See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/256298039

E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends

Article  in  International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business · June 2013

DOI: 10.5815/ijieeb.2013.01.06

CITATIONS READS

48 61,096

2 authors:

Prem Kumar Kalpana Kosalram

SRM Institute of Science and Technology SPH SRMIST
29 PUBLICATIONS   83 CITATIONS    18 PUBLICATIONS   169 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

rural livelihoods View project

Thalassemia View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Prem Kumar on 13 December 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
Published Online May 2013 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.org/)

E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information

Systems – Changing Trends
Premkumar Balaraman, Kalpana Kosalram
School of Management, SRM University, Vadapalani, Chennai 600026, INDIA
[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract — The rapid growth in Information & Index Terms — Information & Communication
Communication Technology (ICT), and the power of Technology (ICT), Health Level Seven (HL7), Healthcare
Internet has strongly impacted the business and service Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), E
delivery models of today‘s global environment. – hospital management solutions (E – HMS), Hospital
E-Hospital Management Systems provide the benefits of Information systems (HIS)
streamlined operations, enhanced administration &
control, superior patient care, strict cost control and
improved profitability. Globally accepted health care I. INTRODUCTION
systems need to comply with Healthcare Insurance Hospital Information systems are in high demand to
Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) standards of handle increasing population needs and also aids the
the US and that has become the norm of the Healthcare practicing doctors and hospital service and support staff
industry when it comes to medical records management with timely service and precision. There are varied
and patient information privacy. The study is focused on metrics available to assess the performance of services
understanding the performance indicators of Hospital like hospital industry, and the successful implementation
information systems (HIS), summarizing the latest and usage of Hospital information system forms a crucial
commonly agreed standards and protocols like Health role. Hospital information systems are available in the
Level Seven (HL7) standards for mutual message software market which in most cases needs to be
exchange, HIS components, etc… The study is customized and in some cases HIS needs to be developed
qualitative and descriptive in nature and most of the data as a customized software based on specific hospital
is based on secondary sources of survey data. To arrive at requirements (user requirements). The paper looks at
a conclusive idea of the larger picture on E- Hospital assessing and identifying the key components of E –
Management and Hospital information systems, existing HMS as its needs and management varies across the
survey data and specific successful case studies of HIS globe. Also identification of the key performance
are considered in the study. With so many customized indicators of E – HMS / HIS is also attempted from a
versions of E – hospital management solutions (E – HMS) benchmarking perspective.
and Hospital Information systems (HIS) available in the
1.1 Objective of the study
market, a generic module wise version of E – Hospital
management system is charted out to give a clear  To identify the key performance indicators and
understanding for researchers and industry experts. From standards of E - Hospital Management (E –
the specific successful case studies analyzed in the study, HMS) & Hospital Information Systems (HIS).
the success factors and challenges faced in successful  To identify the key components of E - Hospital
E-HMS implementation are highlighted. Some of the Management solutions.
mandatory standards like HIPAA are discussed in detail 1.2 Need for E – Hospital Management & HIS
for clarity on Healthcare system implementation
requirements. Hospital Services are needed on an emergency and

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
 E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends 51

daily basis and HIS plays a crucial role. Hospital services information processing and information storage
are customer and society sensitive and the quality of HIS subsystem of a hospital, whereby it is not just about
and service of hospital staff needs to be precise and of computer systems and networks and the computer-based
highest standards. Today‘s hi-tech Hospital services are application systems that are installed on them, but it is
predominantly provided by private players in the market about the information in a hospital as a whole.
at increased costs despite low cost competition by public HIS consist of different softwares that are integrated in
sector hospitals. OECD report (2012) finds that attempts order to capture data in specific sections of the hospital
to control costs by regulatory means, such as reducing [Garrido, Raymond, Jamieson, Liang and Wiesenthal
fees paid to healthcare providers and rationing user [2004:21-22]], handle the workflow of daily medical
access, have typically only been temporarily successful. services and also assist in managing financial,
E-Hospital Management System provides the benefits administrative and clinical data. From the various
of streamlined operations, enhanced administration & definitions of HIS, it is understood that HIS is a very
control, superior patient care, strict cost control and broad area as it encompasses services catering to varied
improved profitability. Due to business and legal departments and personnel of an hospital and finally
demands—like the Healthcare Insurance Portability and satisfying the patient care in its true sense. Hospital
Accountability Act (HIPAA) of the United States as a Information Systems (HISs) are supposed to make the
Global norm —healthcare organizations are fully right information and knowledge available to the right
realizing the urgency to integrate their businesses. people, in the right place, at the right time and in the right
Unfortunately, most of the health information systems are form.
still proprietary and often only serve one specific
department within a healthcare business. This represents IV E – HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT / HIS
a significant obstacle to business integration. STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGIES

The developments in technology and internet speed

II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
made services like Telemedicine a dream come true for
The study is qualitative and descriptive in nature and today‘s patient care needs. Telemedicine can be referred
most of the data is based on secondary sources of survey to as the provision of medical services from a distance
data. Such an approach is adopted in the study as the area [Wooton, Craig and Patterson, 2006:1]. This includes
of research is very broad and sources of data are also diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. The
spread across multiple locations. To arrive at a conclusive types of telemedicine can be categorized as real-time or
idea of the larger picture on E- Hospital Management and pre-recorded telemedicine. Also the growing technology
Hospital information systems, analyzing the existing and varied solutions in the hospital management domain
survey data and specific successful case studies of HIS necessitated for the development of common protocols
would give a better result in finding the answers to the and standards at global level. Such standards and legal
research question framed. requirements are discussed in further sections.
According to Belgium Federal Public Service – FPS
III. DEFINITION OF HOSPITAL INFORMATION
report (2002), high quality of Data storage, data speed,
SYSTEM (HIS)
data exchange and networking for Hospital information
According to Paul R. Vegoda (1987), Hospital systems (HIS) is mandatory for efficient performance of
Information System (HIS) is defined as, ‗an integrated Hospital Information Systems (HIS). Especially data
information system which improves patient care by storage requirements of departments like radiology are
increasing the user‘s knowledge and reducing uncertainty very challenging.
allowing rational decisions to be made from the 4.1 3LGM2 – Modeling tool for HIS
information provided. Haux, Schmücker and Winter
3LGM2 (Three-layer Graph based meta model) is a
(1996) view the hospital information system as the entire
structured and in some countries already validated

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
52 E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends

approach for modeling and analyzing HISs.‘3LGM2

combines a functional meta model with technical meta
models and is represented using the Unified Modeling
Language (UML)‘ (Winter, Brigl and Wendt., 2003). In a
study by Björn Schreiweis (2010), on HIS modeling it
adopts the 3LGM2 model with three layers named
domain layer, logical tool layer and physical tool layer.
These layers represent different views on a HIS.
According to Hübner-Bloder et al., 2005, the domain
layer describes a hospital independently of its
implementation by its enterprise functions. The logical Fig. 1 – HIPAA Privacy rule De – identification Methods
tool layer shows the application components. Application
4.3 HL7 / RIM Development Framework
components support enterprise or hospital functions
and ‘are responsible for processing, storage and Health Level Seven (HL7) is one of several American
transportation of data. On the physical tool layer there ‘is National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited Standards
a set of physical data processing components‘ that Developing Organizations, operating in the healthcare
are ‘used to realize the computer-based and the arena worldwide. ("Level Seven" refers to the highest
paper-based application components‘ level of the International Standards Organization's (ISO)
communications model for Open Systems
4.2 HIPAA privacy guidelines for Medical Records and
Interconnection (OSI) —the application level.) According
patient information.
to Mauro Regio (2005), the HL7 vision is to create an
One of the key aspects of HIPAA guidelines which infrastructure for interoperability in the healthcare
need to be complied with by all Hospital management domain. HL7 uses the reference information model (RIM)
system implementing E – Health management systems of to derive domain specific information models and refine
global standards is the privacy rule in HIPAA. The them into HL7 message specifications. Traditionally
HIPAA Privacy Rule protects all "individually engaged in modeling clinical and administrative data, the
identifiable health information" held or transmitted by a most recent version, HL7 version 3.0, is extending its
covered entity or its business associate, in any form or reach to various healthcare business domains such as
media, whether electronic, paper, or oral. The Privacy pharmacy, medical devices, and imaging.
Rule calls this information "protected health information For a given healthcare domain, an HL7 version 3
(PHI). specification is based on the Reference Information
A detailed guidance manual on de – identification Model (RIM), a common and underlying modeling
methods to be adopted for PHI content in Hospital framework, and includes artifacts like: Use Case Models,
records and information systems management is given by Information Models, Interaction Models, Message
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (Bradley Models, and Implementable Message Specifications.
Malin, 2010). The process of de-identification (refer Leading software industry architects like Microsoft are a
figure 1), by which identifiers are removed from the longstanding member of the healthcare development
health information, mitigates privacy risks to individuals domain, involved with HL7 for ten years and a
and thereby supports the secondary use of data for Healthcare Information and Management Systems
comparative effectiveness studies, policy assessment, life Society (HIMSS) member since 2002. The Reference
sciences research, and other endeavors. Information Model (RIM) (HL7, 2012) is the cornerstone
of the HL7 Version 3 development process. RIM is an
object model created as part of the Version 3
methodology, the RIM is a large, pictorial representation
of the HL7 clinical data (domains) and identifies the life

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
 E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends 53

cycle that a message or groups of related messages will • Communication by Laboratory Information
carry. But a summarized view of the basic components of System
RIM / HL7 is given in figure 2. • Registration of human resources and their
properties

(3) Financial Aspects:

• Efficient administration of finances
• Use and monitoring of medicines and
effectivity of the ordering process
• Expected and actual treatment costs are listed
and reported
• Automated representation of the needs of the
nursing staff
Fig. 2 – RIM / HL7 model • Status analysis of bed occupancy and overall
performance in the hospital information system
V. E – HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT TASKS &
In the public sector domain, some of the successful e -
FEATURES
hospital management solutions include that of the,
To carve out a comprehensive E Hospital management e-Hospital solution by National Informatics Center, India
/ Hospital information systems model, some of the (NIC, 2013). It is a Hospital Management System that is
various E – Hospital management system tasks are a workflow based ICT solution for Hospitals specifically
discussed and summarized in the context of the current meant for the hospitals in Government Sector. This is a
study. generic software which covers major functional areas like
The most important tasks in hospital information patient care, laboratory services, work flow based
systems can be summarized as follows, document/information exchange, human resource and
(PayamHomayounfar (2012)): medical records management of a Hospital. It is a
patient-centric system rather than a series of add-ons to a
(1) Storage and monitoring of patient‘s condition:
financial system.
• Accurate and electronically stored medical
E Hospital management solution (E-HMS) is designed
records of patients (e.g. drug allergies) are
for multispecialty hospitals, to cover a wide range of
provided
hospital administration and management processes. It is
• Visual and auditory warning systems are
an integrated end-to-end Hospital Management System
generated in the event of abnormal test results or
that provides relevant information across the hospital to
other important data
support effective decision making for patient care,
• Time intervals and / or testing periods for tests
hospital administration and critical financial accounting,
on patients to be specified
in a seamless flow. Some of the salient features of this
• Data Processing and analysis for statistical
e-Hospital solution of NIC, India are summarized in table
purposes and research oriented purposes
1.
(2) Management and Data Flow:
• Support automated patient data transfers
between departments and institutions
• Enable graphic or digitized diagnostic images
from the hospital database based on the
integrated retrieval system
• Digital signatures, in order to create internal
orders electronically

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
54 E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends

Table 1. NIC, India - E – Hospital Management Solution Table 2 – Fujisoft HIS Modules
Special Features
S.No Features S
1 ISO / IEC 9126 Certified .
Module Name Function
N
2 Based on HDF(HL7 Development Framework) o

3 Unicode based Indian Multilingual Support Hospital Management Support

FSHosPAck
1 System - Daily data handling
4 Vocabulary- ICD-9, LOINC etc. Management
and management
Comprehensive Reporting on various
5 Hospital
customizable parameters
Comprehensiv
Comprehensive Role based Access control and Total goods physical distribution
6 e Physical
Security 2 management – purchase costs
distribution
management
7 Data Security and Privacy Management

8 Audit logging of transactions System

Hospital Specific incident
Powerful Search facility and tracking of patient 3 FS - Incident
10 reporting system
history
Cash
Complete Sales / Cash collection
11 Touch Screen Kiosk interface 4 Collection
management
12 Available on Linux and Windows platform Solution
SOURCE: http://tsu.trp.nic.in/ehospital/ 6.2 Challenges in implementation of E – Hospital
Solutions / HIS
VI. CASE: FUJISOFT – HIS
A ―Multi-vendor‖ management system or system
Fujisoft is a leading software product company based
integrator is needed which can select and combine
in Japan. With its rich legacy in developing customized
suitable products from those of various manufacturers in
software right from the the 1970s, it provides one of the
accordance with the needs of each E – Hospital
world‘s best Hospital management solutions. According
Management system (customer). Technology inclusion,
to Fujisoft (2012), the management environment of
exclusion and hybrid combination decision are crucial to
hospitals is entering into a phase of major change. For
success of latest E – Hospital management solutions.
example, new Hospital Accounting Regulations have
Such efficient and precise decision in choice of
revised the system of financial statements (including cash
technology and E – hospital solution management is
flow statements) and hospitals are converting to a
possible only based on know-how and technological
Medical Inclusive Payment System based on DPC
excellence accumulated through longstanding
(Diagnosis Procedure Combination). Furthermore,
engagements in system design and construction in the
securing management resources by means of a new fund
medical area.
procurement system (such as the securitization of medical
treatment fees and the issuance of hospital bonds) is VII. HIS - SUCCESS FACTORS
being adopted.
According to Garrido et al., (2004), some of the
6.1 Fujisoft HIS modules success factors of HIS deployment are discussed in
The various modules of Fujisoft Hospital solutions can further sections.
be summarized as below table 2. The success of the HIS deployment depends on a
number of critical factors. First, the commitment of

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
 E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends 55

senior leadership to implement clear targets and And wasteful duplication has been eliminated because
expectations is crucial to the success of the business case. doctors can see what tests have been done already and
Changes to operational processes, job roles, and access results immediately.
organizational culture will require resources and the Digitization has also been lauded to improved safety.
strong and consistent support of leadership. All levels of Bumrungrad has an e-prescription system that helps to
management should be clearly informed and accountable eliminate errors from illegible handwriting, and allergy
for the key actions that need to be undertaken to alerts that warn doctors against medications unsuitable
maximize system benefits. for patients and can suggest alternatives based on the
Second, timely implementation of the inpatient symptoms observed.
information system is imperative because the consequent
impact of delays on benefits realization is costly. VIII. SUMMARY
Third, because the majority of annual expenses are According to the Health Evidence report of the WHO
from labor costs, senior management will need to partner (Shaw, 2003) it recommends that, there are in principle
with labor to take advantage of the efficiencies five different types of measurement of hospital
introduced to the workflow by the HIS. Fourth, internal performance, as below:
policies must require physicians and frontline staff to
• Regulatory inspection
comprehensively and accurately codify all hospital
• Surveys of consumers‘ experiences
discharges and procedures. Finally, workflows must be
• Third-party assessments
redesigned to incorporate and exploit the system‘s
• Statistical indicators
functionality.
• Internal assessments.
7.1 Non-Financial Benefits Also, based on the above case studies and various
There are many benefits that are less tangible. Though deliberations on E – Hospital Management Solutions and
non-financial, they are no less important to an overall HIS, the various components of an E – Hospital
investment decision. These include mission critical management solution are detailed below for easier
benefits such as quality of care, patient safety, and understanding of future researchers and industry experts.
member service enhancement. Improved communication 8.1 E – HMS / HIS - Basic Modules
and expedited decision-making not only increase
1. Patient Registration and Appointment Scheduling
efficiency but also help to reduce errors. Likewise, the
Module - The Registration module is an integrated patient
ready availability of patient information will prove
management system, which captures complete and
extremely beneficial to assure continuity of care during
relevant patient information. The system automates the
the patient‘s transitions from one care setting to another.
patient administration functions to have better and
7.2 CASE: Successful E – Hospital Management - efficient patient care process.
Bumrungrad International Hospital, Thailand.
2. Outpatient Management Module - The Outpatient
Alice Kok (2009) reports, Thailand‘s Bumrungrad module serves as an entry point to schedule an
International Hospital has digitised as many aspects of appointment with the Hospital Resident Doctor or
hospital work as it can—enabling it to more than double Consultant Doctor for Medical Consultations and
the number of patients it can handle each day, increase diagnosis. This module supports doctors to take better
safety and cut its patients‘ bills. and timely consultation decisions by providing instant
Bill payment, human resources, record keeping and access to comprehensive patient information.
inventory management are now all done electronically, 3. Patient Billing & Insurance Module - The Patient
allowing the hospital‘s staff to get more work done. Billing module handles all types of billing for long-term
Doctors no longer wait around for patient records, such care. This module facilitates cashier and billing
as X-ray or blood test results, to be delivered by hand. operations for different categories of patients like

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
56 E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends

Outpatient, Inpatient and Referral. It provides automatic 4. Electronic Medical Record (EMR) - The EMR Module
posting of charges related to different services like bed is a fully integrated knowledge repository that caters to
charges, lab tests conducted, medicines issued, Medical and clinical records of patients in the hospital.
consultant's fee, food, beverage and telephone charges etc. The system supports medical professionals of various
This module provides for credit partly billing and can be departments of the hospital with relevant information like
seamlessly integrated with the Financial Accounting medical examinations, diagnoses, treatment histories, test
Module. results and so on. The module provides access to critical
4. Services Module - The service module provides for and complete patient data that leads to high quality cost
effectively managing all the services available in the effective and efficient patient care. The EMR has the
hospital and the charges for each of these services are following features.
securely entered and handled. 5. Dietary Module - The dietary module in the hospital
5. User Manager Module (security workflow) - The User management system software is designed to assist the
Manager module basically deals with security through hospital kitchen in providing meals to inpatients as per
controlling the access to the information available in the the instructions of the dietician.
application. Any user associated with a user group can 6. House Keeping Module - Housekeeping in any
access only those screens for which the user group has hospital is defined as the provision for a clean,
rights. It also deals with the System Related Activity like comfortable and safe environment in the hospital for
User Monitor, Creating User Group Master, User Master patients and general public. Housekeeping in the hospital
and view the User Group Lookup of employee database, management system software involves the maintenance
Maintenance of company documents, User defined error of beds in wards, rooms, cubicles. The various
message, Generating Daily Statistical Summary. housekeeping tasks can be planned, assigned and tracked
in the module.
8.2 E – HMS / HIS - Optional Modules
7. Nursing Module - Nursing module is a tool provided in
1. Pharmacy Module - Pharmacy module deals with the
the hospital management system software to the nurses to
automation of general workflow and administration
manage their routine tasks with the objective of
management process of a pharmacy. The pharmacy
improving patient care. It is tightly integrated with the
module is equipped with bar coding facility, which makes
Inpatient module and other clinical modules for smooth
the delivery of medical items to the patient more
flow of information.
efficient.
8. Emergency Management - Emergency module in the
2. Laboratory Information System - The Laboratory
hospital management system software allows fast
module automates the investigation request and the
registration of patients by the capture of key and very
process involved in delivering the results to the
specific registration details such as demographic
concerned department/doctor of the hospital. Laboratory
information, keeping in mind the critically of this
module starts with receiving the online request from
function. This module also collects information related to
doctors and also allows laboratory personnel to generate
Medico Legal Cases (MLC) which is subsequently used
requests. The Laboratory module supports to perform
for reporting to local authorities.
various tests under the following disciplines:
9. Machine Maintenance - The machine or equipment
Biochemistry, Cytology, Hematology, Microbiology,
maintenance module in the hospital management system
Serology, Neurology and Radiology.
software facilitates breakdown processing and preventive
3. Radiology Management Module - Radiology module
maintenance scheduling and recording.
caters to services such as X-ray, Scanning, Ultra sound
10. CSSD - CSSD, or Central Sterile Supply Department
etc. Scheduling of Radiology resources is possible. The
is an important and crucial function of most of the
system stores all the result details of various tests and
mid-size and large hospitals. In certain countries, CSSD
makes a Report based on the Test Results.

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
 E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends 57

is even mandatory to meet with the government REFERENCES

stipulations for hospital licence etc.
11. Blood Bank - This module in the E-Hospital [1] Alice Kok (2012, Mar 14).Thailand: successful

Management System hospital Management Software is e-health system lauded. FutureGov. Accessed from:

quite comprehensive in its nature, maintaining all http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2009/may/14/thail

information regarding the blood donation. The details and-successful-e-health-system-increase-healt/,

about the donors and recipients are maintained. accessed 19 March 2013).
[2] Belgium Federal Public Service – FPS report (2002).
12. Financial Accounting Module - The Financial
Recommendations and quality criteria for hospital
Accounting Module deals with Cash/Bank,
information systems. Accessed from:
Receipt/Payments, Journal Voucher and General Ledger
www.health.belgium.be/filestore/8054405/his_v1s_e
etc. Books like Cashbook, Bankbook and Ledger book
n_8054405_en.pdf, accessed 21 March 2013).
can be generated. This module generates reports like Trail
[3] Björn Schreiweis (2010). Modelling the Hospital
Balance, Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss statement.
Information System of the Karolinska University
13. Fixed Asset module - The Fixed Assets Module deals Hospital in Stockholm. University of Heidelberg,
with all the activities that are related to the Fixed Asset Heilbronn University and Karolinska Institutet.
Part of Financial Accounting of any hospital management Accessed from:
system software. http://ki.se/content/1/c6/10/46/20/Diplomarbeit_Bjo
14. Payroll Module - The Payroll & Personnel module ern_Schreiweis.pdf
deals with Pay (and deduction) calculation, printing of [4] Bradley Malin (2010). Guidance on
salary slip, salary certificates, and PF statements, De-identification of Protected Health Information.
Gratuity Statement and provides a monthly analysis. Office for Civil Rights., U.S. Department of Health
15. MIS Dashboard - The dashboard presented in the & Human Services. Accessed from:
hospital management system software is a summary of http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding
key parameters values covering all areas of the hospital /coveredentities/De-identification/hhs_deid_guidanc
that are generally monitored by the top management on a e.pdf
regular basis. Some of the parameters could be current [5] Fujisoft (2012). Fujisoft Hopsital Solutions (Japan).
bed occupancy, revenue for a period, etc. Accessed from:
http://www.fsi.co.jp/e/solutions/hospital_solutions/i
IX. CONCLUSION ndex.html, accessed 21 March 2013).
The various performance indicators and standards of E [6] Garrido, T., Raymond, B., Jamieson, L., Liang, L.,
– hospital management solution and HIS are discussed in Wiesenthal, A., (2004). Making the business case for
the respective section and cases. Success factors of E – hospital information systems. Journal of Healthcare
HMS / HIS tend to vary depending upon leadership Finance, 31(2): 21–22.
support, training, technology adoption, user friendliness, [7] Garrido, T., Raymond, B., Jamieson, L., Liang, L.,
etc…HIPAA privacy guidelines and HL7 / RIM Wiesenthal, A., (2004). Making the business case for
framework are identified as the primary determinants and hospital information systems. —A
metrics of Global compliance in developing and KaiserPermanente Investment Decision. Journal
implementing successful E - hospital management Health Care Finance, 31(2):16–25. Accessed from:
solutions. Also the various case study insights on the http://xnet.kp.org/ihp/publications/docs/business_ca
broader framework of E – Hospital management solution se.pdf
/ HIS paves way for future research on Enhancements in [8] Haux R, Schmücker P, Winter A (1996)
E - Hospital Management domain. Gesamtkonzept der Informations verarbeitungim
Krankenhaus. In: Haas P, Köhler CO,Kuhn K,
Pietrzyk PM, Prokosch HU [Eds.]: Praxis der

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58
 58 E –Hospital Management & Hospital Information Systems – Changing Trends

Informations verarbeitungim Krankenhaus. Ecomed http://www.euro.who.int/document/e82975.pdf,

Landsberg, pp. 25-37. accessed 19 March 2013)
[9] HL7 (2012). RIM version 2.41. HL7 Reference [17] Winter, A., Brigl, B., and Wendt, T. (2003).
Information Model. Accessed from: Modeling Hospital Information Systems (Part 1):
http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/rim.cfm, The Revised Three-layer Graph-based Meta Model
accessed 21 March 2013). 3LGM2. Methods of Information in Medicine,
[10] Hübner-Bloder, G., Ammenwerth, E., Brigl, B., and 42:544–551.
Winter, A. (2005). Specification of a Reference [18] Wooton, R., Criag, J., Patteson, V., (eds). (2006).
Model for the Domain Layer of a Hospital Introduction to telemedicine. London: The Royal
Information System. Studies in Health Technology Society and Medicine Press.
and Informatics, 116:497–502.
[11] Mauro Regio. (2005). Web Services Enablement for
Healthcare HL7 Applications - Web Services Basic About the Authors
Profile Reference Implementation. Accessed from:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms954603.a Premkumar.B has rich experience in
spx#hl7webservapps_topic2, accessed 21 March IT, Manufacturing and Banking
2013). industry. He has presented
[12] National Informatics Center (2013). E – Hospital Management Research papers
management solution. Accessed from: Management at International /
http://tsu.trp.nic.in/ehospital/images/e-hospital_broc National level seminars and symposiums and also
hure.pdf, accessed 19 March 2013). conducted Team building and soft skills programs for
[13] OECD report (2012). Competition in Hospital the Corporate. Currently he is serving as Assistant
Services. Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Professor with School of Management, SRM
Affairs Competition Committee. Competition Policy University, Chennai, INDIA. His research interests
Roundtables, Unclassified document - includes, Cross Cultural Management, Stress
DAF/COMP(2012)9. Accessed from: Management, E - Commerce, Hospital Management,
http://www.oecd.org/regreform/sectors/50527122.pd Social Research.
f
[14] Paul R. Vegoda (1987). Introduction to hospital Dr. Kalpana is currently a Professor at
information systems. International journal of clinical School of Management - SRM
monitoring and computing, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp University, Chennai, INDIA. She is an
105-109. International Trainer in Behavioral
[15] PayamHomayounfar. (2012). Process mining Sciences and done programs at
challenges in hospital information Malaysia, US, Australia and UK. She has done breakfast
systems.Proceedings of the Federated Conference on shows with various channels and radio both India and
Computer Science and Information Systems. – Abroad. She has been a visiting faculty for a couple of
FEDCSIS, Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 1135–1140. Management colleges at UK. She has won the Marfatti
Accessed from: award for the best paper presented at the annual
http://fedcsis.org/proceedings/fedcsis2012/pliks/376. conference of the Indian Psychiatry Society in 1997.
pdf
[16] Shaw C (2003). How can hospital performance be
measured and monitored? Copenhagen, WHO
Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence
Network report. Accessed from:

Copyright © 2013 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2013, 1, 50-58

View publication stats