A I P C E Co Aipceco: Ftab Men Arto Onsulting Ngineers Mpany

Aftab Imen Parto Consulting Engineers Company
(AIPCECO)
www.AIPCECO.com [email protected]
1
• PSM system. • Brazilian Oil Platform Sinking
• Introduction to PSM • PSM is sub-sys of Safety
• Why PSM • PSM system Possible elements
• HHC • PSM around the worlds.
• Recent major Disaster
• Mechanical Integrity
• Process Safety Information
• Hot Work
• Employee Involvement
• Management of Change
• Process Hazard Analysis: What if, FMEA, HAZOP, FTA
• Operating Procedures • Incident Investigation
• Training • Emergency Planning and Response
• Contractors • Compliance Audits
• Pre-Startup Safety Review • Trade Secrets

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Process Safety Management Course

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General Information
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What is system safety?
The system safety concept is the application of
special technical and managerial skills to the
systematic, forward-looking identification and
control of hazards throughout the life cycle of a
project, program, or activity. The concept calls for
safety analyses and hazard control actions,
beginning with the conceptual phase of a system
and continuing through the design, production,
testing, use, and disposal phases, until the activity
is retired.
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4 Process Safety Management Course

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PSM is a system.
• What is system? Organization elements
• How system is work? PDCA
• For more inform. Look to HSE awareness Presentation.
• How to implement PSM?
• What are main problems?
• safety culture,
• Cost and budget,
• knowledge and experiences: Know Operation, Know procedures
• team work,
• define responsibilities,
• change organization.
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PROACTIVE REACTIVE
• Implementing • Implementing
countermeasures to countermeasures after an
PSM is a prevent an incident incident has occurred
Proactive
• Perform hazard analysis • Perform incident
Risk (PHA) and risk investigation and determine
assessment root cause
Based
Approach • Practice inherently • Design & install additional
(natural/ internal) safer layers of protection after an
incident (part of LOPA)
design
Countermeasure to
prevent incident
Safety program
Proactive PHA, Risk Assessment
BPCS
Countermeasure to
mitigate ad control
incident
Reactive Incident analysis

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ERP
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PSM is a subset of system safety
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Design, Build and Operate
What the client How the project mgr. How it was planned How it was implemented How the consultant
ordered understood it by the engineer by the technicians interpreted it
How it was How it was What was charged What was subject of What the client
documented To the client the service agreement really wanted
8 eventually built
An Effective System
Thinking Safe...
WHAT CAN HAPPEN IS THERE A BETTER

IF THE WAY TO DO THIS...
Smart Questions!!! “UNEXPECTED” IN ORDER TO AVOID
SHOWS UP ? AN ACCIDENT?
Beliefs
• EVERY SINGLE ACCIDENT CAN BE AVOIDED
• BECAUSE ACCIDENTS DON’T SIMPLY HAPPEN. THEY HAVE
CAUSES!
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• THEREFORE, THERE IS ALWAYS A SAFE WAY TO PERFORM

ANY TASK IN ORDER TO AVOID ACCIDENTS.
SARP PMC HSEMS July.2010 by: Mr. Manouchehr AHANJ MC HSE Manager
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 July 17, 1990, OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a
proposed standard,—”PSM for HHC” containing requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous
chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces.
In fact OSHA Established a comprehensive management program that integrated
technologies, procedures, and management practices.
 On November 1, 1990, OSHA published a Federal Register notice (55 FR 46074)
scheduling a second hearing to begin on February 26, 1991, in Houston, TX,
enumerating additional issues, and extending the written comment period
until January 22, 1991.
 OSHA received 175 comments and almost 4,000 pages of testimony and almost
60 post-hearing comments and briefs.
 CAAA stablished in 1967 and completed in 1990, The CAAA requires that the
standard include a list of highly hazardous chemicals which includes toxic,
flammable, highly reactive, and explosive substances
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• The CAAA (Clean Air Act Amendment) also specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do, as
follows:
• (1) Develop and maintain written safety information: Workplace Process: HAZID, Equipment& Technology.
• (2) Accident sources, Previous accidents resulted/ may resulted to catastrophic, estimation of workplace effects of a range of releases,
and estimation of the H& S effects of such a range on employees;
• (3) Consult for conduct and develop hazard assessment, develop to prevent chemical accident plan, and access to records.
• (4) System for hazard assess. Finding to prevent, mitigate and emergency responses.
• (5) Review periodically the workplace hazard assessment and response system;
• (6) Develop and implement procedures for each operating phase, operating limitations, and safety and health considerations.
• (7) provide information and training by focusing on hazards and safe practices.
• (8) contractors control
• (9) ERP: Train and Educate
• (10) Stablish QA: Process equipment, Maintenance Material, spare parts
• (11) Establish maintenance systems for critical equipment, including: procedures, training, inspections, and testing to ensure ongoing
mechanical integrity;
• (12) PSSER
• (13) MOC to process chemicals, technology, equipment and facilities;
• (14) Incident/ Accident Investigation, Reporting, analysis, corrective action.
• Also the CAAA, identifies specific duties for EPA relative to the prevention of accidental,
• Generally, EPA must develop a list of chemicals and a Risk Management Plan.
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1910.119 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
Please see:
OSHA3132
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• PSM is important because loss of containment events in the process industries can have DIRE consequences for
employees, the public, and the company.
• Several major chemical catastrophes have demonstrated the need for effective PSM and the potential
devastation of a dysfunctional system
 The key provision of PSM is process hazard analysis (PHA):
PSM clarifies the responsibilities of employers and contractors
 Process means any activity involving a highly hazardous chemical including

using, storing, manufacturing, handling, or moving such chemicals at the site,
or any combination of these activities.
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• Examples of HHCs include:
• Anhydrous ammonia
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Chlorine
• When released, HHCs have the
potential to cause catastrophic
incidents resulting in injury/
death
 Incident due to unexpected release of highly hazardous chemicals give disasters.

 Losses due to incidents: Direct& Indirect Human, Properties, material,
Environment, Media (national and international), reputation,
Example of Environment: Acid Rain, OZON Layer, Air pollution in winter…..
Highly hazardous chemicals (HHCs) may be: toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive, or may
exhibit a combination.
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 In each industry, PSM: 130 specific toxic and reactive; flammable liquids and gases in quantities of 10,000
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pounds (4,535.9 Kg) or more.

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What’s Covered
• Listed Chemicals in Appendix A
• > 10,000 pounds of Flammable Liquids or Gases
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Chemical hazards
Type of chemical hazards 
 Material hazard : Hazardous nature of chemicals
like Inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, reactive,
radioactive, reducing, oxidizing, decomposing or
incompatible.
 Process hazards : In process, chemical and

physical change, chemical reaction, pressure,
temperature, level, flow, quantity and other
parameters create.
 Vessel hazards : The vessels and equipments in

which the chemicals are stored, handled or reacted
pose.
Chemical hazards
Type of chemical hazards 
 Control hazards : The inadequate, defective, under
design or wrongly modified control devices or their of
failure cause.
 Fire hazards : Fire or explosion

 Toxic hazards : Affluent disposal and gaseous
emissions bring pollution and toxic hazards.
 Handling hazards : Leaks, spills and splashes

cause.
Chemical hazards
Physical hazards or health hazards 
 Physical Hazards : Corrosives, Explosives

etc.
 Health Hazards : Toxic, Irritants and Oxides.
 Accident and emergency hazard
 Absence, nonuse or failure of fire fighting

equipments, personal protective
equipments, emergency control devices
• Pasadena, TX (1989)
• 23 deaths, 132
INCIDENT EFFECTS injuries
Petroleum
Bhopal, India, 1984 >3800 fatalities, >100 000 injuries, severe explosion
Union Carbide damage to area livestock and crops, long • Cincinnati, OH
Methyl Isocyanate Release term health effects, $470 M compensation (1990)
• 2 deaths
Chernobyl, USSR, 1986 30 acute fatalities, >130 000 people Explosion
Nuclear Reactor Meltdown exposed to harmful radiation, long term • Sterlington, LA
(1991)
health affects, permanent evacuation of • 8 deaths, 128
the city injuries
Gulf Oil Spill. USA, 2010 11 fatalities from the explosion Chemical
release
British Petroleum Extensive environmental damage,
Deepwater Horizon Oil extensive damage to regional fishing and Deaths Injuries
Platform Explosion and Spill tourism industry, >$4.5 B USD in fines, 1989 Pasadena, TX 23 130
>$42 B in civil settlements
1990 Houston, TX 17 --
Challenger Disaster, USA, 1986 Loss of crew (7 fatalities), loss of space
1991 Lake Charles, LA 5 --
NASA shuttle (>$8 B USD), recovery of debris
Explosion 1991 Charleston, SC 6 33
1991 Seadrift, TX 1 32
1984 Mexico City 650 --
1984 Chicago area 17 17
Note: Major disasters involving highly
hazardous chemicals drew national 1985 West Virginia -- 135
attention
1988 New Orleans 5 23
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1988 Henderson, NV 2 350

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Geco Seismic Vessel
Bhopal Union Carbide Plant Accident 1984
Over 2,500 deaths, 350,000 injured,
premature deaths, etc. loss in stock
market value exceeding $900 million,
Union Carbide Inc. paid over $425
million to settle litigations, etc.
Piper Alpha 1988: Over 167 people dead,
estimated loss over $3 Billion
Petrobras P-36 Sinking 2001
happens only to others? •Brazil, March 16, 2001 - The world's

biggest offshore oil rig, owned by Brazil's
state oil giant, Petrobras, sank into the
ocean spilling crude oil, a day after an
explosion that killed 10 people.
Zauliyah-16 Blow Out (August 2001)
Blow-out, leading to loss of Well Pulling Hoist, Well, Facilities,

Environmental damage, but luckily no fatality
Cost of Accidents at Work
Some Major Accidents
1979 - THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR PLANT - US $ 1.3 billion
1984 – BHOPAL UNION CARBIDE PLANT - US $ 1.4 billion
1986 - CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR PLANT - US $ 5.5 billion
1988 - PIPER ALPHA OIL PLATFORM - US $ 3.0 billion
1989 - EXXON VALDEZ (clean-up costs only) - US $ 2.5 billion
1998 - Esso Longford gas plant explosion - US $ 4.8 billion
Good HSE is Good Business

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Analysis of Sinking P-36
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PSM systems are typically centered around four themes [4]:
i. Commitment of management and corporate objectives to
The PSM
ii. Hazard assessment, including process knowledge and hazard
Elements identification
of PSM iii. Risk management such as managing change in the process

and change in personnel
iv. Continuous enhancement such as furthering employee
education and enhancing process knowledge
PSM
System
Possible
Elements
Risk is never zero.
Two of the most important features of a PSM system are

participation and communication
 Although PSM systems are typically designed by management
they require input from operators and commitment from
corporate executives to be implemented properly
PSM systems are non-prescriptive
 They must be based on performance indicators to measure the
success of the PSM system
 Guidelines can be implemented in many ways as long as the
objectives are met
Finally, PSM systems are not created once and
implemented once.
 They are an on-going process that involves auditing and
revaluation of the management system to continually enhance
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the effectiveness of the PSM system.

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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY PROCESS SAFETY
 Individual-oriented & controlled  Cooperative

 Focused on direct interaction between individual  Broad impact
and equipment or structures  Systems
 Specific impact  Little individual control
 Work place rules & safety equipment
 Worker training & supervision
Examples of Possible Incidents Examples of Possible Incidents
• Fall • Explosion
• Spill • Release of hazardous chemical
• Electrocution • Fire
• Asphyxiation • Release of hazardous energy
• Hearing Impairment and other chronic injuries
• Minor injuries (pinch, banged knee, etc.)
Examples of Safeguards Examples of Safeguards

• Hazardous Work Permits DESIGN OPERATIONS
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Ventilation systems, confined space entry • Pressure Safety Valves • Maintenance
• Guardrails, equipment guards • Inherently Safer Design • Inspections
• Equipment Interlocks • Training
• Process Alarms • Procedures
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Process Safety Management Systems from
around the world
 American Occupational Health and Safety Administration

Process Safety Management Rule enacted in 1994
 14 Elements - CSChE – The Canadian Society for Chemical
Engineering
 20 Elements - AIChE CCPS – The American Institute for
Chemical Engineers Center for Chemical Process Safety
 12 Elements – OSHA – US Occupational Health and Safety
Administration PSM Rule 1910.119
 20 Elements – EU Energy Institute
 Some large corporations may also sell their custom systems or
services for implementing PSM
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Two major international drivers of PSM:
US OSHA PSM Standard 1910.119
With the US OSHA levying hefty fines in the
past few years, the need for functional PSM
PSM systems is increasing

While no fines will be levied for failure to
possess a functional PSM system in
around Canada, there are still legal requirements
for all people directing work to take
the reasonable steps to ensure worker and
public safety
world EU Seveso II Directive
Directive II was a revision of the original
directive which increased the requirement
to include a safety management system,
as well as emergency and land-use
planning
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DuPont
Process Safety and Risk Management Model
Process
Auditing Technology Operating
Procedures and Safe
Emergency Planning Practices
and Response
Management of Change Management of
Change
Incident Investigation
and Reporting MANAGEMENT
LEADERSHIP & Process Hazards
COMMITMENT Analysis
Contractor Safety
and Performance
Quality Assurance
Training and
Performance
Management of Prestart-Up Safety

“Subtle” Change Reviews
Mechanical Integrity
Copyright © 2010 E.I. du Pont de Nemours, Inc. All rights reserved.

No Loss
Safety chance
38
loss
PSM Target Reasons of
Failed in
prevent. It is HHC
LOPA
proactive Releases
LOPA?? Describe LOPA,

Give example
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PSM Elements
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• Process Safety • Mechanical Integrity
Information
• Hot Work
• Employee Involvement
• Management of Change
• Process Hazard Analysis
• Operating Procedures • Incident Investigation
• Training • Emergency Planning and
Response
• Contractors
• Compliance Audits
• Pre-Startup Safety Review
• Trade Secrets
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• Purpose
• One of the Most Essential Elements for a Successful Program
• People at Working Level Know Most about Operations
• Serves as a Sanity Check re: Common Sense Problems
• Couples with All Other Elements and Ensures Successful Implementation
• What is Required, Employers Must
• Have a Written Plan to Ensure Employee Participation: Give Example of BA for
PEMID
• Involve Employees in Conduct and Implementation of PHAs & Other Elements of PSM
• Provide Access to PHAs and all other Information Required to Be Developed by PSM
Rule
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Employers must complete a compilation of written process safety information
before conducting any PHA required by the standard.
1. Information on the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals in the

process shall consist of at least the following:
• Toxicity,
• Permissible exposure limits,
• Physical data,
• Reactivity data,
• Corrosivity data, and
• Thermal and chemical stability data, and hazardous effects of
inadvertent mixing of different materials.
3. Information on the equipment in the process
2. Information of the technology of the must include the following:
process must include:
• A block flow diagram or simplified • Materials of construction,
process flow diagram,
• Process chemistry,
• Piping and instrument diagrams (P&IDs),
• Maximum intended inventory, • Electrical classification,
• Safe upper and lower limits for such items
as temperatures, pressures, flows or
• Relief system design and design basis,
compositions, and • Ventilation system design,
• An evaluation of the consequences of
deviations, including those affecting the • Design codes and standards employed,
safety and health of employees. • Material and energy balances for processes
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built after May 26, 1992, and

• Safety systems (e.g., interlocks, detection, or
suppression
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Employer shall document for equipment to show that those are in good
engineering practices.
Document shall prove that equipment is designed, maintained, inspected,
tested, and operated in a safe manner.
Document for equipment will help to have process HAZID and could help to develop PHA
Also docs of equipment may needed for MOC and Incident investigation of PMS too.
Talking about PSP, PHSEP, and other

HSE Management System related to
Information management of HSE
Guidelines
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Information is needed for PHA.
PHA: Every 5 Years
PHA Methods:
 What-if, PHA must address the following:
 Checklist,  The hazards of the process;
 What-if/checklist,  The identification of any previous incident that had a potential for
 Hazard and catastrophic consequences in the workplace;
operability study  Engineering and administrative controls applicable to the hazards and
(HAZOP), their interrelationships, such as appropriate application of detection
 Failure mode and methodologies to provide early warning of releases. Acceptable
effects analysis detection methods might include process monitoring and control
(FMEA), instrumentation with alarms, and detection hardware such as
 Fault tree analysis, hydrocarbon sensors;
or  Consequences of failure of engineering and administrative controls;
 An appropriate
 Facility siting;
equivalent
 Human factors; and
methodology.
 A qualitative evaluation of a range of the possible safety and health
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effects on employees in the workplace if there is a failure of controls.

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Via standard – mostly
frequency reduction
Decreasing frequency
Via measures – mostly

The land of ZERO consequence reduction
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Decreasing consequence
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Simply, PHA allows the employer to:
• Determine locations of potential safety problems
• Identify corrective measures to improve safety
• Preplan emergency actions to be taken if safety controls fail
• Use one or more established methodologies appropriate to the

complexity of the process
• Performed by a team with expertise in engineering and process
operations
• Includes personnel with experience and knowledge specific to the process
being evaluated and the hazard analysis methodology being used
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What-If
• Experienced personnel brainstorming a series of questions that
begin, "What if…?”
• Each question represents a potential failure in the facility or
miss-operation of the facility
• The response of the process and/or operators is evaluated to

determine if a potential hazard can occur
• If so, the adequacy of existing safeguards is weighed against the
probability and severity of the scenario to determine whether
modifications to the system should be recommended
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1.
What-If – Steps
Divide the system up into smaller, logical
subsystems
2. Identify a list of questions for a subsystem ????
3. Select a question
4. Identify hazards, consequences, severity,
likelihood, and recommendations
5. Repeat Step 2 through 4 until complete
What-If Question Areas
• Equipment failures
– What if … a valve leaks?
• Human error
– What if … operator fails to restart pump?
• External events
– What if … a very hard freeze persists?
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What-If – Summary
• Perhaps the most commonly used method
• One of the least structured methods
• Can be used in a wide range of circumstances
• Success highly dependent on experience of the analysts
• Useful at any stage in the facility life cycle
• Useful when focusing on change review
Checklist
• Consists of using a detailed list of prepared questions
about the design and operation of the facility
• Questions are usually answered “Yes” or “No”
• Used to identify common hazards through compliance
with established practices and standards
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Checklist Question Categories
• Causes of accidents
• Process equipment
• Human error
• External events
• Facility Functions
• Alarms, construction materials, control systems,
documentation and training, instrumentation, piping, pumps,
vessels, etc.
Checklist Questions
• Causes of accidents
• Is process equipment properly supported?
• Is equipment identified properly?
• Are the procedures complete?
• Is the system designed to withstand hurricane winds?
• Facility Functions
• Is is possible to distinguish between different alarms?
• Is pressure relief provided?
• Is the vessel free from external corrosion?
• Are sources of ignition controlled?
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Checklist – Summary
• The simplest of hazard analyses
• Easy-to-use; level of detail is adjustable
• Provides quick results; communicates information well
• Effective way to account for ‘lessons learned’
• NOT helpful in identifying new or unrecognized hazards
• Limited to the expertise of its author(s)
Checklist – Summary (cont’d)

• Should be prepared by experienced engineers
• Its application requires knowledge of the system/facility
and its standard operating procedures
• Should be audited and updated regularly
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What-If/Checklist
• A hybrid of the What-If and Checklist
methodologies
• Combines the brainstorming of What-If method
with the structured features of Checklist method
What-If/Checklist – Steps
• Begin by answering a series of previously-
prepared ‘What-if’ questions
• During the exercise, brainstorming produces
additional questions to complete the analysis of
the process under study
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What-If/Checklist –
Summary
• Encourages creative thinking (What-If) while providing
structure (Checklist)
• In theory, weaknesses of stand-alone methods are
eliminated and strengths preserved – not easy to do in
practice
• E.g.: when presented with a checklist, it is typical human
behavior to suspend creative thinking
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1. Choose a vessel and describe intention
2. Choose and describe a flow path
3. Apply guideword to deviation
• Guidewords include NONE, MORE OF, LESS OF, PART OF, MORE THAN, OTHER THAN,
REVERSE
• Deviations are expansions, such as NO FLOW, MORE PRESSURE, LESS TEMPERATURE,
MORE PHASES THAN (there should be),
4. Can deviation initiate a hazard of consequence?

5. Can failures causing deviation be identified?
6. Investigate detection and mitigation systems
7. Identify recommendations
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8. Document
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9. Repeat 3-to-8, 2-to-8, and 1-to-8 until complete

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1. Vessel 2. FLOW PATH
Check
Valve
Feed Tank Pump
To Distillation Column
3. REVERSAL OF FLOW
4. Distillation materials returning via pump-around
5. Pump failure could lead to REVERSAL OF FLOW
6. Check valve located properly prevents deviation
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7. Move check valve downstream of pump-around

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• Pressure too high
• Pressure too low (vacuum)
• Temperature too high
• Temperature too low
• Deterioration of equipment
• Hazards are detectable by careful review

• Plants designed, built and run to appropriate standards will
not suffer catastrophic loss of containment if ops stay within
design parameters
• Hazards are controllable by a combination of equipment,
procedures which are Safety Critical
• HAZOP conducted with openness and good faith by
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competent parties

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HAZOP Study Methodology and PHA-Pro Software
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• Manual analysis to determine the consequences of component,
module or subsystem failures
• Bottom-up analysis
• Consists of a spreadsheet where each failure mode, possible
causes, probability of occurrence, consequences, and proposed
safeguards are noted.
• Rupture • Spurious start

• Crack • Loss of function
• Leak • High pressure
• Plugged
• Low pressure
• Failure to open
• Failure to close • High temperature
• Failure to stop • Low temperature
• Failure to start • Overfilling
• Failure to continue
• Hose bypass
• Spurious stop
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• Instrument bypassed

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FMEA on a Heat Exchanger
Failure Causes of Symptoms Predicted Impact
Mode Failure Frequency
Tube Corrosion H/C at Frequent – Critical –

rupture from fluids higher has could
(shell side) pressure happened 2x cause a
than in 10 yrs major
cooling fire
water
 Rank items by risk (frequency x impact)

 Identify safeguards for high risk items
Please see sample of FMEA

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FMEA – Failure Modes, Effects Analysis
• FMEA is a very structured and reliable method for
evaluating hardware and systems.
• Easy to learn and apply and approach makes evaluating
even complex systems easy to do.
• Can be very time-consuming (and expensive) and does
not readily identify areas of multiple fault that could
occur.
• Not easily lent to procedural review as it may not
identify areas of human error in the process.
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Fault Tree Analysis
• Graphical method that starts with a hazardous event and works backwards to identify
the causes of the top event
• Top-down analysis
• Intermediate events related to the top event are combined by using logical operations
such as AND and OR.
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Fault Tree Analysis
• Provides a traceable, logical, quantitative representation of
causes, consequences and event combinations
• Amenable to – but for comprehensive systems, requiring –
use of software
• Not intuitive, requires training
• Not particularly useful when temporal aspects are important
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Accident Scenarios May Be
Missed by PHA
• No PHA method can identify all accidents that could
occur in a process
• A scenario may be excluded from the scope of the
analysis
• The team may be unaware of a scenario
• The team consider the scenario but judge it not credible
or significant
• The team may overlook the scenario
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Where to Get More Information
• Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board’s
web site: www.csb.gov
• MPRI web site: www. Mpri.lsu.edu/main/
• Crowl and Louvar – Chemical Process Safety:
Fundamentals with Applications
• Kletz – HAZOP & HAZAN: Notes on the Identification and
Assessment of Hazards
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PSI Procedure
Procedures must address at least the following elements:

1. Steps for each operating phase:
 Initial startup;
 Normal operations;
 Temporary operations;
 Emergency shutdown, including the conditions under which emergency shutdown is required, and the
assignment of shut down responsibility to qualified operators to ensure that emergency shutdown is
executed in a safe and timely manner;
 Emergency operations;
 Normal shutdown; and
 Startup following a turnaround, or after an emergency shutdown.
2. Operating limits:
 Consequences of deviation, and
 Steps required to correct or avoid deviation.
3. Safety and health considerations:
 Properties of, and hazards presented by, the chemicals used
 Precautions necessary to prevent exposure, including engineering controls, administrative controls, and
personal protective equipment;
 Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs;
 Quality control for raw materials and control of hazardous chemical inventory levels; and
 Any special or unique hazards.
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 Safety systems (e.g., interlocks, detection or suppression systems) and their functions.

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Operating procedures must be accessible for all who are
working in work places.
Also shall be reviewed to make sure any changes on
equipment, facilities, process chemicals and technology
are covered.
Develop safe work practices for example for LOTO, CS,
laboratory, opening process or piping equipment.
Employers must develop a written plan of action to implement the employee

participation required by PSM
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Implementation of an effective training program
Training Is not only simple courses: use other ways such as safety alerts,
TBT, Face to face or make some program to cover it such making
behavioral audit program, also encouragement system, evaluation
personnel to taking more working grade, even working on home safety
culture is very important.
PSM requires that each employee presently involved in operating a process or a newly
assigned process must be trained in an overview of the process and in its operating
procedures.
The training must include hazards, emergency operations including shutdown, and other safe
work practices that apply to
the employee’s job tasks.
Refresher training must be provided at least every three years, may need employee
consultation too.
A record must be kept containing the identity of the employee, the date of training, and how
the employer verified that the employee understood the training.
See samples of Training Matrix, Training Time Table, Efficiency and related elements.
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Many categories of contract labor: General or Specific Tasks, Long or Short term,
Local or international, Educate or non educate..
PSM includes special provisions for contractors and their employees to emphasize the
importance of everyone taking care that they do nothing to endanger those working nearby
who may work for another employer.
PSM, therefore, applies to contractors performing maintenance or repair, turnaround, major
renovation, or specialty work on or adjacent to a covered process.
Employer Responsibilities
The employer: 1. must obtain and evaluate information regarding the
contract employer’s safety performance and programs,
2. shall inform contractor regarding all job hazards, ERP, Process
3. Inspect periodically…
4. Maintain Contractor HSE statistics such as: injury
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Contract Employer Responsibilities
Ensure employees are trained to perform job safely;
Ensure that contract employees are instructed in the known

potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to their
job and the process, and in the applicable provisions of the
emergency action plan;
• Document that each contract employee has received and
understood the training required by the standard by preparing a
record that contains the identity of the contract employee, the date
of training, and the means used to verify that the employee
understood the training;
• Ensure that each contract employee follows the safety rules of
the facility including the required safe work practices required in
the operating procedures section of the standard; and
• Advise the employer of any unique hazards presented by the
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contract employer’s work.

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Please see presentation:
PSSER (Pre-Start Up, Safety and Environment Review)
Send to all tech. Complete by

PSSER Check list
dept. Tech. Dept.
PSSER is an effective system:

Send to Get the first
Review by main 1. It is simple, adequate and
coordination draft, type,
responsibilities
meeting review objective.
2. Line Management are
responsible.
Initiate and send
Approved by top
Correct action to top
management
management. 3. All technical departments
shall cooperate.
4. It is part of information
management.
Prepare PTW
Prepare all Complete Risk
Docs: Isolation, 5. By proper team work is
Document and assessment and
COPTW, PID,
Issue PTW JSA
Procedure following.
6. Shall approved by top
management (Covering
Leader Ship).
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Issue LUN SAFE START UP

7. Others benefits.
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It is important to maintain the mechanical integrity
of critical process equipment to ensure it is
designed and installed correctly and operates Procedures is needed to
properly. maintain the ongoing integrity
of process equipment,
procedures shall show the best
PSM mechanical integrity requirements apply engineering practices and
to the following equipment: shall guide the inspection and
• Pressure vessels and storage tanks; testing methods of process
• Piping systems (including piping components equipment. Also all of the
such as valves); testing and inspections shall
• Relief and vent systems and devices; be documented.
• Emergency shutdown systems;
• Controls (including monitoring devices and
sensors, alarms, and interlocks); and Employees must be trained in
• Pumps. an overview of that process
and its hazards and
procedures applicable to the
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employees' job tasks.

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• The employer shall develop and maintain a master list of all
equipment specifically covered by the standard, and equipment that
is important to safety of the process.
– Pressure vessels and storage tanks.
– Piping systems including valves and other piping components.
– Relief and vent systems and devices.
– Emergency shutdown systems.
– Controls (including monitoring devices and sensors, alarms, and
interlocks).
– Pumps.
– Rotating equipment.
– Heat exchange equipment.
– Electrical generation and distribution
equipment.
– Un-interruptable power supplies.
– Emergency power supply equipment.
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– Fire protection equipment.

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• Welding, cutting, braising – make sure only
trained personnel perform these functions
• Have trained fire watchers (align with fire
extinguisher / fire response training)
Please see presentation:

PTW Advance Training presentation
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PERMIT TO WORK
 Prevent
incident
 More work Efficiency
Statistics
Why PTW?
1.Request
2.Preparation
3.Approval (Daily PTW Coordination meeting)
How PTW? 4.Execution
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6 Step 5.InterruptionProcess Safety Management Course

6.Completion Prepared by ??
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anagement Change
 Purpose
 All Accidents are a Result of Uncontrolled Changes
 Make Sure Changes are Properly Identified and Controlled Before
Implemented
 What is Required – Employers Must
 Write Procedures to Manage Changes (Except for Replacement in
Kind) that Address
 Technical Basis for the Change
 Impact of Change on Safety and Health
 Modifications to Operating Procedures
 Necessary Time Period for the Change
 Authorization Requirements for the Change
 Inform and Train Operations, Maintenance, and Contract
Employees Affected by the Change Prior to Start-up
 Update Applicable Process Safety Information
 Update Operating Procedures or Practices
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anagement Change
• Create formalized system to

review all changes to process
areas including:
• Raw material changes /
substitutions
• Personnel changes
• Process parameters
• Facility changes (HVAC / roof /
fire protection / ……..) Change
of
Management
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Prepared by ??
anagement Change
• PSI
• Mechanical Integrity
• PINDs
• Hot Work
• Contractor Safety
• Employee Training
• PSSR
• Operating Procedures
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• Purpose
• Provide Feedback for Prevention of Future Problems
• Incidents are Analogous to Hazards ( Potential Problem), Become Accidents
When Someone is Harmed
• After the Fact vs. Other Elements Aimed at Anticipation and Prevention
• What is Required
• Investigation of any Incident that Resulted or Could Have Resulted in
Catastrophic Release of a HHC
• Prompt Initiation, Within 48 Hours
• Investigation Team Formed Consisting of Knowledge of Process Affected,
Contractor if Involved, Others with Appropriate Knowledge
• Report Prepared
• Employer has a System to Promptly and Effectively Address Findings and
Recommendations; and Document this Resolution
• Report is Reviewed with Affected Personnel
• Reports are Retained for Five Years
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Prepared by ??
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Prepared by ??
In v e s t ig a t e
In c id e n t s B e g in w it h in
& 4 8 -h o u rs
N e a r - M is s e s
R e a t a in In c id e n t Team
w it h P r o c e s s
R e p o rts 5 -y e a rs
In v e s t ig a t io n K n o w le d g e
F o llo w - u p R e p o r t w it h
S y s te m fo r C o n c lu s io n s &
R e c o m m e n d a t io n s R e c o m m e n d a to n s
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Prepared by ??
• Purpose is to Minimize Injuries and Damage in Event of
an Incident or Accident
• Establishment and Implementation of an Emergency Action
Plan
• Procedures for Handling Small Releases
• Training
• Call in all resources and make plan comprehensive:

• Information Technology (IT) Disaster Recovery Plan
• Business Continuity Plan
• Security
• Communications / Public Relations
• Employee Assistance
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• Purpose is to Compare Performance Against the Written Standards and Procedures
• Employer Certify Every Three Years He Has Verified Procedures and Practices Required by The Rule
are Adequate and Being Followed
• Audit Team Include One Person Knowledgeable in Process and Other Knowledgeable Personnel
• Audit Report Developed
• Employer Respond to Findings and Document Deficiencies Have Been Resolved
• Two Most Recent Audit Reports Be Retained
• Ask for the audit protocol ahead of time

• Have a system in place to identify the location of all PSM
documentation
• Identify what's in or out of audit scope
• Ask for money to correct audit items before the audit is conducted
• Prepare management for report
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• Purpose
• To Insure Employees Have Access to Information Needed to Perform Job
Safely, Regardless of Trade Secrets
• A Trade Secret is Knowledge not Patented but Gives a Co. a Competitive
Advantage
• Information (Regardless of Status) be Made Available to Persons
Responsible for
• Compiling Process Safety Information
• Development of Process Hazard Analysis
• Development of Operating Procedures
• Involved in Incident Investigations, Emergency Planning and
Response, and Compliance Audits
• Allows Employer’s to Require Confidentiality Agreements of Employees
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Prepared by ??
Quiz
1. The Process Safety Management
Standard was drafted as a requirement
of the Clean Air Act. True or False
2. The PSM program must include a list
of highly hazardous chemicals. True or False
3. The initial start-up of a process is not
included as an operating phase under
the PSM Standard. True or False
4. List three items that the process hazard analysis must
address. ___________, __________ and __________.
5. PSM does not apply to contractors,
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regardless of the work they are doing. True or False

Prepared by ??
Quiz (cont.)
6. The PSM Standard applies to companies that either
process highly _____________ materials or use
_____________ liquids and gases in excess of 10,000
pounds.
7. Process safety information includes:
______________, _____________ and _____________.
8. Fault tree analysis is one form of an
approved method of performing a process
hazard analysis. True or False
9. A technical basis is not required to change
a process covered by the PSM Standard. True or False
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10.Two types of training required by the PSM

standard are ________________ Prepared by ??
Quiz Answers
1. True. The Process Safety Management Standard was
drafted as a result of the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990.
2. True.
3. False. The initial start-up of a process is an operating
phase that must be included.
4. The items that a process hazard analysis must address
include hazards of the process, identification of previous
accidents, engineering. and administrative controls,
consequences of failure, facility citing, human factors,
and qualitative evaluation of S and H effects.
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5. False. PSM does apply to contractors who work on or

adjacent to a process.Process Safety Management Course
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Quiz Answers (cont.)
6. The PSM Standard applies to companies that either
process highly hazardous materials or use flammable
liquids and gases in excess of 10,000 pounds.
7. Process safety information includes toxicity, permissible
exposure limits, physical data, reactivity data, corrosivity
data, and thermal and chemical stability data.
8. True. Fault Tree Analysis is one form of an approved
method of performing a process hazard analysis.
9. False. All change must have a technical basis in order
to be authorized.
10. Two types of training required by the PSM standard
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are initial and refresher.

Prepared by ??
• Implementation of PSP in PEMID. Give examples.
• Please see PSP Implementation program presentation.
• Start to talk about PSM implementation. Step by Step.
• What are different between PSM, PSP, PHSEP, HSEMS, OHSAS18001

and Iso14001
• Types of PSM: CCPS, OSHA, Canadian.
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Management
commitment
Supervisory
Work commitment
pressure
Reporting
Teamwork
System
SAFETY
Safety
Communication
CULTURE Workforce
involvement
Safety rules
Organizational
& procedures
Learning
Training
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Prepared by ??
Document needed
Compare to what system you have, other docs needed to be prepared.
Example: if you have HSEMS, you can combine both HSEMS-PSM
• Important document needed:

• Main copy of standard and distribute it to line management.
• Document to prove that equipment is designed, maintained, inspected, tested, and operated in safe manner.
• Training Document: Matrix, Personnel files, refresh, efficiency, etc.
• SIMOS Procedure.
• PSSER Procedure.
• PTW Procedure.
• Operating Procedure.
• ERP Procedure.
• MI procedure.
• MOC Procedure
• PHA Docs, Methods, Procedure.
• Information management: Information on the technology, Information on the hazards of the highly
hazardous, Information on the equipment, if no info. take it by methods such as PHA,
• Plan for Employee participation.
• Define and document Organization JD
•
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For all document PDCA shall be followed.

Prepared by ??
Forward Actions
• Don’t forget the Human! – a key component

of all systems
• Get senior management involved in
technology decisions, their very jobs may
depend on it
• Seek out those who think differently
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Conclusion
Where to Get More Information
• Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board’s
web site: www.csb.gov
• MPRI web site: www. Mpri.lsu.edu/main/
• Crowl and Louvar – Chemical Process Safety:
Fundamentals with Applications
• Kletz – HAZOP & HAZAN: Notes on the Identification and
Assessment of Hazards
References
1. Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering. Process Safety Management •

Guide. Ottawa : Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering, 2012.
2. Energy Institute. High Level Framework for Process Safety Management. •
London : Energy Institute, 2010.
3. U.S. Department of Labor. Process Safety: (OSHA 3132). s.l. : U.S. •
Department of Labor, 2000.
4. Center for Chemical Process Safety. Guideline for Management of Change for •
Process Safety. New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2008.
5. Government of Canada. Canada Environmental Protection Act, 1999. •
Environment Canada [Online] 07 10, 2013. http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-
cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=E00B5BD8-1
6. Chemistry Industry Association of Canada. Responsible Care. Chemistry •
Industry Association of Canada. [Online] 07 10, 2013.
http://www.canadianchemistry.ca/ResponsibleCareHome.aspx.
7. Government of Canada. Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations •
(SOR/86-304). Justice Laws Website. [Online] 07 10, 2013. http://laws-
lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-86-304/.
8. Atherton, John and Gil, Fredric. Incidents that define process safety. •
Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2008.
Prepared on June.2017, reviewed by Manouchehr AHANJ
99
 9. Kletz, Trevor. What went wrong? Case histories of process plant disasters
and how they could have been avoided. 5th. Oxford : Elsevier, 2009.
 10. Oxford Economics. Potential Impact of the Gulf Oil Spill on Tourism.
Washington : US Travel Association, 2010.
 11. Health and Safety Executive. The Flixborough Disaster : Report of the
Court of Inquiry. London : Her Majesty’s Stationery Office National
Archives, 1975.
 12. Turk, M.A. and Mishra, A. Process Safety Management: Going Beyond
Functional Safety. Hydrocarbon Processing. [Online] 07 23, 2013.
http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/Article/3161534/Process-safety-
management-Going-beyond-functional-safety.html.
 13. Sutton Technical Books. Process Safety Management. Sutton Technical
Books. [Online] 07 23, 2013. http://www.stb07.com/process-safety-
management/process-safety-management-index.html.
 14. Department of Justice, Government of Canada. Plain Language guide
to Bill C-45. http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/c45/.
Accessed: May 30, 2013.
100
 15. Government of Nova Scotia. The Westray Story: A predictable path to
Disaster. http://novascotia.ca/lae/pubs/westray/. Accessed: June 2, 2013.
 16. U.S. Department of Labor. Process Safety: Regulation 1910 : U.S.
Department of Labor, 2000. [Online]
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STAND
ARDS&p_id=9760
 17. European Commision. EU Seveso II Directive. European Commision , 2013
[Online] http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seveso/index.htm
 18. Busick, Jennifer. Process Safety Management. SAFETY COMPLIANCE
LETTER. pp. 5-6.
 19. Kelly, Brian D. Process Safety Management and its impact on the
professional engineering community. Calgary, Ontario, Canada : s.n., 2010
101
Aftab Imen Parto Consulting Engineers Company
(AIPCECO)
www.AIPCECO.com [email protected]
PSM
JUNE.2017
By: Manouchehr AHANJ

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Aftab Imen Parto Consulting Engineers Company

• Training • Emergency Planning and Response

• Contractors • Compliance Audits

• Pre-Startup Safety Review • Trade Secrets

Process Safety Management Course

Process Safety Management Course

4 Process Safety Management Course

Process Safety Management Course

Proactive PHA, Risk Assessment

Reactive Incident analysis

Process Safety Management Course

WHAT CAN HAPPEN IS THERE A BETTER

• THEREFORE, THERE IS ALWAYS A SAFE WAY TO PERFORM

Process Safety Management Course

Process Safety Management Course

Process Safety Management Course

 The key provision of PSM is process hazard analysis (PHA):

PSM clarifies the responsibilities of employers and contractors

 Process means any activity involving a highly hazardous chemical including

Process Safety Management Course

14 Process Safety Management Course

15 Process Safety Management Course

16 Process Safety Management Course

17 Process Safety Management Course

 Incident due to unexpected release of highly hazardous chemicals give disasters.

pounds (4,535.9 Kg) or more.

Process Safety Management Course

19 Process Safety Management Course

 Process hazards : In process, chemical and

 Vessel hazards : The vessels and equipments in

 Fire hazards : Fire or explosion

 Handling hazards : Leaks, spills and splashes

 Physical Hazards : Corrosives, Explosives

 Accident and emergency hazard

 Absence, nonuse or failure of fire fighting

1988 Henderson, NV 2 350

Process Safety Management Course

happens only to others? •Brazil, March 16, 2001 - The world's

Blow-out, leading to loss of Well Pulling Hoist, Well, Facilities,

1979 - THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR PLANT - US $ 1.3 billion

1984 – BHOPAL UNION CARBIDE PLANT - US $ 1.4 billion

1986 - CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR PLANT - US $ 5.5 billion

1988 - PIPER ALPHA OIL PLATFORM - US $ 3.0 billion

1989 - EXXON VALDEZ (clean-up costs only) - US $ 2.5 billion

1998 - Esso Longford gas plant explosion - US $ 4.8 billion

Good HSE is Good Business

Process Safety Management Course

Process Safety Management Course

of PSM iii. Risk management such as managing change in the process

Two of the most important features of a PSM system are

the effectiveness of the PSM system.

 Individual-oriented & controlled  Cooperative

Examples of Possible Incidents Examples of Possible Incidents

Examples of Safeguards Examples of Safeguards

Process Safety Management Course

 American Occupational Health and Safety Administration

Process Safety Management Course

PSM systems is increasing

36 Process Safety Management Course