1. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Risk refers to the chance that some unfavorable event will occur, and a probability distribution is completely
described by a listing of the likelihood of unfavorable events.
b. Portfolio diversification reduces the variability of returns on an individual stock.
c. When company-specific risk has been diversified the inherent risk that remains is market risk, which is constant for all
securities in the market.
d. The SML relates required returns to firms’ market risk. The slope and intercept of this line cannot be controlled by the
financial manager.

2. You observe the following information regarding Company X and Company Y:

Company X has a higher expected mean return than Company Y.
Company X has a lower standard deviation than Company Y.
Company X has a higher beta than Company Y.
Given this information, which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Company X has a lower coefficient of variation than Company Y.
b. Company X has more company-specific risk than Company Y.
c. Company X is a better stock to buy than Company Y.
d. Statements a and b are correct.

3. Which of the following statements is most correct? (Assume that the risk-free rate remains constant.)
a. If the market risk premium increases by 1 percentage point, then the required return on all stocks will rise by 1
percentage point.
b. If the market risk premium increases by 1 percentage point, then the required return will increase for stocks that have
a beta greater than 1.0, but it will decrease for stocks that have a beta less than 1.0.
c. If the market risk premium increases by 1 percentage point, then the required return will increase by 1 percentage
point for a stock that has a beta equal to 1.0.
d. Statements a and c are correct.

4. A highly risk-averse investor is considering the addition of an asset to a 10-stock portfolio. The two securities under
consideration both have an expected return, k, equal to 15 percent. However, the distribution of possible returns
associated with Asset A has a standard deviation of 12 percent, while Asset B’s standard deviation is 8 percent. Both
assets are correlated with the market with r equal to 0.75. Which asset should the risk-averse investor add to his/her
portfolio?
a. Asset A. b. Asset B. c. Both A and B. d. Neither A nor B.

5. Stock A has a beta of 1.5 and Stock B has a beta of 0.5. Which of the following statements must be true about these
securities? (Assume the market is in equilibrium.)
a. When held in isolation, Stock A has greater risk than Stock B.
b. Stock B would be a more desirable addition to a portfolio than Stock A.
c. Stock A would be a more desirable addition to a portfolio than Stock B.
d. The expected return on Stock A will be greater than that on Stock B.
6. Stock X has a beta of 0.5 and Stock Y has a beta of 1.5. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Stock Y’s return this year will be higher than Stock X’s return.
b. Stock Y’s return has a higher standard deviation than Stock X.
c. If expected inflation increases (but the market risk premium is unchanged), the required returns on the two stocks will
increase by the same amount.
d. If the market risk premium declines (leaving the risk-free rate unchanged), Stock X will have a larger decline in its
required return than will Stock Y.

7. In the years ahead the market risk premium, (kM - kRF), is expected to fall, while the risk-free rate, kRF, is expected to
remain at current levels. Given this forecast, which of the following statements is most correct?
a. The required return for all stocks will fall by the same amount.
b. The required return will fall for all stocks but will fall more for stocks with higher betas.
c. The required return will fall for all stocks but will fall less for stocks with higher betas.
d. The required return will increase for stocks with a beta less than 1.0 and will decrease for stocks with a beta greater
than 1.0.

8. Stock A and Stock B both have an expected return of 10 percent and a standard deviation of 25 percent. Stock A has a
beta of 0.8 and Stock B has a beta of 1.2. The correlation coefficient, r, between the two stocks is 0.6. Portfolio P is a
portfolio with 50 percent invested in Stock A and 50 percent invested in Stock B. Which of the following statements is
most correct?
a. Portfolio P has a coefficient of variation equal to 2.5.
b. Portfolio P has more market risk than Stock A but less market risk than Stock B.
c. Portfolio P has a standard deviation of 25 percent and a beta of 1.0.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
9. Over the past 75 years, we have observed that investments with higher average annual returns also tend to have the
highest standard deviations in their annual returns. This observation supports the notion that there is a positive
correlation between risk and return. Which of the following lists correctly ranks investments from having the highest
returns and risk to those with the lowest returns and risk?
a. Small-company stocks, large-company stocks, long-term corporate bonds, long-term government bonds, U.S. Treasury
bills.
b. Small-company stocks, long-term corporate bonds, large-company stocks, long-term government bonds, U.S. Treasury
bills.
c. Large-company stocks, small-company stocks, long-term corporate bonds, U.S. Treasury bills, long-term government
bonds.
d. U.S. Treasury bills, long-term government bonds, long-term corporate bonds, small-company stocks, large-company
stocks.

10. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. A two-stock portfolio will always have a lower standard deviation than a one-stock portfolio.
b. A two-stock portfolio will always have a lower beta than a one-stock portfolio.
c. If portfolios are formed by randomly selecting stocks, a 10-stock portfolio will always have a lower beta than a one-
stock portfolio.
d. None of the statements above is correct.

11. Which of the following statements best describes what would be expected to happen as you randomly add stocks to
your portfolio?
a. Adding more stocks to your portfolio reduces the portfolio’s company specific risk.
b. Adding more stocks to your portfolio reduces the beta of your portfolio. c. Adding more stocks to your portfolio
increases the portfolio’s expected return.
d. Statements a and c are correct.

12. Bob has a $50,000 stock portfolio with a beta of 1.2, an expected return of 10.8 percent, and a standard deviation of
25 percent. Becky has a $50,000 portfolio with a beta of 0.8, an expected return of 9.2 percent, and a standard deviation
of 25 percent. The correlation coefficient, r, between Bob’s and Becky’s portfolios is 0. Bob and Becky are engaged to be
married. Which of the following best describes their combined $100,000 portfolio?
a. The combined portfolio’s expected return is a simple average of the expected returns of the two individual portfolios
(10%).
b. The combined portfolio’s beta is a simple average of the betas of the two individual portfolios (1.0).
c. The combined portfolio’s standard deviation is less than a simple average of the two portfolios’ standard deviations
(25%), even though there is no correlation between the returns of the two portfolios.
d. All of the statements above are correct.
13. Your portfolio consists of $50,000 invested in Stock X and $50,000 invested in Stock Y. Both stocks have an expected
return of 15 percent, a beta of 1.6, and a standard deviation of 30 percent. The returns of the two stocks are
independent--the correlation coefficient, r, is zero. Which of the following statements best describes the characteristics
of your portfolio?
a. Your portfolio has a beta equal to 1.6 and its expected return is 15 percent.
b. Your portfolio has a standard deviation of 30 percent and its expected return is 15 percent.
c. Your portfolio has a standard deviation less than 30 percent and its beta is greater than 1.6.
d. Your portfolio has a standard deviation greater than 30 percent and a beta equal to 1.6.

14. In general, which of the following will tend to occur if you randomly add additional stocks to your portfolio, which
currently consists of only three stocks?
a. The expected return of your portfolio will usually decline.
b. The company-specific risk of your portfolio will usually decline, but the market risk will tend to remain the same.
c. Both the company-specific risk and the market risk of your portfolio will decline.
d. The market risk and expected return of the portfolio will decline.

15. Stock X has a beta of 0.7 and Stock Y has a beta of 1.3. The standard deviation of each stock’s returns is 20 percent.
The returns are independent of each other. (In other words, the correlation coefficient, r, between Stock X and Stock Y is
zero.) Portfolio P has 50 percent of its wealth invested in Stock X and the other 50 percent is invested in Stock Y. Given
this information, which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Portfolio P has a standard deviation of 20 percent.
b. The required return on Portfolio P is the same as the required return on the market (kM).
c. The required return on Portfolio P is equal to the market risk premium (kM – kRF).
d. Statements a and b are correct.
16. Jane has randomly selected a portfolio of 20 stocks, and Dick has randomly selected a portfolio of two stocks. Which
of the following statements is most correct?
a. The required return on Jane’s portfolio must be higher than the required return on Dick’s portfolio because Jane is
more diversified.
b. If the two portfolios have the same beta, Jane’s portfolio will have less market risk but the same amount of company-
specific risk as Dick’s portfolio.
c. If the two portfolios have the same beta, their required returns will be the same but Jane’s portfolio will have more
company-specific risk than Dick’s.
d. None of the statements above is correct.

17. Stock A and Stock B each have an expected return of 12 percent, a beta of 1.2, and a standard deviation of 25
percent. The returns on the two stocks have a correlation of 0.6. Portfolio P has half of its money invested in Stock A and
half in Stock B. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Portfolio P has an expected return of 12 percent.
b. Portfolio P has a standard deviation of 25 percent.
c. Portfolio P has a beta of 1.2.
d. Statements a and c are correct.

18. Stocks A, B, and C all have an expected return of 10 percent and a standard deviation of 25 percent. Stocks A and B
have returns that are independent of one another. (Their correlation coefficient, r, equals zero.) Stocks A and C have
returns that are negatively correlated with one another (that is, r < 0). Portfolio AB is a portfolio with half its money
invested in Stock A and half invested in Stock B. Portfolio AC is a portfolio with half its money invested in Stock A and
half invested in Stock C. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Portfolio AB has an expected return of 10 percent.
b. Portfolio AB has a standard deviation of 25 percent.
c. Portfolio AC has a standard deviation that is less than 25 percent.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
19. Stock A and Stock B each have an expected return of 15 percent, a standard deviation of 20 percent, and a beta of
1.2. The returns of the two stocks are not perfectly correlated; the correlation coefficient is 0.6. You have put together a
portfolio that consists of 50 percent Stock A and 50 percent Stock B. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. The portfolio’s expected return is 15 percent.
b. The portfolio’s beta is less than 1.2.
c. The portfolio’s standard deviation is 20 percent.
d. Statements a and b are correct.

20. Stock A has a beta of 0.8, Stock B has a beta of 1.0, and Stock C has a beta of 1.2. Portfolio P has equal amounts
invested in each of the three stocks. Each of the stocks has a standard deviation of 25 percent. The returns of the three
stocks are independent of one another (i.e., the correlation coefficients all equal zero). Which of the following
statements is most correct?
a. Portfolio P’s expected return is less than the expected return of Stock C.
b. Portfolio P’s standard deviation is less than 25 percent.
c. Portfolio P’s realized return will always exceed the realized return of Stock A.
d. Statements a and b are correct.

21. The risk-free rate is 6 percent. Stock A has a beta of 1.0, while Stock B has a beta of 2.0. The market risk premium
(kM – kRF) is positive. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Stock B’s required rate of return is twice that of Stock A.
b. If Stock A’s required return is 11 percent, the market risk premium is 5 percent.
c. If the risk-free rate increases (but the market risk premium stays unchanged), Stock B’s required return will increase
by more than Stock A’s.
d. Statements b and c are correct.

22. In recent years, both expected inflation and the market risk premium (kM – kRF) have declined. Assume that all
stocks have positive betas. Which of the following is likely to have occurred as a result of these changes?
a. The average required return on the market, kM, has remained constant, but the required returns have fallen for
stocks that have betas greater than 1.0.
b. The required returns on all stocks have fallen by the same amount.
c. The required returns on all stocks have fallen, but the decline has been greater for stocks with higher betas.
d. The required returns on all stocks have fallen, but the decline has been greater for stocks with lower betas.
23. Assume that the risk-free rate is 5 percent. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. If a stock’s beta doubles, the stock’s required return will also double.
b. If a stock’s beta is less than 1.0, the stock’s required return is less than 5 percent.
c. If a stock has a negative beta, the stock’s required return is less than 5 percent.
d. All of the statements above are correct.

24. Stock X has a beta of 1.5 and Stock Y has a beta of 0.5. The market is in equilibrium (that is, required returns equal
expected returns). Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Since the market is in equilibrium, the required returns of the two stocks should be the same.
b. If both expected inflation and the market risk premium (kM - kRF) increase, the required returns of both stocks will
increase by the same amount.
c. If expected inflation remains constant but the market risk premium (kM - kRF) declines, the required return of Stock X
will decline but the required return of Stock Y will increase.
d. None of the statements above is correct.

25. Stock A has a beta of 0.8, Stock B has a beta of 1.0, and Stock C has a beta of 1.2. Portfolio P has equal amounts
invested in each of the three stocks. Each of the stocks has a standard deviation of 25 percent. The returns of the three
stocks are independent of one another (i.e., the correlation coefficients all equal zero). Assume that there is an increase
in the market risk premium, but that the risk-free rate remains unchanged. Which of the following statements is most
correct?
a. The required return of all three stocks will increase by the amount of the increase in the market risk premium.
b. The required return on Stock A will increase by less than the increase in the market risk premium, while the required
return on Stock C will increase by more than the increase in the market risk premium.
c. The required return of all stocks will remain unchanged since there was no change in their betas.
d. The required return of the average stock will remain unchanged, but the returns of riskier stocks (such as Stock C) will
decrease while the returns of safer stocks (such as Stock A) will increase.
26. Currently, the risk-free rate is 6 percent and the market risk premium are 5 percent. On the basis of this information,
which of the following statements is most correct?
a. If a stock has a negative beta, its required return must also be negative.
b. If a stock’s beta doubles, its required return must also double.
c. An index fund with beta = 1.0 has a required return of 11 percent.
d. Statements a and c are correct.

27. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. The slope of the security market line is measured by beta.
b. Two securities with the same stand-alone risk can have different betas.
c. Company-specific risk can be diversified away.
d. The market risk premium is affected by attitudes about risk.

28. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The slope of the security market line is beta.
b. The slope of the security market line is the market risk premium, (kM – kRF).
c. If you double a company’s beta its required return more than doubles.
d. Statements a and c are correct.

29. Stock A has a beta of 1.2 and a standard deviation of 20 percent. Stock B has a beta of 0.8 and a standard deviation
of 25 percent. Portfolio P is a $200,000 portfolio consisting of $100,000 invested in Stock A and $100,000 invested in
Stock B. Which of the following statements is most correct? (Assume that the required return is determined by the
Security Market Line.)
a. Stock B has a higher required rate of return than Stock A.
b. Portfolio P has a standard deviation of 22.5 percent.
c. Portfolio P has a beta equal to 1.0.
d. Statements a and b are correct.
30. Nile Foods’ stock has a beta of 1.4 and Elbe Eateries’ stock has a beta of 0.7. Assume that the risk-free rate, kRF, is
5.5 percent and the market risk premium, (kM – kRF), equals 4 percent. Which of the following statements is most
correct?
a. Since Nile’s beta is twice that of Elbe’s, its required rate of return will also be twice that of Elbe’s.
b. If the risk-free rate increases but the market risk premium remains unchanged, the required return will increase for
both stocks but the increase will be larger for Nile since it has a higher beta.
c. If the market risk premium increases but the risk-free rate remains unchanged, Nile’s required return will increase
(since it has a beta greater than 1.0) but Elbe’s will decline (since it has a beta less than 1.0).
d. None of the statements above is correct.

31. Stock X has a beta of 0.6, while Stock Y has a beta of 1.4. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Stock Y must have a higher expected return and a higher standard deviation than Stock X.
b. A portfolio consisting of $50,000 invested in Stock X and $50,000 invested in Stock Y will have a required return that
exceeds that of the overall market.
c. If the market risk premium decreases (but expected inflation is unchanged), the required return on both stocks will
decrease but the decrease will be greater for Stock Y.
d. If expected inflation increases (but the market risk premium is unchanged), the required return on both stocks will
decrease by the same amount.

32. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The slope of the security market line is beta.
b. A stock with a negative beta must have a negative required rate of return.
c. If a stock’s beta doubles its required rate of return must double.
d. If a stock has a beta equal to 1.0, its required rate of return will be unaffected by changes in the market risk premium.
33. Stock A has a beta of 0.7, whereas Stock B has a beta of 1.3. Portfolio P has 50 percent invested in both Stocks A and
B. Which of the following would occur if the market risk premium increased by 1 percentage point? (Assume that the
risk-free rate remains constant.)
a. The required return for Stock A would fall but the required return for Stock B would increase.
b. The required return for Portfolio P would remain unchanged.
c. The required return for both stocks would increase by 1 percentage point.
d. The required return for Portfolio P would increase by 1 percentage point.

34. Stock A has a beta of 0.8 and Stock B has a beta of 1.2. 50 percent of Portfolio P is invested in Stock A and 50 percent
is invested in Stock B. If the market risk premium (kM – kRF) were to increase but the risk-free rate (kRF) remained
constant, which of the following would occur?
a. The required return will decrease by the same amount for both Stock A and Stock B.
b. The required return will increase for both stocks but the increase will be greater for Stock B than for Stock A.
c. The required return will increase for Stock A but will decrease for Stock B.
d. The required return will increase for Stock B but will decrease for Stock A.
35. Assume that the risk-free rate remains constant, but that the market risk premium declines. Which of the following is
likely to occur?
a. The required return on a stock with a beta = 1.0 will remain the same.
b. The required return on a stock with a beta < 1.0 will decline.
c. The required return on a stock with a beta > 1.0 will increase.
d. Statements b and c are correct.

36. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Portfolio diversification reduces the variability of the returns on the individual stocks held in the portfolio.
b. If an investor buys enough stocks, he or she can, through diversification, eliminate virtually all of the nonmarket (or
company-specific) risk inherent in owning stocks. Indeed, if the portfolio contained all publicly traded stocks, it would be
riskless.
c. The required return on a firm’s common stock is determined by its systematic (or market) risk. If the systematic risk is
known, and if that risk is expected to remain constant, then no other information is required to specify the firm’s
required return.
d. A security’s beta measures its non-diversifiable (systematic, or market) risk relative to that of an average stock.

37. Consider the following information for three stocks, Stock A, Stock B, and Stock C. The returns on each of the three
stocks are positively correlated, but they are not perfectly correlated. (That is, all of the correlation coefficients are
between 0 and 1.)
Stock Expected Return Standard Deviation Beta
Stock A 10% 20% 1.0
Stock B 10% 20% 1.0
Stock C 12% 20% 1.4

Portfolio P has half of its funds invested in Stock A and half invested in Stock B. Portfolio Q has one third of its funds
invested in each of the three stocks. The risk-free rate is 5 percent, and the market is in equilibrium. (That is, required
returns equal expected returns.) Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Portfolio P has a standard deviation of 20 percent.
b. Portfolio P’s coefficient of variation is greater than 2.0.
c. Portfolio Q’s expected return is 10.67 percent.
d. Portfolio Q has a standard deviation of 20 percent.
38. You have developed the following data on three stocks:
Stock Standard Deviation Beta
Stock A 0.15 0.79
Stock B 0.25 0.61
Stock C 0.20 1.29

If you are a risk minimizer, you should choose Stock if it is to be held in isolation and Stock if it is to be held as part of a
well-diversified portfolio.
a. A; A b. A; B c. B; A d. C; A

39. Assume that investors become increasingly risk averse, so that the market risk premium increases. Also, assume that
the risk-free rate and expected inflation remain the same. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
a. The required rate of return will decline for stocks that have betas less than 1.0.
b. The required rate of return on the market, kM, will remain the same.
c. The required rate of return for each stock in the market will increase by an amount equal to the increase in the market
risk premium.
d. Statements a and b are correct.

40. In a portfolio of three different stocks, which of the following could not be true?
a. The riskiness of the portfolio is less than the riskiness of each of the stocks if each were held in isolation.
b. The riskiness of the portfolio is greater than the riskiness of one or two of the stocks.
c. The beta of the portfolio is less than the beta of each of the individual stocks.
d. The beta of the portfolio is greater than the beta of one or two of the individual stocks’ betas.

41. Stock A has a beta of 1.2 and a standard deviation of 25 percent. Stock B has a beta of 1.4 and a standard deviation
of 20 percent. Portfolio P was created by investing in a combination of Stocks A and B. Portfolio P has a beta of 1.25 and
a standard deviation of 18 percent. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Portfolio P has the same amount of money invested in each of the two stocks.
b. The returns of the two stocks are perfectly positively correlated (r = 1.0).
c. Stock A has more market risk than Stock B but less stand-alone risk.
d. Portfolio P’s required return is greater than Stock A’s required return.
42. Stock A has an expected return of 10 percent and a standard deviation of 20 percent. Stock B has an expected return
of 12 percent and a standard deviation of 30 percent. The risk-free rate is 5 percent and the market risk premium, kM -
kRF, is 6 percent. Assume that the market is in equilibrium. Portfolio P has 50 percent invested in Stock A and 50 percent
invested in Stock B. The returns of Stock A and Stock B are independent of one another. (That is, their correlation
coefficient equals zero.) Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Portfolio P’s expected return is 11 percent.
b. Portfolio P’s standard deviation is less than 25 percent.
c. Stock B’s beta is 1.25.
d. Statements a and b are correct.

43. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Market participants are able to eliminate virtually all market risk if they hold a large diversified portfolio of stocks.
b. Market participants are able to eliminate virtually all company specific risk if they hold a large diversified portfolio of
stocks.
c. It is possible to have a situation where the market risk of a single stock is less than that of a well-diversified portfolio.
d. Statements a and c are correct.

44. Stock A has a beta = 0.8, while Stock B has a beta = 1.6. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Stock B’s required return is double that of Stock A’s.
b. An equally weighted portfolio of Stock A and Stock B will have a beta less than 1.2.
c. If market participants become more risk averse, the required return on Stock B will increase more than the required
return for Stock A.
d. All of the statements above are correct.

45. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. If you add enough randomly selected stocks to a portfolio, you can completely eliminate all the market risk from the
portfolio.
b. If you formed a portfolio that included a large number of low-beta stocks (stocks with betas less than 1.0 but greater
than -1.0), the portfolio would itself have a beta coefficient that is equal to the weighted average beta of the stocks in
the portfolio, so the portfolio would have a relatively low degree of risk.
c. If you were restricted to investing in publicly traded common stocks, yet you wanted to minimize the riskiness of your
portfolio as measured by its beta, then according to the CAPM theory you should invest some of your money in each
stock in the market. That is, if there were 10,000 traded stocks in the world, the least risky portfolio would include some
shares in each of them.
d. Statements b and d are correct.

46. Inflation, recession, and high interest rates are economic events that are characterized as
a. Company-specific risk that can be diversified away.
b. Market risk.
c. Systematic risk that can be diversified away.
d. Diversifiable risk.

47. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The beta coefficient of a stock is normally found by running a regression of past returns on the stock against past
returns on a stock market index. One could also construct a scatter diagram of returns on the stock versus those on the
market, estimate the slope of the line of best fit, and use it as beta.
b. It is theoretically possible for a stock to have a beta of 1.0. If a stock did have a beta of 1.0, then, at least in theory, its
required rate of return would be equal to the risk-free (default-free) rate of return, kRF.
c. If you found a stock with a zero beta and held it as the only stock in your portfolio, you would by definition have a
riskless portfolio. Your 1-stock portfolio would be even less risky if the stock had a negative beta.
d. The beta of a portfolio of stocks is always larger than the betas of any of the individual stocks.

48. You have developed data that give (1) the average annual returns on the market for the past five years, and (2)
similar information on Stocks A and B. If these data are as follows, which of the possible answers best describes the
historical betas for A and B?
Years Market Stock A Stock B
1 0.03 0.16 0.05
2 -0.05 0.20 0.05
3 0.01 0.18 0.05
4 -0.10 0.25 0.05
5 0.06 0.14 0.05

a. bA > 0; bB = 1 b. bA > +1; bB = 0 c. bA = 0; bB = -1 d. bA < 0; bB = 0

49. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. Suppose the returns on two stocks are negatively correlated. One has a beta of 1.2 as determined in a regression
analysis, while the other has a beta of -0.6. The returns on the stock with the negative beta will be negatively correlated
with returns on most other stocks in the market.
b. Suppose you are managing a stock portfolio, and you have information that leads you to believe the stock market is
likely to be very strong in the immediate future. That is, you are confident the market is about to rise sharply. You
should sell your high-beta stocks and buy low-beta stocks in order to take advantage of the expected market move.
c. Collections Inc. is in the business of collecting past-due accounts for other companies; that is, it is a collection agency.
Collections’ revenues, profits, and stock price tend to rise during recessions. This suggests that Collections Inc.’s beta
should be quite high, say 2.0, because it does so much better than most other companies when the economy is weak.
d. Statements a and b are correct.

50. Which of the following is not a difficulty concerning beta and its estimation?
a. Sometimes a security or project does not have a past history that can be used as a basis for calculating beta.
b. Sometimes, during a period when the company is undergoing a change such as toward more leverage or riskier assets,
the calculated beta will be drastically different than the “true” or “expected future” beta.
c. The beta of an “average stock,” or “the market,” can change over time, sometimes drastically.
d. Sometimes the past data used to calculate beta do not reflect the likely risk of the firm for the future because
conditions have changed.

51. Certain firms and industries are characterized by consistently low or high betas, depending on the particular
situation. On the basis of that notion, which of the following companies seems out of place with its stated beta? (That is,
one of the following companies definitely could not have the indicated beta, while the other companies seem well
matched with their stated betas.)
a. Sun Microsystems, Beta = 1.59. b. Amazon.com, Beta = 1.70.
c. Ford Motor Company, Beta = 0.92. d. Florida Power & Light, Beta = 1.52.
52. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. The SML relates required returns to firms’ market risk. The slope and intercept of this line cannot be controlled by the
financial manager.
b. The slope of the SML is determined by the value of beta.
c. If you plotted the returns of a given stock against those of the market, and you found that the slope of the regression
line was negative, the CAPM would indicate that the required rate of return on the stock should be less than the risk-
free rate for a well-diversified investor, assuming that the observed relationship is expected to continue on into the
future.
d. Statements a and c are correct.

53. Other things held constant, (1) if the expected inflation rate decreases, and (2) investors become more risk averse,
the Security Market Line would shift
a. Down and have a steeper slope. b. Up and have a less steep slope.
c. Up and keep the same slope. d. Down and keep the same slope.

54. Which of the following statements is most correct about a stock that has a beta = 1.2?
a. If the stock’s beta doubles its expected return will double.
b. If expected inflation increases 3 percent, the stock’s expected return will increase by 3 percent.
c. If the market risk premium increases by 3 percent the stock’s expected return will increase by less than 3 percent.
d. All of the statements above are correct.

55. Assume that the risk-free rate, kRF, increases but the market risk premium, (kM – kRF) declines. The net effect is that
the overall expected return on the market, kM, remains constant. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. The required return will decline for stocks that have a beta less than 1.0 but will increase for stocks that have a beta
greater than 1.0.
b. The required return will increase for stocks that have a beta less than 1.0 but will decline for stocks that have a beta
greater than 1.0.
c. The required return of all stocks will fall by the amount of the decline in the market risk premium.
d. The required return of all stocks will increase by the amount of the increase in the risk-free rate.
56. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. An increase in expected inflation could be expected to increase the required return on a riskless asset and on an
average stock by the same amount, other things held constant.
b. A graph of the SML would show required rates of return on the vertical axis and standard deviations of returns on the
horizontal axis.
c. If two “normal” or “typical” stocks were combined to form a 2-stock portfolio, the portfolio’s expected return would
be a weighted average of the stocks’ expected returns, but the portfolio’s standard deviation would probably be greater
than the average of the stocks’ standard deviations.
d. If investors became more risk averse, then (1) the slope of the SML would increase and (2) the required rate of return
on low-beta stocks would increase by more than the required return on high-beta stocks.

57. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. If the returns from two stocks are perfectly positively correlated (that is, the correlation coefficient is +1) and the two
stocks have equal variance, an equally weighted portfolio of the two stocks will have a variance that is less than that of
the individual stocks.
b. If a stock has a negative beta, its expected return must be negative.
c. According to the CAPM, stocks with higher standard deviations of returns will have higher expected returns.
d. None of the statements above is correct.

58. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. We would observe a downward shift in the required returns of all stocks if investors believed that there would be
deflation in the economy.
b. If investors became more risk averse, then the new security market line would have a steeper slope.
c. If the beta of a company doubles, then the required rate of return will also double.
d. Statements a and b are correct.

59. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. If you add enough randomly selected stocks to a portfolio, you can completely eliminate all the market risk from the
portfolio.
b. If you form a large portfolio of stocks each with a beta greater than 1.0, this portfolio will have more market risk than
a single stock with a beta = 0.8.
c. Company-specific (or unsystematic) risk can be reduced by forming a large portfolio, but normally even highly-
diversified portfolios are subject to market (or systematic) risk.
d. Statements b and c are correct.
60. Jane holds a large diversified portfolio of 100 randomly selected stocks and the portfolio’s beta = 1.2. Each of the
individual stocks in her portfolio has a standard deviation of 20 percent. Jack has the same amount of money invested in
a single stock with a beta equal to 1.6 and a standard deviation of 20 percent. Which of the following statements is most
correct?
a. Jane’s portfolio has a larger amount of company-specific risk since she is holding more stocks in her portfolio.
b. Jane has a higher required rate of return, since she is more diversified.
c. Jane’s portfolio has less market risk since it has a lower beta.
d. Statements b and c are correct.

61. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. It is possible to have a situation in which the market risk of a single stock is less than the market risk of a portfolio of
stocks.
b. The market risk premium will increase if, on average, market participants become more risk averse.
c. If you selected a group of stocks whose returns are perfectly positively correlated, then you could end up with a
portfolio for which none of the unsystematic risk is diversified away.
d. All of the statements above are correct.

62. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. According to CAPM theory, the required rate of return on a given stock can be found by use of the SML equation:

ki = kRF + (kM - kRF)bi.

Expectations for inflation are not reflected anywhere in this equation, even indirectly, and because of that the text notes
that the CAPM may not be strictly correct.
b. If the required rate of return is given by the SML equation as set forth in Statement a, there is nothing a financial
manager can do to change his or her company’s cost of capital, because each of the elements in the equation is
determined exclusively by the market, not by the type of actions a company’s management can take, even in the long
run.
c. Assume that the required rate of return on the market is currently kM = 15%, and that kM remains fixed at that level.
If the yield curve has a steep upward slope, the calculated market risk premium would be larger if the 30-day T-bill rate
were used as the risk-free rate than if the 30-year T-bond rate was used as kRF.
d. Statements a and b are correct.

63. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. If investors become more risk averse but kRF remains constant, the required rate of return on high-beta stocks will
rise, the required return on low-beta stocks will decline, but the required return on an average-risk stock will not
change.
b. If Mutual Fund A held equal amounts of 100 stocks, each of which had a beta of 1.0, and Mutual Fund B held equal
amounts of 10 stocks with betas of 1.0, then the two mutual funds would both have betas of 1.0. Thus, they would be
equally risky from an investor’s standpoint.
c. An investor who holds just one stock will be exposed to more risk than an investor who holds a portfolio of stocks,
assuming the stocks are all equally risky. Since the holder of the 1-stock portfolio is exposed to more risk, he or she can
expect to earn a higher rate of return to compensate for the greater risk.
d. Assume that the required rate of return on the market, kM, is given and fixed. If the yield curve were upward-sloping,
then the Security Market Line (SML) would have a steeper slope if 1-year Treasury securities were used as the risk-free
rate than if 30-year Treasury bonds were used for kRF. E

64. The risk-free rate of interest, kRF, is 6 percent. The overall stock market has an expected return of 12 percent.
Hazlett, Inc. has a beta of 1.2. What is the required return of Hazlett, Inc. stock?
a. 12.0% b. 12.2% c. 12.8% d. 13.2%
65. The risk-free rate is 5 percent. Stock A has a beta = 1.0 and Stock B has a beta = 1.4. Stock A has a required return of
11 percent. What is Stock B’s required return?
a. 12.4% b. 13.4% c. 14.4% d. 15.4%

66. Calculate the required rate of return for Mercury Inc., assuming that investors expect a 5 percent rate of inflation in
the future. The real risk-free rate is equal to 3 percent and the market risk premium is 5 percent. Mercury has a beta of
2.0, and its realized rate of return has averaged 15 percent over the last 5 years.
a. 15% b. 16% c. 17% d. 18% e

67. Consider the following information for three stocks, Stock A, Stock B, and Stock C. The returns on each of the three
stocks are positively correlated, but they are not perfectly correlated. (That is, all of the correlation coefficients are
between 0 and 1.)
Stock Expected Return Standard Deviation Beta
Stock A 10% 20% 1.0
Stock B 10% 20% 1.0
Stock C 12% 20% 1.4
Portfolio P has half of its funds invested in Stock A and half invested in Stock B. Portfolio Q has one third of its funds
invested in each of the three stocks. The risk-free rate is 5 percent, and the market is in equilibrium. (That is, required
returns equal expected returns.) What is the market risk premium (kM - kRF)?
a. 4.0% b. 4.5% c. 5.0% d. 5.5%

68. A stock has an expected return of 12.25 percent. The beta of the stock is 1.15 and the risk-free rate is 5 percent.
What is the market risk premium?
a. 1.30% b. 6.50% c. 15.00% d. 6.30%
69. Given the following information, determine which beta coefficient for Stock A is consistent with equilibrium:
Ak ˆ = 11.3%; kRF = 5%; kM = 10%
a. 0.86 b. 1.26 c. 1.10 d. 0.80 e. 1.35
70. Assume that the risk-free rate is 5 percent and that the market risk premium is 7 percent. If a stock has a required
rate of return of 13.75 percent, what is its beta?
a. 1.25 b. 1.35 c. 1.37 d. 1.60

71. You hold a diversified portfolio consisting of a $10,000 investment in each of 20 different common stocks (that is,
your total investment is $200,000). The portfolio beta is equal to 1.2. You have decided to sell one of your stocks that
has a beta equal to 0.7 for $10,000. You plan to use the proceeds to purchase another stock that has a beta equal to 1.4.
What will be the beta of the new portfolio?
a. 1.165 b. 1.235 c. 1.250 d. 1.284

72. An investor is forming a portfolio by investing $50,000 in stock A that has a beta of 1.50, and $25,000 in stock B that
has a beta of 0.90. The return on the market is equal to 6 percent and Treasury bonds have a yield of 4 percent. What is
the required rate of return on the investor’s portfolio?
a. 6.6% b. 6.8% c. 5.8% d. 7.0%

73. You are an investor in common stocks, and you currently hold a welldiversified portfolio that has an expected return
of 12 percent, a beta of 1.2, and a total value of $9,000. You plan to increase your portfolio by buying 100 shares of
AT&E at $10 a share. AT&E has an expected return of 20 percent with a beta of 2.0. What will be the expected return
and the beta of your portfolio after you purchase the new stock?
a. p k ˆ = 20.0%; bp = 2.00 b. p k ˆ = 12.8%; bp = 1.28
c. p k ˆ = 12.0%; bp = 1.20 d. p k ˆ = 13.2%; bp = 1.40

74. Stock A has an expected return of 12 percent, a beta of 1.2, and a standard deviation of 20 percent. Stock B has an
expected return of 10 percent, a beta of 1.2, and a standard deviation of 15 percent. Portfolio P has $900,000 invested
in Stock A and $300,000 invested in Stock B. The correlation between Stock A’s returns and Stock B’s returns is zero (that
is, r = 0). Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Portfolio P’s expected return is 11.5 percent. b. Portfolio P’s standard deviation is 18.75 percent.
c. Portfolio P’s beta is less than 1.2. d. Statements a and b are correct.
75. Below are the stock returns for the past five years for Agnew Industries:
Year Stock Return
2002 22%
2001 33%
2000 1%
1999 -12%
1998 10%
What was the stock’s coefficient of variation during this 5-year period? (Use the population standard deviation to
calculate the coefficient of variation.)
a. 10.80 b. 1.46 c. 15.72 d. 0.69

76. Assume a new law is passed that restricts investors to holding only one asset. A risk-averse investor is considering
two possible assets as the asset to be held in isolation. The assets’ possible returns and related probabilities (that is, the
probability distributions) are as follows:
Asset X Asset Y
P k P k
0.10 -3% 0.05 -3%
0.10 2% 0.10 2%
0.25 5% 0.30 5%
0.25 8% 0.30 8%
0.30 10% 0.25 10%

Which asset should be preferred?

a. Asset X, since its expected return is higher.
b. Asset Y, since its beta is probably lower.
c. Either one, since the expected returns are the same.
d. Asset Y, since its coefficient of variation is lower and its expected return is higher.
77. Given the following probability distribution, what are the expected return and the standard deviation of returns for
Security J?
State Pi kJ
1 0.2 10%
2 0.6 15
3 0.2 20
a. 15%; 6.50% b. 12%; 5.18% c. 15%; 3.16% d. 15%; 10.00%

78. You are holding a stock that has a beta of 2.0 and is currently in equilibrium. The required return on the stock is 15
percent, and the return on an average stock is 10 percent. What would be the percentage change in the return on the
stock, if the return on an average stock increased by 30 percent while the risk-free rate remained unchanged?
a. +20% b. +30% c. +40% d. +50%

79. Oakdale Furniture Inc. has a beta coefficient of 0.7 and a required rate of return of 15 percent. The market risk
premium is currently 5 percent. If the inflation premium increases by 2 percentage points, and Oakdale acquires new
assets that increase its beta by 50 percent, what will be Oakdale’s new required rate of return?
a. 13.50% b. 22.80% c. 18.75% d. 15.25%

80. Partridge Plastic’s stock has an estimated beta of 1.4, and its required rate of return is 13 percent. Cleaver Motors’
stock has a beta of 0.8, and the risk-free rate is 6 percent. What is the required rate of return on Cleaver Motors’ stock?
a. 7.0% b. 10.4% c. 12.0% d. 10.0%
81. The realized returns for the market and Stock J for the last four years are given below:
Year Market Stock J
1 10% 5%
2 15 0
3 -5 14
4 0 10
An average stock has an expected return of 12 percent and the market risk premium is 4 percent. If Stock J’s expected
rate of return as viewed by a marginal investor is 8 percent, what is the difference between J’s expected and required
rates of return?
a. 0.66% b. 1.25% c. 2.64% d. 3.72%

82. You have been scouring The Wall Street Journal looking for stocks that are “good values” and have calculated
expected returns for five stocks. Assume the risk-free rate (kRF) is 7 percent and the market risk premium (kM - kRF) is 2
percent. Which security would be the best investment? (Assume you must choose just one.)
Expected Return Beta
a. 9.01% 1.70
b. 7.06% 0.00
c. 5.04% -0.67
d. 8.74% 0.87

83. HR Corporation has a beta of 2.0, while LR Corporation’s beta is 0.5. The risk-free rate is 10 percent, and the required
rate of return on an average stock is 15 percent. Now the expected rate of inflation built into kRF falls by 3 percentage
points, the real risk-free rate remains constant, the required return on the market falls to 11 percent, and the betas
remain constant. When all of these changes are made, what will be the difference in the required returns on HR’s and
LR’s stocks?
a. 1.0% b. 2.5% c. 4.5% d. 6.0%
84. Bradley Hotels has a beta of 1.3, while Douglas Farms has a beta of 0.7. The required return on an index fund that
holds the entire stock market is 12 percent. The risk-free rate of interest is 7 percent. By how much does Bradley’s
required return exceed Douglas’ required return?
a. 3.0% b. 6.5% c. 5.0% d. 6.0%

85. Company X has a beta of 1.6, while Company Y’s beta is 0.7. The risk-free rate is 7 percent, and the required rate of
return on an average stock is 12 percent. Now the expected rate of inflation built into kRF rises by 1 percentage point,
the real risk-free rate remains constant, the required return on the market rises to 14 percent, and betas remain
constant. After all of these changes have been reflected in the data, by how much will the required return on Stock X
exceed that on Stock Y?
a. 3.75% b. 4.20% c. 4.82% d. 5.40%
86. Historical rates of return for the market and for Stock A are given below:
Year Market Stock A
1 6.0% 8.0%
2 -8.0 3.0
3 -8.0 -2.0
4 18.0 12.0
If the required return on the market is 11 percent and the risk-free rate is 6 percent, what is the required return on
Stock A, according to CAPM/SML theory?
a. 6.00% b. 6.57% c. 7.25% d. 8.27%

87. Some returns data for the market and for Countercyclical Corp. are given below:
Year Market Countercyclical
1999 -2.0% 8.0%
2000 12.0 3.0
2001 -8.0 18.0
2002 21.0 -7.0
The required return on the market is 14 percent and the risk-free rate is 8 percent. What is the required return on
Countercyclical Corp. according to CAPM/SML theory?
a. 3.42% b. 4.58% c. 8.00% d. 11.76%

88. Stock X, Stock Y, and the market have had the following returns over the past four years.
Year Market X Y
1999 11% 10% 12%
2000 7 4 -3
2001 17 12 21
2002 -3 -2 -5
The risk-free rate is 7 percent. The market risk premium is 5 percent. What is the required rate of return for a portfolio
that consists of $14,000 invested in Stock X and $6,000 invested in Stock Y?
a. 9.94% b. 10.68% c. 11.58% d. 12.41%
89. The risk-free rate, kRF, is 6 percent and the market risk premium, (kM – kRF), is 5 percent. Assume that required
returns are based on the CAPM. Your $1 million portfolio consists of $700,000 invested in a stock that has a beta of 1.2
and $300,000 invested in a stock that has a beta of 0.8. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. The portfolio’s required return is less than 11 percent.
b. If the risk-free rate remains unchanged but the market risk premium increases by 2 percentage points, the required
return on your portfolio will increase by more than 2 percentage points.
c. If the market risk premium remains unchanged but expected inflation increases by 2 percentage points, the required
return on your portfolio will increase by more than 2 percentage points.
d. If the stock market is efficient, your portfolio’s expected return should equal the expected return on the market,
which is 11 percent.

90. A portfolio manager is holding the following investments:

Stock Amount Invested Beta
X $10 million 1.4
Y 20 million 1.0
Z 40 million 0.8
The manager plans to sell his holdings of Stock Y. The money from the sale will be used to purchase another $15 million
of Stock X and another $5 million of Stock Z. The risk-free rate is 5 percent and the market risk premium is 5.5 percent.
How many percentage points higher will the required return on the portfolio be after he completes this transaction?
a. 0.07% b. 0.18% c. 0.39% d. 0.67%
91. Assume that the risk-free rate is 5.5 percent and the market risk premium is 6 percent. A money manager has $10
million invested in a portfolio that has a required return of 12 percent. The manager plans to sell $3 million of stock with
a beta of 1.6 that is part of the portfolio. She plans to reinvest this $3 million into another stock that has a beta of 0.7. If
she goes ahead with this planned transaction, what will be the required return of her new portfolio?
a. 10.52% b. 10.38% c. 11.31% d. 10.90%

92. The current risk-free rate is 6 percent and the market risk premium is 5 percent. Erika is preparing to invest $30,000
in the market and she wants her portfolio to have an expected return of 12.5 percent. Erika is concerned about bearing
too much stand-alone risk; therefore, she will diversify her portfolio by investing in three different assets (two mutual
funds and a risk-free security). The three assets she will be investing in are an aggressive growth mutual fund that has a
beta of 1.6, an S&P 500 index fund with a beta of 1, and a risk-free security that has a beta of 0. She has already decided
that she will invest 10 percent of her money in the risk-free asset. In order to achieve the desired expected return of
12.5 percent, what proportion of Erika’s portfolio must be invested in the S&P 500 index fund?
a. 23.33% b. 33.33% c. 53.33% d. 66.66%
93. Your portfolio consists of $100,000 invested in a stock that has a beta = 0.8, $150,000 invested in a stock that has a
beta = 1.2, and $50,000 invested in a stock that has a beta = 1.8. The risk-free rate is 7 percent. Last year this portfolio
had a required rate of return of 13 percent. This year nothing has changed except for the fact that the market risk
premium has increased by 2 percent (two percentage points). What is the portfolio’s current required rate of return?
a. 5.14% b. 7.14% c. 11.45% d. 15.33%

94. Currently, the risk-free rate is 5 percent and the market risk premium is 6 percent. You have your money invested in
three assets: an index fund that has a beta of 1.0, a risk-free security that has a beta of 0, and an international fund that
has a beta of 1.5. You want to have 20 percent of your portfolio invested in the risk-free asset, and you want your overall
portfolio to have an expected return of 11 percent. What portion of your overall portfolio should you invest in the
international fund?
a. 0% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60%

95. A money manager is holding a $10 million portfolio that consists of the following five stocks:
Stock Amount Invested Beta
A $4 million 1.2
B 2 million 1.1
C 2 million 1.0
D 1 million 0.7
E 1 million 0.5
The portfolio has a required return of 11 percent, and the market risk premium, kM – kRF, is 5 percent. What is the
required return on Stock C?
a. 7.2% b. 10.0% c. 10.9% d. 11.0%

96. You have been managing a $1 million portfolio. The portfolio has a beta of 1.6 and a required rate of return of 14
percent. The current riskfree rate is 6 percent. Assume that you receive another $200,000. If you invest the money in a
stock that has a beta of 0.6, what will be the required return on your $1.2 million portfolio?
a. 12.00% b. 12.25% c. 13.17% d. 14.12%
97. Currently, the risk-free rate, kRF, is 5 percent and the required return on the market, kM, is 11 percent. Your
portfolio has a required rate of return of 9 percent. Your sister has a portfolio with a beta that is twice the beta of your
portfolio. What is the required rate of return on your sister’s portfolio?
a. 12.0% b. 12.5% c. 13.0% d. 17.0%

98. Stock A has an expected return of 10 percent and a beta of 1.0. Stock B has a beta of 2.0. Portfolio P is a two-stock
portfolio, where part of the portfolio is invested in Stock A and the other part is invested in Stock B. Assume that the
risk-free rate is 5 percent, that required returns are determined by the CAPM, and that the market is in equilibrium so
that expected returns equal required returns. Portfolio P has an expected return of 12 percent. What proportion of
Portfolio P consists of Stock B?
a. 20% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60%

99. You hold a diversified portfolio consisting of a $5,000 investment in each of 20 different common stocks. The
portfolio beta is equal to 1.15. You have decided to sell one of your stocks, a lead mining stock whose b is equal to 1.0,
for $5,000 net and to use the proceeds to buy $5,000 of stock in a steel company whose b is equal to 2.0. What will be
the new beta of the portfolio?
a. 1.12 b. 1.20 c. 1.22 d. 1.10
100. A mutual fund manager has a $200,000,000 portfolio with a beta = 1.2. Assume that the risk-free rate is 6 percent
and that the market risk premium is also 6 percent. The manager expects to receive an additional $50,000,000 in funds
soon. She wants to invest these funds in a variety of stocks. After making these additional investments she wants the
fund’s expected return to be 13.5 percent. What should be the average beta of the new stocks added to the portfolio?
a. 1.10 b. 1.33 c. 1.45 d. 1.64 e

101. Walter Jasper currently manages a $500,000 portfolio. He is expecting to receive an additional $250,000 from a
new client. The existing portfolio has a required return of 10.75 percent. The risk-free rate is 4 percent and the return on
the market is 9 percent. If Walter wants the required return on the new portfolio to be 11.5 percent, what should be the
average beta for the new stocks added to the portfolio?
a. 1.50 b. 2.00 c. 1.67 d. 1.80

102. A portfolio manager is holding the following investments in her portfolio:

Stock Amount Invested Beta
1 $300 million 0.7
2 200 million 1.0
3 500 million 1.6
The risk-free rate, kRF, is 5 percent and the portfolio have a required return of 11.655 percent. The manager is thinking
about selling all of her holdings of Stock 3, and instead investing the money in Stock 4, which has a beta of 0.9. If she
were to do this, what would be the new portfolio’s required return?
a. 9.73% b. 11.09% c. 9.91% d. 7.81%
103. A fund manager is holding the following stocks:
Stock Amount Invested Beta
1 $300 million 1.2
2 560 million 1.4
3 320 million 0.7
4 230 million 1.8
The risk-free rate is 5 percent and the market risk premium are also 5 percent. If the manager sells half of her
investment in Stock 2 ($280 million) and puts the money in Stock 4, by how many percentage points will her portfolio’s
required return increase?
a. 0.36% b. 0.22% c. 2.00% d. 0.40%

104. A portfolio manager is managing a $10 million portfolio. Currently the portfolio is invested in the following manner:
Investment Dollar Amount Invested Beta
Stock 1 $2 million 0.6
Stock 2 3 million 0.8
Stock 3 3 million 1.2
Stock 4 2 million 1.4
Currently, the risk-free rate is 5 percent and the portfolio have an expected return of 10 percent. Assume that the
market is in equilibrium so that expected returns equal required returns. The manager is willing to take on additional risk
and wants to instead earn an expected return of 12 percent on the portfolio. Her plan is to sell Stock 1 and use the
proceeds to buy another stock. In order to reach her goal, what should be the beta of the stock that the manager selects
to replace Stock 1?
a. 1.40 b. 1.75 c. 2.05 d. 2.60
105. Here are the expected returns on two stocks:
Returns Probability X Y
0.1 -20% 10%
0.8 20 15
0.1 40 20
If you form a 50-50 portfolio of the two stocks, what is the portfolio’s standard deviation?
a. 8.1% b. 10.5% c. 13.4% d. 16.5%

106. The CFO of Brady Boots has estimated the rates of return to Brady’s stock, depending on the state of the economy.
He has also compiled analysts’ expectations for the economy.
Economy Probability Return
Recession 0.1 -23%
Below average 0.1 -8
Average 0.4 6
Above average 0.2 17
Boom 0.2 24
Given this data, what is the company’s coefficient of variation? (Use the population standard deviation, not the sample
standard deviation when calculating the coefficient of variation.)
a. 1.94 b. 25.39 c. 2.26 d. 1.84

107. Ripken Iron Works faces the following probability distribution:

State of the Economy Probability of State Occurring Stock’s Expected Return if this State Occurs
Boom 0.25 25%
Normal 0.50 15
Recession 0.25 5
What is the coefficient of variation on the company’s stock?
a. 0.06 b. 0.47 c. 0.54 d. 0.67
108. An analyst has estimated how a particular stock’s return will vary depending on what will happen to the economy:
State of the Economy Probability of State Occurring Stock’s Expected Return if this State Occurs
Recession 0.10 -60%
Below Average 0.20 -10
Average 0.40 15
Above Average 0.20 40
Boom 0.10 90
What is the coefficient of variation on the company’s stock?
a. 2.121 b. 2.201 c. 2.472 d. 3.334

109. The following probability distributions of returns for two stocks have been estimated:
Returns Probability Stock A Stock B
0.3 12% 5%
0.4 8 4
0.3 6 3
What is the coefficient of variation for the stock that is less risky, assuming you use the coefficient of variation to rank
riskiness?
a. 3.62 b. 0.28 c. 0.19 d. 0.66

110. A financial analyst is forecasting the expected return for the stock of Himalayan Motors. The analyst estimates the
following probability distribution of returns:
Probability Return
20% -5%
40% 10%
20% 20%
10% 25%
10% 50%
On the basis of this analysts forecast, what is the stock’s coefficient of variation?
a. 0.80 b. 0.91 c. 0.96 d. 1.04

111. A stock market analyst estimates that there is a 25 percent chance the economy will be weak, a 50 percent chance
the economy will be average, and a 25 percent chance the economy will be strong. The analyst estimates that Hartley
Industries’ stock will have a 5 percent return if the economy is weak, a 15 percent return if the economy is average, and
a 30 percent return if the economy is strong. On the basis of this estimate, what is the coefficient of variation for Hartley
Industries’ stock?
a. 0.61644 b. 0.54934 c. 0.75498 d. 3.62306

112. An analyst has estimated Williamsport Equipment’s returns under the following economic states:
Economic State Probability Expected Return
Recession 0.20 -24%
Below average 0.30 -3%
Above average 0.30 +15%
Boom 0.20 +50%
What is Williamsport’s estimated coefficient of variation?
a. 0.36 b. 2.80 c. 2.86 d. 2.95
113. Stock Z has had the following returns over the past five years:
Year Return
1998 10%
1999 12%
2000 27%
2001 -15%
2002 30%
What is the company’s coefficient of variation (CV)? (Use the population standard deviation to calculate CV.)
a. 99.91 b. 35.76 c. 9.88 d. 1.25

114. An investor has $5,000 invested in a stock that has an estimated beta of 1.2, and another $15,000 invested in the
stock of the company for which she works. The risk-free rate is 6 percent and the market risk premium is also 6 percent.
The investor calculates that the required rate of return on her total ($20,000) portfolio is 15 percent. What is the beta of
the company for which she works?
a. 1.6 b. 1.7 c. 1.8 d. 1.9
115. Portfolio P has 30 percent invested in Stock X and 70 percent in Stock Y. The risk-free rate of interest is 6 percent
and the market risk premium is 5 percent. Portfolio P has a required return of 12 percent and Stock X has a beta of 0.75.
What is the beta of Stock Y?
a. 0.21 b. 1.20 c. 0.96 d. 1.39

116. A money manager is managing the account of a large investor. The investor holds the following stocks:
Stock Amount Invested Estimated Beta
A $ 2,000,000 0.80
B 5,000,000 1.10
C 3,000,000 1.40
D 5,000,000 ????
The portfolio’s required rate of return is 17 percent. The risk-free rate, kRF, is 7 percent and the return on the market,
kM, is 14 percent. What is Stock D’s estimated beta?
a. 1.256 b. 1.389 c. 1.429 d. 2.026

117. The returns of United Railroad Inc. (URI) are listed below, along with the returns on “the market”:
Year URI Market
1 -14% -9%
2 16% 11%
3 22% 15%
4 7% 5%
5 -2% -1%
If the risk-free rate is 9 percent and the required return on URI’s stock is 15 percent, what is the required return on the
market? Assume the market is in equilibrium. (Hint: Think rise over run.)
a. 4% b. 9% c. 10% d. 13%
118. A money manager is holding the following portfolio:
Stock Amount Invested Beta
1 $ 300,000 0.6
2 300,000 1.0
3 500,000 1.4
4 500,000 1.8
The risk-free rate is 6 percent and the portfolio’s required rate of return is 12.5 percent. The manager would like to sell
all of her holdings of Stock 1 and use the proceeds to purchase more shares of Stock 4. What would be the portfolio’s
required rate of return following this change?
a. 13.63% b. 10.29% c. 11.05% d. 12.52%

119 – 120. A portfolio manager has a $10 million portfolio, which consists of $1 million invested in 10 separate stocks.
The portfolio beta is 1.2. The risk-free rate is 5 percent and the market risk premium is 6 percent.

119. What is the portfolio’s required return?

a. 6.20% b. 9.85% c. 12.00% d. 12.20%
120. The manager sells one of the stocks in her portfolio for $1 million. The stock she sold has a beta of 0.9. She takes
the $1 million and uses the money to purchase a new stock that has a beta of 1.6. What is the required return of her
portfolio after purchasing this new stock?
a. 10.75% b. 12.35% c. 12.62% d. 13.35%

121. Which of the following statements is most correct?

a. The CAPM is an ex ante model, which means that all of the variables should be historical values that can reasonably be
projected into the future.
b. The beta coefficient used in the SML equation should reflect the expected volatility of a given stock’s return versus
the return on the market during some future period.
c. The general equation: Y = a + bX + e, is the standard form of a simple linear regression where b = beta, and X equals
the independent return on an individual security being compared to Y, the return on the market, which is the dependent
variable.
d. The rise-over-run method is not a legitimate method of estimating beta because it measures changes in an individual
security’s return regressed against time.

122. Given the following returns on Stock J and “the market” during the last three years, what is the beta coefficient of
Stock J? (Hint: Think rise over run.)
Year Stock J Market
1 -13.85% -8.63%
2 22.90% 12.37%
3 35.15% 19.37%
a. 0.92 b. 1.10 c. 1.75 d. 2.24
123. Given the following returns on Stock Q and “the market” during the last three years, what is the difference in the
calculated beta coefficient of Stock Q when Year 1-Year 2 data are used as compared to Year 2-Year 3 data? (Hint: Think
rise over run.)
Year Stock Q Market
1 6.30% 6.10%
2 -3.70% 12.90%
3 21.71% 16.20%
a. 9.17 b. 1.06 c. 6.23 d. 0.81

124. Stock X, and “the market” have had the following rates of returns over the past four years.
Year Stock X Market
1999 12% 14%
2000 5% 2%
2001 11% 14%
2002 -7% -3%
60 percent of your portfolio is invested in Stock X, and the remaining 40 percent is invested in Stock Y. The risk-free rate
is 6 percent and the market risk premium are also 6 percent. You estimate that 14 percent is the required rate of return
on your portfolio. What is the beta of Stock Y?
a. 1.33 b. 1.91 c. 2.00 d. 2.15
125. Hanratty Inc.’s stock and the stock market have generated the following returns over the past five years:
Year Hanratty Market (kM)
1 13% 9%
2 18% 15%
3 -5% -2%
4 23% 19%
5 6% 12%
On the basis of these historical returns, what is the estimated beta of Hanratty Inc.’s stock?
a. 0.7839 b. 0.9988 c. 1.2757 d. 1.3452

126. Below are the returns for the past five years for Stock S and for the overall market:
Year Stock S Market (kM)
1998 12% 8%
1999 34% 28%
2000 -29% -20%
2001 -11% -4%
2002 45% 30%
What is Stock S’s estimated beta?
a. 1.43 b. 0.69 c. 0.91 d. 1.10

127 – 128. You have been asked to use a CAPM analysis to choose between Stocks R and S, with your choice being the
one whose expected rate of return exceeds its required rate of return by the widest margin. The risk-free rate is 6
percent, and the required return on an average stock (or “the market”) is 10 percent. Your security analyst tells you that
Stock S’s expected rate of return, k ˆ, is equal to 11 percent, while Stock R’s expected rate of return, k ˆ, is equal to 12
percent. The CAPM is assumed to be a valid method for selecting stocks, but the expected return for any given investor
(such as you) can differ from the required rate of return for a given stock. The following past rates of return are to be
used to calculate the two stocks’ beta coefficients, which are then to be used to determine the stocks’ required rates of
return:
Year Stock R Stock S Market
1 -15% 0% -5%
2 5% 5% 5%
3 25% 10% 15%
Note: The averages of the historical returns are not needed, and they are generally not equal to the expected future
returns.
127. Calculate both stocks’ betas. What is the difference between the betas? That is, what is the value of betaR - betaS?
(Hint: The graphical method of calculating the rise over run, or (Y2 – Y1) divided by (X2 – X1) may aid you.)
a. 0.0 b. 1.0 c. 1.5 d. 2.0
128. Set up the SML equation and use it to calculate both stocks’ required rates of return, and compare those required
returns with the expected returns given above. You should invest in the stock whose expected return exceeds its
required return by the widest margin. What is the widest margin, or greatest excess return ( k - k)?
a. 0.0% b. 0.5% c. 1.0% d. 3.0%