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    Chapter 1

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    ellina safian
    This chapter introduces organic chemistry and its key concepts. [1] It describes the characteristic features of organic compounds including their ability to form multiple bonds using carbon and their tendency to catenate. [2] The chapter defines important organic chemistry terms like hydrocarbons, isomers, electrophiles, nucleophiles and Lewis acids and bases. [3] It also discusses different types of isomerism including structural, geometrical and optical isomerism.

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    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    ellina safian
    34 views34 pages
    This chapter introduces organic chemistry and its key concepts. [1] It describes the characteristic features of organic compounds including their ability to form multiple bonds using carbon and their tendency to catenate. [2] The chapter defines important organic chemistry terms like hydrocarbons, isomers, electrophiles, nucleophiles and Lewis acids and bases. [3] It also discusses different types of isomerism including structural, geometrical and optical isomerism.

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    This chapter introduces organic chemistry and its key concepts. [1] It describes the characteristic features of organic compounds including their ability to form multiple bonds using carbon and their tendency to catenate. [2] The chapter defines important organic chemistry terms like hydrocarbons, isomers, electrophiles, nucleophiles and Lewis acids and bases. [3] It also discusses different types of isomerism including structural, geometrical and optical isomerism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    34 views34 pages

    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    ellina safian
    This chapter introduces organic chemistry and its key concepts. [1] It describes the characteristic features of organic compounds including their ability to form multiple bonds using carbon and their tendency to catenate. [2] The chapter defines important organic chemistry terms like hydrocarbons, isomers, electrophiles, nucleophiles and Lewis acids and bases. [3] It also discusses different types of isomerism including structural, geometrical and optical isomerism.

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    of 34

    CHM258

    CHAPTER 1
    INTRODUCTION TO
    ORGANIC
    CHEMISTRY
    LESSON OUTCOMES

    In the end of this chapter, student should be able to :


    1. Explain the characteristic features of organic compounds
    2. Write the chemical formula using full structural formula, condensed structural
    formula and skeletal formula.
    3. Define organic chemistry terms: hydrocarbon, isomers, electrophiles, nucleophiles,
    Lewis base or acid.
    4. Differentiate the isomerism type such as structural isomerism, geometrical
    isomerism and optical isomerism.
    5. Identify the functional group and homologous series.
    6. Physical properties : solubility and boiling point
    LESSON OUTLINES

    Introduction
    1.1 Characteristics features of organic compounds
     Valance Bond Theory
     Chemical formula: Molecular formula and structural formula
    1.2 Definition: Hydrocarbon, Isomer, Electrophiles, Nucleophiles, Lewis acids and Lewis bases
    1.3 Isomerism
     Structural isomerism, Geometrical isomerism and Optical isomerism
    1.4 Homologous series
    1.5 Physical properties
    1.1 INTRODUCTION

     Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON-containing compounds in living


    organisms and non-living organisms.
     Other elements which is commonly presented in organic substances are
    hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), halogens (Cl, Br, F) & nitrogen (N).
     Over 10 million of organic compounds have been identified.
     Animals, plants & other form of life consists of organic compounds – nucleic
    acids, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, enzymes, vitamins & hormones.
     Source:
     Living : Carbohydrates, collagen, fats, proteins, vitamins
     Non-Living : Crudes oil or coal
    1.2 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF
    ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

    CARBON

    Form multiple bond


    - single, double & triple

    Form four covalent


    Ability to catenate
    bond
    - Stable bonding - 1s222s222p22
     Valence Bond Theory

     A covalent bonds forms when two atoms approach each other closely and a
    singly occupied orbital on one atom overlaps a singly occupied orbital on the
    other atom.
     The electrons are now paired in the overlapping orbitals and are attracted to
    the nuclei of both atoms and bonding the atoms together.
     Example: H2 molecule
    Continue…

    Sigma bond (σ) Pi bond (π)


     2 atomic orbital overlap  2 p orbital overlap
     End to end overlap  Side by side overlap
     Chemical Formula

    Chemical form ula

    General formula Structural formula

    Molecular formula Empirical formula Expanded Condensed Skeletal


     General formula

     Represent the members in homologous series.


     Example: Alkanes: CnH2n+2, n=no. of carbon atoms
     Two types : molecular and empirical formula

    Molecular formula Empirical formula


    - Simplest ratio number of
    - Actual number of atoms of
    EXAMPLE : atoms of each element in a
    GLUCOSE each element in a molecule.
    molecule.
    - C6H12O6
    - CH2O
     Structural formula

    Structural formula

    Expanded Condensed Skeletal


     Expanded structure

     Shows every atom and type of covalent bond in the molecule.


     Example:

    Ethane: But-2-ene: Ethanol:


     Condensed structure

    Eg:
    CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3
    CH2(OH)CH2CH3
    C-C &C-H :
    not shown
    C=C or CΞC : are shown.

    Eg: Eg:
    CH3CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)4CH3
    CH2=CHCH3
    CH3CH2CH2OH
     Skeletal structure

     Do not show carbon and hydrogen atoms or C-H bonds unless they are part of a
    functional group.
     single bonds are indicated with a single line, double bonds with double lines and
    triple bonds with triple lines.
     the ends of the lines and corners between lines indicate the presence of a
    carbon atom.

    Hexane : CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 2-methyl hexane : CH3CH2(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3


    1.3 DEFINITION of TERMS

    Hydrocarb
    Isomer
    on

    Electrophil Nucleophil
     Hydrocarbon and Isomer

     Hydrocarbon
     anycompound that contain carbon and
    hydrogen only
     Isomer
     compound that have same molecular formula
    but different arrangement of atom
     Electrophiles Vs. Nucleophiles

    Electrophiles Nucleophiles
    Substance that is electron-loving or Substance that is nucleus-loving or nucleus
    electron seeking seeking
    Electron poor atom and can form a bond by Electron rich atom and can form a bond by
    accepting a pair of electrons from donating a pair of electrons to an
    nucleophiles electrophiles
    Either neutral or positively charged Either neutral or negatively charged
    Usually Lewis Acids Usually is a Lewis base
    Example…
     Lewis Acid Vs. Lewis Base

     Lewis acid: any species that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond
     Lewis base: any species that donates an electron pair to form a new covalent bond
    1.4 ISOMERISM
     STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
     GEOMETRICAL ISOMER /
    DIASTREOISOMERISM

     Form cis-trans isomers. Cis-isomer has the


    same atom or
    group on the same
    side

    Trans-isomer has
    the same atom or
    group on the
    opposite side.
     OPTICAL ISOMER/ ENANTIOMERS

     A pair of stereoisomers with structure that are mirror images of each other but
    non superimposable.
     Observed in molecules with one or more chiral carbons.
     **chiral carbons : carbon that has four different atoms or groups bonded to it.

    Max. no of stereoisomers is 2n,


    n : is the number of chiral carbon
    Example…
    Exercise

     Identify the chiral carbon in below structure


    Answer
    1.5 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

     Functional Group
     Atoms, group of atoms or bond that determine the chemical properties of
    organic compounds.
     Homologous Series
     Group of compounds with the same functional groups.
     Member of homologous series are called homologs.
     Homologs have similar chemical properties & may be prepared by similar
    chemical methods.
    Continue…
    Continue…
    CONTINUE…
    1.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

    Solubility Boiling Point


    → insoluble in water Increase if
    → soluble in non-polar →high carbon number
    solvent →Less branch
     SOLUBILITY

     Soluble in non-polar solvents such as benzene and weak non-polar


    organic solvents such as dimethyl ether (CH3-O-CH3).
     Insoluble in water:
     hydrocarbon are non-polar and do not form hydrogen bonds
    with water molecules.
     described as ‘hydrophobic’ (water hating).
     BOILING POINT

     Physical states (at room temperature)

     C1 until C4 : gases
     C5 until C18 : liquids
     above C18 : solids
     Boiling points of straight chain alkanes increase steadily with
    relative molecular mass
     due to increasing forces of attraction between molecules.
     * A larger molecule, with greater surface area and greater van
    der Waals attractions, boils at higher temperature *
    CONTINUE…

    → Effect of branching on boiling point

     Hydrocarbon with same number of carbon:


     Branched chain: lower BP (more volatile)
     Straight chain: higher BP

     Reason: The branched chain compound


     more compact (nearly spherical),
     have smaller surface area,
     smaller van der Waals forces of attraction and at lower temperature.
    THE END….

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