NNS_SMKBTR22

2.2
HOMOLOGOUS
SERIES
SIRI HOMOLOG
Nadiah Sharif,
SMK Bandar Tun Razak

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Learning Standards
Standard Pembelajaran
Pupils are able to / Murid boleh:

2.2.1 Explain homologous series.

Menerangkan siri homolog.

2.2.2 Construct molecular formulae and structural formulae, and name the members of the homologous
series.
Membina formula molekul dan formula struktur dan menamakan ahli siri homolog.

2.2.3 Describe physical properties of the compounds in a homologous series.

Menghuraikan sifat fizik untuk sebatian dalam sesuatu siri homolog.

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What is
homologous
series?
Apakah siri homolog?

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Homologous Series
Siri Homolog
In order to study the physical
properties and chemical reactions of
organic compounds, they are
classified into groups of compounds
called the homologous series.

Untuk mengkaji sifat fizik dan tindak balas

kimia, sebatian organik dikelaskan kepada
kumpulan sebatian-sebatian yang dipanggil
siri homolog.

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Characteristic of Homologous Series

Ciri-Ciri Siri Homolog

i The same general formula.

ii The same functional group.

Consecutive members differ by one carbon atom

iii and two hydrogen atoms (CH2 or relative molecular
mass = 14).

Physical properties that gradually change from

iv
one member to the next.

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The homologous series that will be learned in this topic

Siri homolog yang akan dipelajari
Homologous General formula Functional group Name of functional Type of organic
series group compound
Alkane Single bond between Saturated
carbon atoms hydrocarbon
Alkene Double bond between Unsaturated
carbon atoms hydrocarbon
Alkyne Triple bond between Unsaturated
carbon atoms hydrocarbon
Alcohol Hydroxyl Non
hydrocarbon
Carboxylic Carboxyl Non
acid hydrocarbon
Ester Carboxylate Non
hydrocarbon

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Molecular Formula & Structural Formula

Formula Molekul & Formula Struktur

• The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the type and actual number of
atoms of each element in a molecule.
Formula molekul ialah formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom bagi unsur yang terdapat
dalam suatu molekul.

• The structural formula shows the type of bond and how the atoms in a molecule are
bonded to each other.
Formula struktur menunjukkan jenis ikatan dan cara atom-atom dalam suatu molekul terikat antara satu
sama lain.

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Molecular Formula & Structural Formula

Formula Molekul & Formula Struktur

• Example/Contoh:

Molecular formula of Electron arrangement in Structural formula of

methane methane methane
Formula molekul metana Susunan elektron dalam Formula struktur metana
molekul metana

H H

H C H
H C H
H Represents one
pair of electrons
H shared to form a
single covalent
bond.

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Nomenclature of Homologous Series Members

Penamaan Ahli-ahli Siri Homolog

• The names of the members of each homologous series in a straight chain, according to
the IUPAC nomenclature, consist of two components which are:
Nama ahli setiap siri homolog yang berantai lurus mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC terdiri daripada dua komponen,
iaitu:

Root name Suffix

Nama induk Akhiran

Represents the number of carbon atoms in the Represents the homologous series.
longest chain. Mewakili siri homolog.
Mewakili bilangan atom karbon pada rantai paling
panjang.

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Nomenclature of Homologous Series Members

Penamaan Ahli-ahli Siri Homolog

• Table 2.4 shows the root name of the members of homologous series according to the
number of carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain.
Jadual 2.4 menunjukkan nama induk ahli siri homolog mengikut bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon paling
panjang.

Number of carbon atom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Bilangan karbon
Root name Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec
Nama Induk Met Et Prop But Pent Heks Hept Okt Non Dek

• Table 2.5 shows the suffix of homologous series members

Jadual 2.5 menunjukkan nama akhiran ahli siri homolog.

Homologous series Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester

Siri homolog Alkana Alkena Alkuna Alkohol Asid karboksilik Ester
Suffix “ane” “ene” “yne” “ol” “oic” “oate”
Akhiran “ana” “ena” “una” “ol” “oik” “oat”
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Nomenclature of Homologous Series Members

Penamaan Ahli-ahli Siri Homolog
Number of carbon atom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bilangan karbon
Root name Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec
Nama Induk Met Et Prop But Pent Heks Hept Okt Non Dek

Homologous series Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester

Siri homolog Alkana Alkena Alkuna Alkohol Asid karboksilik Ester
Suffix “ane” “ene” “yne” “ol” “oic” “oate”
Akhiran “ana” “ena” “una” “ol” “oik” “oat”

Example: Write the molecular formula and the name of an alkane with three carbon atoms. When n = 3.
Contoh: Tuliskan formula molekul dan nama bagi alkana dengan tiga atom karbon. Apabila n = 3.

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ALKANE
ALKANA
• Saturated hydrocarbon: The presence of a single covalent bond between carbon atoms.
Hidrokarbon Tepu: Wujud ikatan kovalen tunggal antara atom karbon.

• Functional Group: A single covalent bond between carbon atoms,

Kumpulan Berfungsi: Ikatan kovalen tunggal antara atom karbon,

• General formula:
Formula Am:

The thin waxy layer on Butane gas, 𝐶4 𝐻10 used Structural formula of Model of 𝐶𝐻4
fruits is an alkane for cooking is an alkane 𝐶𝐻4 molecule
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ALKENE
ALKENA
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: The presence of double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Hidrokarbon Tak Tepu: Wujud ikatan kovalen ganda dua antara atom karbon.

• Functional Group: Double bond between carbon atoms,

Kumpulan Berfungsi: Ikatan ganda dua antara atom karbon,

• General formula:
Formula Am:

Fruits produce ethene

gas, 𝐶2 𝐻4 naturally,
causing them to ripen.
Ethene gas, 𝐶2 𝐻4 is a
member of the alkene
homologous series.
Structural formula of Model of 𝐶2 𝐻4
𝐶2 𝐻4 molecule
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ALKYNE
ALKUNA
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: The presence of triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Hidrokarbon Tak Tepu: Wujud ikatan kovalen ganda tiga antara atom karbon.

• Functional Group: Triple bond between carbon atoms,

Kumpulan Berfungsi: Ikatan ganda tiga antara atom karbon,

• General formula:
Formula Am:

Ethyne gas, 𝐶2 𝐻2 that

is used for cutting
metal. Ethyne, 𝐶2 𝐻2 is
a member of the
alkyne homologous
series.
Structural formula of Model of 𝐶2 𝐻2
𝐶2 𝐻2 molecule
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ALCOHOL
ALKOHOL
• Non Hydrocarbon: Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Bukan Hidrokarbon: Mengandungi atom karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen.

• Functional Group: Hydroxyl group,

Kumpulan Berfungsi: Kumpulan hidroksil,

• General formula:
Formula Am:

Structural formula of Model of 𝐶3 𝐻7 𝑂𝐻

Antiseptic Perfume Solvent Fuel
𝐶3 𝐻7 𝑂𝐻 molecule
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CARBOXYLIC ACID
ASID KARBOSILIK
• Non Hydrocarbon: Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Bukan Hidrokarbon: Mengandungi atom karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen.

• Functional Group: Carboxyl group,

Kumpulan Berfungsi: Kumpulan karboksil,

• General formula:
Formula Am:

Ant bites that cause

pain contain
methanoic acid,
𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 or formic acid.
Vinegar contains
ethanoic acid,
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, which is also
known as acetic acid. Structural formula of Model of 𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 molecule
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