in known as the gang age and children in this age are more
standing posture. Naukasana is done in lying influenced by their peers than anyone else.
posture. Sukhasana and Padmasana are done in Adolescence Spanning between 13 to 19 years,
sitting posture. adolescence is a stage, when the individual becomes
(iii) (b) Eagle pose is the other name of Garudasana. In integrated with the society of adults by undergoing
Sanskrit, Garuda means eagle. marked intellectual and sexual transformations.
(iv) (c) Both Garudasana and Vrikshasana help to This is a stage of complex changes which brings us to
improve coordination and balance. They are done in
the stage that will end the childhood and lead to
standing posture.
adulthood.
(v) (b) Tadasana is the asana that children can do to
increase their height. It is also called maintain Or
pose. Adolescents value freedom and independence. They want
2. The three stages of development are as follows to express their views and feelings independently.
Early Childhood This stage starts at the age of 2 years They desire to take their own decision and are irritated
and goes upto 6 years. As the most important period of when any order or restriction is imposed on them. Hence,
growth and development, in this period, the child is a parents must give them adequate freedom and try to
pre-school going toddler. understand their sentiments.
Therefore, it can be observed that adolescence is the l

The role of a leader is to take strategic decisions for the
age of struggle. It is very necessary to give proper success of the team as well as develop plans to realise
attention to them, so that they are able to manage their those decisions.
problems during this crucial phase of growth and l
An important role is to make an impressive team that
development. consists of people with different talents so that the team
3. Dharana and Dhyana are elements of yoga. They are members assist each other instead of competing with
discussed below each other.
Dharana l
A good leader in sports is also a good organiser.
It is the concentration of the mind and the first stage of l
A good leader makes sure that the plans are executed
meditation. You focus all your energy at one point well.
without letting your mind get distracted, and discard all l
A good leader acts as an example for his/her team.
your random thoughts. The mind is fixed on one subject,
6. Sports psychology plays a major role in learning motor
topic or place.
skills. Such a learning depends on the individual’s level
Dhyana of readiness, i.e. both physiological and psychological
It is a process of complete constancy of mind. Dharana readiness.
sets the stage for dhyana. When one starts focussing on a Physiological readiness in children is the development of
topic, the mind starts actively engaging with its focus. the necessary strength, flexibility and endurance, while
Thus, dhyana is the active modification of knowledge in psychological readiness is related to the learner’s state of
complete stability and calmness. mind, i.e. the desire and willingness to learn the
4. Two important principles of sports training are as particular skill.
follows Sports psychology plays an essential part in
Principle of Individual Differences It concerns understanding psychological readiness and interests
adjustments in training based on differences between as well as attitudes of an individual towards efficient
individual athletes. As different persons respond learning and performance of a motor skill.
differently to exercise and load, their training Or
programmes should be modified to take care of their The following safety measures should be taken before and
differences. while taking part in this activity
Principle of Overload It provides guidance about l
intensity of workloads and increasing the workload after weather. Before starting, check the weather report for
the body has adapted to the previous load. the area where you are going and prepare yourself or
Or your group (if any) accordingly.
A technique is the basic movement of a sport or event. l
Take all the required materials like water, matchbox,
It involves scientific and economical methods that tell a food items, rope, sleeping bag, tent etc.
sportsperson how an action is performed so as to achieve l
To avoid insect bites, wear full sleeve shirts and full pants.
top performance. l
Wear proper footwear so that you do not slip while
In other words, a technique in a sport is a sequence of trekking in hilly areas.
movements that makes the performance better. l
Do not eat leaves, flowers etc. found on the wayside, as
As there are a number of techniques that a player can they may be poisonous.
use, a particular technique is selected by a player to suit l
Take along a multi-pocket carry bag which is large
his/her level. Any technique is selected by a player on the
enough to carry all the essential items.
following basis
l
It is suggested that you use trekking stick for better and
l
Improves his/her performance
efficient trekking.
l
Suites the skill level of player
7. The professionals who work with children with special
l
Be within the rules needs have to focus on their overall development.
l
Be the best in the given circumstances They help and support such children in achieving their
5. A good and capable leader will play following role to full potential, giving ability to communicate properly, etc.
ensure success of any team or organisation. The roles of these professionals are discussed below
l
The role of a leader is to integrate the individual goals Counsellor A counsellor is a trusted professional who
with that of the organisation or team. provides a safe and supportive environment. The role of
l
The leader, with his intelligence, maturity and pleasing the counsellor is to discuss the concerns of the child with
personality, helps the team members by providing them special needs and understand the feelings, emotions and
support and increasing cooperation. sentiments of the child.
A counsellor also counsels the parents, guardians and Flexible Approach The approach towards inclusive
teachers of the child with special needs. He provides education should be flexible. This should be reflected in
guidance and helps the child to adapt to different the teaching methods and materials provided to the
situations because he understands the mental and students with disabilities.
physical needs of the child. 8. A leader is multi-dimensional in nature because he/she
Occupational Therapist An occupational therapist is a possess certain qualities. The main qualities are as
professional who helps the children with special needs to follows
develop fine and gross motor skills like eating, dressing, Self Awareness Leaders must possess a vision along with
bathing, drinking etc. knowledge about their own strengths and weaknesses,
An occupational therapist also helps them develop their knowledge about skills and complete information about
sensory and cognitive abilities. This is done by teaching the vision.
simple activities like grasping, reaching, picking, Determination and Dedication Leaders should have the
dressing, feeding etc. confidence to meet the challenges with firm
Physiotherapist The role of the physiotherapist is to determination and dedication. He/She should be devoted
manage children with movement disorders. He teaches to the profession and must be able to face even the worst
them how to balance their movements while walking, situations.
rolling, sitting and crawling. For this, various exercises Intelligence Wisdom is very important for a leader to
are taught that also prevent the development of develop intuition and insight for future events. A leader
deformities. should be intelligent enough to find out all possible
Another role of the physiotherapist is to encourage solutions for a complex set of problems.
a child’s independence and mobility, thereby helping Strong Interpersonal Skills A leader must be social.
in building self-esteem. He/She should possess essential social qualities such as
Physical Education Teacher Physical education teacher cooperation, affections, brotherhood, sympathy, empathy,
generally determines the abilities of students with special respect etc. He/She must have the ability to interact and
needs and also the procedures that may need to be work harmoniously with all team members.
implemented to support their participation in sports and Decision-making A leader of physical education should
physical fitness. be able to take decision spontaneously. He/She should be
Or able to look at the problems logically and must take
The dream of inclusion of children with special needs can decisions at the right time.
be achieved through the implementation of following Energy and Enthusiasm A leader should be
principles/strategies. energetic and enthusiastic. He/She should be able to
Differentiated Instruction The instructions should be motivate and excite the players to give their best to the
designed in such a way that they are easily understood by game.
all the students. Means of instruction can include visual, Good Health and High Motor Capacity A leader in
auditory, kinesthetic etc. physical education should have good health and high
Academic Support It means flexible, self-pacing and motor fitness. He/She must display all the components of
supportive environment that caters to differential physical fitness such as strength, speed, endurance,
learning patterns. flexibility, etc.
Welcoming Environment It refers to love and respect Or
for all the children including children with special needs If school management offers me any adventure game then
coming from different backgrounds and abilities, thus I will choose rock climbing.
providing them a wholesome environment. Rock climbing is an activity in which participants climb
Building an Inclusive Community Children with special up, down or across natural rock formations or artificial
needs will grow up as independent individuals if they are rock walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation
supported by a community that understands them. So, or the end point of a pre-defined route without falling. To
building a community where these children are an equal successfully complete a climb, one must return to the
part of it, is very important. base of the route safely.
Aligning Goals and Objectives It means aligning the As one of the most dangerous adventurous sports, rock
goals and objectives of educating children with special climbing requires strong mental control, agility,
needs to the same standards set for educating normal flexibility, endurance and various coordinative abilities
children. such as coordination, balance, etc.
Safety Measures During Rock Climbing Improves Sports Skills Warm-up increases flexibility,
The following safety measures should be taken before strength, speed and endurance of a sportsperson.
and while taking part in this activity are as follows Reduces the Chance of Injuries Warming-up ensures
l
Don’t climb higher than you are supposed to. that the muscles are well prepared for any competition.
l
Put the harness on the body correctly, so that you do Further, an efficient nervous system improves and
not get tangled in the rope if you fall. sharpens the reaction time. This reduces the risk of wear
and tear as well as any injury.
l
If you are new to rock climbing, belay (i.e. fix a running
rope round a rock to secure it) with an experienced Improves Performance Warming-up increases the
concentration power of athletes which, alongwith
climber.
efficient skills, makes one perfect the skills, techniques
l
Use the right equipment like shoes, ropes, slings and tactics that helps in attaining success in sports.
etc.
Or
l
Practise falling away from the rock wall (so you do not
The use of prohibited substances results in numerous
hit any rocks on the way down). You will fall sometimes,
problems. It may even be fatal for health. The side effects
of such substances on Dinesh body are as follows.
l
Take small breaks in between attempts. Give yourself a l
Anabolic Steroids Overdose of steroids can have
chance to recover before climbing again.
serious side effects including the risk of cardiovascular
l
Practise correct technique. Many new climbers try to diseases, liver diseases and many behavioural changes.
hang with their fingers and elbow; this technique It affects the endrocrine systems and brings many
wastes energy and isn’t effective. physical changes.
l
Your arms should be used for shifting weight, not trying l
Beta-2 Agonists The side effects are excessive sweating,
to hold yourself up with a tight grip. headache, nauseal, muscle cramps, restlessness, rapid
l
Watch experienced climbers to help you improve your heartbeat etc. They also have some other side effects
own technique and climbing safety. like reduction in potassium concentration in blood
9. Warming-up is considered important because of serum and increase in glucose level in the body.
following reasons l
Hormone and Metabolic Modulators They interfere
Increases the Body Temperature A proper warming-up with the body’s endocrine system and enhance the risk
exercises increase the body and muscle temperature. As of serious diseases. They also slow down some enzyme
the muscles are warmed-up, the speed with which the reactions causing hot flushes, excessive sweating, and
muscles functions is increased which ultimately improves loss of sleep.
the performance of an athlete. l
Stimulants They are very harmful for the
Improves the Functioning of Muscular and Nervous cardiovascular system. Blood pressure and body
System Warming-up increases the rate at which muscles temperature increases due to narrowing of blood
relax and contract. It increases the speed of the nerve vessels and results in cardiac arrest. They can also cause
impulses and decreases resistance in muscle capillaries. respiratory paralysis and psychological problems.
Further, the neuromuscular coordination improves which l
Diuretics They disrupt the balance of water and salt in
increases the efficiency of sportspersons. the body. This can lead to muscle cramps, acute
Increased Metabolism and Circulation Warming-up hypertension and circulatory shock. Other side effects
increases the speed of transfer of oxygen and fuel of are gastrointestinal and kidney problems.
tissues. It increases the metabolic rate which leads to l
Narcotics They cause problems in coordination and
higher energy levels. An increase in 0.5°C increases the concentration. Overdose of narcotics may lead to fatal
metabolic rate by 7%. respiratory paralysis.
Physical Education
*
Practice Paper 2
(Unsolved)
Max. Marks : 35

1. In order to win the state level athletics championship, Mahesh practiced hard for many days. On the
other hand, Mohan planned for a short cut. As a result, Mohan, won the event but was caught on doping
charges. He was found to be having genetically modified cells that provided him greater stamina. Based
on this case, answer the following questions. (1 ´ 5 = 5)
(i) Which kind of doping technique was used by Mohan?
(a) Physical manipulation (b) Gene doping
(c) Manipulation of blood (d) Intake of diuretics
(ii) Which international agency provides guidelines on doping?
(a) WADA (b) WHO
(c) ILO (d) UNICEF
(iii) Which among the following substance is banned for use in all sports competitions?
(a) Anabolic steroids (b) Beta-2-Agonists
(c) Metabolic modulators (d) All of these
(iv) Substances like caffeine and cocaine are termed as _____.
(a) Narcotics (b) Cannabinoids
(c) Stimulants (d) Steroids
(v) Why do you think Mohan has chosen the path of doping?
(a) To get fast results (b) To reduce stress
(c) To face new challenges (d) All of these

2. Explain any three objectives of the physical education. (3)
Or Describe how cousellor help a child with special needs?
3. Briefly explain the following (3)
(a) Competition Period (b) Transitional
4. What are main salient feature of the development? (3)
Or Describe the cognitive characteristics of infancy.
5. Name and discuss important skills of the sports person. (3)
6. Why it is important to control doping? (3)
Or Is there need to promote adventure sports. Examine.
7. Define ‘Adventure sports’ and what are main benefits of the adventure games? (5)
Or In sports players are highly prone to injuries. What precaution they should take while sports.
8. Differentiate between adolescence and adulthood. Also enlist the important characteristics of adulthood. (5)
Or It has been noticed that issue of adolescent is rising rapidly. Describe the cause of such rise.
9. Discuss the procedure, benefits and contraindications of Naukasana. (5)
Or Why it is important for the students to do meditation and yogic kriyas.
Answers
1. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (c) (v) (a)
Physical Education
*
Practice Paper 3
(Unsolved)
Max. Marks : 35
Code Based Questions

1. A group of 6 boys are going on a trekking. They all have packed their bags with food, water, rope, tents,
sleeping bag and medicines. They have chosen a 10 kilometre trek along the high mountains. They have
decided to go during the month of August to enjoy the natural beauty of the greenery in the mountains.
Based on this case, answer the following questions. (1 ´ 5 = 5)
(i) Trekking is a kind of ____ .
(a) Leisure sport (b) Adventure sport
(c) Competitive sport (d) All of these
(ii) In the question, the kind of trek that is going to be undertaken is _______.
(a) Easy trekking (b) Difficult trekking
(c) very easy trekking (d) Moderate trekking
(iii) Which of the following material is not required in trekking?
(a) Axe (b) Raft
(c) Stick (d) Compass
(iv) Trekking should be usually avoided in which season?
(a) Rainy (b) Summer
(c) Winter (d) Autumn
(v) Which safety measure should be followed during trekking?
(a) Fix a running rope around a rock to secure it (b) Always wear a life vest and helmet
(c) Work on your ground handling always (d) Check the weather report before starting.

2. Analyse the importance of sport psychology. (3)
Or Why it is important to given sex education to students?
3. Explain the type physiological warming-up in brief. (3)
4. How a person can a quire leadership qualities? (3)
Or What is the role of group leader in a trekking expedition?
5. Describe benefit of any two yogas of your choice. (3)
6. Explain any three types of surfing. (3)
Or In what way style is important in sports.
7. If any one is going to start sports training then what principle they need to followed? (5)
Or Doping has become big challenge for regulating authority of sports and also discuss types of doping.
8. Define asana and describe different types asanas. (5)
Or Discuss adventure sport ‘paragliding’ and enlist the safety measures required for it.
9. Write short note on the following. (5)
(a) Speech therapist (b) Special Educator
(c) Physiotherapist (d) Counsellor
Or What are the different problems faced by adolescents? Explain in detail.
Answers
1. (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (b) (iv) (a) (v) (d)
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CBSE Term II

Case Based Questions

Short/Long Answer Type Questions

3 Practice Papers with Explanations

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)

ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series)

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þ Video Solutions of CBSE Sample Papers

Syllabus CBSE Term II Class XI

UNIT NO. NAME

. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEADERSHIP TRAINING

. TRAINING AND DOPING IN SPORTS

Exam Scheme Term I & II

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Hkkjr CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

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Mission International Paralympic Committee

Deaflympics Logo XXI 2009 Taipei Chinese Taipei

S. No. Year City Country Occupational Therapist

These are as follows A counsellor also comes out with developmental

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

Long Answer (LA) Type Questions

The practice of yoga is believed to have started with the very l

Introduction to Asanas, Pranayama, It consists of three parts

(a) Avoid doing if you suffers from insomnia

l Assertion-Reasoning MCQs l Case Based MCQs

7. Write a short note on meditation. l

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

Long Answer (SA) Type Questions

Physical Activity and

Safety Measures During Mountaineering Types of Surfing

(a) Rock climbing (b) Alpinism A B C D A B C D

(ii) Body Boarding In this form of surfing, a surfer rides a l

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

A sport or a physical activity is essentially a mind game. It is a l

Management of Adolescent Problems 4. Recognition of Individuality Adolescents are often

Codes Ans. (d) The concept of growth is quantative in nature, it is not

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

8. The use of doping first came out in _____. Codes

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

Case Based Questions

(i) Name the asana shown in the image.

Therefore, it can be observed that adolescence is the l

Case Based Questions

Short Answer Questions (3 ´ 5 = 15)

Code Based Questions

Short Answer Questions (3 ´ 5 = 15)

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