1. Determine the orbital velocity of a satellite moving in a circular orbit at a height of 150 km above the surface of the earth.

G = 6.67 x 10-11 N-n2/kg2, ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg, radius of earth = 6370 km.

2. A satellite moving in an elliptical eccentric orbit has the semi-major axis of the orbit equal to 16,000 km. If the difference
between the apogee and the perigee in 30000 km, determine the orbit eccentricity.

3. Satellite – 1 in an elliptical orbit has the orbit semi-major axis equal to 18,0000 km and satellite – 2 in an elliptical orbit
has semi-major axis equal to 24,000 km. Determine the relationship between their orbital periods.
T2 is directly proportional to R3
4. Consider an earth satellite so positioned that it appears stationary to an observer on earth and serve the purpose of a fixed
relay station for intercontinental transmission of television and other communication. What will be the height at which the
satellite should be positioned and what would be the direction of its motion? Given radius of earth to be 6400 km and
acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth to be 9.8 m/sec.

5. A remote sensing satellite of the earth revolves in a circular orbit at a height of 230 Km. above the earth’s surface. What
is the (a) orbital velocity (b) Period of revolution of the satellite? Radius of the earth is 6.4 x 10 6 m and acceleration due to
gravity at the surface of the earth is 9.8 m/sec.
6. Explain what is meant by apogee height and perigee height. The Cosmos 1675 satellite has an apogee height of 39,342
km and a perigee height of 613 km. Determine the semimajor axis and the eccentricity of its orbit. Assume a mean earth
radius of 6371 km.
Ans-  Perigee and apogee are the farthest and the nearest point in the elliptical path of the earth
orbiting around the sun.

7. A satellite makes a circle around the earth in 90 minutes. Calculate the height of a satellite above the surface of the earth.
Given the radius of earth is 6400 km.
8. The period of the moon around the earth in 27.3 days and the radius of the orbit is 3.9 x 10 5 km., if G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2
(kg)-2, find the mass of the earth.
9. An artificial satellite circles around the earth at distance of 3400 km., Calculate the period of revolution and orbital
velocity. Given radius of earth to be 6400 Km. and e.g. to be 98 Cm/Sec. 2
10. A satellite moving in a highly eccentric Molniya orbit having the farthest and the closest points as 35,000 km. and 500
km. respectively from the surface of the earth. Determine the orbital time period and the velocity at the apogee and perigee
points. (Assume earth’s radius = 6360 km.)
11. Determine the magnitude of the velocity impulse needed to correct the inclination of 2 o in the satellite orbit 35800 km.
above the surface of the earth. Given that the radium of earth = 6364 Km. mass of earth = 5.98 x 10 24 Kg. and Gravitational
constant = 6.67 x 10-11 N-m2/Kg2.
12. Consider an earth station located at longitude Q L = 80o West and latitude Ql = 40o north and a geostationary satellite at
longitude QS = 120o W. Calculate the azimuth angle A and elevation angle E.
13. A geosynchronous satellite moving in an equatorial circular orbit at a height of 35800 km. above the surface of earth
gets inclined at an angle of 2o due to some reason. Calculate the maximum deviation in latitude and also the maximum
deviation in longitude. Also determine maximum displacements in kms. caused by latitude and longitude displacements.
(RE=6364 kms).
14. A geostationary satellite moving in an equatorial circular orbit is at a height of 35786 km. from earth’s surface. If the
earth’s radius is 6378 km. determine the theoretical maximum coverage angle. Also determine the maximum slant angle.
15. Show that the height of a geostationary orbit is 35,838 km. A non synchronous satellite orbits the earth with a mean
attitude of 1500 km. Determine how many times the satellite orbits the earth in one day.
16. Determine the maximum shadow angle that occurs at equinoxes for a satellite orbiting in a circular equatorial orbit at a
height of 13622 km. above the surface of the earth. Assume earth’s radius to be 6378 kms. Also determine the maximum
daily eclipse duration.
17. Find the velocity of satellite at the perigee and apogee of its elliptical orbit in terms of the semi major axis ‘a’ and the
eccentricity e.
18. For the inclination angle i = 28o, and the velocities of a satellite at the apogee and perigee as 1.61 km/s and 3.07 km/s
respectively, calculate the value of the incremental velocity required to correct the orbit inclination and to achieve orbit
circularization.
19. (a) Find the maximum line of sight distance between two satellites at the same height H.
20. A satellite is in a circular orbit at an attitude H = 10,000 km. Find the maximum eclipse time.
21. Find the coverage angle of a satellite for which it is visible of a minimum elevation angle. E min = 10o for the following
circular orbits. RE = 6378.155 km.
a. geostationary
b. H = 10,00 km.
c. H = 20,000 km.
22. A satellite at a distance of 40,000 km. from a point on the earth’s surface radiates a power of 2W from an antenna with a
gain of 17 dB in the direction of the observer. Find the flux density at the receiving point, and the power received by an
antenna with an effective area of 10 m 2.

23. If this satellite operates at a frequency of 11 GHz, and if the receiving antenna has a gain of 52.3 dB. , find the received
power.

24. A 4-GHz receiver has the following gains and arise temperatures:
Tin = 50 K GRF = 23 dB
TRF = 50 K Gm = 0 dB
Ton = 500 K GIF = 30 dB
TIF = 1000 K
25. For a satellite transponder with a receiver antenna gain of 22 dB, and 2NA gain of 10 dB and an equivalent noise
temperature of 22o K, determine the G/T figure of merit.

26. A satellite earth station having an antenna of diameter 30 m and overall efficiency of 68% works at signal frequency of
4150 MHz. At this frequency the system noise temperature is 70 o K when antenna points at the satellite at an elevation angle
of 28o. Calculate the G/T ratio of the earth station. In case the noise temperature rises to 88 oK, what would be the new G/T
ratio?

27. A microwave communication link is to be designed for the 6.4 – 6.9 GHz band using a synchronous satellite a distance
of 24,600 miles from the transmitter site. For excellent reception, it is desirable to achieve at the satellite a signal-to-noise
ratio of at least 100. Calculate the transmitter power and antenna requirements for this purpose.
28. For the complete link of a satellite, prove that

(C/N)T-1 = (C/N)U-1 + (C/N)D-1

where C/N is the signal to noise power spectral density ratio. The suffix T, U and D stands for total, uplink and downlink
respectively.
29. Consider a Ku band fu = 14.25-fd = 11.95 GHz satellite system with following system parameters.

Noise band width = 36 MHz

GU/Tu = 1.6 dB/K (Antenna gain to noise temp. ratio)
Satellite saturation EIRPs = 44 dBW
Antenna diameter (earth station) = 7 m.
Transmit antenna gain at 14.25 GHz (GT) = 57.6 dB
Receive antenna gain at 11.95 GHz (G) = 56.3 dB
Carrier power into antenna (Pt) = 174 W
Maximum uplink and downlink slant range (u & dd) = 37506 km.
Tracking losses 1.2 dB (Lu) and 0.9 dB (Ld)
System noise temp (T) = 160 K.
Based on the above parameters, calculate carrier to noise ratio for uplink, for downlink and total.
i. If a purely resistive attenuator is inserted into a receiver system such that a loss of faster 2 occurs in the power available
between input and output, then prove that i) Teff = Ts (2 – 1)

Where Teff is the effective temperature of a noise source T s is the system noise temperature.
30. Calculate the effective area of a 10-ft parabolic reflector antenna at a frequency of (a) 4GHz (b) 12GHz.

31. An antenna has a gain of 46 dB at 12 GHz. Calculate its effective area. Calculate the gain of a 3 m reflector antenna at
(a) 6 GHz and (b) 14 GHz.
32. Find the gain and beamwidh of an antenna of diameter 2 m operating at 14 GHz. Assume an aperture efficiency of 60
%.
33. An INTELSAT V transponder using a global beam achieves a 17.8 dB (C/N) i at an earth station. The transponder carries
972 channels on a single carrier, the FDM/FM signal fully occupies a 36-MHz bandwidth in the transponder. If the
weighted (S/N) on the top baseband channel is 51.0 dB, find the rms test-tone deviation and the rms multicarrier deviation
that must be used. Compare these with the tabulated values.

34. A single carrier that will occupy (when modulated) 9 MHz of an INTELSAT V transponder can produce a (C/N) i of
14.7 dB at a standard earth station using the satellite’s global beam. Assuming an 8000-p Wp space segment noise
allocation, how many telephone channels can the transponder carry?

35. In a TDMA network the reference burst and the preamble each requires 560 bits, and the nominal guard interval
between bursts is equivalent to 120 bits. Given that there are eight traffic bursts and one reference burst per frame and total
frame length is equivalent to 40,800 bits, calculate the frame efficiency.
Ans- total frame length = 40800

Traffic burst per frame = 8

Reference bursts per frame= 1

Guard = 120

P = 560

Overhead symbols = 1*(120+560) + 8*(120+560)

= 6120

nF = 1- (6120/40800) = .85