RJNR Unit 2 Final

BA(JMC) 207 , Radio Jockeying and News Reading
Radio Jockeying and News

Reading
BA(JMC) 207
Unit 2
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Mr. Mohit Kumar, Assistant Professor, BVICAM U3.1
Syllabus- Unit1
Unit II:
[Writing Skills for Radio]
 Writing for Radio

 News Bulletin: Types and Elements
 News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and
Closing/Conclusion
 Writing and Packaging for Radio Infotainment Programs
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Mr. Mohit Kumar, Assistant Professor, BVICAMU3.2
Writing for Radio
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Mr. Mohit Kumar 1
Writing for Radio

Introduction
• Radio is an attractive medium among the various mass
communication media because of its special
characteristics.
• Radio is a sound medium.
• It has no visuals.
• Therefore, while writing for radio it is important to keep
in mind that we have to create visuals through sounds
only.
Writing for Radio

• Sound includes spoken words, music, sound effects and
silence (pause).
• Including these elements of sound writing for radio
needs some specific skills in such a way which could
easily understood by its audience.
• This can be achieved by using simple familiar words
and expressions as used in daily conversation by the
people.
Writing for Radio

• We will also consider how news can be written for an
audio medium like radio, over which an item is heard
only once; and the listeners do not have the facility to
refer back to a news item, if they have not followed it in
the first instance.
• Radio
R di news mustt b be easily
il understood.
d t d
Writing for Radio

Characteristics of Radio
1. Medium of Sound and Voice

2. Link between Speaker and Listeners
3. Intimate Medium
4. Mobile Medium
5. Quick and Inexpensive Medium
6. Radio is conversational
7. Impact at once
Writing for Radio

Characteristics of Radio
Limitation
8. Depends only on sense of hearing

9. No second chance to listen the programme
10. Radio is a linear medium
Writing for Radio

Fundamental of Writing for Radio
1. Use of spoken language
2. Constraint of space
3. Use of simple words
4. Use of words creating an image in mind
5. Short sentences
6. Limit the words in one item
7. Present tense
Writing for Radio

Fundamental of Writing for Radio
8. Avoid tongue twisters or sound clashes

9. Writing for ear- not for eye
10. Telling Story
11. Writing for mass audience
12. Importance of read and re-read
13. Clarity and organization
News Bulletin: Types and Elements

Introduction
• The News Bulletin has been the traditional format of
presenting radio news.
• The news bulletin covers national and international
news, human-interest stories and sports news, which
generally round off the major bulletins.
• News casting comprises collection, selection, scripting,
editing, production and presentation of news bulletins.
• The News Bulletin is written in crisp, precise, to the point
manner and in simple words.
• Care is taken that the news report is objectively,

accurate, balanced and clear.
• In preparing the news bulletin, command over the
language is a must in order to explain the complex
issues in simple terms to a common listener.
• News Bulletins also contain correspondents' voice
dispatches and excerpts from the statements of leaders
or eminent personalities having news value are included
in the news bulletin.
• These dispatches are 'live' as well as recorded. With the

availability of satellite newsgathering facility, the news
bulletins are able to incorporate more 'live' dispatches
from the field.
• These news bulletins are prepared by the News Service

Division (NSD).

Types of News Bulletins
• Types of news bulletins can be categorized by duration such
as –
1. 15 minute (main news): The 15-minute in morning
(Samachar Prabhat and Morning News), day news (Day
News and Dopahar Samachar) and in evening (Evening
News and Samachar Sandhya) in English and Hindi
respectively, which are broadcast at 8.00 a.m. and 8.15 a.m.
in morning, 2.00 pm and 2.15 pm at mid day and 8:45 p.m. 6
6 and 9.00 p.m. at evening every day. Morning news
includes a commentary and headlines in the day's
newspapers in addition to the news.
2. 10 minute or 5 minute hourly bulletins round-the-clock:

They can be a mix of local, national and international
news, as well as sport, entertainment, weather and
traffic reports, or they may be incorporated into separate
b ll ti
bulletins.
3. 2 minutes news flashes are special bulletins are aired

whenever necessary.

• A 15 minute news bulletin begins with headline, followed
by main news, consisting of three 'bunches' with two
breaks in between and repeat of headlines/main points
at the end.
• A 10 minutes bulletin has one break. There is no break
i a fifive minutes
in i t b bulletin.
ll ti 'B'Bunching'
hi ' means th
the
placement of items and it plays an important role in
making the bulletin lively and interesting.
• The first bunch is generally packed with hard news.
Another type of news bulletins are based on the audience

profile. There are three services –
( ) Home Service,
(a)
(b) Regional Service and
(c) External Service.
(d) Specialized Bulletin.

• Each of these services puts out news bulletins in various
languages.
a) The Home Service in Delhi originates news bulletins in

English and Hindi for broadcast on the national
network.
b) Regional news bulletins are broadcast from regional
centers established at state capitals of India. Some
news bulletins in the regional languages are also
broadcast from Delhi in the respective regions.
c) The External Service Division (ESD) looks after the

news bulletins to be broadcast abroad.
d)) Exclusive dailyy bulletins on sports,

p reports
p on the stock
exchange, and special bulletins during parliament
session, election period or natural calamity or disaster
etc.

Elements of a News Bulletin
• Radio bulletins are usually made up from three types of
material:
1. News Script (Written stories)

2. Voice dispatch (Voice reports from journalists, either
recorded or live)
3. Actuality (Recorded sound of the event).
4. Music

Structuring the News Bulletin
• The start is the most important part of radio bulletin. It
determines whether or not your listeners will stay tuned.
Just as the intro is the most important part of a news
story, the lead item is the most important one in the
b ll ti
bulletin.
• If your listeners find this boring, they will assume that
there is nothing better to come and go out to dig the
garden.
• If you are faced with a choice between two stories of
equal strength for your bulletin lead, choose the story
which is more interesting to a larger audience.

• Generally, home stories are given preference. But if
there is some foreign news, for example the death of a
foreign VIP, overthrow of any foreign government, or a
major air disaster naturally that becomes the lead.
• If your obvious lead story is rather dull, you should write
it in
i such
h a way as to
t add
dd life.
lif
• Keep the sentences short, the ideas clear and simple.
Although you should try to write 12 12 every story well,
you should give special attention to your lead story. This
is the one by which listeners will judge the bulletin.
• Selecting the Headlines

• Body of the bulletin
• Breaks
• Closing stories
• Closing headlines
• Timing of bulletin

Packaging a News Bulletin
• There are many practical techniques which will make

the job of preparing news bulletins easier and more
professional. If you use these techniques, they will help
you to overcome many of the problems which
inexperienced journalists can encounter

• Ranking stories: One of the major problems in bulletin
preparation is ranking the stories in correct order. Just
follow some simple steps.
• First read through all the stories available. Then go
through them again, making three lists (or selecting the
stories
t i on tot three
th piles).
il )
• These categories should be:
1. Important stories which you must use;
2. Stories which you can use, but which are not so
important;
3. Stories which you cannot use, for any reason.

• Then, look at the stories in category one.
• Calculate roughly how much news these will give you (if
each story will be approximately 40 seconds long and
you have four of them, they will take about 2 minutes 40
seconds to read).
• Now choose enough stories from category two to more
than fill the remaining time.
• Together with your essential category one stories,
decide the order in which you want to use them, taking
into account their importance, length and pace.

• You can combine stories on similar topics, either
running them as one story or as two stories linked with
words such as "Meanwhile" or "Still on the subject of ...".
Do not combine too many stories, because they will
become a shapeless mass and you will lose the impact
of separate intros.
intros

• Reading speed: It is very useful to know the reading
speed of the newsreader who will read the bulletin.
Once you know how long it will take you (or the
newsreader) to read one line of type, you can time your
bulletin by counting lines, rather than by timing yourself
each time you practice.
practice
• Reading speed are calculated in words per second
(wps) and usually range from 2 wps for slower readers
in some languages to 3.5 wps for quite rapid readers in
other languages

• The script: Most newsrooms today use computers to
produce news stories and features which newsreaders can
either print out or read directly from a screen in the studio.
• If your newsroom uses printed scripts they must be typed
neatly, with any last-minute changes clearly crossed out. If
you make more than a couple of crossings
crossings-out,
out, re
re-print
print that
script.
• Start a new paragraph for each sentence and type double-
spaced. Type only one story per sheet, as this will make it
easier to find stories if you want to drop or insert them during
the bulletin. Use good quality paper which will not rustle as
you move it.
• Never turn a page from one line to the next and certainly
never hyphenate words from one line to the next.
• Never staple
p the p pages
g of yyour bulletin together.
g You
must be able to pull the sheets aside noiselessly as you
read them. Stack the stories neatly on one side after you
have read them; do not throw them on the floor.

• Even if you read “off the screen”, much of the above
advice still holds though the challenge now is how to
manage the scrolling of the script and the re-
arrangement of stories while you read. As mentioned
earlier, television newsreaders usually read from an
autocue operated by another member of the production
staff. Radio newsreaders seldom have such help so
have to present their bulletins single-handed
• Whether you work in radio and television, if your news
stories and bulletins are well prepared in an orderly
manner, you will make your work easier and serve your
audience more effectively.
News writing: Opening, Headlines,

Body and Closing/Conclusion
News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and Closing/Conclusion
Introduction
• News writing is done with a view to providing
information that is correct, objective, fair, balanced,
accurate, precise, and to the point.
• The news writing skill can be acquired by dint of hard
work, dedication, understanding, sustained and
prolonged practice over a period of time.
• For being successful, a news writer must have a nose
for news, besides being equipped with qualities of head
and heart
Introduction
• In order to do effective news writing, one should be
particularly skilled and discriminative at keenly observing,
hearing and seeing things, events, and people, keeping
notes and making mental record finding information sources.
• It also involves asking relevant questions; checking,checking
crosschecking, and double checking information.
• It requires the capability of fairly and impartially analyzing
and interpreting information so collected. For news writing,
one has to inculcate a strict discipline of writing in the
required style, with a view to conveying maximum
information using minimum words.
Process of News Writing

• All news items received from its’ own reporters,
correspondents, monitoring service and from news
agencies pour into the News Service Division (NSD).
• The AIR News Room in New Delhi feeds news for
some 146 Home and External news bulletins. How is
that done ensuring uniformity and speed? To meet this
requirement, AIR has introduced a system of what is
called "News-Pool", which is prepared in English.

• All incoming news, after editing, is put into the pool
which is split into news categories such as Home,
Foreign, Parliament and Sports.
• Inclusion of an item in the pool means: (a) the news
which is broadcast worthy, (b) it has already been
written in broadcast style and (c) any linkages and back-
grounding required has been done.

• The entire pool copy is distributed among all editors
compiling different bulletins. The editors preparing the
pool copy also look after the important developing
stories and constantly go on revising and updating
th
them. Th also
They l prepare round d ups off important
i t t events
t
and happenings such as riots, floods, disturbances, and
whatever is in the news.

• The news room has four shifts during a day and each
shift issues its own pool copy, during morning, day time,
evening and night. Compiling editors working on the
language bulletins look after a group of bulletins like
regional
i l languages
l off East
E t andd South
S th India.
I di Similarly,
Si il l
the external bulletins are also combined.
• The compiling editors further select and prune the news
items, keeping in view the duration of each bulletin and
the interest of the target audience. They prepare the
bulletins and together with the headlines, send them to
the Language Units and the External Services Units
where they are translated and put out in their language

• The news room has four shifts during a day and each
shift issues its own pool copy, during morning, day time,
evening and night. Compiling editors working on the
language bulletins look after a group of bulletins like
regional
i l languages
l off East
E t andd South
S th India.
I di Similarly,
Si il l
the external bulletins are also combined.

• The compiling editors further select and prune the news
items, keeping in view the duration of each bulletin and
the interest of the target audience. They prepare the
bulletins and together with the headlines, send them to
th Language
the L U it and
Units d the
th External
E t l Services
S i U it
Units
where they are translated and put out in their language

• Translation of news stories in different languages should
not be mere transliteration. These should be re-written
keeping in view the direction, style and flow of the
language into which the translation is done. Also the
f
formatt off the
th language
l b ll ti should
bulletins h ld beb different.
diff t For
F
instance, Ganesh Puja needs prominent place in
Marathi Bulleting and Durga Puja in Bengali.

• After preparing the news stories, the editor has to
decide which items apart from the lead story are to be
headlined. There is only one criterion – which items will
interest the largest number of listeners. Headline them
andd that
th t will
ill ensure a good
d audience
di f you.
for
• Headlines should be brief. As a rule, they are repeated
because quite often many listeners tune in late and only
from the repeat headlines do they know the important
news of the day.
Structure of a Radio News Story

• Like newspaper radio news story also follow the
inverted pyramid style of news writing. In news writing
the lead, or the climax, comes first, then other elements
of the story in diminishing order of importance. While
d fti
drafting an item,
it read
d andd re-read
d it to
t find
fi d outt what
h t is
i
the news in it? And that is your lead or intro of the story.
Once you have located the intro, rest of the item takes
shape quickly. Leave optional points towards the end of
the story so that if your editors are running out of time,
they can delete these without any difficulty.
Structure of a Radio News Story

• Headline: A headline is normally a brief summary of the main
points of the story and must be completed within a line comprising
word not more than 48 in any way.
• Body: This is the detailed version of the news item. This part of
the news storyy mayy contain an actuality, y, voicer or wrap p
depending upon the requirement of the news item.
• Details: While penning down the body of the news story a news
writer must not forget to include any important point of the news
item. All the details must be arranged in the body.
• Paragraphs: If the news item is lengthy then the story must be
written in paragraphs. In this way the newscaster will be at ease
while reading out the news item.
Guidelines before writing a News Story

• After receiving the news items from various sources, writing
of a news story is a highly professional work. A new comer
needs a lot of practice over it. However, while writing a news
story following guidelines can be keep in mind
1. Cross check the fact
2. Add perspective
3. Sensational language/loaded words
4. Brevity while editing news story
Guidelines before writing a News Story
5. Attribution of Sources
6. Titles and Names
7. Short and Direct Sentence
8. Avoid Technical and unfamiliar words
9. Avoid Sound clashes words or sentences
Importance of Re-writing and Reading Aloud

• Carefully reading out loud will catch errors and point out sloppy
writing. This emphasis on “hear” copy has been carried to its
ultimate by the news services. It should be a thumb rule that any
copy received from the any wire agency, news agency or outside
must be considered as raw material from which the reporter
tailors a story to fit broadcast needs.
• If deadline and small newsroom staffs make it impossible to
rewrite all of the wire copy, an attempt must be made to at least
pre-read the material before going to the air to make sure it
makes sense when readout loud.

Rewriting help a news operation out-perform its competition:
1. It gives station a different sound, and gives a new version.
2. It gives the opportunity to correct mistakes the wire service may have
made.
3. It allows to up-date stories, placing the most recent development in the
lead.
4. It gives the chance to consolidate various items under one
comprehensive lead.
5. Generally radio news is broadcast from a radio station number of times
many times hourly or sometimes more in a 24 hour day. Some of the
items may fresh and rest of the items may carry-over from earlier
reports. Therefore, rewriting keeps freshness in old copy.

• It takes a skilled writer to rewrite a news item without distorting the
essence of the story.
• The writer must be able to take a story and dig up an angle or a new
twist that makes the story different than the one aired the previous
hour.
• When you begin to rewrite an earlier story there are a number of
points that you should emphasize in your new version:
1. New information not available when the first story was presented.
2. Causes and details not includes in the first report.
3. Results and consequences of the first story.
4. Opinions about the event
5. The significance of the event in light of local development.
• Latest developments surrounding the event should

always be emphasized in the lead. And since radio
specializes in what is happening ‘now’, the best lead in
a rewrite is a present or future tense slant.

• While rewriting a copy writer must ask a number of questions before
starting:
1. In the case of stories appearing in media outside the local area, is
there a local angle that can be played up?
2. Are there any y other news stories that can be combined with the
story to give an overall view of the event?
3. Failing the availability of other similar stories, can a comprehensive
lead be written which will tie this report to others?
4. Did the original play up the real feature or is it buried some place in
the article?
5. Is the original written in such a manner that it will be of interest to
our audience?
Preparation of News Copy

• While writing a radio news copy, the style book of the
broadcasting station needs to be followed. Broadcast
organizations all over the world have their own style rules for their
copy. Style rules help the editors in producing a copy, which has
consistency and reflects the style and values of the organization
• Headlines: In a radio bulletin, the number of headlines is
generally restricted to five for a fifteen minutes’ bulletin and four
for a ten minutes’ bulletin. Headlines should be crisp, concise to
the point and always backup the story. A good story can be killed
by a dull and vague headline. Basically, a good headline should
tell the listener what the story is about, provide the information in
quick and easy form and, persuade the listener to listen to the
full story.

• Length of a news story: The length of a story is important in
radio news. Ideally, a story should not generally be more than
hundred words, however, stories like parliamentary news, policy
statements, political crisis and election news can be a few
exceptions. The most relevant and interesting part of the story
should constitute the lead sentence. Efforts are made not to
cramp too much information in one item. If the item is too long
and complicated the interest of listener may begins to fade. As a
news reporter you should ensure that the listener is not
bombarded with difficult and long expressions which may lead to
switching off the radio set

Number and Dates: While including Number and Dates, the
following steps should be taken into consideration:
• Numbers from 1 to 11 should always be spelt (one, two, three...

nine); otherwise they may get lost in the copy.
copy However,
However numerals
from 12 to 999 can remain as it is, as they are easy to read.
Thousands, lakhs and crores should be spelt out.
• In case of financial figures, the currency should follow the figure,

say, ten crore rupees and not the other way, rupees ten crores.

• Figures like 990 can be rounded off to 'about one thousand'.
Exception to this rule: When the story doesn’t exist without the
exact numbers. e.g. “Gas prices will rise to two rupees and
eighty-five paisa by next month, an increase of more than…”
Dates should be written as they are read, 'the sixth of January',
and year should always be written in full 1994, 1997 and not '94,
'97 etc

Honorifics: In radio, honorifics are also used with great care.
• Mr., Mrs. and Miss are used in English and Shri, Shrimati and
Kumari in Hindi and other Indian languages.
• The designation always precedes the name. It is correct to say

'President Mukherjee', or 'The President, Mr. Mukherjee', but
never ‘Mr. Mukherjee, President'.

• Some names carry the surname first and do not require Mr. or
Mrs., 'Sheikh Abdullah', 'Maulana Azad', 'Mir Qasim'. Honorifics
like, 'His Majesty', 'His Holiness', or 'His Excellency' are not used.
• Officers of the defence services are identified by their rank before

their names and Judges as 'Mr. Justice'.
• Dead persons are mentioned without any honorific 'Jawahar Lal

Nehru', 'Lal Bahadur Shastri', 'Rajiv Gandhi' rather than 'Late. ..
...'

• Abbreviations and Acronyms: Abbreviations are normally
avoided and a word should be written the way one wants it to be
used. Acronyms like UNESCO, SAARC, NAM, which are familiar
to listeners and pronounced as a word are acceptable. If one has
to use an abbreviation, the best way is to spell out the full name,
"The World Trade Organization", and then W-T-0, so that listener
easily relates with it.
• Some acronyms are common enough that they probably don’t
need to be written out. E.g. PTI, “P-T-I news agency” or “C-B-I”
But you should put a dash between each letter.
• Indicate proper pronunciation of difficult words or names in
brackets e.g. “IFFCO” [ephco]
Editing of a Radio News Copy
A good editor should have the skill, knowledge and

experience to produce a good copy.
The task of a radio editor requires:
q
• Checking and correcting all errors related to facts and
expressions in the copy; condensing the copy by
eliminating unnecessary verbiage and;
• Clarifying by rewriting the material and make it confirm
to the spoken-word style
Checking the Copy: First of all you must satisfy with

the newsworthiness of the copy. If a story does not
make sense to you, it cannot make sense to the listener.
This simple rule is often forgotten. The story must
answer all questions that might arise in the listener's
mind. You should check and double check all the facts,
because once a wrong news items has been broadcast,
there is no way to retrieve the item. Reference material
and library should be used whenever required.
Clarifying: Editing works on the premise that there is

always room for improvement in any story. A second
critical eye can always help in making a story better.
The editor must answer the following questions in order
to improve the story:
• Has the story been written in a simple conversational
style?
• Does it include all the important and interesting points?
• Is the story easy on the ears and conveys the meaning

clearly?
• Will the listener be able to understand the storyy if s/he
has not heard the previous bulletin?
• Is there any point left to the imagination of the listener?
• Is there any scope to trim the story further without losing
any important points?

Condensing: We have already stated that time is the biggest
constraint in a radio bulletin. A good editor always insists on
simplicity and brevity. As a beginner, you should first understand
the story, than cut out whatever is irrelevant. The aim should be
to produce a compact copy, which cannot be trimmed or edited
any further. Words or phrases that might not be needed in the
story should be edited. Repetition of names and designations
should be avoided. Editing becomes a second habit with
experienced editors whose pen is often drawn magnetically to
superfluous words and phrases. However, there are times when a
brief story may need some flesh and background details have to
be added.
Preparation of a News Bulletin
Once the story is rewritten and edited, it is put in the

pool, indicating the pool’s number, date and shift. For
example, during the day shift, the number can be DP I
for home stories and DP II for foreign based items.
Here, DP means Day Pool. During Parliament session
and elections, separate Parliament Pool and Election
Pool are made. These stories are numbered as DPP
(Day Parliament Pool) and DEP (Day Election Pool).
While compiling the bulletin, the pool copies can be
further edited and integrated with other stories
These news items need to be arranged in a bulletin.

The structure of ten minutes News Bulletin is as
indicated below:
• Headlines
• A break midway, where the news reader identifies the
station
• Repeat of headlines/recap of major news items.
The position of an item in the bulletin depends upon its

news value; the lead story should be of prime interest to
most listeners. The order of news is a matter of
judgment under the theory that a listener wants to hear
all the top news first. There is no need to follow
mechanically an order of foreign and home items,
although related items should be taken together.
Transition from one item to another item should be
intelligently done to keep the listener tuned from start to
finish.
Typing a Broadcast Copy
The broadcast copy should be typed in triple space as

this is easy on the eye, readable and allows room for
corrections. Also, use a large enough font for easy
reading 12 point minimum.
Ideally, there should be about ten words per line. The
length of lines should be consistent, so that by counting
the lines at the time to read a story can be determined.

Generally, only one story should be typed on one page.
However, connected stories, which have to go together,
may be typed in one page. In order to facilitate smooth
reading of a bulletin some care needs to be taken while
t i the
typing th broadcast
b d t copy:
• A sentence should never be split at the end of the page
• If a complete sentence does not fit on a page, the whole
sentence should be typed on the next page
• Efforts should be made not to split words at the end of a
line

• The spellings should be double-checked as wrong
spellings could affect the flow of a bulletin.
• Many a time, some corrections need to be made in the
copy at the last minute. Such corrections must be typed
or written in capitals - exactly when they are supposed
to be read.
• The News Reader must be shown these corrections in
advance, so that s/he rehearses them and don’t fumble
while going on the air.
Thank You
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Mr. Mohit Kumar, Assistant Professor, BVICAM U3.71

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BA(JMC) 207 , Radio Jockeying and News Reading

Radio Jockeying and News

 Writing for Radio

Writing for Radio

Writing for Radio

Writing for Radio

Writing for Radio

Writing for Radio

1. Medium of Sound and Voice

Writing for Radio

8. Depends only on sense of hearing

Writing for Radio

Writing for Radio

8. Avoid tongue twisters or sound clashes

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

• Care is taken that the news report is objectively,

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

• These dispatches are 'live' as well as recorded. With the

• These news bulletins are prepared by the News Service

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

2. 10 minute or 5 minute hourly bulletins round-the-clock:

3. 2 minutes news flashes are special bulletins are aired

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

Another type of news bulletins are based on the audience

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

a) The Home Service in Delhi originates news bulletins in

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

c) The External Service Division (ESD) looks after the

d)) Exclusive dailyy bulletins on sports,

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

1. News Script (Written stories)

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

• Selecting the Headlines

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

• There are many practical techniques which will make

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News Bulletin: Types and Elements

News writing: Opening, Headlines,

News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and Closing/Conclusion

News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and Closing/Conclusion

News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and Closing/Conclusion

Process of News Writing

News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and Closing/Conclusion

Process of News Writing

News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and Closing/Conclusion

Process of News Writing

News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and Closing/Conclusion

Process of News Writing

News writing: Opening, Headlines, Body and Closing/Conclusion