Chapter 13

Overall Engine Performance

13.1) Develop Equation (13.1), which relates the power of an engine to its volumetric efficiency, net indicated
thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, and engine speed.

From Chapters 1, 3, and 4:

Ẇb
ηm =
Ẇi
2 · m˙in
ev =
ρi Vd N
m˙in = ṁa + m˙ f
ṁf
bsf c =
Ẇb
Ẇi
ηi =
ṁf · a0
ṁf
FA =
ṁa
so
FA m˙ f
=
1 + FA ṁa + m˙ f

Therefore,

Ẇb = ηm Ẇi
= ηm ηi ṁf ao
FA
= ηm ηi ao (ṁa + m˙ f )
1 + FA
1 FA
= ηm ηi ao ev ρi Vd N
2 1 + FA

The engine power to first order is a linear function of engine speed. However, it is also affected by the
engine speed dependence of the mechanical and the volumetric efficiencies.

1
 2 CHAPTER 13. OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

13.2) Derive Equation (13.1) as a function of mean piston speed Ūp , instead of engine speed.

The relationship between engine speed and piston speed is

U p = 2N s

The product Vd N is

π Up π
Vd N = nc b2 s = nc b 2 U p
4 2s 8
so
π FA
Ẇb = ηm ηi nc ao e v ρi b 2 U p
16 1 + FA

The engine power to first order is a linear function of piston speed. However, it is also affected by the
speed dependence of the mechanical and the volumetric efficiencies.
 3

13.3) What is the specific brake work (kJ/kgf uel ) of a 4 L single cylinder propane (C3 H8 ) engine operating
stoichiometrically, if Q̇c the heat transfer to the coolant is 17 kW, the air and fuel enter the engine at
a temperature Ti = 298 K, the exhaust is at a temperature Te = 700 K, and the propane mass flow
rate is 1.2 g/s ? The molecular mass of propane is 44.09 kg/kmol.

From the first law on a kJ /s basis

Q̇ − Ẇb = ∆Ḣ

Using the propane combustion equation

1C3 H8 + 5 (O2 + 3.76N2 ) −→ 3CO2 + 4H2 O + 18.8N2

The enthalpy of the reactants (kJ/kmolf )

X
HR = n · hf ° = 1 · (−103,900) = −103,900

The enthalpy of the products (kJ/kmolf )

X

HP = n · hf ° + ∆h
= 3 · (−393,522 + 17,754) + 4 · (−241,826 + 14,190) + 18.8 · (0 + 11,939)
= −1.812 × 106

The propane molar flow rate ṁf is

ṁf
ṁf =
M
1.2 × 10−3 kg/s
=
44.09 kg/kmol
= 2.721 × 10−5 kmol/s
∆Ḣ = ∆H · ṁf
 

= −1.812 × 10−6 − (−103,900) 2.721 × 10−5
= −46.7 kJ/s
Ẇb = Q̇ − ∆Ḣ
= −17 − (−46.7)
= 29.5 kJ/s

and

Ẇb 29.5
Wb = = = 24.6 kJ/kgfuel
ṁf 1.2 × 10−3
 4 CHAPTER 13. OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

13.4) A hydrogen engine operates with an air mass flow rate of 2.0 kg/s and produces 1 MW of power. The
exhaust enthalpy is -40,000 kJ/kgf uel , and the heat losses from the engine total 50,000 kJ/kmolf uel .
What equivalence ratio φ is the engine being operated at ?

The equivalence ratio φ = AFs/AF and AF = m˙a/m˙f

The first law for the engine is

q − w = he − hi

Where all quantities are in kJ/kg. The inlet enthalpy hi of the air and hydrogen = 0 since their heat of
formation hf ° = 0.

Converting the heat loss from kmol to kg

q
q=
M
−50 × 103 kJ/kmol
=
2 kmol/kg
= −25 × 103 kJ/kgfuel
so
w = q − he
= −25 × 103 − −40 × 103
= 15 × 103 kJ/kgfuel

Ẇ 1000 kJ/s
m˙ f = = = 0.066 kg/s
W 15 × 103 kJ/kg

For hydrogen, the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio AFs = 34.06 so

AFs 34.06
φ= m˙ a/mf
= 2/0.066
= 1.12
 5

13.5) A 4 stroke 6 L engine is fueled lean with methane at an equivalence ratio φ = 0.8. It operates at 2000
rpm with a volumetric efficiency of 0.80. The exhaust temperature is 800 K, and the heat transfer to
the coolant is 3.4 ×105 kJ/kmolf uel . What is the engine’s thermal efficiency and power ?

The thermal efficiency η is

W
η=
qc
W
w=
Mf

We know that Mf = 16.04 and qc = 50.01 × 103 kJ/kg

We find the molar work W from the first law

W = Q − ∆H = Q − H P + H R

and H from the combustion equation is

as
CH4 + (O2 + 3.76N2 ) −→ n1 CO2 + n2 H2 O + n3 N2 + n4 O2
φ

as/φ 2
since = 0.8 = 2.5, the actual combustion equation is
1
CH4 + 2.5 (O2 + 3.76N2 ) −→ 1CO2 + 2H2 O + 9.4N2 + O2
2
The enthalpy of the reactants is
X
HR = n · hf ° = 1 · (−0.749 × 105 ) = −0.749 × 105 kJ/kmol

The enthalpy of the products is (using Appendix B ideal gas table)

X

HP = n hf ° + ∆H
= 1 · (−3.935 × 105 + 22,806) + 2 · (−2.418 × 105 + 18,002) + 0.5 · (0 + 15,836) + 9.4 · (0 + 15,046)
= −6.69 × 105 kJ/kmol
so
W = −3.4 × 105 − (−6.69 × 105 ) − 0.749 × 105 = 2.54 × 105 kJ/kmolfuel
2.54 × 105
W = = 15.8 × 103 kJ/kgfuel
16.04
15.8 × 103
η= = 0.32
50.01 × 103

The power produced Ẇb is

Ẇb = Wb · ṁf

The fuel flow ṁf is

ṁf = ṁa · F A

We find the air flow rate from the volumetric efficiency ev

N
ṁa = ev ρVd
2
6 CHAPTER 13. OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

and
P
ρ=
RT
so
 
101
2000
ṁa = 0.8 6 × 10−3 = 9.45 × 10−2 kg/s
0.287 · 298 60 · 2

and the actual fuel-air ratio F A is

φ 0.8
FA = = = 0.0467
AFs 17.12

Ẇb = 15.8 × 103

9.45 × 10−2 (0.0467) = 69.7 kW
 7

13.6) A car traveling steadily on a level road at 100 km/hr requires about 15 kW of power (road load)
from an engine. Using the engine performance maps of Figure 13.6 (spark ignition) and Figure 13.7
(diesel), a.) Compare the required displacement (L) and bore for both a spark ignition engine and
a diesel engine to meet the road load if each engine is operated at its best fuel economy point when
the vehicle is cruising at 100 km/hr, b.) Compare the resulting fuel economy of the vehicle (km/g
and miles per gallon) for both engines, and c.) Compare the power both engines will produce at their
maximum piston speed or engine speed. Assume the maximum mean piston speed is 10 m/s for the
spark ignition engine, the maximum engine speed is 3500 rpm for the diesel engine, and the engines
are square, with equal bore and stroke. Use a value of 6.07 lbm /gal for the density of gasoline, and a
value of 6.94 lbm /gal for the density of diesel fuel.

a.) For the spark ignition engine of Figure 13.6, the lowest bsfc operating point is at bmep ≈ 9.5
bar and U p ≈ 8 m/s where bsf c = 280 g/kWh. The maximum bmep ≈ 11.7 bar (11.7 × 105 Pa) at a
mean piston speed of U p ≈ 10 m/s
The fuel economy is calculated as follows:

x x/t Ucar
Fuel Economy = = =
mf mf /t m˙ f
 
U km kW-hr 1
= · ·
bsf c · Ẇb hr g kW
100
=
280 · 15
= 2.38 × 10−2 km/g
× 28 g/oz × 16 oz/lb × 6.07 lb/gal × 0.62 miles/km =
= 40.1 miles per gallon (mpg)

Since
2Ẇb 4Ẇb
bmep = =
Vd N Ap · U p
then the total piston area Ap is
4 · Ẇb 4 · 15 × 103
Ap = = = 7.89 × 10−3 m2
bmep · U p 9.5 × 105 · 8
In terms of the bore b,
π
Ap = nc · · b2
4
so
  12  1
Ap 7.89 × 10−3 2
b= = = 0.050 m = 50 mm
π π
The displacement volume is
π π
Vd = nc b2 s = 4 (0.050)3 = 3.93 × 10−4 m3 = 0.39 L
4 4
The power of the spark ignition engine at the maximum piston speed of 10 m/s is:
1
Ẇmax = · bmepmax · Ap · U p,max
4
1
= (11.7 × 105 )(7.89 × 10−3 )(10)
4
= 2.31 × 104 W = 23.0 kW
= 30.9 hp
8 CHAPTER 13. OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

b.) For the diesel engine of Figure 13.7, the lowest bsfc operating point is at bmep ≈ 12 bar (12 × 105
Pa) and N ≈ 1800 rpm where bsf c ≈ 200 g/kWh. The bmep ≈ 12 bar at N ≈ 3500 rpm.

U
Fuel Economy =
bsf c · Ẇb
100
=
200 · 15
= 3.33 × 10−2 km/g
× 28 g/oz × 16 oz/lb × 6.94 lb/gal × 0.62 miles/km =
= 64.1 mpg
The diesel engine has about a 60% greater fuel economy for this operating point. From the definition
of bmep,

2Ẇb 2 · 15 × 103
Vd = = = 8.33 × 10−4 m3 = 0.83 L
bmep · N 12 × 105 · 1800/60

The diesel engine has about twice the displacement of the spark ignition engine. Assuming a square
engine with b = s
  13   31
4Vd 4 · 8.33 × 10−4
s=b= = = 0.064 m = 64 mm
πnc π·4

The power of the diesel engine at the maximum engine speed of 3500 rpm is:
1
Ẇmax = · bmep · N · Vd
2  
1 5

3500

= 12 × 10 8.33 × 10−4
2 60
= 2.92 × 104 W = 29.2 kW
= 39.1 hp

The diesel engine can produce about 30 % more horsepower at its maximum engine speed.
 9

13.7) Using the performance map of Figure 13.6, calculate the required cylinder bore for a six cylinder engine
with equal bore and stroke that is to produce 200 kW with a maximum piston speed of 12 m/s. Plot
the bsfc, torque, and power versus engine speed.

At a piston speed of 12 m/s, Figure 13.6 indicates the maximum bmep is about 12.4 bar at a bsfc of
about 300 g/kWh.
Equation (13.5) indicates the brake power Ẇb = (1/4) bmepAp U p , so the total piston area Ap is

4 Ẇb
Ap =
bmep U p
(4)(200e + 3)
=
(12.4e + 5)(12)
= 5.38 × 10−2 m2

The total piston area Ap is also Ap = (π/4)nc b2 , so the bore b is

 1/2
4Ap
b=
πnc
 1/2
(4)(5.38 × 10−2 )
=
6π
= 0.107 m
 10 CHAPTER 13. OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

13.8) A six-cylinder diesel engine with equal bore and stroke is being designed to provide a maximum brake
torque of 200 Nm at 2000 rpm. Using the performance map of Figure 13.7, estimate the required
engine displacement, and maximum brake power.

From Equation (1.6), the brake power is

Ẇb = 2πτ N
= 2π(200)(2000/60)
= 4.19 × 104 W = 41.9 kW

At an engine speed of 2000 rpm, Figure 13.7 gives a maximum bmep of about 13.8 bar.
From Equation (13.2), τb = (1/4π)bmep Vd , so the displacement volume Vd is

4πτ
Vd =
bmep
4π(200)
=
13.8 × 105
= 1.82 × 10−3 m3 = 1.82 L
 11

13.9) What is the engine power required for an automobile to travel up a hill with a 10 degree slope at 50
mph? Assume a vehicle frontal cross sectional area Av of 2.0 m2 , Cd = 0.3, Cr = 0.015, mv = 1500 kg.

Since the car is at a steady velocity of 50 mph (23.3 m/s), expanding Equation (13.13)
X
Ẇv = F · Uv
 
1 2
= cv mv g + cd ρ0 Av UV + mv g sin θ U1
2
 
1 2
= (0.015)(1500)(9.81) + (1.2)(0.3)(2)(22.3) + (1500)(9.81)(0.173) (22.3)
2
= (220.7 + 179 + 2545.7)(22.3)
= 6.568 × 104 W = 65.68 × 104 kW
= 88.1 hp

Note the significant power requirement for the hill climb.

 12 CHAPTER 13. OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

13.10) If the power required for a truck to travel up a 12◦ incline at 70 mph is 91 kW, what is the mass m of
the truck ? The frontal area is 2.5 m2 , Cd = 0.5, and Cr = 0.02.

Equation (13.13) with the slope added is

 
1 2
Ẇv = cv mg + cd ρ0 Av UV + mg sin θ Uv
2

solving for m, knowing Uv = 70 mph (31.3 m/s)

 
Ẇ 1 2
Uv − c ρ A
2 d 0 v V U
m=
g(cv + sin θ)
 
9.1 × 104 1 2
31.3 − 2 (0.5)(1.2)(2.5)(31.3)
=
9.81(0.02 + 0.208)
2907 − 734.8
=
2.23
= 971 kg
 13

13.11) The price of large diesel engines is roughly proportional to their rated power. Let c1 be the engine
price per kilowatt per year and c2 the fuel price per kilogram. At low values of c1 it pays to buy an
engine bigger than required and operate it at its best fuel economy point. For low values of c2 it pays
to buy a smaller engine and run it at its rated power. For the diesel engine family performance map
of Figure 13.7 at what ratio c1 /c2 will two different sized engines yield the same total annual cost?
Assume the engines are run 20 hr/day and they are operated at a speed-load point of Up = 11 m/s
and bmep = 25 bar.

The problem statement indicates that the price of large diesel engines is proportional to their power,
and
$
c1 =
Ẇ
$
c2 =
mf

The fuel consumption mf over time t is

mf = bsf c · t · Ẇ

The total yearly cost is the sum of the capital and fuel costs, neglecting maintenance costs.

costa = c1a · Ẇa + c2 · mf a

costb = c1b · Ẇb + c2 · mf b

where a = small diesel and b = large diesel.

The small engine (a) is operated at its maximum (rated) power with bmep of 8 bar and U p = 8 m/s,
and c1a = c1 . From figure 13.8, bsf ca = 300 g/kW−h

The large engine (b) is operated at its best efficiency point, with bmep = 6.3 bar, bsf c = 250 g/kW−h.
Since it is not operated at its rated power, the c1 coefficient needs to be increased by the ratio of
rated/actual power.

Ẇrated
c1b = c1 ·
Ẇactual

Since Ẇ ∼ bmep · U p ,
 
(bmep · U p )rated 8·8
c1b = c1 · = c1 = 1.54 · c1
(bmep · U p )actual 6.3 · 6.6

Equating the annual cost of each engine,

costa = costb
c1a Ẇa + c2 Mf a = c1b Ẇb + c2 Mf b
c1a + c2 · bsf ca · t = c1b + c2 · bsf cb · t
c1 + c2 · bsf ca · t = 1.54c1 + c2 · bsf cb · t

Solving for c1/c2

c1
= 1.85 · t · (bsf ca − bsf cb )
c2
14 CHAPTER 13. OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

  
20 hours 365 day 7300 hours
t= =
day year year
so
c1
= 1.85(7300)(300 − 250) = 6.76 × 105 kg/kW−yr
c2

For c1/c2 < 6.76 × 105 , the fuel price governs, and it is best to buy a larger engine and operate it at its
most efficient point.

For c1/c2 > 6.76 × 105 , the capital cost governs, and it is best to buy a smaller engine and oper-
ate it at its rated power
 15

13.12) Write an expression resembling Equation (13.14) for the mass of pollutant species i (given its emission
index at any load, speed point) emitted by an engine operated over a duty cycle from 0 < t < td .

Equation (13.14) is
t
Ap
Z
mf = bsf c(t) · bmep(t) · U p (t)dt
4 0

The emissions index EIi of a pollutant species i is defined as the grams of the pollutant per kg of fuel.
To determine the mass mi of a pollutant i we integrate the emissions index and fuel flow over a driving
cycle:
Z t
mi = EIi · ṁf dt
0

From Equation (1.14) and (1.18)

Ap
ṁf = · bsf c · bmep · U p
4

We have
t
Ap
Z
mi = EIi · bsf c · bmep · U p dt
4 0