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    Lesson Note 11

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    Abrar Faiyaz
    This document discusses box and whisker plots and how to construct them using five number summaries. It explains that a boxplot uses the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum values to represent the central tendency and spread of a data set. The document provides examples of determining these values from raw data and using them to draw boxplots. It also defines outliers and explains how to identify them using the interquartile range.

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    Lesson Note 11

    Uploaded by

    Abrar Faiyaz
    41 views9 pages
    This document discusses box and whisker plots and how to construct them using five number summaries. It explains that a boxplot uses the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum values to represent the central tendency and spread of a data set. The document provides examples of determining these values from raw data and using them to draw boxplots. It also defines outliers and explains how to identify them using the interquartile range.

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    This document discusses box and whisker plots and how to construct them using five number summaries. It explains that a boxplot uses the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum values to represent the central tendency and spread of a data set. The document provides examples of determining these values from raw data and using them to draw boxplots. It also defines outliers and explains how to identify them using the interquartile range.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    41 views9 pages

    Lesson Note 11

    Uploaded by

    Abrar Faiyaz
    This document discusses box and whisker plots and how to construct them using five number summaries. It explains that a boxplot uses the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum values to represent the central tendency and spread of a data set. The document provides examples of determining these values from raw data and using them to draw boxplots. It also defines outliers and explains how to identify them using the interquartile range.

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    of 9

    STA101: Lesson Note 11

    EDA Plot

    Box & Whisker plot:

    Box-and-whisker plots (also called box plots) are a great way to represent a data set when you
    want to show the median and spread of the data at the same time. A box plot is a graphical
    display, based on quartiles, that helps us picture a set of data. To construct a box plot, we need
    only five statistics: the minimum value, Q1 (the first quartile), Q2 the median, Q3 (the third
    quartile), and the maximum value. In general, a box-and-whisker plot might look like this:

    The big box in the center is the box, and the little lines extending out from the sides are the
    whiskers.

    Five number summary-

    In a five-number summary, the following five numbers are used to summarize the data.

    1. Lowest value

    2. Q1

    3. Median (Q2)

    4. Q3

    5. Highest value

    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022


    Example:

    For a distribution, Lowest value= 25, Highest value= 40, Q1= 29.50, Q3= 32.1, and Median=
    30.58. Show this information in a boxplot.

    Example:

    For a distribution, 21, 50, 51, 52, 60, 60, 61, 61, 62, 63, 63, 70, 70, 71, 71, 80, 80, 80, 83, 90, 93
    Lowest value= 21, Highest value= 93, Q1= 60, Q3= 80, and Median= 63. Show this information
    in a boxplot.

    𝑖𝑛 1 ∗ 21
    = ~5.25 = 6𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
    4 4
    𝑖𝑛 2 ∗ 21
    = ~10.5 = 11𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
    4 4
    𝑖𝑛 3 ∗ 21
    = ~15.75 = 16𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
    4 4

    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022


    Strategies for determining the skewness for a Boxplot:

    Skewed to the right


    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022
    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022
    Interquartile Range (IQR) = Q3 - Q1

    Interquartile Range is the middle 50%, which trims off the 25% on both sides. Therefore, it is
    not affected by the outliers like we see in case of normal Range.

    Outliers:

    Outliers are data points that are unlike most of the rest of the data. If there’s a data point that’s
    really far from most of the data, then we can probably call it an outlier. We use what’s called the
    1.5-IQR rule, and it will identify both high outliers (outliers above the majority of the data) and
    low outliers (outliers below the majority of the data).

    Outliers are the data points which are below or less than Q1 – (1.5 X IQR) or above or greater than
    Q3 + (1.5 X IQR).

    𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝐼𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1

    𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑸𝟏 − 𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ 𝑰𝑸𝑹

    𝑼𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑸𝟑 + 𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ 𝑰𝑸𝑹

    Any observation having value out of (beyond) these two fences is called outliers and
    represented by ‘*’ sign on the boxplot. (One * for each outlier)

    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022


    Example:

    For a distribution, Lowest value= 21, Highest value= 93, Q1= 60, Q3= 80, and Median= 63.
    IQR = 𝐼𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1 = 80 − 60 = 20

    Lower fence = Q1 − 1.5 ∗ IQR = 60- (1.5 X 20) = 30

    Upper fence = Q3 + 1.5 ∗ IQR = 80+ (1.5 X 20) = 110

    Example:

    A random sample of 20 people was taken to know the time passed on Facebook during last two
    weeks (in hours). The recorded data were as follows-

    67, 76, 85, 42, 93, 48, 93, 46, 52, 72, 77, 53, 41, 48, 86, 78, 56, 80, 70, 66

    Show this data in a boxplot. Are there any outliers?

    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022


    Solution:

    Position
    Value

    𝑖𝑛 1∗20 5𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 + 6𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒


    Q1= = =5= = 50
    4 4 2

    𝑖𝑛 2∗20 10𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 +11𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒


    Q2 = = = 10 = = 68.5
    4 4 2

    𝑖𝑛 3∗20 15𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 +16𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒


    Q3 = = = 15 = = 79
    4 4 2

    Lowest value= 41, Highest value= 93, Q1= 50, Q3= 79, and Median= 68.5.

    𝐈𝐐𝐑 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1 = 79 − 50 = 𝟐𝟗

    𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = Q1 − 1.5 ∗ IQR = 50- (1.5 X 29) = 6.5

    𝑼𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = Q3 + 1.5 ∗ IQR = 80+ (1.5 X 20) = 122.5

    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022


    Exercises for practice:
    1. Sarah is visiting dairy farms as part of a research project and counting the number of red
    cows at each farm she visits. Here is her data:
    0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5, 7, 7, 18, 24, 24
    Calculate the IQR and range of the data set.
    [Ans: IQR = 11.5, Range = 24]
    2. Catherine counted the number of lizards she saw in her garden each week and recorded the
    data in a table. What is the interquartile range of the data? [Ans: IQR = 12]
    Number of lizards Frequency
    2 5
    5 2
    8 1
    12 2
    13 2
    15 3
    21 1

    3. The bar graph shows the number of tickets sold for the high school party each day. What is
    the interquartile range of the data set? [Ans: IQR = 4]

    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022


    4. These are average lifespans in years of various mammals:
    35, 10, 40, 40, 20, 10, 15, 14, 18, 35
    Find the five-number summary for the data. Show them in a Box plot.
    [Ans: Min=10, Q1= 14, Median= 19, Q3=35, Max=40]

    5. Create the box-and-whisker plot for the book ratings given in the stem and leaf plot.
    Stem Leaf
    1 378
    2 146
    3 55
    4
    5 26

    Key: 1|3 = 13

    STA101 (Introduction to Statistics) _Lesson Note 11_Summer 2022

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