The 1987 Philippine Constitution

1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty

God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a
Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony,
and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.
ARTICLE I
NATIONAL TERRITORY
.
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with
all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other
territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial
domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around,
between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless
of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters
of the Philippines.
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ARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
PRINCIPLES
Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State.

Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority
emanates from them.
Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of

national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of
international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the
policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity
with all nations.
Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the

military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of
the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of
the State and the integrity of the national territory.
Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and

protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to
defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be
required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal,
military or civil service.
Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of

life, liberty, and property, and promotion of the general welfare
are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of
democracy.
Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
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STATE POLICIES
Section 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In

its relations with other states, the paramount consideration shall
be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and
the right to self-determination.
Section 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest,

adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in
its territory.
Section 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order
that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation
and free the people from poverty through policies that provide
adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising
standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.
Section 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of
national development.
Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person
and guarantees full respect for human rights.
Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and
shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous
social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and
the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary
right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic
efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive
the support of the Government.
Section 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in
nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical,
moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall
inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage
their involvement in public and civic affairs.
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Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-

building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law
of women and men.
Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health
of the people and instill health consciousness among them.
Section 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the
people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the
rhythm and harmony of nature.
Section 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and
technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and
nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human
liberation and development.
Section 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic

force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their
welfare.
Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent

national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the

private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides
incentives to needed investments.
Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural

development and agrarian reform.
Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of

indigenous cultural communities within the framework of
national unity and development.
Section 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental,

community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the
welfare of the nation.
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Section 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication

and information in nation-building.
Section 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local

governments.
Section 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to

opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as
may be defined by law.
Section 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the
public service and take positive and effective measures against
graft and corruption.
Section 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law,

the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure
of all its transactions involving public interest.
ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property

without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the
equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and
seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue
except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the
judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be
seized.
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Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence

shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when
public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding

section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech,

of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble and petition the government for redress of
grievances.
Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of

religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise
and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No
religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political
rights.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within

the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon
lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be
impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety,
or public health, as may be provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of

public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and
to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions,
or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis
for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to
such limitations as may be provided by law.
Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the

public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
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Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use

without just compensation.
Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be

passed.
Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and
adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by
reason of poverty.
Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission
of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to
remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the
services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights
cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other

means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret
detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms
of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or

Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for
violations of this section as well as compensation to the
rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their
families.
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses

punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong,
shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be
released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to
bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
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Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal

offense without due process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed

innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to
be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial,
and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have
compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the
production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment,
trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused:
Provided, that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear
is unjustifiable.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the
public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition
of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative
bodies.
Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against

himself.
Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his

political beliefs and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a

punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel,
degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death
penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving
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heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death
penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading

punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of
substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-

payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of

punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law
and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be

enacted.
ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP
Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:

[1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of
the adoption of this Constitution;
[2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the

Philippines;
[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,

who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority; and
[4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
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Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the

Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to
acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect
Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1
hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the

manner provided by law.
Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain

their citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed,
under the law, to have renounced it.
Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national

interest and shall be dealt with by law.
ARTICLE V
SUFFRAGE
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the

Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least
eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the
Philippines for at least one year, and in the place wherein they
propose to vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the
election. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement
shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the

secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as well as a system for absentee
voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and
the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons.
Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and
such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to
protect the secrecy of the ballot.
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ARTICLE VI
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of

the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the
provision on initiative and referendum.
Section 2. The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators

who shall be elected at large by the qualified voters of the
Philippines, as may be provided by law.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born

citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least
thirty-five years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter,
and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years
immediately preceding the day of the election.
Section 4. The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and
shall commence, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the
thirtieth day of June next following their election. No Senator
shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. Voluntary
renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be
considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for
the full term of which he was elected.
Section 5. (1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of

not more than two hundred and fifty members, unless otherwise
fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts
apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan
Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective
inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio,
and those who, as provided by law, shall be elected through a
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party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral

parties or organizations.
(2) The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per

centum of the total number of representatives including those
under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the
ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to
party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by
selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor,
indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other
sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
(3) Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable,

contiguous, compact, and adjacent territory. Each city with a
population of at least two hundred fifty thousand, or each
province, shall have at least one representative.
(4) Within three years following the return of every census, the
Congress shall make a reapportionment of legislative districts
based on the standards provided in this section.
Section 6. No person shall be a Member of the House of

Representatives unless he is a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five
years of age, able to read and write, and, except the party-list
representatives, a registered voter in the district in which he shall
be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one
year immediately preceding the day of the election.
Section 7. The Members of the House of Representatives shall be

elected for a term of three years which shall begin, unless
otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June
next following their election. No Member of the House of
Representatives shall serve for more than three consecutive
terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time
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shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his

service for the full term for which he was elected.
Section 8. Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election

of the Senators and the Members of the House of Representatives
shall be held on the second Monday of May.
Section 9. In case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of

Representatives, a special election may be called to fill such
vacancy in the manner prescribed by law, but the Senator or
Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve
only for the unexpired term.
Section 10. The salaries of Senators and Members of the House of

Representatives shall be determined by law. No increase in said
compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the full
term of all the Members of the Senate and the House of
Representatives approving such increase.
Section 11. A Senator or Member of the House of Representatives

shall, in all offenses punishable by not more than six years
imprisonment, be privileged from arrest while the Congress is in
session. No Member shall be questioned nor be held liable in any
other place for any speech or debate in the Congress or in any
committee thereof.
Section 12. All Members of the Senate and the House of

Representatives shall, upon assumption of office, make a full
disclosure of their financial and business interests. They shall
notify the House concerned of a potential conflict of interest that
may arise from the filing of a proposed legislation of which they
are authors.
Section 13. No Senator or Member of the House of

Representatives may hold any other office or employment in the
Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality
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thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations

or their subsidiaries, during his term without forfeiting his seat.
Neither shall he be appointed to any office which may have been
created or the emoluments thereof increased during the term for
which he was elected.
Section 14. No Senator or Member of the House of

Representatives may personally appear as counsel before any
court of justice or before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasi-judicial
and other administrative bodies. Neither shall he, directly or
indirectly, be interested financially in any contract with, or in any
franchise or special privilege granted by the Government, or any
subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any
government-owned or controlled corporation, or its subsidiary,
during his term of office. He shall not intervene in any matter
before any office of the Government for his pecuniary benefit or
where he may be called upon to act on account of his office.
Section 15. The Congress shall convene once every year on the
fourth Monday of July for its regular session, unless a different
date is fixed by law, and shall continue to be in session for such
number of days as it may determine until thirty days before the
opening of its next regular session, exclusive of Saturdays,
Sundays, and legal holidays. The President may call a special
session at any time.
Section 16. (1). The Senate shall elect its President and the House
of Representatives, its Speaker, by a majority vote of all its
respective Members. Each House shall choose such other officers
as it may deem necessary.
(2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do

business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and
may compel the attendance of absent Members in such manner,
and under such penalties, as such House may provide.
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(3) Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings,

punish its Members for disorderly behavior, and, with the
concurrence of two-thirds of all its Members, suspend or expel a
Member. A penalty of suspension, when imposed, shall not exceed
sixty days.
(4) Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from
time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in its
judgment, affect national security; and the yeas and nays on any
question shall, at the request of one-fifth of the Members present,
be entered in the Journal. Each House shall also keep a Record of
its proceedings.
(5) Neither House during the sessions of the Congress shall,

without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three
days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses
shall be sitting.
Section 17. The Senate and the House of Representatives shall

each have an Electoral Tribunal which shall be the sole judge of all
contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of
their respective Members. Each Electoral Tribunal shall be
composed of nine Members, three of whom shall be Justices of the
Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice, and the
remaining six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of
Representatives, as the case may be, who shall be chosen on the
basis of proportional representation from the political parties and
the parties or organizations registered under the party-list system
represented therein. The senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal
shall be its Chairman.
Section 18. There shall be a Commission on Appointments

consisting of the President of the Senate, as ex officio Chairman,
twelve Senators, and twelve Members of the House of
Representatives, elected by each House on the basis of
proportional representation from the political parties and parties
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or organizations registered under the party-list system

represented therein. The chairman of the Commission shall not
vote, except in case of a tie. The Commission shall act on all
appointments submitted to it within thirty session days of the
Congress from their submission. The Commission shall rule by a
majority vote of all the Members.
Section 19. The Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on

Appointments shall be constituted within thirty days after the
Senate and the House of Representatives shall have been
organized with the election of the President and the Speaker. The
Commission on Appointments shall meet only while the Congress
is in session, at the call of its Chairman or a majority of all its
Members, to discharge such powers and functions as are herein
conferred upon it.
Section 20. The records and books of accounts of the Congress

shall be preserved and be open to the public in accordance with
law, and such books shall be audited by the Commission on Audit
which shall publish annually an itemized list of amounts paid to
and expenses incurred for each Member.
Section 21. The Senate or the House of Representatives or any of

its respective committees may conduct inquiries in aid of
legislation in accordance with its duly published rules of
procedure. The rights of persons appearing in, or affected by, such
inquiries shall be respected.
Section 22. The heads of departments may, upon their own

initiative, with the consent of the President, or upon the request of
either House, as the rules of each House shall provide, appear
before and be heard by such House on any matter pertaining to
their departments. Written questions shall be submitted to the
President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of
Representatives at least three days before their scheduled
appearance. Interpellations shall not be limited to written
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questions, but may cover matters related thereto. When the

security of the State or the public interest so requires and the
President so states in writing, the appearance shall be conducted
in executive session.
Section 23. (1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both

Houses in joint session assembled, voting separately, shall have
the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war.
(2) In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress

may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited period and
subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers
necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy.
Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, such
powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof.
Section 24. All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills

authorizing increase of the public debt, bills of local application,
and private bills, shall originate exclusively in the House of
Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with
amendments.
Section 25. (1) The Congress may not increase the appropriations
recommended by the President for the operation of the
Government as specified in the budget. The form, content, and
manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law.
(2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general

appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to some particular
appropriation therein. Any such provision or enactment shall be
limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates.
(3) The procedure in approving appropriations for the Congress

shall strictly follow the procedure for approving appropriations
for other departments and agencies.
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(4) A special appropriations bill shall specify the purpose for

which it is intended, and shall be supported by funds actually
available as certified by the National Treasurer, or to be raised by
a corresponding revenue proposal therein.
(5) No law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of

appropriations; however, the President, the President of the
Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court, and the heads of Constitutional
Commissions may, by law, be authorized to augment any item in
the general appropriations law for their respective offices from
savings in other items of their respective appropriations.
(6) Discretionary funds appropriated for particular officials shall

be disbursed only for public purposes to be supported by
appropriate vouchers and subject to such guidelines as may be
prescribed by law.
(7) If, by the end of any fiscal year, the Congress shall have failed
to pass the general appropriations bill for the ensuing fiscal year,
the general appropriations law for the preceding fiscal year shall
be deemed re-enacted and shall remain in force and effect until
the general appropriations bill is passed by the Congress.
Section 26. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace
only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.
(2) No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has
passed three readings on separate days, and printed copies
thereof in its final form have been distributed to its Members
three days before its passage, except when the President certifies
to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public
calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no
amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall
be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered
in the Journal.
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Section 27. (1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it
becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the
same he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the
same with his objections to the House where it originated, which
shall enter the objections at large in its Journal and proceed to
reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the
Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be
sent, together with the objections, to the other House by which it
shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all
the Members of that House, it shall become a law. In all such
cases, the votes of each House shall be determined by yeas or
nays, and the names of the Members voting for or against shall be
entered in its Journal. The President shall communicate his veto
of any bill to the House where it originated within thirty days after
the date of receipt thereof, otherwise, it shall become a law as if he
had signed it.
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item
or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto
shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object.
Section 28. (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable.
The Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.
(2) The Congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix

within specified limits, and subject to such limitations and
restrictions as it may impose, tariff rates, import and export
quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties or imposts
within the framework of the national development program of the
Government.
(3) Charitable institutions, churches and personages or convents

appurtenant thereto, mosques, non-profit cemeteries, and all
lands, buildings, and improvements, actually, directly, and
exclusively used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes
shall be exempt from taxation.
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(4) No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the
concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress.
Section 29. (1) No money shall be paid out of the Treasury except
in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.
(2) No public money or property shall be appropriated, applied,

paid, or employed, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or
support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution,
or system of religion, or of any priest, preacher, minister, other
religious teacher, or dignitary as such, except when such priest,
preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or
to any penal institution, or government orphanage or
leprosarium.
(3) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose
shall be treated as a special fund and paid out for such purpose
only. If the purpose for which a special fund was created has been
fulfilled or abandoned, the balance, if any, shall be transferred to
the general funds of the Government.
Section 30. No law shall be passed increasing the appellate

jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as provided in this Constitution
without its advice and concurrence.
Section 31. No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be

enacted.
Section 32. The Congress shall, as early as possible, provide for a

system of initiative and referendum, and the exceptions
therefrom, whereby the people can directly propose and enact
laws or approve or reject any act or law or part thereof passed by
the Congress or local legislative body after the registration of a
petition therefor signed by at least ten per centum of the total
number of registered voters, of which every legislative district
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must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered

voters thereof.
ARTICLE VII
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of

the Philippines.
Section 2. No person may be elected President unless he is a

natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to
read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the
election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years
immediately preceding such election.
Section 3. There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same

qualifications and term of office and be elected with, and in the
same manner, as the President. He may be removed from office in
the same manner as the President.
The Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet.

Such appointment requires no confirmation.
Section 4. The President and the Vice-President shall be elected

by direct vote of the people for a term of six years which shall
begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day
of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years
thereafter. The President shall not be eligible for any re-election.
No person who has succeeded as President and has served as such
for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same
office at any time.
No Vice-President shall serve for more than two successive terms.

Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall
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not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of the

service for the full term for which he was elected.
Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for

President and Vice-President shall be held on the second Monday
of May.
The returns of every election for President and Vice-President,

duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city,
shall be transmitted to the Congress, directed to the President of
the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the
President of the Senate shall, not later than thirty days after the
day of the election, open all the certificates in the presence of the
Senate and the House of Representatives in joint public session,
and the Congress, upon determination of the authenticity and due
execution thereof in the manner provided by law, canvass the
votes.
The person having the highest number of votes shall be

proclaimed elected, but in case two or more shall have an equal
and highest number of votes, one of them shall forthwith be
chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of both
Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
The Congress shall promulgate its rules for the canvassing of the
certificates.
The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all
contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the
President or Vice-President, and may promulgate its rules for the
purpose.
Section 5. Before they enter on the execution of their office, the

President, the Vice-President, or the Acting President shall take
the following oath or affirmation:
22
"I do solemnly swear [or affirm] that I will faithfully and

conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-
President or Acting President] of the Philippines, preserve
and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to
every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the
Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last
sentence will be omitted].
Section 6. The President shall have an official residence. The
salaries of the President and Vice-President shall be determined
by law and shall not be decreased during their tenure. No increase
in said compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of
the term of the incumbent during which such increase was
approved. They shall not receive during their tenure any other
emolument from the Government or any other source.
Section 7. The President-elect and the Vice President-elect shall

assume office at the beginning of their terms.
If the President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice President-elect shall

act as President until the President-elect shall have qualified.
If a President shall not have been chosen, the Vice President-elect

shall act as President until a President shall have been chosen and
qualified.
If at the beginning of the term of the President, the President-

elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled,
the Vice President-elect shall become President.
Where no President and Vice-President shall have been chosen or

shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become
permanently disabled, the President of the Senate or, in case of
his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall
act as President until a President or a Vice-President shall have
been chosen and qualified.
23
The Congress shall, by law, provide for the manner in which one
who is to act as President shall be selected until a President or a
Vice-President shall have qualified, in case of death, permanent
disability, or inability of the officials mentioned in the next
preceding paragraph.
Section 8. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from

office, or resignation of the President, the Vice-President shall
become the President to serve the unexpired term. In case of
death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of
both the President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate
or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, shall then act as President until the President or
Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified.
The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as President in

case of death, permanent disability, or resignation of the Acting
President. He shall serve until the President or the Vice-President
shall have been elected and qualified, and be subject to the same
restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the Acting
President.
Section 9. Whenever there is a vacancy in the Office of the Vice-

President during the term for which he was elected, the President
shall nominate a Vice-President from among the Members of the
Senate and the House of Representatives who shall assume office
upon confirmation by a majority vote of all the Members of both
Houses of the Congress, voting separately.
Section 10. The Congress shall, at ten o'clock in the morning of the
third day after the vacancy in the offices of the President and Vice-
President occurs, convene in accordance with its rules without
need of a call and within seven days, enact a law calling for a
special election to elect a President and a Vice-President to be
held not earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days from
the time of such call. The bill calling such special election shall be
24
deemed certified under paragraph 2, Section 26, Article V1 of this

Constitution and shall become law upon its approval on third
reading by the Congress. Appropriations for the special election
shall be charged against any current appropriations and shall be
exempt from the requirements of paragraph 4, Section 25, Article
V1 of this Constitution. The convening of the Congress cannot be
suspended nor the special election postponed. No special election
shall be called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months
before the date of the next presidential election.
Section 11. Whenever the President transmits to the President of

the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written
declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be
discharged by the Vice-President as Acting President.
Whenever a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit

to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-
President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the
office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President of the

Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
written declaration that no inability exists, he shall reassume the
powers and duties of his office. Meanwhile, should a majority of
all the Members of the Cabinet transmit within five days to the
President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, their written declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the
Congress shall decide the issue. For that purpose, the Congress
shall convene, if it is not in session, within forty-eight hours, in
accordance with its rules and without need of call.
25
If the Congress, within ten days after receipt of the last written
declaration, or, if not in session, within twelve days after it is
required to assemble, determines by a two-thirds vote of both
Houses, voting separately, that the President is unable to
discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President
shall act as President; otherwise, the President shall continue
exercising the powers and duties of his office.
Section 12. In case of serious illness of the President, the public

shall be informed of the state of his health. The members of the
Cabinet in charge of national security and foreign relations and
the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, shall not
be denied access to the President during such illness.
Section 13. The President, Vice-President, the Members of the

Cabinet, and their deputies or assistants shall not, unless
otherwise provided in this Constitution, hold any other office or
employment during their tenure. They shall not, during said
tenure, directly or indirectly, practice any other profession,
participate in any business, or be financially interested in any
contract with, or in any franchise, or special privilege granted by
the Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality
thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations
or their subsidiaries. They shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in
the conduct of their office.
The spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the

fourth civil degree of the President shall not, during his tenure, be
appointed as Members of the Constitutional Commissions, or the
Office of the Ombudsman, or as Secretaries, Undersecretaries,
chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices, including government-
owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries.
Section 14. Appointments extended by an Acting President shall

remain effective, unless revoked by the elected President, within
ninety days from his assumption or reassumption of office.
26
Section 15. Two months immediately before the next presidential

elections and up to the end of his term, a President or Acting
President shall not make appointments, except temporary
appointments to executive positions when continued vacancies
therein will prejudice public service or endanger public safety.
Section 16. The President shall nominate and, with the consent of
the Commission on Appointments, appoint the heads of the
executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, or officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or
naval captain, and other officers whose appointments are vested
in him in this Constitution. He shall also appoint all other officers
of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise
provided for by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law
to appoint. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of
other officers lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts,
or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards.
The President shall have the power to make appointments during

the recess of the Congress, whether voluntary or compulsory, but
such appointments shall be effective only until disapproved by the
Commission on Appointments or until the next adjournment of
the Congress.
Section 17. The President shall have control of all the executive
departments, bureaus, and offices. He shall ensure that the laws
be faithfully executed.
Section 18. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all

armed forces of the Philippines and whenever it becomes
necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or
suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of
invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he may,
for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof
under martial law. Within forty-eight hours from the
27
proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of

the writ of habeas corpus, the President shall submit a report in
person or in writing to the Congress. The Congress, voting jointly,
by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in regular or
special session, may revoke such proclamation or suspension,
which revocation shall not be set aside by the President. Upon the
initiative of the President, the Congress may, in the same manner,
extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be
determined by the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall
persist and public safety requires it.
The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours

following such proclamation or suspension, convene in
accordance with its rules without need of a call.
The Supreme Court may review, in an appropriate proceeding

filed by any citizen, the sufficiency of the factual basis of the
proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of
the writ of habeas corpus or the extension thereof, and must
promulgate its decision thereon within thirty days from its filing.
A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the

Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the civil courts or
legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment of
jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where
civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.
The suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall

apply only to persons judicially charged for rebellion or offenses
inherent in, or directly connected with, invasion.
During the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas

corpus, any person thus arrested or detained shall be judicially
charged within three days, otherwise he shall be released.
28
Section 19. Except in cases of impeachment, or as otherwise

provided in this Constitution, the President may grant reprieves,
commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after
conviction by final judgment.
He shall also have the power to grant amnesty with the

concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress.
Section 20. The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans

on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines with the prior
concurrence of the Monetary Board, and subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law. The Monetary Board shall,
within thirty days from the end of every quarter of the calendar
year, submit to the Congress a complete report of its decision on
applications for loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the
Government or government-owned and controlled corporations
which would have the effect of increasing the foreign debt, and
containing other matters as may be provided by law.
Section 21. No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and

effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds of all the
Members of the Senate.
Section 22. The President shall submit to the Congress, within

thirty days from the opening of every regular session as the basis
of the general appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures and
sources of financing, including receipts from existing and
proposed revenue measures.
Section 23. The President shall address the Congress at the

opening of its regular session. He may also appear before it at any
other time.
29
ARTICLE VIII
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court

and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle

actual controversies involving rights which are legally
demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not
there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality
of the Government.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe,

and apportion the jurisdiction of the various courts but may not
deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases
enumerated in Section 5 hereof.
No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it

undermines the security of tenure of its Members.
Section 3. The Judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy.

Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced by the
legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year
and, after approval, shall be automatically and regularly released.
Section 4. (1) The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief

Justice and fourteen Associate Justices. It may sit en banc or in its
discretion, in division of three, five, or seven Members. Any
vacancy shall be filled within ninety days from the occurrence
thereof.
(2) All cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty,

international or executive agreement, or law, which shall be heard
by the Supreme Court en banc, and all other cases which under
the Rules of Court are required to be heard en banc, including
30
those involving the constitutionality, application, or operation of

presidential decrees, proclamations, orders, instructions,
ordinances, and other regulations, shall be decided with the
concurrence of a majority of the Members who actually took part
in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon.
(3) Cases or matters heard by a division shall be decided or

resolved with the concurrence of a majority of the Members who
actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and
voted thereon, and in no case without the concurrence of at least
three of such Members. When the required number is not
obtained, the case shall be decided en banc: Provided, that no
doctrine or principle of law laid down by the court in a decision
rendered en banc or in division may be modified or reversed
except by the court sitting en banc.
Section 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:
1) Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting

ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over
petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo
warranto, and habeas corpus.
(2) Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or
certiorari, as the law or the Rules of Court may provide, final
judgments and orders of lower courts in:
(a) All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of
any treaty, international or executive agreement, law,
presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction,
ordinance, or regulation is in question.
(b) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost,
assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in relation
thereto.
(c) All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court
is in issue.
31
(d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is

reclusion perpetua or higher.
(e) All cases in which only an error or question of law is
involved.
(3) Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other
stations as public interest may require. Such temporary
assignment shall not exceed six months without the consent
of the judge concerned.
(4) Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a
miscarriage of justice.
(5) Promulgate rules concerning the protection and
enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and
procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law,
the integrated bar, and legal assistance to the under-
privileged. Such rules shall provide a simplified and
inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases,
shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall
not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights. Rules of
procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall
remain effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court.
(6) Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in
accordance with the Civil Service Law.
Section 6. The Supreme Court shall have administrative
supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof.
Section 7. (1) No person shall be appointed Member of the

Supreme Court or any lower collegiate court unless he is a
natural-born citizen of the Philippines. A Member of the Supreme
Court must be at least forty years of age, and must have been for
fifteen years or more, a judge of a lower court or engaged in the
practice of law in the Philippines.
(2) The Congress shall prescribe the qualifications of judges of

lower courts, but no person may be appointed judge thereof
32
unless he is a citizen of the Philippines and a member of the

Philippine Bar.
(3) A Member of the Judiciary must be a person of proven

competence, integrity, probity, and independence.
Section 8. (1) A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under

the supervision of the Supreme Court composed of the Chief
Justice as ex officio Chairman, the Secretary of Justice, and a
representative of the Congress as ex officio Members, a
representative of the Integrated Bar, a professor of law, a retired
Member of the Supreme Court, and a representative of the private
sector.
(2) The regular members of the Council shall be appointed by the

President for a term of four years with the consent of the
Commission on Appointments. Of the Members first appointed,
the representative of the Integrated Bar shall serve for four years,
the professor of law for three years, the retired Justice for two
years, and the representative of the private sector for one year.
(3) The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be the Secretary ex

officio of the Council and shall keep a record of its proceedings.
(4) The regular Members of the Council shall receive such

emoluments as may be determined by the Supreme Court. The
Supreme Court shall provide in its annual budget the
appropriations for the Council.
(5) The Council shall have the principal function of

recommending appointees to the Judiciary. It may exercise such
other functions and duties as the Supreme Court may assign to it.
Section 9. The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of the

lower courts shall be appointed by the President from a list of at
33
least three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council for
every vacancy. Such appointments need no confirmation.
For the lower courts, the President shall issue the appointments
within ninety days from the submission of the list.
Section 10. The salary of the Chief Justice and of the Associate
Justices of the Supreme Court, and of judges of lower courts, shall
be fixed by law. During their continuance in office, their salary
shall not be decreased.
Section 11. The Members of the Supreme Court and judges of

lower courts shall hold office during good behavior until they
reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to
discharge the duties of their office. The Supreme Court en banc
shall have the power to discipline judges of lower courts, or order
their dismissal by a vote of a majority of the Members who
actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and
voted thereon.
Section 12. The Members of the Supreme Court and of other

courts established by law shall not be designated to any agency
performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.
Section 13. The conclusions of the Supreme Court in any case

submitted to it for decision en banc or in division shall be reached
in consultation before the case is assigned to a Member for the
writing of the opinion of the Court. A certification to this effect
signed by the Chief Justice shall be issued and a copy thereof
attached to the record of the case and served upon the parties.
Any Members who took no part, or dissented, or abstained from a
decision or resolution, must state the reason therefor. The same
requirements shall be observed by all lower collegiate courts.
34
Section 14. No decision shall be rendered by any court without

expressing therein clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on
which it is based.
No petition for review or motion for reconsideration of a decision

of the court shall be refused due course or denied without stating
the legal basis therefor.
Section 15. (1) All cases or matters filed after the effectivity of this
Constitution must be decided or resolved within twenty-four
months from date of submission for the Supreme Court, and,
unless reduced by the Supreme Court, twelve months for all lower
collegiate courts, and three months for all other lower courts.
(2) A case or matter shall be deemed submitted for decision or

resolution upon the filing of the last pleading, brief, or
memorandum required by the Rules of Court or by the court itself.
(3) Upon the expiration of the corresponding period, a

certification to this effect signed by the Chief Justice or the
presiding judge shall forthwith be issued and a copy thereof
attached to the record of the case or matter, and served upon the
parties. The certification shall state why a decision or resolution
has not been rendered or issued within said period.
(4) Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period, the

court, without prejudice to such responsibility as may have been
incurred in consequence thereof, shall decide or resolve the case
or matter submitted thereto for determination, without further
delay.
Section 16. The Supreme Court shall, within thirty days from the
opening of each regular session of the Congress, submit to the
President and the Congress an annual report on the operations
and activities of the Judiciary.
35
ARTICLE IX
A. COMMON PROVISIONS
Section 1. The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be

independent, are the Civil Service Commission, the Commission
on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.
Section 2. No member of a Constitutional Commission shall,

during his tenure, hold any other office or employment. Neither
shall he engage in the practice of any profession or in the active
management or control of any business which, in any way, may be
affected by the functions of his office, nor shall he be financially
interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with, or in any
franchise or privilege granted by the Government, any of its
subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including
government-owned or controlled corporations or their
subsidiaries.
Section. 3. The salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners

shall be fixed by law and shall not be decreased during their
tenure.
Section 4. The Constitutional Commissions shall appoint their

officials and employees in accordance with law.
Section 5. The Commission shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Their

approved annual appropriations shall be automatically and
regularly released.
Section 6. Each Commission en banc may promulgate its own

rules concerning pleadings and practice before it or before any of
its offices. Such rules, however, shall not diminish, increase, or
modify substantive rights.
Section 7. Each Commission shall decide by a majority vote of all

its Members, any case or matter brought before it within sixty
36
days from the date of its submission for decision or resolution. A

case or matter is deemed submitted for decision or resolution
upon the filing of the last pleading, brief, or memorandum
required by the rules of the Commission or by the Commission
itself. Unless otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law,
any decision, order, or ruling of each Commission may be brought
to the Supreme Court on certiorari by the aggrieved party within
thirty days from receipt of a copy thereof.
Section 8. Each Commission shall perform such other functions as

may be provided by law.
B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION
Section 1. (1) The civil service shall be administered by the Civil

Service Commission composed of a Chairman and two
Commissioners who shall be natural-born citizens of the
Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-
five years of age, with proven capacity for public administration,
and must not have been candidates for any elective position in the
elections immediately preceding their appointment.
(2) The Chairman and the Commissioners shall be appointed by

the President with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments for a term of seven years without reappointment.
Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven
years, a Commissioner for five years, and another Commissioner
for three years, without reappointment. Appointment to any
vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term of the predecessor.
In no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a
temporary or acting capacity.
Section 2. (1) The civil service embraces all branches,

subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies of the Government,
including government-owned or controlled corporations with
original charters.
37
(2) Appointments in the civil service shall be made only according

to merit and fitness to be determined, as far as practicable, and,
except to positions which are policy-determining, primarily
confidential, or highly technical, by competitive examination.
(3) No officer or employee of the civil service shall be removed or

suspended except for cause provided by law.
(4) No officer or employee in the civil service shall engage, directly

or indirectly, in any electioneering or partisan political campaign.
(5) The right to self-organization shall not be denied to

government employees.
(6) Temporary employees of the Government shall be given such

protection as may be provided by law.
Section 3. The Civil Service Commission, as the central personnel

agency of the Government, shall establish a career service and
adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency, integrity,
responsiveness, progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil service.
It shall strengthen the merit and rewards system, integrate all
human resources development programs for all levels and ranks,
and institutionalize a management climate conducive to public
accountability. It shall submit to the President and the Congress
an annual report on its personnel programs.
Section 4. All public officers and employees shall take an oath or

affirmation to uphold and defend this Constitution.
Section 5. The Congress shall provide for the standardization of

compensation of government officials and employees, including
those in government-owned or controlled corporations with
original charters, taking into account the nature of the
responsibilities pertaining to, and the qualifications required for,
their positions.
38
Section 6. No candidate who has lost in any election shall, within

one year after such election, be appointed to any office in the
Government or any Government-owned or controlled
corporations or in any of their subsidiaries.
Section 7. No elective official shall be eligible for appointment or

designation in any capacity to any public office or position during
his tenure.
Unless otherwise allowed by law or by the primary functions of his

position, no appointive official shall hold any other office or
employment in the Government or any subdivision, agency or
instrumentality thereof, including Government-owned or
controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.
Section 8. No elective or appointive public officer or employee

shall receive additional, double, or indirect compensation, unless
specifically authorized by law, nor accept without the consent of
the Congress, any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind
from any foreign government.
Pensions or gratuities shall not be considered as additional,

double, or indirect compensation.
C. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
Section 1. (1) There shall be a Commission on Elections composed

of a Chairman and six Commissioners who shall be natural-born
citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment,
at least thirty-five years of age, holders of a college degree, and
must not have been candidates for any elective positions in the
immediately preceding elections. However, a majority thereof,
including the Chairman, shall be members of the Philippine Bar
who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years.
39

Of those first appointed, three Members shall hold office for seven
years, two Members for five years, and the last Members for three
years, without reappointment. Appointment to any vacancy shall
be only for the unexpired term of the predecessor. In no case shall
any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting
capacity.
Sec. 2. The Commission on Elections shall exercise the following

powers and functions:
(1) Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative

to the conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative,
referendum, and recall.
(2) Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests

relating to the elections, returns, and qualifications of all
elective regional, provincial, and city officials, and appellate
jurisdiction over all contests involving elective municipal
officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction, or
involving elective barangay officials decided by trial courts of
limited jurisdiction.
Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the Commission on

election contests involving elective municipal and barangay
offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.
(3) Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all

questions affecting elections, including determination of the
number and location of polling places, appointment of
election officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.
(4) Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law

enforcement agencies and instrumentalities of the
40
Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines,

for the exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest,
peaceful, and credible elections.
(5) Register, after sufficient publication, political parties,

organizations, or coalitions which, in addition to other
requirements, must present their platform or program of
government; and accredit citizens' arms of the Commission
on Elections. Religious denominations and sects shall not be
registered. Those which seek to achieve their goals through
violence or unlawful means, or refuse to uphold and adhere
to this Constitution, or which are supported by any foreign
government shall likewise be refused registration.
Financial contributions from foreign governments and their

agencies to political parties, organizations, coalitions, or
candidates related to elections, constitute interference in
national affairs, and, when accepted, shall be an additional
ground for the cancellation of their registration with the
Commission, in addition to other penalties that may be
prescribed by law.
(6) File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative,

petitions in court for inclusion or exclusion of voters;
investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of
violations of election laws, including acts or omissions
constituting election frauds, offenses, and malpractices.
(7) Recommend to the Congress effective measures to

minimize election spending, including limitation of places
where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to prevent
and penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses,
malpractices, and nuisance candidacies.
(8) Recommend to the President the removal of any officer

or employee it has deputized, or the imposition of any other
41
disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or

disobedience to, its directive, order, or decision.
(9) Submit to the President and the Congress, a

comprehensive report on the conduct of each election,
plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.
Section 3. The Commission on Elections may sit en banc or in two

divisions, and shall promulgate its rules of procedure in order to
expedite disposition of election cases, including pre- proclamation
controversies. All such election cases shall be heard and decided
in division, provided that motions for reconsideration of decisions
shall be decided by the Commission en banc.
Section 4. The Commission may, during the election period,

supervise or regulate the enjoyment or utilization of all franchises
or permits for the operation of transportation and other public
utilities, media of communication or information, all grants,
special privileges, or concessions granted by the Government or
any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any
government-owned or controlled corporation or its subsidiary.
Such supervision or regulation shall aim to ensure equal
opportunity, and equal rates therefor, for public information
campaigns and forums among candidates in connection with the
objective of holding free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible
elections.
Section 5. No pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence

for violation of election laws, rules, and regulations shall be
granted by the President without the favorable recommendation
of the Commission.
Section 6. A free and open party system shall be allowed to evolve

according to the free choice of the people, subject to the
provisions of this Article.
42
Section 7. No votes cast in favor of a political party, organization,

or coalition shall be valid, except for those registered under the
party-list system as provided in this Constitution.
Section 8. Political parties, or organizations or coalitions

registered under the party-list system, shall not be represented in
the voters' registration boards, boards of election inspectors,
boards of canvassers, or other similar bodies. However, they shall
be entitled to appoint poll watchers in accordance with law.
Section 9. Unless otherwise fixed by the Commission in special

cases, the election period shall commence ninety days before the
day of election and shall end thirty days thereafter.
Section 10. Bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free
from any form of harassment and discrimination.
Section 11. Funds certified by the Commission as necessary to

defray the expenses for holding regular and special elections,
plebiscites, initiatives, referenda, and recalls, shall be provided in
the regular or special appropriations and, once approved, shall be
released automatically upon certification by the Chairman of the
Commission.
D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT
Section 1. (1) There shall be a Commission on Audit composed of a

Chairman and two Commissioners, who shall be natural-born
citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment,
at least thirty-five years of age, Certified Public Accountants with
not less than ten years of auditing experience, or members of the
Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at
least ten years, and must not have been candidates for any elective
position in the elections immediately preceding their
appointment. At no time shall all Members of the Commission
belong to the same profession.
43

Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven
years, one Commissioner for five years, and the other
Commissioner for three years, without reappointment.
Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired
portion of the term of the predecessor. In no case shall any
Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting
capacity.
Section 2. (1) The Commission on Audit shall have the power,

authority, and duty to examine, audit, and settle all accounts
pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or
uses of funds and property, owned or held in trust by, or
pertaining to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions,
agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or
controlled corporations with original charters, and on a post-
audit basis: (a) constitutional bodies, commissions and offices
that have been granted fiscal autonomy under this Constitution;
(b) autonomous state colleges and universities; (c) other
government-owned or controlled corporations and their
subsidiaries; and (d) such non-governmental entities receiving
subsidy or equity, directly or indirectly, from or through the
Government, which are required by law or the granting institution
to submit to such audit as a condition of subsidy or equity.
However, where the internal control system of the audited
agencies is inadequate, the Commission may adopt such
measures, including temporary or special pre-audit, as are
necessary and appropriate to correct the deficiencies. It shall keep
the general accounts of the Government and, for such period as
may be provided by law, preserve the vouchers and other
supporting papers pertaining thereto.
44
(2) The Commission shall have exclusive authority, subject to the

limitations in this Article, to define the scope of its audit and
examination, establish the techniques and methods required
therefor, and promulgate accounting and auditing rules and
regulations, including those for the prevention and disallowance
of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or
unconscionable expenditures or uses of government funds and
properties.
Section 3. No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the

Government or its subsidiaries in any guise whatever, or any
investment of public funds, from the jurisdiction of the
Commission on Audit.
Section 4. The Commission shall submit to the President and the

Congress, within the time fixed by law, an annual report covering
the financial condition and operation of the Government, its
subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities, including
government-owned or controlled corporations, and non-
governmental entities subject to its audit, and recommend
measures necessary to improve their effectiveness and efficiency.
It shall submit such other reports as may be required by law.
ARTICLE X
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic

of the Philippines are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and
barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim
Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter provided.
45
Section 2. The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy

local autonomy.
Section 3. The Congress shall enact a local government code

which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local
government structure instituted through a system of
decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative,
and referendum, allocate among the different local government
units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for
the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term,
salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all
other matters relating to the organization and operation of the
local units.
Section 4. The President of the Philippines shall exercise general

supervision over local governments. Provinces with respect to
component cities and municipalities, and cities and municipalities
with respect to component barangays, shall ensure that the acts of
their component units are within the scope of their prescribed
powers and functions.
Section 5. Each local government unit shall have the power to

create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees and
charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the Congress
may provide, consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy.
Such taxes, fees, and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local
governments.
Section 6. Local government units shall have a just share, as

determined by law, in the national taxes which shall be
automatically released to them.
Section 7. Local governments shall be entitled to an equitable

share in the proceeds of the utilization and development of the
national wealth within their respective areas, in the manner
46
provided by law, including sharing the same with the inhabitants

by way of direct benefits.
Section 8. The term of office of elective local officials, except

barangay officials, which shall be determined by law, shall be
three years and no such official shall serve for more than three
consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any
length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the
continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected.
Section 9. Legislative bodies of local governments shall have

sectoral representation as may be prescribed by law.
Section 10. No province, city, municipality, or barangay may be

created, divided, merged, abolished, or its boundary substantially
altered, except in accordance with the criteria established in the
local government code and subject to approval by a majority of
the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly affected.
Section 11. The Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan

political subdivisions, subject to a plebiscite as set forth in Section
10 hereof. The component cities and municipalities shall retain
their basic autonomy and shall be entitled to their own local
executive and legislative assemblies. The jurisdiction of the
metropolitan authority that will thereby be created shall be
limited to basic services requiring coordination.
Section 12. Cities that are highly urbanized, as determined by law,

and component cities whose charters prohibit their voters from
voting for provincial elective officials, shall be independent of the
province. The voters of component cities within a province, whose
charters contain no such prohibition, shall not be deprived of
their right to vote for elective provincial officials.
47
Section 13. Local government units may group themselves,

consolidate or coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for
purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with law.
Section 14. The President shall provide for regional development

councils or other similar bodies composed of local government
officials, regional heads of departments and other government
offices, and representatives from non-governmental organizations
within the regions for purposes of administrative decentralization
to strengthen the autonomy of the units therein and to accelerate
the economic and social growth and development of the units in
the region.
AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Section 15. There shall be created autonomous regions in Muslim

Mindanao and in the Cordilleras consisting of provinces, cities,
municipalities, and geographical areas sharing common and
distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic and social
structures, and other relevant characteristics within the
framework of this Constitution and the national sovereignty as
well as territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines.
Section 16. The President shall exercise general supervision over

autonomous regions to ensure that laws are faithfully executed.
Section 17. All powers, functions, and responsibilities not granted

by this Constitution or by law to the autonomous regions shall be
vested in the National Government.
Section 18. The Congress shall enact an organic act for each
autonomous region with the assistance and participation of the
regional consultative commission composed of representatives
appointed by the President from a list of nominees from multi-
sectoral bodies. The organic act shall define the basic structure of
government for the region consisting of the executive department
48
and legislative assembly, both of which shall be elective and

representative of the constituent political units. The organic acts
shall likewise provide for special courts with personal, family, and
property law jurisdiction consistent with the provisions of this
Constitution and national laws.
The creation of the autonomous region shall be effective when

approved by majority of the votes cast by the constituent units in a
plebiscite called for the purpose, provided that only provinces,
cities, and geographic areas voting favorably in such plebiscite
shall be included in the autonomous region.
Section 19. The first Congress elected under this Constitution

shall, within eighteen months from the time of organization of
both Houses, pass the organic acts for the autonomous regions in
Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
Section 20. Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the

provisions of this Constitution and national laws, the organic act
of autonomous regions shall provide for legislative powers over:
(1) Administrative organization;

(2) Creation of sources of revenues;
(3) Ancestral domain and natural resources;
(4) Personal, family, and property relations;
(5) Regional urban and rural planning development;
(6) Economic, social, and tourism development;
(7) Educational policies;
(8) Preservation and development of the cultural heritage; and
(9) Such other matters as may be authorized by law for the promotion of
the general welfare of the people of the region.
Section 21. The preservation of peace and order within the regions
shall be the responsibility of the local police agencies which shall
be organized, maintained, supervised, and utilized in accordance
with applicable laws. The defense and security of the regions shall
be the responsibility of the National Government.
49
ARTICLE XI
ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS
Section 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and

employees must, at all times, be accountable to the people, serve
them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency;
act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.
Section 2. The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the

Supreme Court, the Members of the Constitutional Commissions,
and the Ombudsman may be removed from office on
impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the
Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high
crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other public officers and
employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but
not by impeachment.
Section 3. (1) The House of Representatives shall have the

exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment.
(2) A verified complaint for impeachment may be filed by any

Member of the House of Representatives or by any citizen upon a
resolution or endorsement by any Member thereof, which shall be
included in the Order of Business within ten session days, and
referred to the proper Committee within three session days
thereafter. The Committee, after hearing, and by a majority vote
of all its Members, shall submit its report to the House within
sixty session days from such referral, together with the
corresponding resolution. The resolution shall be calendared for
consideration by the House within ten session days from receipt
thereof.
(3) A vote of at least one-third of all the Members of the House

shall be necessary either to affirm a favorable resolution with the
50
Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or override its

contrary resolution. The vote of each Member shall be recorded.
(4) In case the verified complaint or resolution of impeachment is

filed by at least one-third of all the Members of the House, the
same shall constitute the Articles of Impeachment, and trial by
the Senate shall forthwith proceed.
(5) No impeachment proceedings shall be initiated against the

same official more than once within a period of one year.
(6) The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases
of impeachment. When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall
be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the Philippines
is on trial, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside,
but shall not vote. No person shall be convicted without the
concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
(7) Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further

than removal from office and disqualification to hold any office
under the Republic of the Philippines, but the party convicted
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to prosecution, trial, and
punishment, according to law.
(8) The Congress shall promulgate its rules on impeachment to

effectively carry out the purpose of this section.
Section 4. The present anti-graft court known as the

Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its
jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.
Section 5. There is hereby created the independent Office of the

Ombudsman, composed of the Ombudsman to be known as
Tanodbayan, one overall Deputy and at least one Deputy each for
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. A separate Deputy for the military
establishment may likewise be appointed.
51
Section 6. The officials and employees of the Office of the

Ombudsman, other than the Deputies, shall be appointed by the
Ombudsman, according to the Civil Service Law.
Section 7. The existing Tanodbayan shall hereafter be known as

the Office of the Special Prosecutor. It shall continue to function
and exercise its powers as now or hereafter may be provided by
law, except those conferred on the Office of the Ombudsman
created under this Constitution.
Section 8. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be natural-

born citizens of the Philippines, and at the time of their
appointment, at least forty years old, of recognized probity and
independence, and members of the Philippine Bar, and must not
have been candidates for any elective office in the immediately
preceding election. The Ombudsman must have, for ten years or
more, been a judge or engaged in the practice of law in the
Philippines.
During their tenure, they shall be subject to the same

disqualifications and prohibitions as provided for in Section 2 of
Article 1X-A of this Constitution.
Section 9. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be appointed

by the President from a list of at least six nominees prepared by
the Judicial and Bar Council, and from a list of three nominees for
every vacancy thereafter. Such appointments shall require no
confirmation. All vacancies shall be filled within three months
after they occur.
Section 10. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall have the rank
of Chairman and Members, respectively, of the Constitutional
Commissions, and they shall receive the same salary which shall
not be decreased during their term of office.
52
Section 11. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall serve for a
term of seven years without reappointment. They shall not be
qualified to run for any office in the election immediately
succeeding their cessation from office.
Section 12. The Ombudsman and his Deputies, as protectors of

the people, shall act promptly on complaints filed in any form or
manner against public officials or employees of the Government,
or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including
government-owned or controlled corporations, and shall, in
appropriate cases, notify the complainants of the action taken and
the result thereof.
Section 13. The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following
powers, functions, and duties:
(1) Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person,

any act or omission of any public official, employee, office or
agency, when such act or omission appears to be illegal,
unjust, improper, or inefficient.
(2) Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public

official or employee of the Government, or any subdivision,
agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of any
government-owned or controlled corporation with original
charter, to perform and expedite any act or duty required by
law, or to stop, prevent, and correct any abuse or impropriety
in the performance of duties.
(3) Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action

against a public official or employee at fault, and recommend
his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or
prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith.
(4) Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and

subject to such limitations as may be provided by law, to
53
furnish it with copies of documents relating to contracts or

transactions entered into by his office involving the
disbursement or use of public funds or properties, and report
any irregularity to the Commission on Audit for appropriate
action.
(5) Request any government agency for assistance and

information necessary in the discharge of its responsibilities,
and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and
documents.
(6) Publicize matters covered by its investigation when

circumstances so warrant and with due prudence.
(7) Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape,

mismanagement, fraud, and corruption in the Government
and make recommendations for their elimination and the
observance of high standards of ethics and efficiency.
(8) Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other

powers or perform such functions or duties as may be
provided by law.
Section 14. The Office of the Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal

autonomy. Its approved annual appropriations shall be
automatically and regularly released.
Section 15. The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully

acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their
nominees or transferees, shall not be barred by prescription,
laches, or estoppel.
Section 16. No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial

accommodation for any business purpose may be granted, directly
or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled bank or
financial institution to the President, the Vice-President, the
54
Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, and

the Constitutional Commissions, the Ombudsman, or to any firm
or entity in which they have controlling interest, during their
tenure.
Section 17. A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of

office and as often thereafter as may be required by law, submit a
declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. In
the case of the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the
Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional
Commissions and other constitutional offices, and officers of the
armed forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be
disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.
Section 18. Public officers and employees owe the State and this
Constitution allegiance at all times and any public officer or
employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the status
of an immigrant of another country during his tenure shall be
dealt with by law.
ARTICLE XII
NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
Section 1. The goals of the national economy are a more equitable

distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth; a sustained
increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the
nation for the benefit of the people; and an expanding
productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all,
especially the under-privileged.
The State shall promote industrialization and full employment

based on sound agricultural development and agrarian reform,
through industries that make full and efficient use of human and
natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic
55
and foreign markets. However, the State shall protect Filipino

enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices.
In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all
regions of the country shall be given optimum opportunity to
develop. Private enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives,
and similar collective organizations, shall be encouraged to
broaden the base of their ownership.
Section 2. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal,

petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy,
fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other
natural resources are owned by the State. With the exception of
agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be
alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of
natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision
of the State. The State may directly undertake such activities, or it
may enter into co-production, joint venture, or production-
sharing agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by
such citizens. Such agreements may be for a period not exceeding
twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years,
and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law.
In cases of water rights for irrigation, water supply fisheries, or
industrial uses other than the development of water power,
beneficial use may be the measure and limit of the grant.
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in its

archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone,
and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow small-scale utilization of natural

resources by Filipino citizens, as well as cooperative fish farming,
with priority to subsistence fishermen and fishworkers in rivers,
lakes, bays, and lagoons.
56
The President may enter into agreements with foreign-owned

corporations involving either technical or financial assistance for
large-scale exploration, development, and utilization of minerals,
petroleum, and other mineral oils according to the general terms
and conditions provided by law, based on real contributions to the
economic growth and general welfare of the country. In such
agreements, the State shall promote the development and use of
local scientific and technical resources.
The President shall notify the Congress of every contract entered

into in accordance with this provision, within thirty days from its
execution.
Section 3. Lands of the public domain are classified into

agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands and national parks.
Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further classified
by law according to the uses to which they may be devoted.
Alienable lands of the public domain shall be limited to
agricultural lands. Private corporations or associations may not
hold such alienable lands of the public domain except by lease, for
a period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more
than twenty-five years, and not to exceed one thousand hectares
in area. Citizens of the Philippines may lease not more than five
hundred hectares, or acquire not more than twelve hectares
thereof, by purchase, homestead, or grant.
Taking into account the requirements of conservation, ecology,

and development, and subject to the requirements of agrarian
reform, the Congress shall determine, by law, the size of lands of
the public domain which may be acquired, developed, held, or
leased and the conditions therefor.
Section 4. The Congress shall, as soon as possible, determine, by

law, the specific limits of forest lands and national parks, marking
clearly their boundaries on the ground. Thereafter, such forest
lands and national parks shall be conserved and may not be
57
increased nor diminished, except by law. The Congress shall

provide for such period as it may determine, measures to prohibit
logging in endangered forests and watershed areas.
Section 5. The State, subject to the provisions of this Constitution

and national development policies and programs, shall protect the
rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands
to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being.
The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws

governing property rights or relations in determining the
ownership and extent of ancestral domain.
Section 6. The use of property bears a social function, and all

economic agents shall contribute to the common good.
Individuals and private groups, including corporations,
cooperatives, and similar collective organizations, shall have the
right to own, establish, and operate economic enterprises, subject
to the duty of the State to promote distributive justice and to
intervene when the common good so demands.
Section 7. Save in cases of hereditary succession, no private lands

shall be transferred or conveyed except to individuals,
corporations, or associations qualified to acquire or hold lands of
the public domain.
Section 8. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 7 of this

Article, a natural-born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his
Philippine citizenship may be a transferee of private lands, subject
to limitations provided by law.
Section 9. The Congress may establish an independent economic

and planning agency headed by the President, which shall, after
consultations with the appropriate public agencies, various
private sectors, and local government units, recommend to
58
Congress, and implement continuing integrated and coordinated

programs and policies for national development.
Until the Congress provides otherwise, the National Economic

and Development Authority shall function as the independent
planning agency of the government.
Section 10. The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the

economic and planning agency, when the national interest
dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by
such citizens, or such higher percentage as Congress may
prescribe, certain areas of investments. The Congress shall enact
measures that will encourage the formation and operation of
enterprises whose capital is wholly owned by Filipinos.
In the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions covering the

national economy and patrimony, the State shall give preference
to qualified Filipinos.
The State shall regulate and exercise authority over foreign

investments within its national jurisdiction and in accordance
with its national goals and priorities.
Section 11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of

authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted
except to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or
associations organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least
sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens; nor
shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in
character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither shall any
such franchise or right be granted except under the condition that
it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the
Congress when the common good so requires. The State shall
encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general
public. The participation of foreign investors in the governing
59
body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their

proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and
managing officers of such corporation or association must be
citizens of the Philippines.
Section 12. The State shall promote the preferential use of Filipino
labor, domestic materials and locally produced goods, and adopt
measures that help make them competitive.
Section 13. The State shall pursue a trade policy that serves the
general welfare and utilizes all forms and arrangements of
exchange on the basis of equality and reciprocity.
Section 14. The sustained development of a reservoir of national

talents consisting of Filipino scientists, entrepreneurs,
professionals, managers, high-level technical manpower and
skilled workers and craftsmen in all fields shall be promoted by
the State. The State shall encourage appropriate technology and
regulate its transfer for the national benefit.
The practice of all professions in the Philippines shall be limited

to Filipino citizens, save in cases prescribed by law.
Section 15. The Congress shall create an agency to promote the

viability and growth of cooperatives as instruments for social
justice and economic development.
Section 16. The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide
for the formation, organization, or regulation of private
corporations. Government-owned or controlled corporations may
be created or established by special charters in the interest of the
common good and subject to the test of economic viability.
Section 17. In times of national emergency, when the public

interest so requires, the State may, during the emergency and
under reasonable terms prescribed by it, temporarily take over or
60
direct the operation of any privately-owned public utility or

business affected with public interest.
Section 18. The State may, in the interest of national welfare or

defense, establish and operate vital industries and, upon payment
of just compensation, transfer to public ownership utilities and
other private enterprises to be operated by the Government.
Section 19. The State shall regulate or prohibit monopolies when

the public interest so requires. No combinations in restraint of
trade or unfair competition shall be allowed.
Section 20. The Congress shall establish an independent central

monetary authority, the members of whose governing board must
be natural-born Filipino citizens, of known probity, integrity, and
patriotism, the majority of whom shall come from the private
sector. They shall also be subject to such other qualifications and
disabilities as may be prescribed by law. The authority shall
provide policy direction in the areas of money, banking, and
credit. It shall have supervision over the operations of banks and
exercise such regulatory powers as may be provided by law over
the operations of finance companies and other institutions
performing similar functions.
Until the Congress otherwise provides, the Central Bank of the

Philippines operating under existing laws, shall function as the
central monetary authority.
Section 21. Foreign loans may only be incurred in accordance with

law and the regulation of the monetary authority. Information on
foreign loans obtained or guaranteed by the Government shall be
made available to the public.
Section 22. Acts which circumvent or negate any of the provisions

of this Article shall be considered inimical to the national interest
61
and subject to criminal and civil sanctions, as may be provided by

law.
ARTICLE XIII
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the

enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all
the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and
political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably
diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership,

use, and disposition of property and its increments.
Section 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the

commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom
of initiative and self-reliance.
LABOR
Section 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and
overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full
employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization,

collective bargaining and negotiations, and peaceful concerted
activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law.
They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of
work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and
decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as
may be provided by law.
The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility

between workers and employers and the preferential use of
62
voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and

shall enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster
industrial peace.
The State shall regulate the relations between workers and

employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the
fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable
returns to investments, and to expansion and growth.
AGRARIAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES REFORM
Section 4. The State shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform

program founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers
who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till
or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the
fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and
undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to
such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the Congress
may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or
equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just
compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall
respect the right of small landowners. The State shall further
provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.
Section 5. The State shall recognize the right of farmers,

farmworkers, and landowners, as well as cooperatives, and other
independent farmers' organizations to participate in the planning,
organization, and management of the program, and shall provide
support to agriculture through appropriate technology and
research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and
other support services.
Section 6. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform

or stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in
the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including
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lands of the public domain under lease or concession suitable to

agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small
settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their
ancestral lands.
The State may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its

own agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them in the
manner provided by law.
Section 7. The State shall protect the rights of subsistence

fishermen, especially of local communities, to the preferential use
of the communal marine and fishing resources, both inland and
offshore. It shall provide support to such fishermen through
appropriate technology and research, adequate financial,
production, and marketing assistance, and other services. The
State shall also protect, develop, and conserve such resources. The
protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence
fishermen against foreign intrusion. Fishworkers shall receive a
just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing
resources.
Section 8. The State shall provide incentives to landowners to

invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform program to promote
industrialization, employment creation, and privatization of
public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment
for their lands shall be honored as equity in enterprises of their
choice.
URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING
Section 9. The State shall, by law, and for the common good,
undertake, in cooperation with the private sector, a continuing
program of urban land reform and housing which will make
available at affordable cost, decent housing and basic services to
under-privileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and
resettlement areas. It shall also promote adequate employment
64
opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such

program the State shall respect the rights of small property
owners.
Section 10. Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor
their dwelling demolished, except in accordance with law and in a
just and humane manner.
No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken

without adequate consultation with them and the communities
where they are to be relocated.
HEALTH
Section 11. The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive

approach to health development which shall endeavor to make
essential goods, health and other social services available to all the
people at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of
the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children.
The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.
Section 12. The State shall establish and maintain an effective

food and drug regulatory system and undertake appropriate
health, manpower development, and research, responsive to the
country's health needs and problems.
Section 13. The State shall establish a special agency for disabled
person for their rehabilitation, self-development, and self-
reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.
65
WOMEN
Section 14. The State shall protect working women by providing

safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their
maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will
enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full
potential in the service of the nation.
ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATIONS
Section 15. The State shall respect the role of independent

people's organizations to enable the people to pursue and protect,
within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective
interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful means.
People's organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with

demonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and with
identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.
Section 16. The right of the people and their organizations to

effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social,
political, and economic decision-making shall not be abridged.
The State shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate
consultation mechanisms.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 17. (1) There is hereby created an independent office

called the Commission on Human Rights.
(2) The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and four

Members who must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines
and a majority of whom shall be members of the Bar. The term of
office and other qualifications and disabilities of the Members of
the Commission shall be provided by law.
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(3) Until this Commission is constituted, the existing Presidential

Committee on Human Rights shall continue to exercise its present
functions and powers.
(4) The approved annual appropriations of the Commission shall

be automatically and regularly released.
Section 18. The Commission on Human Rights shall have the

following powers and functions:
(1) Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms

of human rights violations involving civil and political rights;
(2) Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and

cite for contempt for violations thereof in accordance with the
Rules of Court;
(3) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of

human rights of all persons within the Philippines, as well as
Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures
and legal aid services to the under-privileged whose human rights
have been violated or need protection;
(4) Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention

facilities;
(5) Establish a continuing program of research, education, and

information to enhance respect for the primacy of human rights;
(6) Recommend to Congress effective measures to promote

human rights and to provide for compensation to victims of
violations of human rights, or their families;
(7) Monitor the Philippine Government's compliance with

international treaty obligations on human rights;
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(8) Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose

testimony or whose possession of documents or other evidence is
necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any
investigation conducted by it or under its authority;
(9) Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or

agency in the performance of its functions;
(10) Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law;

and
(11) Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided

by law.
Section 19. The Congress may provide for other cases of violations
of human rights that should fall within the authority of the
Commission, taking into account its recommendations.
ARTICLE XIV
EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS,

CULTURE AND SPORTS
EDUCATION
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all
citizens to quality education at all levels, and shall take
appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.
Section 2. The State shall:
(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and

integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people
and society;
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(2) Establish and maintain, a system of free public education in

the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the
natural rights of parents to rear their children, elementary
education is compulsory for all children of school age;
(3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student

loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be
available to deserving students in both public and private schools,
especially to the under-privileged;
(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning

systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school
study programs particularly those that respond to community
needs; and
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth

with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills.
Section 3. (1) All educational institutions shall include the study of

the Constitution as part of the curricula.
(2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of

humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of
national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach
the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and
spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline,
encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and
technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.
(3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians,

religion shall be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in
public elementary and high schools within the regular class hours
by instructors designated or approved by the religious authorities
of the religion to which the children or wards belong, without
additional cost to the Government.
69
Section 4.(1) The State recognizes the complementary roles of

public and private institutions in the educational system and shall
exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all educational
institutions.
(2) Educational institutions, other than those established by

religious groups and mission boards, shall be owned solely by
citizens of the Philippines or corporations or associations at least
sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens.
The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity
participation in all educational institutions.
The control and administration of educational institutions shall

be vested in citizens of the Philippines.
No educational institution shall be established exclusively for

aliens and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one-third
of the enrollment in any school. The provisions of this subsection
shall not apply to schools established for foreign diplomatic
personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided
by law, for other foreign temporary residents.
(3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational

institutions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational
purposes shall be exempt from taxes and duties. Upon the
dissolution or cessation of the corporate existence of such
institutions, their assets shall be disposed of in the manner
provided by law.
Proprietary educational institutions, including those cooperatively

owned, may likewise be entitled to such exemptions, subject to the
limitations provided by law, including restrictions on dividends
and provisions for reinvestment.
70
(4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants,

endowments, donations, or contributions used actually, directly,
and exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt from tax.
Section 5. (1) the State shall take into account regional and
sectoral needs and conditions and shall encourage local planning
in the development of educational policies and programs.
(2) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher

learning.
(3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of

study, subject to fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and
academic requirements.
(4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional

advancement. Non-teaching academic and non-academic
personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State.
(5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to

education and ensure that teaching will attract and retain its
rightful share of the best available talents through adequate
remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment.
ARTS AND CULTURE
Section 14. The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment,

and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national culture based on the
principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and
intellectual expression.
Section 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State.
The State shall conserve, promote, and popularize the nation's
historical and cultural heritage and resources, as well as artistic
creations.
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Section 16. All the country's artistic and historic wealth

constitutes the cultural treasure of the nation and shall be under
the protection of the State which may regulate its disposition.
Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the
rights of indigenous cultural communities to preserve and develop
their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall consider these
rights in the formulation of national plans and policies.
Section 18. (1) The State shall ensure equal access to cultural
opportunities through the educational system, public or private
cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other incentives, and
community cultural centers, and other public venues.
(2) The State shall encourage and support researches and studies
on the arts and culture.
LANGUAGE
Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As

it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis
of existing Philippine and other languages.
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem

appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and
sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication
and as language of instruction in the educational system.
Section 7. For purposes of communication and instruction, the

official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until
otherwise provided by law, English.
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the

regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
72
Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional

basis.
Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and

English and shall be translated into major regional languages,
Arabic, and Spanish.
Section 9. The Congress shall establish a national language

commission composed of representatives of various regions and
disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate, and promote
researches for the development, propagation, and preservation of
Filipino and other languages.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national

development and progress. The State shall give priority to
research and development, invention, innovation, and their
utilization; and to science and technology education, training, and
services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant
scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to
the country's productive systems and national life.
Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax
deductions, to encourage private participation in programs of
basic and applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid,
or other forms of incentives shall be provided to deserving science
students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and
specially gifted citizens.
Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the
adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit.
It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups, local
governments, and community-based organizations in the
generation and utilization of science and technology.
73
Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights
of scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their
intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to
the people, for such period as may be provided by law.
SPORTS
Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and
encourage sports programs, league competitions, and amateur
sports, including training for international competitions, to foster
self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a
healthy and alert citizenry.
(2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports

activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic
clubs and other sectors.
ARTICLE XV
THE FAMILY
Section 1. The State recognizes the Filipino family as the

foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its
solidarity and actively promote its total development.
Section 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the

foundation of the family and shall be protected by the State.
Section 3. The State shall defend:
(1) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with

their religious convictions and the demands of responsible
parenthood;
(2) The right of children to assistance, including proper care
and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of
74
neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation and other conditions

prejudicial to their development;
(3) The right of the family to a family living wage and
income; and
(4) The right of families or family associations to participate
in the planning and implementation of policies and
programs that affect them.
Section 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly members
but the State may also do so through just programs of social
security.
ARTICLE XVI
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue,
with a sun and three stars, as consecrated and honored by the
people and recognized by law.
Section 2. The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the
country, a national anthem, or a national seal, which shall all be
truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions
of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its ratification
by the people in a national referendum.
Section 3. The State may not be sued without its consent.
Section 4. The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed

of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and
serve as may be provided by law. It shall keep a regular force
necessary for the security of the State.
Section 5. (1) All members of the armed forces shall take an oath
or affirmation to uphold and defend this Constitution.
75
(2) The State shall strengthen the patriotic spirit and nationalist
consciousness of the military, and respect for people's rights in
the performance of their duty.
(3) Professionalism in the armed forces and adequate

remuneration and benefits of its members shall be a prime
concern of the State. The armed forces shall be insulated from
partisan politics.
No member of the military shall engage, directly or indirectly, in

any partisan political activity, except to vote.
(4) No member of the armed forces in the active service shall, at

any time, be appointed or designated in any capacity to a civilian
position in the Government, including government-owned or
controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries.
(5) Laws on retirement of military officers shall not allow

extension of their service.
(6) The officers and men of the regular force of the armed forces
shall be recruited proportionately from all provinces and cities as
far as practicable.
(7) The tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the armed forces shall
not exceed three years. However, in times of war or other national
emergency declared by the Congress, the President may extend
such tour of duty.
Section 6. The State shall establish and maintain one police force,
which shall be national in scope and civilian in character, to be
administered and controlled by a national police commission. The
authority of local executives over the police units in their
jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
Section 7. The State shall provide immediate and adequate care,

benefits, and other forms of assistance to war veterans and
76
veterans of military campaigns, their surviving spouses and

orphans. Funds shall be provided therefor and due consideration
shall be given them in the disposition of agricultural lands of the
public domain and, in appropriate cases, in the utilization of
natural resources.
Section 8. The State shall, from time to time, review to increase

the pensions and other benefits due to retirees of both the
government and the private sectors.
Section 9. The State shall protect consumers from trade

malpractices and from substandard or hazardous products.
Section 10. The State shall provide the policy environment for the
full development of Filipino capability and the emergence of
communication structures suitable to the needs and aspirations of
the nation and the balanced flow of information into, out of, and
across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the
freedom of speech and of the press.
Section 11. (1) The ownership and management of mass media

shall be limited to citizens of the Philippines, or to corporations,
cooperatives or associations, wholly-owned and managed by such
citizens.
The Congress shall regulate or prohibit monopolies in commercial

mass media when the public interest so requires. No
combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition therein
shall be allowed.
(2) The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and

shall be regulated by law for the protection of consumers and the
promotion of the general welfare.
77
Only Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least

seventy per centum of the capital of which is owned by such
citizens shall be allowed to engage in the advertising industry.
The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of

entities in such industry shall be limited to their proportionate
share in the capital thereof, and all the executive and managing
officers of such entities must be citizens of the Philippines.
Section 12. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise

the President on policies affecting indigenous cultural
communities, the majority of the members of which shall come
from such communities.
ARTICLE XVII
AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONS
Section 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution

may be proposed by:
(1) The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its
Members; or
(2) A constitutional convention.
Section 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be
directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition
of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered
voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by
at least three per centum of the registered voters therein. No
amendment under this section shall be authorized within five
years following the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener
than once every five years thereafter.
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise

of this right.
78
Section 3. The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its

Members, call a constitutional convention, or by a majority vote of
all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling
such a convention.
Section 4. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution

under Section 1 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of
the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than
sixty days nor later than ninety days after the approval of such
amendment or revision.
Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when

ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall
be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after
the certification by the Commission on Elections of the sufficiency
of the petition.
ARTICLE XVIII
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Section 1. The first elections of Members of the Congress under

this Constitution shall be held on the second Monday of May,
1987.
The first local elections shall be held on a date to be determined

by the President, which may be simultaneous with the election of
the Members of the Congress. It shall include the election of all
Members of the city or municipal councils in the Metropolitan
Manila area.
Section 2. The Senators, Members of the House of

Representatives, and the local officials first elected under this
Constitution shall serve until noon of June 30, 1992.
79
Of the Senators elected in the elections in 1992, the first twelve

obtaining the highest number of votes shall serve for six years and
the remaining twelve for three years.
Section 3. All existing laws, decrees, executive orders,

proclamations, letters of instructions, and other executive
issuances not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain
operative until amended, repealed, or revoked.
Section 4. All existing treaties or international agreements which

have not been ratified shall not be renewed or extended without
the concurrence of at least two-thirds of all the Members of the
Senate.
Section 5. The six-year term of the incumbent President and Vice-

President elected in the February 7, 1986 election is, for purposes
of synchronization of elections, hereby extended to noon of June
30, 1992.
The first regular elections for the President and Vice-President

under this Constitution shall be held on the second Monday of
May, 1992.
Section 6. The incumbent President shall continue to exercise

legislative powers until the first Congress is convened.
Section 7. Until a law is passed, the President may fill by

appointment from a list of nominees by the respective sectors, the
seats reserved for sectoral representation in paragraph (2),
Section 5 of Article V1 of this Constitution.
Section 8. Until otherwise provided by the Congress, the President

may constitute the Metropolitan Manila Authority to be composed
of the heads of all local government units comprising the
Metropolitan Manila area.
80
Section 9. A sub-province shall continue to exist and operate until

it is converted into a regular province or until its component
municipalities are reverted to the mother province.
Section 10. All courts existing at the time of the ratification of this
Constitution shall continue to exercise their jurisdiction, until
otherwise provided by law. The provisions of the existing Rules of
Court, judiciary acts, and procedural laws not inconsistent with
this Constitution shall remain operative unless amended or
repealed by the Supreme Court or the Congress.
Section 11. The incumbent Members of the Judiciary shall

continue in office until they reach the age of seventy years or
become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office or are
removed for cause.
Section 12. The Supreme Court shall, within one year after the
ratification of this Constitution, adopt a systematic plan to
expedite the decision or resolution of cases or matters pending in
the Supreme Court or the lower courts prior to the effectivity of
this Constitution. A similar plan shall be adopted for all special
courts and quasi-judicial bodies.
Section 13. The legal effect of the lapse, before the ratification of
this Constitution, of the applicable period for the decision or
resolution of the cases or matters submitted for adjudication by
the courts, shall be determined by the Supreme Court as soon as
practicable.
Section 14. The provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4), Section 15 of

Article VIII of this Constitution shall apply to cases or matters
filed before the ratification of this Constitution, when the
applicable period lapses after such ratification.
Section 15. The incumbent Members of the Civil Service

Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission
81
on Audit shall continue in office for one year after the ratification
of this Constitution, unless they are sooner removed for cause or
become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office or
appointed to a new term thereunder. In no case shall any Member
serve longer than seven years including service before the
ratification of this Constitution.
Section 16. Career civil service employees separated from the

service not for cause but as a result of the reorganization pursuant
to Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 and the
reorganization following the ratification of this Constitution shall
be entitled to appropriate separation pay and to retirement and
other benefits accruing to them under the laws of general
application in force at the time of their separation. In lieu thereof,
at the option of the employees, they may be considered for
employment in the Government or in any of its subdivisions,
instrumentalities, or agencies, including government-owned or
controlled corporations and their subsidiaries. This provision also
applies to career officers whose resignation, tendered in line with
the existing policy, had been accepted.
Section 17. Until the Congress provides otherwise, the President

shall receive an annual salary of three hundred thousand pesos;
the Vice-President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, two hundred forty thousand pesos each; the Senators, the
Members of the House of Representatives, the Associate Justices
of the Supreme Court, and the Chairmen of the Constitutional
Commissions, two hundred four thousand pesos each; and the
Members of the Constitutional Commissions, one hundred eighty
thousand pesos each.
Section 18. At the earliest possible time, the Government shall

increase the salary scales of the other officials and employees of
the National Government.
82
Section 19. All properties, records, equipment, buildings,

facilities, and other assets of any office or body abolished or
reorganized under Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 or
this Constitution shall be transferred to the office or body to
which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially
pertain.
Section 20. The first Congress shall give priority to the

determination of the period for the full implementation of free
public secondary education.
Section 21. The Congress shall provide efficacious procedures and

adequate remedies for the reversion to the State of all lands of the
public domain and real rights connected therewith which were
acquired in violation of the Constitution or the public land laws,
or through corrupt practices. No transfer or disposition of such
lands or real rights shall be allowed until after the lapse of one
year from the ratification of this Constitution.
Section 22. At the earliest possible time, the Government shall

expropriate idle or abandoned agricultural lands as may be
defined by law, for distribution to the beneficiaries of the agrarian
reform program.
Section 23. Advertising entities affected by paragraph (2), Section

11 of Article XV1 of this Constitution shall have five years from its
ratification to comply on a graduated and proportionate basis
with the minimum Filipino ownership requirement therein.
Section 24. Private armies and other armed groups not recognized
by duly constituted authority shall be dismantled. All paramilitary
forces including Civilian Home Defense Forces not consistent
with the citizen armed force established in this Constitution, shall
be dissolved or, where appropriate, converted into the regular
force.
83
Section 25. After the expiration in 1991 of the Agreement between

the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America
concerning military bases, foreign military bases, troops, or
facilities shall not be allowed in the Philippines except under a
treaty duly concurred in by the Senate and, when the Congress so
requires, ratified by a majority of the votes cast by the people in a
national referendum held for that purpose, and recognized as a
treaty by the other contracting State.
Section 26. The authority to issue sequestration or freeze orders

under Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 in relation to the
recovery of ill-gotten wealth shall remain operative for not more
than eighteen months after the ratification of this Constitution.
However, in the national interest, as certified by the President, the
Congress may extend such period.
A sequestration or freeze order shall be issued only upon showing

of a prima facie case. The order and the list of the sequestered or
frozen properties shall forthwith be registered with the proper
court. For orders issued before the ratification of this
Constitution, the corresponding judicial action or proceeding shall
be filed within six months from its ratification. For those issued
after such ratification, the judicial action or proceeding shall be
commenced within six months from the issuance thereof.
The sequestration or freeze order is deemed automatically lifted if

no judicial action or proceeding is commenced as herein provided.
Section 27. This Constitution shall take effect immediately upon

its ratification by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held
for the purpose and shall supersede all previous Constitutions.
The foregoing proposed Constitution of the Republic of the

Philippines was approved by the Constitutional Commission of
1986 on the twelfth day of October, Nineteen hundred and eighty-
six, and accordingly signed on the fifteenth day of October,
84
Nineteen hundred and eighty-six at the Plenary Hall, National

Government Center, Quezon City, by the Commissioners whose
signatures are hereunder affixed.
Adopted:
Cecilia Munoz Palma

President
Ambrosio B. Padilla
Vice-President
Napoleon G. Rama
Floor Leader
Ahmad Domocao Alonto Jose D.

Calderon
Assistant Floor Leader Assistant Floor
Leader
Yusuf R. Abubakar Felicitas S.

Aquino
Adolfo S. Azcuna Teodoro C.
Bacani
Jose F. S. Bengzon, Jr. Ponciano L.
Bennagen
Joaquin G. Bernas Florangel
Rosario Braid
Crispino M. de Castro Jose C. Colayco
85
Roberto R. Concepcion Hilario G.

Davide, Jr.
Vicente B. Foz Edmundo G.
Garcia
Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon Serafin V.C.
Guingona
Alberto M. K. Jamir Jose B. Laurel,
Jr.
Eulogio R. Lerum Regalado E.
Maambong
Christian S. Monsod Teodulo C.
Natividad
Ma. Teresa F. Nieva Jose N. Nolledo
Blas F. Ople Minda Luz M.
Quesada
Florenz D. Regalado Rustico F. de los
Reyes, Jr.
Cirilo A. Rigos Francisco A.
Rodrigo
Ricardo J. Romulo Decoroso R.
Rosales
Rene V. Sarmiento Jose E. Suarez
Lorenzo M. Sumulong Jaime S. L.
Tadeo
Christine O. Tan Gregorio J.
Tingson
Efrain B. Trenas Lugum L. Uka
Wilfrido V. Villacorta Bernardo M.
Villegas
Attested by :
Flerida Ruth P. Romero
Secretary-General
86
ORDINANCE
APPORTIONING THE SEATS OF THE HOUSE OF

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE CONGRESS OF THE
PHILIPPINES TO THE DIFFERENT LEGISLATIVE
DISTRICTS IN PROVINCES AND CITIES AND THE
METROPOLITAN MANILA AREA
Section 1. For purposes of the election of Members of the House of

Representatives of the First Congress of the Philippines under the
Constitution proposed by the 1986 Constitutional Commission
and subsequent elections, and until otherwise provided by law,
the Members thereof shall be elected from legislative districts
apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan
Manila Area as follows:
METROPOLITAN MANILA AREA
MANILA, six (6) - First District: Barangays Nos. 1-146, N-City

Boundary between Manila and Caloocan; E - From Estero de
Sunog Apog going South to Estero de Vitas up to the bridge
spanning Juan Luna Street, eastward to Tayuman Street up to the
Railroad Tracks along Dagupan Street, thence southward to Claro
M. Recto Avenue; SE - From point Claro M. Recto Avenue
extending westward to Manila Bay; W - Manila Bay northward to
City boundary between Manila and Caloocan. Second District:
Barangays Nos. 147-267, N - City boundary between Manila and
Caloocan; E - From end of Rizal Avenue Extension extending
southward to Railroad Tracks at Antipolo Street; from corner
Antipolo Street and Rizal Avenue on southern side of Railroad
Tracks extending westward to Estero de San Lazaro, southward
along Estero de San Lazaro up to corner of C. M. Recto Avenue
westward to bridge spanning Claro M. Recto at Estero de la Reina;
W - Estero de la Reina to Estero de Vitas to Estero Sunog Apog to
City boundary between Manila and Caloocan; Third District:
Barangays Nos. 268-394, N - City boundary between Manila and
87
Caloocan; E - A. Bonifacio Street extending southward to

Dimasalang, to Anda-lucia, Claro M. Recto Avenue eastward to
Estero de San Miguel ending at Pasig River; S - Mouth of Estero
de San Miguel at Pasig River, westward to Del Pan Bridge, thence
to Del Pan Street; W - Del Pan Street northward up to Claro M.
Recto Extension to Estero de San Lazaro, northward to Antipolo
Street, eastward to Rizal Avenue Extension, northward to
boundary between Manila and Caloocan; Fourth District:
Barangays Nos. 395 - 586 SW - Estero de San Miguel up to
Mendiola Bridge, thence to C. M. Recto Avenue to Quezon
Boulevard; W - Quezon Boulevard, Andalucia, Dimasalang up to
boundary between Manila and Quezon City; NE - City boundary
between Manila and Quezon City up to Ramon Magsaysay
Boulevard; SE - Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard up to V. Mapa
Street; S - Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard up to point Estero de San
Miguel where Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard spans Estero de San
Miguel; Fifth District: Barangays Nos. 649-828 N - Mouth of
Pasig River inland to point Paz M. Guanzon Street extending to
Estero de Pandacan; NE - Estero de Pandacan up to Pedro Gil
Street to Tejeron Street up to boundary of Manila and Makati; SE
- City boundary between Manila and Makati up to Estero de Tripa
de Gallina; S - City boundary between Pasay and Manila down to
Roxas Boulevard up to edge of reclaimed areas westward to
Manila Bay; W - Manila Bay up to mouth of Pasig River, Sixth
District: Barangays Nos. 587-648; and 829-905 N - Starting from
point which is mouth of Estero de San Miguel going eastward to
Mendiola Bridge, following line along Estero de San Miguel up to
point where Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard eastward to City
boundary between Manila and Quezon Cityl; NE - City boundary
up to point city boundary of Manila, San Juan and Quezon City; E
- Manila-San Juan-Mandaluyong-Makati boundaries up to
Tejeron Street; SE - Tejeron Street to Pedro Gil Street up to bridge
spanning Estero de Pandacan; SW & W - Estero de Pandacan
going northward to Paz M. Guanzon Street, then northward on
88
Paz M. Guazon Street up to Pasig River to mouth of Estero de San

Miguel on Pasig River.
QUEZON CITY, four (4) - First District : Barangays Del Monte,

Paltok, Bungad, San Antonio, Katipunan, Veterans Village,
Talayan, Damayan, Mariblo, Paraiso, Sta. Cruz, Nayong Kanluran,
Philam, West Triangle, N.S. Amoranto, Paang Bundok, San Isidro
Labrador, Sta. Teresita, Salvacion, Maharlika, St. Peter, Lourdes,
Sto. Domingo, Sienna, San Jose, Manresa, Pag-ibig sa Nayon,
Balingasa, Masambong, Damar, Bahay Toro, St. Cristo, Ramon
Magsaysay, Project 6, Vasra, Alicia, and Bagong Pag-asa; Second
District: Barangays Fairview, New Era, Holy Spirit, Batasan Hills,
Commonwealth, Payatas, Bagong Silangan, Sauyo, Talipapa,
Bagbag, San Bartolome, Sta. Lucia, Gulod, Novaliches Proper, San
Agustin, Nagkaisang Nayon, Sta. Monica, Kaligayahan, Pasong
Putik, Apolonio Samson, Unang Sigaw, Tandang Sora, Pasong
Tamo, Culiat, Baesa, Capri, Balumbato, and Sangandaan: Third
District : Barangays E. Rodriguez, Silangan, Quirino 3-A, Duyan-
Duyan, Quirino 3-B, Amihan, Socorro, San Roque, Manga, Zobel
Dioquino, Tagumpay, Aguinaldo, Escopa 1, Escopa 2, Escopa 3,
Escopa 4, West Kamias, East Kamias, Quirino 2 A, Quririno 2 B,
Quirino 2 C, Ugong Norte, Bagumbayan, Libis, Villa Maria Clara,
Masagana, Milagrosa, Marilag, Bagumbayan, Loyola Heights,
Pansol, and Matandang Balara; Fourth District: Barangays
Bagong Lipunan, Kaunlaran, San Martin, Immaculate
Concepcion, South Triangle, Sacred Heart, Laging Handa,
Paligsahan, Obrero, Roxas, Kamuning, Kanluran, Kamuning
Silangan, Tatalon, Don Manuel, Dona Josefa, San Isidro, Dona
Aurora, Santo Nino, Santol, Dona Imelda, Kristong Hari,
Kalusugan, Damayang Lagi, Mariana, Valencia, Horseshoe,
Pinagkaisahan, San Vicente, U.P. Campus, Krus Na Ligas, Central,
Old Capital Site, U.P. Village, Teacher's East, Teacher's West,
Sikatuna, Malaya, Pinahan, and Botocan.
89
CALOOCAN CITY, two (2) - First District : 70 Barangays; All of

Caloocan North EDSA; Second District: 118 Barangays; All of
Caloocan South EDSA.
PASAY CITY, one (1)
MALABON and NAVOTAS, one (1)
SAN JUAN and MANDALUYONG, one (1)
MARIKINA, one (1)
MAKATI, one (1)
PASIG, one (1) PARANAQUE, one (1)
LAS PINAS and MUNTINGLUPA, one (1)
PATEROS and TAGUIG, one (1)
VALENZUELA, one (1)
REGION I
ABRA, one (1)
BENGUET, with the City of Baguio, two (2) - First District: Baguio
City; Second District: all the Municipalities of Benguet.
ILOCOS NORTE, with Laog City, two (2) - First District: Laoag
City and the Municipalities of Bacarra, Bangui, Burgos, Pagud-
Pagud, Pasuquin, Piddig, Sarrat, Vintar, Adams, Carasi, and
Dumalneg; Second District: Municipalities of Badoc, Batac,
Currimao, Dingras, Espiritu, Marcos, Nueva Era, Paoay, Pinili,
San Nicolas, and Solsona.
ILOCOS SUR, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Bantay,

Cabugao, Caoayan, Magsingal, San Ildefonso, San Juan, San
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Vicente, San Catalina, Santo Domingo, Sinait, and Vigan; Second

District: Municipalities of Alilem, Banayoyo, Burgos, Candon,
Cervantes, Galimuyod, Gregorio del Pilar, Lidlidda, Nagbukel,
Narvacan, Quirino, Salcedo, San Emilio, San Esteban, Santa,
Santa Cruz, Santa Lucia, Santa Maria, Santiago, Suyo, Tagudin,
Sigay, and Sugpon.
LA UNION, two (2) - First District : Municipalities of Bacnotan,

Balaoan, Bangar, Luna, San Fernando, San Gabriel, San Juan,
Santol, and Sudipen; Second District: Municipalities of Agoo,
Aringay, Bagulin, Bauang, Burgos, Caba, Naguilian, Pugo,
Rosario, Santo Tomas, and Tubao.
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE, one (1)
PANGASINAN, with the Cities of Dagupan and San Carlos, six (6)
- First District: Municipalities of Bolinao, Bani, Agno, Burgos,
Dasol, Infanta, Mabini, Alaminos, Anda and Sual; Second District:
Municipalities of Labrador, Lingayen, Bugallon, Aguilar,
Mangatarem, Binmaley, Urbiztondo, and Basista; Third District:
San Carlos City, and the Municipalities of Malasiqui, Bayambang,
Calasiao, Mapandan, and Sta. Barbara; Fourth District: Dagupan
City and the Municipalities of Mangaldan, San Fabian, San
Jacinto, and Manaoag; Fifth District: Municipalities of Binalonan,
Laoac, Urdaneta, Villasis, Sison, Pozorrubio, Bautista, Alcala, and
Sto. Tomas; Sixth District: Municipalities of Rosales, Asingan,
Balungao, Sta. Maria, Umingan, San Quintin, Natividad, Tayug,
San Nicolas, and San Manuel.
REGION II
BATANES, one (1)
CAGAYAN, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of Aparri,

Camalaniugan, Lallo, Buguey, Sta. Teresita, Gonzaga, Sta. Ana,
Gattaran, Baggao, and Alcala; Second District: Municipalities of
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Sta. Praxedes, Sanchez Mira, Claveria, Pamplona, Abulug,

Ballesteros, Allacapan, Lasam, Sto. Nino, Rizal, Piat, and Calayan;
Third District: Municipalities of Tuguegarao, Solana, Enrile,
Penablanca, Iguig, Amulung, and Tuao.
IFUGAO, one (1)
ISABELA, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Sta. Maria,

San Pablo, Cabagan, Sto. Tomas, Albano, Tumauini, Ilagan,
Divilican, Maconacon, and Palanan; Second District:
Municipalities of Aurora, San Manuel, Roxas, Mallig, Quezon,
Quirino, Burgos, Gamu, Naguilian, Benito Soliven, An Mariano;
Third District: Municipalities of Reina Mercedes, Cauayan, Luna,
Cabatuan, San Mateo, Alicia, Angadanan, and San Guillermo;
Fourth District: Municipalities Cordon, Santiango, Ramon, San
Isidro, Echague, Jones, San Agustin, and Dinapigui.
KALINGA-APAYAO, one (1)
NUEVA VIZCAYA, one (1)
QUIRINO, one (1)
REGION III
BATAAN, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Dinalupihan,

Hermosa, Orani, Samal, Abucay, and Morong, Second District:
Municipalities of Pilar, Orion, Limay, Bagac, Mariveles, and
Balanga.
BULACAN, four (4) - First District : Municipalities of Hagonoy,

Paombong, Malolos, Calumpit, Pulilan, and Bulacan; Second
Distict: Municipalities Baliuag, Bustos, Plaridel, Guiguinto,
Balagtas, Pandi, and Bocaue; Third District: Municipalities of San
Miguel, San Ildefonso, San Rafael, Angat, Norzagaray, and
Remedios Trinidad; Fourth District: Municipalities of San Jose
del Monte, Sta. Maria, Marilao, Meycauayan,, and Obando.
92
NUEVA ECIJA, with the Cities of Cabanatuan, Palayan and San

Jose, four (4) - First District: Municipalities of Nampicuan,
Cuyapo, Guimba, Quezon, Talavera, Licab, Sto. Domingo, Aliaga,
and Zaragoza, Second District: San Jose City and the
Municipalities of Lupao, Munoz, Talugtog, Caranglan,
Pantabangan, Lanera, and Rizal; Third District: Cabanatuan City;
Palayan City, and the Municipalities of General Natividad,
Bongabong, Laur, Gabaldon, and Sta. Rosa, Fourth District:
Municipalities fof San Leonardo, General Tinio, Penaranda,
Gapan, San Isidro, Cabiao, San Antonio, and Jaen.
PAMPANGA, with Angeles City, four (4) - First District : Angeles

City and the Municipalities of Mabalacat and Magalang; Second
District: Municipalities of Lubao, Guagua, Floridablanca, Porac,
Sta. Rita, and Sexmoan; Third District: Municipalities of San
Fernando, Arayat, Mexico, Bacolor, and Sta. ana; Fourth District:
Municipalities of Candaba, Apalit, Macabebe, Masantol, Minalin,
Sto. Tomas, San Luis, and San Simon.
TARLAC, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of Mayantoc,

Sta. Ignacia, Camiling, Moncada, San Manuel, Anao, Paniqui,
Ramos, San Clemente, and Pura; Second District: Municipalities
of Tarlac, Gerona, and Victoria; Third District: Municipalities of
Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, and La Paz.
ZAMBALES, with Olongapo City, two (2) - First District:

Olongapo City and the Municipalities of Subic, Castillejos, and
San Marcelino, Second District: Municipalities of Botolan,
Cabangan, Candelaria, Iba, Masinloc, Palauig, San Antonio, San
Felipe, San Narciso, and Sta. Cruz.
93
REGION IV
AURORA, one (1)
BATANGAS, with the Cities of Batangas and Lipa, four (4) - First
District: Municipalities of Nasugbu, Lian, Calatagan, Balayan,
Tuy, Calaca, Lemery, and Taal; Second District: Batangas City and
the Municipalities of Lobo, San Pascual, Bauan, Mabini, San Luis,
and Tingloy; Third District: Municipalities of Balete, Malvar, Sto.
Tomas, Tanauan, Talisay, Laurel, Agoncillo, San Nicolas, Sta.
Teresita, Alitagtag, Cuenca, and Mataas na Kahoy; Fourth District
: Lipa City and the Municipalities of San Juan, Taysan, Rosario, P.
Garcia, Ibaan, and San Jose.
CAVITE, with the Cities of Tagaytay, Cavite and Trece Martires,

three (30 - First District: Cavite City and the Municipalities of
Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario; Second District: Trece
Martires City and the Municipalities of Imus, Dasmarinas,
Carmona, Gen. Mariano Alvarez, General Trias, and Tanza; Third
District: Tagaytay City and the Municipalities of Alfonso, Amadeo,
General Aguinaldo, Indang, Magallanes, Maragondon, Mendez-
Nunez, Naic, Silang, and Ternate.
LAGUNA, with San Pablo City, four (4) - First District:

Municipalities of Binan, San Pedro and Sta. Rosa; Second District:
Municipalities of Bay, Cabuyao, Calamba, and Los Banos; Third
District: San Pablo City and the Municipalities of Calauan,
Alaminos, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Liliw, and Victoria: Fourth District:
Municipalities of Sta. Cruz, Pila, Lumban, Pagsanjan, Cavinti,
Kalayaan, Paete, Pakil, Pangil, Siniloan, Famy, Mabitac, Sta.
Maria, Magdalena, Luisiana, and Majayjay.
MARINDUQUE, one (1)
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO, one (1)
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ORIENTAL MINDORO, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of

Baco, Calapan, Naujan, Puerto Galera, San Teodoro, Victoria,
Pola, and Socorro; Second District: Municipalities of Bansud,
Bongabon, Bulalakao, Gloria, Mansalay, Pinamalayan, and Roxas.
PALAWAN, with Puerto Princesa City, two (2) - First District:

Municipalities of Agutaya, Araceli, Busuanga, Cagayancillo,
Coron, Cuyo, Dumaran, El Nido, Linapacan, Magsaysay, Roxas,
San Vicente, Taytay, and Kalayaan; Second District: Puerto
Princesa City and the Municipalities of Aborlan, Balabac,
Batarasa, Brooke's Point, Narra, Quezon, and Marcos.
QUEZON, with Lucena City, four (4) - First District:

Municipalities of Burdeos, Gen. Nakar, Infanta, Jumalig,
Panukulan, Patnanungan, Polilio, Real, Sampaloc, Mauban,
Pagbilao, Lucban, and Tayabas; Second District: Lucena city and
Municipalities of Candelaria, Dolores, San Antonio, Sariaya, and
Tiaong; Third District: Municipalities of Catanauan, Gen. Luna,
Macalelon, Mulanay, Pitogo, San Andres, San Francisco, San
Narciso, Buenavista, Padre Burgos, Agdangan, and Unisan;
Fourth District: Municipalities of Calauag, Guinayangan, Gumaca,
Lopez, Tagkawayan, Atimonan, Plaridel, Alabat, Perez, and
Quezon
RIZAL, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Antipolo, Taytay,

Cainta, Angono, and Binangonan; Second District: Municipalities
of E. Rodriguez, San Mateo, Morong, Cardona, Teresa, Baras,
Tanay, Pililla, and Jala-Jala.
ROMBLON, one (1)
REGION V
ALBAY, with Legazpi City, three (3) - First District: Municipalities

of Bacacay, Malinao, Malilipot, Santo Domingo, Tabaco, and Tiwi,
Second District: Legazpi City and the Municipalities of Camalig,
95
Daraga, Manito, and Rapu-Rapu; Third District: Municipalities of

Guinobatan, Jovellar, Libon, Ligao, Oas, Pio Duran, and Polangui.
CAMARINES NORTE, one (1)
CAMARINES SUR, including the Cities of Naga and Iriga, four (4)
- First District: Municipalities of Del Gallego, Ragay, Lupi,
Sipocot, Libmanan, Cabusao, Pamplona, Pasacao, Minalabac, and
San Fernando, Second District : Naga City and the Municipalities
of Bonbon, Calabanga, Camaligan, Canaman, Gainza, Magarao,
Milaor, Ocampo, and Pili; Third District: Municipalities of
Caramoan, Garchitorena, Goa, Lagonoy, Presentacion, Sangay,
San Jose, Tigaon, Tinambac, and Siruma; Fourth District: Iriga
City and the Municipalities of Baao, Balatan, Bato, Buhi, Bula, and
Nabua.
CATANDUANES, one (1)
MASBATE, three (3) - First District Municipalities of San Pascual,

Claveria, Monreal, San Jacinto, San Fernando, and Batuan;
Second District: Municipalities of Masbate, Mobo, Milagros,
Aroroy, Baleno, Balud, and Mandaon; Third District:
Municipalities of Uson, Dimasalang, Palanas, Cataingan, Pio V.
Corpuz, Esperanza, Placer, and Cawayan.
SORSOGON, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Sorsogon,

Pilar, Donsol, Castilla, Bacon, Casiguran, and Magallanes; Second
District: Municipalities of Barcelona, Prieto Diaz, Gubat, Juban,
Bulusan, Irosin, Sta. Magdalena, Matnog, and Bulan.
96
REGION VI
AKLAN, one (1)
ANTIQUE, one (1)
CAPIZ, including Roxas City, two (2) - First District: Roxas City
and the Municipalities of Panay, Pilar, Pontevedra, President
Roxas, Ma-ayon, and Panitan; Second District: Municipalities of
Dumalag, Jamindan, Mambusao, Sapian, Sigma, Tapaz, Cuartero,
Dao, Dumarao, and Ivisan.
ILOILO, five (5) - First District: Municipalities of Guimbal,

Igbaras, San Joaquin, Tigbauan, Tubungan, Miagao, and Oton;
Second District; Municipalities of Jordan, Nueva Valencia,
Buenavista, Pavia, Leganes, Sta. Barbara, New Lucena, Zarraga,
Alimodian, Leon, and San Miguel; Third District: Municipalities
of Maasin, Cabatuan, Janiuay, Badiangan, Mina, Pototan,
Calinog, Lambunao, and Bingawan; Fourth District:
Municipalities of Passi, San Enrique, Duenas, Dingle, Barotac
Nuevo, Dumangas, Anilao, and Banate; Fifth District:
Municipalities of Barotac Viejo, San Rafael, Ajuy, Lemery,
Concepcion, Sara, San Dionisio, Batad, Estancia, Balasan, and
Carles.
ILOILO CITY, one (1)
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, with the Cities of San Carlos, Cadiz,

Bago, La Carlota, and Silay, six (6) - First District: San Carlos City
and the Municipalities of Toboso, Calatrava, Escalante, and S.
Benedicto; Second District: Cadiz City and the Municipalities of
Sagay and Manapla; Third District: Silay City and the
Municipalities of Victorias, Enrique B. Magalona, Talisay, and
Murcia; Fourth District: Bago City and the Municipalities of
Valladolid, San Enrique, Pontevedra, Pulupandan, and La Carlota;
Fifth District: Municipalities of La Castellana, Moises Padilla,
97
Isabela, Binalbagan, Himamaylan, and Hinigaran; Sixth District:

Municipalities of Kabankalan, Ilog, Cauayan, Candoni, Sipalay,
and Hinobaan.
BACOLOD CITY, one (1)
REGION VII
BOHOL, with Tagbilaran City, three (3) - First District:

Tagbilaran City and the Municipalities of Alburquerque,
Antequera, Baclayon, Balilihan, Calape, Catigbian, Corella, Cortes,
Dauis, Loon, Maribojoc, Panglao, Sikatuna, and Tubigon; Second
District: Municipalities of Clarin, Inabangan, Sagbayan,
Buenavista, Jetafe, Dagohoy, Danao, San Miguel, Trinidad,
Talibon, Ubay, Bien Unido, San Isidro, and Pres. C. P. Garcia;
Third District: Municipalities of Loay, Loboc, Bilar, Batuan,
Carmen, Sevilla, Lila, Dimiao, Valencia, Garcia-Hernandez,
Jagna, Duero, Guindulman, Candijay, Mabini, Alicia, Anda, Sierra
Bullones, and Pilar.
CEBU, with the Cities of Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, and

Toledo, six (6) - First District: Municipalities of Talisay,
Minglanilla, Naga, San Fernando, Carcar, and Sibongan; Second
District: Municipalities of Argao, Dalaguete, Alcoy, Boljoon,
Oslob, Santander, Samboan, Ginatilan, Malabuyoc, Alegria,
Badian, Moal- boal, Alcantara, Ronda, and Dumanjug; Third
District: Toledo City and the Municipalities of Barili, Alonguinsan,
Pinamungajan, Balamban, Asturias, and Tuburan; Fourth
District: Municipalities of Tabuelan, San Remigio, Sta. Fe,
Bantayan, Madridejos, Daan- bantayan, Medellin, Bogo, and
Tabogon; Fifth District: Danao City and the Municipalities of
Borbon, Sogod, Catmon, Carmen, Compostela, Liloan, San
Francisco, Poro, Tudela, and Pilar; Sixth District: Lapu-lapu City,
Mandanue City, and the Municipalities of Cordova and
Consolacion.
98
CEBU CITY, two (2) - First District: Barangays of Adlawon,

Agsungot, Apas, Bacayan, Banilad, Binaliw, Budla-an, Busay,
Cmbinocot, Camputhaw, Capitol Site, Carreta, Central Proper,
Cogon-Ramos, Day-as, Ermita, Guba, Hipodromo, Kalubihan,
Kamagayan, Kasambagan, Lahug, Lorega, Lusaran, Luz, Mabini,
Mabolo, Malubog, Pahina Central, Parian, Paril, Pit-os, Pulang
Bato, Sambag 1, Sambag 11, San Antonio, San Jose, San Roque,
Sta. Cruz, Sirao, T. Padilla, Talamban, Taptap, Tejero, Tinago, and
Zapatera; Second District: Barangays of Babag, Basak Pardo,
Basak San Nicolas, Bonbon, Buhisan, Bulacao pardo, Bout-Taup,
Calamba, Cogon Pardo, Duljo Fatima, Guadalupe, Inayawan,
Kalunasan, Kinasang-an Pardo, Labangon, Mambaling, Pahina
San Nicolas, Pamutan, Pardo, Pasil Abuno, Sibugay, Punta
Princesa, Quiot, San Nicolas, Sawang Calero, Sinsin, Suba Pasil,
Sudlon, Sapangdako, Tabunan, Tigbao, Tisa, and Toong.
NEGROS ORIENTAL, with the Cities of Bais, Canlaon, and

Dumaguete, three (3) - First District: Canlaon City and the
Municipalities of Vallehermoso, Guihulngan, La Libertad,
Jimalalud, Tayasan, Ayungon, Bindoy, and Manjuyod; Second
District: Bais City, Dumaguete City, and the Municipalities of
Mabinay, Tanjay, Pamplona, Amlan, San Jose, and Sibulan; Third
District: Municipalities of Valencia, Bacong, Dauin,
Zamboanguita, Siaton, Sta. Catalina, Bayawan, and Basay.
SIQUIJOR, one (1)
REGION VIII
LEYTE, with the Cities of Tacloban and Ormoc, five (5) - First
District: Tacloban City and the municipalities of Alangalang,
Babatngon, Palo, San Miguel, Sta. Fe, Tanauan, and Talosa;
Second District: Municipalities of Barugo, Barauen, Capoocan,
Carigara, Dagami, Dulag, Jaro, Julita, La Paz, Mayorga,
MacArcthur, Pastrana, Tabontabon, and Tunga; Third District:
Municipalities of Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran,
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Calubian, Culaba, Kawayan, Leyte, Maripipi, Naval, San Isidro,

Tabango, and Villaba; Fourth District: Ormoc city and the
Municipalities of Albuera, Isabel, Kananga, Matagob, Merida, and
Palompon; Fifth District: Municipalities of Abuyog, Bato, Baybay,
Hilongos, Hindang, Inopacan, Javier, Mahaplag, and Matalom.
SOUTHERN LEYTE, one (1)
EASTERN SAMAR, one (1)
NORTHERN SAMAR, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of

Allen, Biri, Bobon, Capul, Catarman, Lavezares, Lope de Vega,
Rosario, San Antonio, San Isidro, San Jose, San Vicente, Victoria,
and Mondragon; Second District: Municipalities of Silvino Lobos,
San Roque, Pambuyan, Las Navas, Catubig, Laoang, Palapag,
Mapanas, Gamay, and Lapinig.
SAMAR, with Calbayog City, two (2) - First District: Calbayog City
and the Municipalities of almagro, Gandara, Matuguinao, Pag-
sanghan, San Jorge, Santa Margarita, Sto. Nino, Tagapul-an, and
Tarangnan; Second District: Municipalities of Basey, Calbiga,
Catbalogan, Daram, Hinabangan, San Jose de Buan, Jiabong,
Marabut, Motiong, Pinabacadao, San Sebastian, Sta. Rita,
Talalora, Villareal, Wright, and Zumarraga.
REGION IX
BASILAN, one (1)
SULU, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of Jolo, Marungas,

Indanan, Pangutaran, Parang, Talipao, Maimbung, and Patikul;
Second District: Municipalities of Siasi, Pandami, Pata, Luuk, K.
Culuang, Panamao, New Panamao, Tapul, Lungus, and Tongkil.
TAWI-TAWI, one (1)
100
ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE, with the Cities of Dapitan and

Dipolog, three (3) - First District: Dapitan City and the
Municipalities of Sibutad, Rizal, La Libertad, Mutia, Pinan, Sergio
Osmena, Sr., and Polanco; Second District: Dipolog City and the
Municipalities of Katipunan, Pres. Manuel A. Roxas, Manukan,
Ponot, Siayan, and Sindangan; Third District: Municipalities of
Salug; Godod, Liloy, Tampilisan, Labason, Gutalac, Siocon,
Baliquian, Siraway, Bacungan, and Sibuco.
ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR, with Pagadian City, three (3) - First

District: Pagadian City and the Municipalities of Dumingag,
Mahayag, Molave, Tambulig, Midsalip, R. Magsaysay, Labangan,
Aurora, Tukuran, Josefina, and Don Mariano Marcos; Second
District: Municipalities of Dumalinao, San Pablo, Tabina, Dima-
taling, Dinas, San Miguel, Margosatubig, Lapuyan, Kumalarang,
Bayog, Lakewood, Pitogo, and Vincenzo A. Sagun; Third District:
Municipalities of Malangas, Alicia, Olutanga, Mabuhay, Siay,
Kabasalan, Naga, Ipil, Titay, Tungawan, Buug, Imelda, Payao,
Talusan, Diplahan, and Roseller Lim.
ZAMBOANGA CITY, one (1)
REGION X
AGUSAN DEL NORTE, with the City of Butuan, two (2) - First
District: Butuan City and the Municipality of Las Nieves, Second
District: Municipalities of Buenavista, Cabadbaran, Carmen,
Jabonga, Kitcharao, Magallanes, Nasipit, Santiago, Tubay, and
Remedios T. Romualdez.
AGUSAN DEL SUR, one (1)
BUKIDNON, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of Talakag,

Baungon, Malitbog, Libona, Manolo Fortich, Sumialo, Panganto-
can, and Kalilangan; Second District: Municipalities of Malay-
balay, Lantapan, Cabanglasan, Valencia, San Fernando, and
101
Impasugong; Third District: Municipalities of Maramag, Quezon,

Don Carlos, Kitaotao, Dangcagan, Kibawe, Damulog, and
Kadingilan.
CAMIGUIN, one (1)
MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL, with the Cities of Oroquieta, Ozamiz

and Tangub, two (2) - First District: Oroquieta City and the
Municipalities of Baliangao, Plaridel, Calamba, Sapang Dalaga,
Lopez Jaena, Aloran, Concepcion, Panaon, and Jimenez; Second
District: Ozamiz City, Tangub City, and the Municipalities of
Bonifacio, Tudela, Clarin, Sinacaban, and Don Mariano Marcos.
MISAMIS ORIENTAL, with Gingoog City, two (2) - First District:

Gingoog City and the Municipalities of Magsaysay, Talisayan,
Balingoan, Medina, Kinogitan, Sugbongcogon, Binuangan, Salay,
Lagonglong, and Balingasag; Second District: Municipalities of
Claveria, Jasaan, Villanueva, Tagoloan, Alubijid, El Salvador,
Gitagum, Initao, Laguindingan, Libertad, Lugait, Manticao,
Naawan, and Opol.
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, one (1)
SURIGAO DEL NORTE, with the City of Surigao, two (2) - First
District: Municipalities of Sta. Monica, San Isidro, Del Carme,
Pilar, General Luna, Dapa, Socorro, Burgos, San Benito, Loreto,
Libjo, Dinagat, Cagdianao, Tubajon, and Basilisa; Second District:
Surigao City and the Municipalities of San Francisco, Tagana-an,
Sison, Placer, Malimono, Bacauag, Gigaquit, Tubod, Mainit,
Alegria, and Claver.
REGION XI
DAVAO DEL NORTE, three (3) - First District: Municipalities of

Moncayo, Montevista, Compostela, Nabunturan, New Bataan,
Mawab, and San Mariano; Second District: Municipalities of San
102
Vicente, Capalong, Asuncion, New Corella, Tagum, Maco, Mabini,

and Pantukan; Third District: Municipalities of Sto. Tomas,
Carmen, Panabo, Babak, Samal, and Kaputian.
DAVAO ORIENTAL, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of

Boston, Cateel, Baganga, Caraga, Manay, and Tarragona; Second
District: Municipalities of Mati, Banaybanay, Lupon, San Isidro,
and Governor Generoso.
DAVAO DEL SUR, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of

Magsaysay, Bansalan, Sta. Cruz, Matanao, Digos, Hagonoy, and
Padada; Second District: Municipalities of Kiblawan, Sulop,
Malalag, Sta. Maria, Malita, Jose Abad Santos, Don Marcelino,
and Saranggani.
DAVAO CITY, three (3) - First District: Districts of

Poblacion and Talomo; Second District: Districts of
Buhangin, Bunawan, and Paquibato; Third District: Districts of
Toril, Tugbok, Calinan, and Baguio.
SOUTH COTABATO, with General Santos City, three (3) - First

District: General Santos City, and the Municipalities of
Polomolok, Tampakan, and Tupi; Second District: Municipalities
of Tantangan, Norala, Banga, Sto. Nino, Surallah, Koronadal,
Tiboli, and Lake Sebu; Third District: Municipalities of Alabel,
Malapatan, Glan, Maasim, Kiamba, Maitum, and Malungon.
SURIGAO DEL SUR, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of

Bayabas, Cantilan, Carrascal, Cortes, Lanuza, Madrid, San Miguel,
Tago, Tandag, Cagwit, Marihatag, San Agustin, Carmen, and
Lianga; Second District: Municipalities of Barobo, Bislig,
Hinatuan, Lingig, and Tagbina.
REGION XII
103
LANAO DEL NORTE, with Iligan City, two (2) - First District:
Iligan City, Linamon, Kauswagan, Bacolod, Maigo, Kolambugan,
Tubod, and Baroy; Second District: Baloi, Pantar, Tagoloan,
Poona-Piagapo, Pantao-Ragat, Matungao, Tangkal, Munai,
Nunungan, Magsaysay, Salvador, Kapatagan, Karomatan. Sapad,
and Lala.
LANAO DEL SUR, with Marawi City, (2) - First District: Marawi
City and the Municipalities of Marantao, Piagapo, Saguiaran,
Tagoloan, Kapai, Ditsaan - Ramain, Bubong, Buadiposo-Buntong,
Bumbaran, Maguing, Wao, Molundo, Taraka, Lumba-Bayabao,
Poona-Bayabao, Masiu and Tamparan; Second District:
Municipalities of Balindong, Tugaya, Bacolod Grande, Madalum,
Madamba, Pualas, Ganassi, Pagayawan, Sultan Gumander,
Malabang, Balabagan, Kapatagan, Marogong, Tubaran,
Binidayan, Lumbatan, Lumbayanague, Butig, Bayang and
Calanogas.
MAGUINDANAO, with Cotabato City, two (2) - First District:

Cotabato City and the Municipalities of Parang, Sultan Kudarat,
Buldon, Barira, Dinaig, Kabuntalan, Matanog and Upi; Second
District: Municipalities of Pagalunga, Buluan, Sultan sa Barongis,
Maganoy, Talaya, South Upi, Datu Piang, Datu Paglas, and
Ampatuan.
NORTH COTABATO, two (2) - First District: Municipalities of

Carmen, Kabacan, Libungan, Midsayap, Pigkawayan, Pikit,
Aleosan, Banisilan, and Alamada; Second District: Municipalities
of Kidapawan, Makilala, Matalam, Antipas, Mlang, Pres. Roxas
Tulunan, and Magpet.
SULTAN KUDARAT, one (1)
Section 2. The Commission on Elections is hereby empowered to

make minor adjustments of the reapportionment herein made.
104
Section 3. Any province that may hereafter be created, or any city

whose population may hereafter increase to more than two
hundred fifty thousand shall be entitiled in the immediately
following election to at least one Member or such number of
Members as it may be entitled to on the basis of the number of its
inhabitants and according to the standards setforth in paragraph
(3), Section 5 of Article VI of the Constitution. The number of
Members apportioned to the province out of which such new
province was created or where the city, whose population has so
increased, is geographically located shall be correspondingly
adjusted by the Commission on Elections but such adjustment
shall not be made within one hundred and twenty days before the
election.
Section 4. This Ordinance shall be appended to the Constitution

proposed by the 1986 Constitutional Commission, and shall be
submitted to a plebiscite simultaneously with such Constitution,
and shall take effect upon its ratification by a majority of the votes
cast in such plebiscite.
Adopted: October 15, 1986
Cecilia Munoz Palma

President
Attested:
Flerida Ruth P. Romero
Secretary General
RALC 2011
105

The 1987 Philippine Constitution

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1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty

DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State.

Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of

Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the

Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and

Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of

Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.

Section 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In

Section 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest,

Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-

Section 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic

Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent

Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the

Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural

Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of

Section 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental,

Section 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication

Section 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local

Section 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to

Section 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law,

Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property

Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,

Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence

(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding

Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech,

Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of

Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within

Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of

Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the

Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use

Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be

(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or

Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses

Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal

(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed

Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against

Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his

(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a

(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading

Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-

Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of

Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be

Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:

[2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the

[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,

[4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the

Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the

Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain

Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national

Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the

Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Section 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of

Section 2. The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born