THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

RELIGION

 IS THE BELIEF IN A GOD OR IN A GROUP OF GODS.

 IS AN ORGANIZED SYSTEM OF BELIEFS,

CEREMONIES, AND RULES USED TO WORSHIP A GOD
OR A GROUP OF GODS.

THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

ON ONE END, GLOBALIZATION HAS AFFECTED RELIGION

IN VARIOUS WAYS.

1. IT PAVED THE WAY OF THE RISE OF RELIGIOUS

NATIONALISM.

2. TURN OF RELIGION INTO PUBLIC LIFE.

3. THE PROLIFERATION OF INTERNATIONAL

TERRORISM.

4. THE INCREASE OF INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOSITY.

(THIS IS ACCORDING TO ROUDOMETOF, 2014)

 1. GLOBALIZATION GAVE RISE TO RELIGIOUS
NATIONALISM THAT CAME ABOUT AFTER THE
SECOND WORLD WAR.

2. GLOBALIZATION LED TO THE TURN OF RELIGION

INTO PUBLIC LIFE AS A REACTION TO POST-WORLD
WAR II MODERNISM.

LIKE WHAT CASANOVA SAYS THE OFTEN FORCEFUL

ENTRANCE OF RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS SUCH AS THE
CATHOLIC LIBERATION THEOLOGY AND ISLAMIC
FUNDAMENTALISM FROM PRIVATE SPHERE INTO PUBLIC
LIFE.

3. THE GLOBALIZATION AFFECTED THE

PROLIFERATION OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM.

FOR ONE WE HAVE THIS CONCEPT CALLED RELIGIOUS

EXTREMISM OR THE EXTREMIST SO A TYPE OF
POLITICAL VIOLENCE ACCORDING TO THE BELIEF THAT A
SUPREME BEING GRANTS VIOLENCE IN THE ACT OF
GLORIFYING ONE FATE AND HAS BECOME A CENTRAL
ISSUE FACED BY THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY. (ACCORDING
TO MARTIN 2017)

SO EXTREMISTS BELIEVE THAT IT IS THEIR DUTY TO

FULFILL GOD'S WILL THROUGH VIOLENCE.
GLOBALIZATION PROMPTED THE INCREASE OF
INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOUSITY.

SO BROUGHT ABOUT BY INDIVIDUALS NEED TO RELY ON

HIS OR HER BELIEFS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
SUPREME BEING.

GLOBAL MIGRATION ALSO INFLUENCES RELIGIONS.

BECAUSE OF MIGRATION, GLOBALIZATION HAS FORCED
THE APPEARANCE OF “RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS IN
PLACES MONITORY” (ACCORDING TO ROUDOMETOF OF
2014).

SO, THIS IS CALLED THE CONCEPT OF

DETERRITORIALIZATION SO WHAT IS ALL ABOUT IT IS A
CULTURAL FEATURE THAT BLURS THE LINES BETWEEN
CHARACTERISTIC OF MIGRATION AMIDST
GLOBALIZATION.

GLOBAL MIGRATION ALSO RESULTED IN WHAT

CAMPBELL (2007) THE EASTERNIZATION OF THE WEST.

 THIS STARTING POINT FOR THE SPREAD OF WORLD

RELIGIONS, IS NOW THE RECIPIENT OF A NEW
SYSTEM OF BELIEFS FROM THE EAST.
  ON THE OTHER HAND, RELIGION IS INFLUENCED BY
GLOBAL TRENDS AND IMPULSE AND IS FORCED TO
RESPOND TO NEW FOUND SITUATIONS (ACCORDING
TO ROUDOMETOF OF 2014).

 ONE GOOD EXAMPLE IS THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

AS TOOL FOR EVANGELIZATION. AMERICAN
EVANGELIST JOEL SCOTT OSTEEN AND KIRK
THOMAS CAMERON MAKE USE OF FACEBOOK AND
OTHER SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS SPREAD THEIR
BELIEFS.

 ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS THE CALL OF ECUMENISM

AMONG CHRISTIAN CHURCHES TO HAVE CLOSER
RELATIONSHIP AND BETTER RECOGNITION. IN 2006,
THE CATHOLIC-OTHODOX DIALOGUE TRANSPIRED.

THE INTERACTION OF REGION AND CULTURE RESULTED

IN A GLOBAL LOCAL RELIGION. ACCORDING TO
ROUDOMETOF (2014). HE DEVELOPED A MODEL OF
FOUR DISTINCT GLOCALIZATION INDIGENIZATION,
VERNACULARIZATION, NATIONALIZATION, AND
TRANSNATIONALIZATION.

1. VERNACULARIZATION IT REFERS TO BLENDING OF

UNIVERSAL RELIGIONS WITH LOCAL LANGUAGES.
 2. INDIGENIZATION TRANSFORM A UNIVERSAL
RELIGION TO SUIT THE SPECIFICS OF A PARTICULAR
ETHNIC GROUP.
3. NATIONALIZATION CONSTRUCTS A LINK BETWEEN
THE NATION AND CHURCH.

4. TRANSNATIONALIZATION HAS COMPLEMENTED

RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM BY FOCUSING GROUPS ON
IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS OF
REAL OR IMAGINED NATIONAL HOMELAND.

THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION BROUGHT TWO

OPPOSING RESULTS. STARTING FROM THE LATE 20TH
CENTURY, RELIGION HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF GLOBAL
CONFLICT AND PEACE.
 IN BRITAIN, MUSLIMS WERE LINKED TO THE
JIHADISTS ATTACK IN JUNE 2017 ON THE LONDON
BRIDGE.

 JEWISH EXTREMISTS IN ISRAEL WERE ACCUSED OF

TARGETING AND BEATING PALESTINIANS ALSO IN
JUNE 2017.
  THE AMERICAN-BASED ORGANIZATION KNEW
CHRISTIAN RIGHT QUESTIONED THE TEACHING OF
EVOLUTION IN SCHOOL IN THE SAME YEAR.

ACCORDING TO JUERGENSMEYER (2014), HE CLAIMS

THAT THE CONFLICTS ARE ABOUT THE IDENTITY AND
ECONOMICS AND PRIVILEDGE AND POWER.

 FOR EXAMPLE, OSAMA BIN LADEN ATTACK ON THE

WORLD TRADE CENTER IN 2001 WAS TRIGGERED BY
THE AMERICAN EXPLOITATION OF THE OIL
RESERVES OF THE MIDDLE EAST, BUT THE JIHADIST
WARRIORS CARRIED OUT THE ATTACK FOR THEY
WERE WILLING TO BE MARTYRED IN THE NAME OF
THEIR GOD ALLAH.

 THE MARAWI CITY SIEGE, IN WHICH THE ISIS-MAUTE

GROUP ALLIANCE WAS RESPONSIBLE AND THE
SMALL GROUPS QUEST FOR BANGSAMORO
IDENTITY AND POWER OVER ITS EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION.

JUERGENSMEYER (2014) ALSO BELIEVES THAT THERE

ARE FIVE STAGES OF GLOBAL RELIGIOUS REBELLION
AGAINST A SECULAR STATE:
 1. REVOLT AGAINST SECULARISM, WHERE IN
LOCALIZED UPRISING GO UP AGAINST THE STATES
LESS MORAL AUTHORITY TO GOVERN;
2. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF RELIGIOUS REBELLION,
WHERE IN THE WARFARE COMES BETWEEN THE
RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR POLITICS;

3. INVENTION OF GLOBAL ENEMIES, WHERE IN ANTI-

AMERICAN AND ANTI-EUROPEAN SENTIMENTS ARE
GROWING;

4. GLOBAL WAR, WHERE IN THERE IS AN EXPANSION

OF RANGE AND DEPTH OF CONFLICT BETWEEN THE
SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS FORCES; AND

5. RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF POST ARAB SPRING,

WHERE IN THE JIHADIST STRATEGY IS PROVEN TO
BE NOT THE WAY TO END THE STRUGGLE.

FIVE WORLD MAJOR RELIGIONS

1. HINDUISM
2. BUDDHISM
3. JUDAISM
4. CHRISTIANITY
5. ISLAM
HINDUISM

 THE RELIGION OF HINDUISM DEVELOPED AND

EVOLVED OVER A LONG TIME IN INDIA, GIVING RISE
TO A VARIETY OF BELIEFS AND PRACTICES AND TO
OTHER RELIGIONS INCLUDING BUDDHISM.
 ONE OF THE OLDEST RELIGIONS OF HUMANITY,
FOUNDED IN 1500 BCE OR EARLIER.

 IT IS THE THIRD LARGEST RELIGION IN THE WORLD

AND IT HAS NO PARTICULAR FOUNDER.

 THEIR GOD NAMED BRAHMAN ACTUALLY

WHAT DO HINDUS BELIEVE?

1. BRAHMAN – THE ETERNAL BEING CREATED AND

PRESERVES THE WORLD. EVERYTHING IN THE
WORLD IS AN ASPECT OF BRAHMAN.

2. ATMAN – THE SOUL – EACH PERSON HAS ONE THAT

IS AN ASPECT OF BRAHMAN. CAN'T EVER BE
DESTROYED.
 3. DEVAS – MANIFESTATIONS OF BRAHMAN THAT ARE
ACTIVE IN THE WORLD AND WHO HELPED TO
MAINTAIN ORDER.

4. REINCARNATION – BEING REBORN INTO THIS WORLD

LIFETIME AFTER LIFETIME (SAMSARA)

5. KARMA – THE SUM EFFECT OF A PERSON'S ACTIONS,

GOOD AND BAD, WHICH HELPS SHAPE FUTURE
EXPERIENCES.

6. MOKSHA – GOAL OF HUMAN EXISTENCE, ESCAPE

FROM THE CYCLE OF REINCARNATION TO JOIN WITH
THE BRAHMAN.

7. DHARMA – SET OF SPIRITUAL DUTIES AND

OBLIGATIONS THAT MUST BE FULFILLED TO ACHIEVE
MOKSHA.

WHAT ARE THE RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF HINDUISM?

1. VARY GREATLY BECAUSE WORHIP CAN TAKE PLACE

ANYWHERE - - USUALLY A TEMPLE OR IN HOME.

2. SPIRITUAL LEADERS ARE CALLED GURUS OR SAGES.

 3. YOGA – INTEGRATED PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
EXERCISES. THEY TEACH PEOPLE TO FOCUS THEIR
MINDS AND BODIES WHICH WILL AID THEIR
MEDITATION IN ORDER TO ATTAIN MOKSHA.

4. PILGRIMAGE – TO GANGES (thought it flows through 2

devas so its water is holy. Bathing in it will purify them and
remove bad karma.

5. ULTIMATE GOAL OF LIFE TO RELEASE ATMAN AND

REUNITE WITH THE DIVINE BECOMING AS ONE WITH
A BRAHMAN OR MOKSHA.

THREE MOST IMPORTANT DEVAS

1. BRAHMA, THE CREATOR

2. SIVA, THE DESTROYER

3. VISHNU, THE PRESERVER

BUDDHISM

 WHICH TEACHES PEOPLE THAT THEY CAN ESCAPE

THE SUFFERING OF THE WORLD THROUGH THE
BUDDHIST TEACHINGS. DEVELOPED IN NORTHEAST
 INDIA IN 520 BCE AND SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF
ASIA.

 THE FOURTH LARGEST RELIGION IN THE WORLD.

THE TEACHINGS OF BUDDHISM

WHAT IS THE FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF ALL SUFFERING?

ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS TO ERADICATE THIS DESIRE.

THEREFORE, EXTINGUISH THE SELF DON'T OBSESS
ABOUT ONESELF. GIVE UP ALL THE MATERIALS AND
POSSESSIONS OF THE WORLD.

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

1. THERE IS SUFFERING IN THE WORLD. TO LIVE IS TO

SUFFER.

2. THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING IS PEOPLE'S DESIRES

FOR PLEASURE AND MATERIAL GOODS.

3. THE SOLUTION IS TO ELIMINATE DESIRE AND

ATTACHEMENTS.
 4. TO REACH NIRVANA, ONE MUST FOLLOW THE
EIGHTFOLD PATH.

EIGHTFOLD PATH

1. RIGHT UNDERSTANDING
2. RIGHT SPEECH
3. RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
4. RIGHT CONCENTRATION
5. RIGHT MINDFULNESS
6. RIGHT EFFORT
7. RIGHT ACTION AND
8. RIGHT AND INTENSION

NIRVANA

 IS A STATE OF PERFECT PEACE IN WHICH THE SOUL

WOULD BE FREE FROM SUFFERING FOREVER? IT
WOULD ESCAPE FROM THE CYCLE OF REBIRTH.
  IF NIRVANA IS NOT ACHIEVED THEN THE SOUL
WOULD BE REBORN TO LIVE THROUGH THE CYCLE
OF SUFFERING AGAIN.

 SPIRITUAL LEADERS ARE CALLED MONKS OR LAMAS.

JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM

BRIEF HISTORY

 JUDAISM – THE HEBREW LEADER ABRAHAM

FOUNDED JUDAISM IN MESOPOTAMIA AROUND 1300
B.C. JUDAISM IS THE OLDEST OF THE MONOTHEISTIC
FAITHS (RELIGIOUS WITH ONE GOD).

 CHRISTIANITY – FOUNDED BY JESUS CHRIST, WHO

WAS CRUCIFIED AROUND 33 A.D. IN PALESTINE IN
THE CITY OF JERUSALEM. IT WAS AFTER HIS DEATH
WHEN HIS FOLLOWERS CAME TO BELIEVE IN HIM AS
THE CHRIST THE MESSIAH.

 ISLAM – FOUNDED IN ARABIA BY MUHAMMAD IN 622

A.D.
ABRAHAM'S GENEALOGY

 ALL THREE RELIGIONS ARE LINKED BY ABRAHAM

 HE IS THE PATRIARCH OF ALL THREE

HAGAR - - - ABRAHAM - - - SARAH

ISHMAEL ISAAC
JUDAISM BRIEFLY

 IS OVER 3000 YEARS OLD AND IS THE OLDEST OF

THE WORLD'S MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS (WITH
ONLY ONE GOD). IT IS ALSO THE SMALLEST WITH
ONLY ABOUT 14 MILLION (7TH) FOLLOWERS AROUND.

 ITS HOLY CITY IS JERUSALEM

 JEWS BELIEVE THAT THERE IS A SINGLE GOD NAMED

YAHWEH WHO NOT ONLY CREATED THE UNIVERSE,
BUT WITH WHOM EVERY JEW CAN HAVE AN
INDIVIDUAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP.

 THEY AWAIT THE MESSIAH, WHO WILL BE AN

EARTHLY KING. SO WE MESSIAH IN JESUS CHRIST
THEY BELIEVE IN HEAVEN, BUT THAT GOD
 DETERMINES WHERE THEY GO AFTER LIFE ON
EARTH.

 TEN COMMANDMENTS THE BASIC CODE OF LAW.

JUDAISM HOLY BOOK

 THE MOST HOLY JEWISH BOOK IS THE TORAH (THE

FIRST FIVE BOOKS OF THE CHRISTIAN BIBLE).
OTHERS INCLUDE JUDAISM'S ORAL TRADITION, THE
WRITTEN FORM OF WHICH IS KNOWN AS THE
TALMUD.

 THE TORAH (SCROLL OF TEACHINGS) CONTAINS THE

FIVE BOOKS REVEALED TO MOSES BY GOD ON
MOUNT SINAI.

 GENESIS, EXODUS’ LEVITICUS, NUMBERS, AND

DEUTERONOMY

JUDAISM PLACE OF WORSHIP

 JEWS WORSHIP IN SYNAGOGUES OR TEMPLES. MEN

AND WOMEN USUALLY SIT SEPARATELY.

 WORSHIP IS LED BY A RABBI.

  SATURDAY (BEGINS AT SUNDOWN ON FRIDAY) IT'S
TIME FOR WORSHIP.

THE TEMPLE
 ACCORDING TO THE BIBLE, THE FIRST TEMPLE FOR
JEWISH WORSHIP WAS BUILT AROUND 900 TO 1000
BCE AND DESTROYED BY BABYLONIANS IN 586 BCE.

 THE JEWS WERE THEN SENT OUT OF CANAAN, BUT

RETURNED AFTER 50 YEARS IN EXILE.

 A DIASPORA OCCURS WHEN A GROUP OF PEOPLE

LEAVE THEIR HOMELAND AND MOVE TO MANY
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS SEPARATELY.

 ALL OF THE WORLDS JEWISH COMMUNITIES TODAY

THAT DO NOT LIVE IN PRESENT-DAY ISRAEL ARE
PART OF THE JEWISH DIASPORA.

CHRISTIANITY BRIEFLY
 CHRISTIANITY IT IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST
RELIGION, WITH ABOUT 2.2 BILLION FOLLOWERS
WORLDWIDE.
 IT IS BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS CHRIST
WHO LIVED IN THE HOLY LAND 2000 YEARS AGO.

 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT JESUS CHRIST WAS THE

SON OF GOD.

 GOD SENT HIS SON TO EARTH TO SAVE HUMANITY

FROM THE CONSEQUENCES OF ITS SINS.

 JESUS ROSE FROM THE DEAD ON THE THIRD DAY

AFTER HIS CRUCIFIXION (THE RESURRECTION)

 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT JESUS WAS THE

MESSIAH PROMISED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE

GOD, BUT THAT IS ONE GOD CONSISTS OF THREE
PERSONS, GOD THE FATHER, GOD THE SON AND
GOD THE HOLY GHOST- - TRINITY

 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT GOD MADE THE WORLD.

 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT THEY CAN HAVE A

PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD AND THAT
THEY ARE SAVED BY FAITH, AND GOOD WORKS.
  THEY BELIEVE IN HEAVEN AND HELL.

 THEY BELIEVE THAT THE BIBLE IS THE INSPIRED BY

A WORD OF GOD.

 THE BIBLE IS THE CHRISTIAN HOLY BOOK IT IS

DIVIDED INTO TWO, THE OLD AND THE NEW
TESTAMENTS PART OF THE WRITING CONTAINED IN
THE OLD TESTAMENT ARE ALSO SACRED TO JEWISH
AND MUSLIM PEOPLE.

THE CHRISTIAN PLACE OF WORSHIP

 THE CHRISTIAN PLACE OF WORSHIP IS CALLED THE
CHURCH, WHICH ARE BUILT IN THE SHAPE OF A
CROSS WITH THE ALTAR FACING EAST TOWARDS
THE RISING SUN. SERVICES ARE LED BY A PRIEST,
PASTOR OR REVEREND.

 DAY OF WORSHIP IS NORMALLY SUNDAY.

CHRISTIAN SECTS
  ROMAN CATHOLICISM VERSUS EASTERN ORTHODOX
– CHRISTIAN CHURCH DIVIDED WHEN ROMAN
EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED AND THEN FELL. ORTHODOX
CHRISTIANS DO NOT RECOGNIZE THE AUTHORITY
OF THE POPE.

 THE CATHOLICISM VERSUS PROTESTANTISM – AS A

RESULT OF THE REFORMATION, PROTESTANT
SECTS BROKE WITH CATHOLIC CHURCH AND
ESTABLISHED THEIR OWN SEPARATE CHURCHES.

ISLAM HOLY BOOK

 THE MUSLIM SCRIPTURE IS THE QUR’AN. IT IS THE
WORD OF GOD. MUSLIM BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
ARE ROOTED IN THE QUR’AN .

 MUSLIMS TREAT THE QURAN WITH A GREAT

RESPECT BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE THAT THE
QUR’AN IS FROM ALLAH, AND EVERY WORD AND
EVERY LETTER IS SACRED.

 MUSLIMS REGARD THE QUR’AN AS THE UNALTERED

WORD OF GOD.
ISLAM PLACE OF WORSHIP
 THE MUSLIM BUILDING FOR COMMUNION WORSHIP
IS CALLED MOSQUE. THE WORD COMES FROM THE
ARABIC FOR A PLACE OF PROSTRATION.

 WORSHIPERS ARE CALLED TO PRAYER FIVE TIMES A

DAY.

 THEY CONTAIN ONLY DESIGNS NO PEOPLE OR

ANIMALS OR FURNITURE.

 NORMAL DAY OF WORSHIP IS FRIDAY.

 RELIGIOUS LEADERS CALLED IMAMS.

FIVE PILLARS BELIEF SYSTEM OR LAW CODE

 SHAHADA DECLARATION OF FAITH
 SALAH PRAY FIVE TIMES A DAY FACING MECCA
 ZAKAT GIVE AFFIX PROPORTION TO CHARITY
 SAUM FAST DURING THE MONTH OF RAMADAN
 HAJJSO MAKE A PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA