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    Dipole Antenna2

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    marwan khalil
    The document discusses how the field pattern, half-power beamwidth (HPBW), directivity, approximate directivity, and radiation resistance of a dipole antenna change with frequency and length. Using MATLAB code, these antenna parameters are simulated and calculated for different electrical lengths of dipole antennas. The HPBW, directivity, and radiation resistance are reported for each length. A comparison shows that a half-wavelength dipole provides the best balance between directivity, impedance matching to common feedlines, and minimizing side lobes.

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    Dipole Antenna2

    Uploaded by

    marwan khalil
    38 views18 pages
    The document discusses how the field pattern, half-power beamwidth (HPBW), directivity, approximate directivity, and radiation resistance of a dipole antenna change with frequency and length. Using MATLAB code, these antenna parameters are simulated and calculated for different electrical lengths of dipole antennas. The HPBW, directivity, and radiation resistance are reported for each length. A comparison shows that a half-wavelength dipole provides the best balance between directivity, impedance matching to common feedlines, and minimizing side lobes.

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    The document discusses how the field pattern, half-power beamwidth (HPBW), directivity, approximate directivity, and radiation resistance of a dipole antenna change with frequency and length. Using MATLAB code, these antenna parameters are simulated and calculated for different electrical lengths of dipole antennas. The HPBW, directivity, and radiation resistance are reported for each length. A comparison shows that a half-wavelength dipole provides the best balance between directivity, impedance matching to common feedlines, and minimizing side lobes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views18 pages

    Dipole Antenna2

    Uploaded by

    marwan khalil
    The document discusses how the field pattern, half-power beamwidth (HPBW), directivity, approximate directivity, and radiation resistance of a dipole antenna change with frequency and length. Using MATLAB code, these antenna parameters are simulated and calculated for different electrical lengths of dipole antennas. The HPBW, directivity, and radiation resistance are reported for each length. A comparison shows that a half-wavelength dipole provides the best balance between directivity, impedance matching to common feedlines, and minimizing side lobes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    Dipole Antenna

    Marwan khalil

    ID .182072

    Dr .Mabruka Mouhamed
    INTRODUCTION

    Dipole Antennas are the simplest practical antennas


    from a theoretical point of view, the current amplitude
    on such an antenna decreases uniformly from a
    maximum at the center to zero at the ends. The dipole
    antenna is simply two wires pointed in opposite
    directions arranged either horizontally or vertically,
    with one end of each wire connected to the radio and
    the other end hanging free in space. Since this is the
    simplest practical antenna, it is also used as a reference
    model for other antennas; gain concerning a dipole is
    labeled as dBd . Generally, the dipole is considered to
    be omnidirectional in the plane perpendicular to the
    axis of the antenna, but it has deep nulls in the
    directions of the axis
    This report aims to discover how the FIELD PATTERN,
    e HALF-POWER BEAM-WIDTH, DIRECTIVITY,
    APPROXIMATE DIRECTIVITY, and RADIATION
    RESISTANCE of the dipole antenna changes with
    changing frequency and length of antenna by MATLAB
    code
    Report methods and tools
    I In this report, we're going to use Matlab To simulate
    and analyze the basic parameters of dipole antenna
    Using different electrical length ( L = λ/4 , L = λ/2 , L
    = 3λ/4 , L = λ ,L =5λ/4 ,L = 3λ/2, L = 7λ/4, L = 2λ, L
    = 3,L=4λ)
    ,we will use the Matlab code shown below and antenna
    designer app to find HPBW , Directivity , Radiation
    resistance for each antenna length ,

    Then we will present the results separately and compare


    them with each other .
    Matlab code :-
    clear all close all
    clc
    n=input('enter electrical length(L/lambda): ')
    theta=0:0.01:2*pi ;% setting the range of theta to be a complete circle
    lambda=0.3 % assigning value of lambda (can be any value)
    L=n*lambda ;
    k=(2*pi)/lambda ;
    r=10
    E=exp(-j*k*r)*((cos(k*L*cos(theta)/2)-cos(k*L/2))./sin(theta));%Expression for
    normalized E-field of a Dipole Antenna
    polar(theta, abs(E))% plotting field pattern in polar form
    %% obtaining the half power beam width anglk
    if (L==3*lambda/2) | (L==4*lambda)
    theta=0:0.0001:pi/3;
    E=exp(-j*k*r)*((cos(k*L*cos(theta)/2)-cos(k*L/2))./sin(theta))%E-field for the
    new theta range
    else if (L <3*lambda/2)
    theta=0:0.0001:pi ;
    E=exp(-j*k*r)*((cos(k*L*cos(theta)/2)-cos(k*L/2))./sin(theta));%E-field for the
    new theta range
    else theta=0:0.0001:pi/2;
    E=exp(-j*k*r)*((cos(k*L*cos(theta)/2)-cos(k*L/2))./sin(theta));%E-field
    for the new theta range end
    end
    Erou= roundn(abs(E),-2) ;%rounding the absolute value of E to 2 decimals
    hpbw = max(Erou)/sqrt(2);%obtaining the value of half power point
    bob = roundn(hpbw,-2);%rounding half power point to 2 decimal, this will help to
    find matches of half power point in the absolute E-Field

    indexAthp = find(Erou == bob) ; %finding the index of the match


    m=max(indexAthp) % the maximum value in the range
    mn=min(indexAthp) % the minimum value in the range
    hp_m = theta(m)%the corresponding max angle
    hp_mn = theta(mn) %the corresponding min angle
    angle=hp_m-hp_mn
    hp_f =radtodeg(angle)% calculating the angle between the two half power point
    HPBW = roundn(hp_f,-1)
    title(['HPBW Angle:' num2str(HPBW)],'Color','r')% the title shows the
    corresponding dipole length and HPBW

    %% calculating the approximate directivity of dipole antenna


    HP_theta=HPBW;% half power elevation angle
    HP_phai=HPBW;%half power azimuth angle
    D_app=40000/(HP_theta*HP_phai)% calculating the approximate directivity using
    the formula
    %% calculating the radiation resistance of dipole antenna
    f=@(theta)60*sin(theta)*(((cos(k*L*cos(theta)/2)-
    cos(k*L/2))/sin(theta)))^2;%setting the formula to be used in numerical
    integration
    R = quad(f,0,pi,0.0001)%calculating the integral to compute the radiation
    resistance

    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%calculate exact directivity %%%%%%%%%%%

    Erou2= roundn(abs(E),-5) ;%rounding the absolute value of E to 5 decimals


    hpbw2 = max(Erou2); %obtaining the value of Max power point
    bob2 = roundn(hpbw2,-5);
    indexAthp2 = find(Erou2 == bob2); %finding the index of the match
    m2=max(indexAthp2);
    Um= (((cos(k*L*cos(theta(m2))/2)-cos(k*L/2))/sin(theta(m2))))^2 %maximum value
    for radiation intensity
    𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑥𝑅
    D=(4*pi)*(30/pi*Um)/R ; %finding exact directivity 4𝜋 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
    𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
    L = λ/4

    88.2o
    HPBW
    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity 𝐷 = 5.14 = 7.11𝑑𝐵𝑖 = 1.5 = 1.83𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 6.73 Ω


    L=λ/2

    HPBW 78.4o
    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity = 6.5077 = 8.13𝑑𝐵𝑖 = 1.88 = 2.74𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 73.1318 Ω


    L=3λ/4

    L=λ

    48.3o
    HPBW 64.2

    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity = 17.146
    9.7049 = 12.3𝑑𝐵𝑖
    9.87𝑑𝐵𝑖 = 2.48
    1.91 = 3.94
    2.82𝑑𝐵
    𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 199.1150Ω


    185.8153 Ω
    L=
    L = 5λ/4
    HPBW 32.7

    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity = 32.7 = 15.1𝑑𝐵 = 2.94 = 4.68 𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 106.5898 Ω

    L = 3λ/2
    L = 7λ/4
    HPBW 33

    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity = 36.7 = 15.6𝑑𝐵 = 2.24 = 3.59 𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 105.3438 Ω


    L = 2λ
    HPBW 32

    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity = 39 = 15.9𝑑𝐵 = 2.34 = 3.61 𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 230 Ω


    L = 3λ
    HPBW 26.9

    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity = 55.278 = 17.4𝑑𝐵 = 2.51 = 3.98 𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 259.64 Ω


    HPBW 53.2

    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity = 14.1331 = 3.092 = 4.57 𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 295.51Ω


    L = 4λ

    HPBW 17.8

    Aproximate EXACT
    Directivity = 126.46 = 17.4𝑑𝐵 = 3.28 = 5.15 𝑑𝐵

    Radiation resistance Rr = 321.51Ω


    Comparison and Discussion.
    Based on the results we get, we will compare between the
    different lengths of the antenna and then choosing the most
    suitable for use from a point of view.

    In all cases we have tow plots of radiation pattern 3D and 2D


    , we can see the radiation is Broadside from the antenna outward
    in X ,Y plane and no radiation is going upward or downward of
    a antenna,

    note that the radiation depends on theta the angle from the z
    axis but not on phi that's because the directivity of a dipole is
    symmetric about the z axis so the phi value doesn't matter .

    Here we have an approximate curve showing the relationship


    between Directivity and electrical length based on the results
    in the report
    It is clear to see from the curve that direction of maximum
    directivity varies with frequency as does the value of the
    maximum directivity and the number of lobes .

    In frequency range as the antenna goes from 0.2 wavelengths


    up to one wavelength notice the antenna has only one lobe
    broadside and symmetric about the z-axis , and As we move to
    higher wavelengths, the HPBW decreases and the directivity
    increases

    but at above this range (L> λ)there are more lobes than one
    and more member of nulls Compared to Previous Range and
    the radiated power is no longer focused broadside, I think This
    is due to the distribution of the current in l L> λ.

    This lobe called side lobe ,We can define it as transmit or


    receive signals from unwanted direction ,it is wasted of power
    in transmitter and source of noise in receiver, In general side
    lobe increases the Noise level of Receiving signal.

    If we look at the curve, we will find that the maximum


    directivity approximately 3.3 Occurs at electrical wavelength
    around 1.2 . now you might be think that this means the
    antenna is working optimally at this frequency, but it is not
    true , we have other factors that must be taken into
    consideration, that directivity is a measure of how well an
    antenna focuses its radiated power in particular direction , to
    the exclusion of other directions it does not give you a
    complete picture of how well an antenna converts input power
    into radiation in a particular direction because it ignores
    antenna losses . Now we must look at Radiation resistance or
    (input impedance),

    Like the directivity , the input impedance It varies with


    electrical wavelength,

    input impedance is a critical consideration when evaluating


    various antenna designs to achieve a perfect impedance match
    , If we choose an antenna with a different impedance on the
    transmitter line impedance it will require complex and
    expensive technologies to avoid impedance mismatch and
    achieve high antenna efficiency .

    Consider that the most commonly feed line used in our case is
    coaxial cable, coaxial cable have impedance between 50 and 75
    ohm, and Looking at the results that we obtained, we find that
    the best result to achieve impedance matching when we use
    half wavelength. Add to that half-wave dipole antenna have a
    respectable value of directivity and just main lobe without side
    lobe and minimum number of nulls

    These reasons make the length L= λ/2 most Length used


    Compared to the other ,

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