HIGH RISE Structural System

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
UNIT - IV
HIGH RISE STRUCTURES
FAHAD HALEEM KHAN

STUDIO 4-B
1900102271
What are high rise buildings?
High rise is defined differently by different bodies. Emporis standards- “a multi-story
structure between 35- 100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors is
termed as high rise. The international conference on fire safety – "any structure where the
height can have a serious impact on evacuation“ massachusetts, united states general laws – a
high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m). Building code of hyderabad,india- a high-rise
building is one with four floors or more, or one 15 meters or more in height. National
building code (part 4) – fire and life safety all buildings 15m and above in height shall be
considered as high rise buildings.
Classification of tall building structural systems

It can be classified based on the structural material used such as concrete or steel. Structural
systems of tall buildings can also be divided into two broad categories:
 Interior structures
 Exterior strucures
This classification is based on the distribution of the components of the primary lateral load-
resisting system over the building. A system is categorized as an interior structure when the
major part of the lateral load resisting system is located within the interior of the building.
Likewise, if the major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at the building
perimeter, a system is categorized as an exterior structure. It should be noted, however, that
any interior structure is likely to have some minor components of the lateral load-resisting
system at the building perimeter, and any exterior structure may have some minor
components within the interior of the building.
Interior structural system

 Rigid frame - a rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting skeleton
constructed with straight or curved members interconnected by mostly rigid
connections which resist movements induced at the joints of members. Its members
can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads. Consist of columns and girders
joined by moment resistant connections. Can build upto 20 to 25 floors
 Shear wall structure - concrete or masonry continuous vertical walls may serve both
architecturally partitions and structurally to carry gravity and lateral loading. Very
high in plane stiffness and strength make them ideally suited for bracing tall building.
Usually built as the core of the building . Can build upto 35 floors seagram building
shear wall core.
Exterior structures
 Tube system - the tube system concept is based on the idea that a building can be
designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to
the ground. In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior
consists of closely spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams
through moment connections. This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid
frame that amounts to a dense and strong structural wall along the exterior of the
building.
o The different tubular systems are-
 Framed tube
 Braced tube
 Bundled tube
 Tube in tube
Super frame structures-

Superframe structures can create ultra high-rise buildings upto 160 floors.
Superframes or megaframes assume the form of a portal which is provided on the exterior of
a building.
The frames resist all wind forces as an exterior tubular structure. The portal frame of the
superframe is composed of vertical legs in each corner of the building which are linked by
horizontal elements at about every 12 to 14 floors.
Since the vertical elements are concentrated in the corner areas of the building, maximum
efficiency is obtained for resisting wind forces.
Wind analysis –
A rcc circled structure is a social gathering of areas, bars, fragments, and foundations
interconnecte d to one another to form a unit. The pile move s in a particular manner are to
the construction, occurs from the lumps to the colu mns, from the beams sections (slabs) ,
fina and a while later to the lower lly to the foundation( from it passes to earth core) restricted
construction building is 10 to 12 percent mo . The floor area of a r.c.c re than that of a pile
bearing walled developing. Strong advancement is possible with r.c.c enclosed constructions
and they can go against vibrations, wind loads, shudder and dazes more effectively than
loadbearing walled structures. The speed of advancem ent for rcc surrounded constructions is
progressively quick compared to load bearing structure .
(a) elevation
(b) plan figure
Types of high-rise buildings structural systems
Braced frame -
• Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting laterals loads primarily
diagonal members that together with the girders, form the “web” of the vertical truss,
with the columns acting as the “chords’’.
• Bracing members eliminate bending in beams and columns.
• It is used in steel construction
• This system is suitable for multistory building in the low to mid height range.
• Efficient and economical for enhancing the lateral stiffness and resistance of rigid
frame system.
Rigid frame –
• In rigid frame structure, beams and columns are constructed monolithically to
withstand moments imposed due to loads.
• The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends on the bending stiffness of the columns,
girders and connections in-plane
• It is suitable for reinforced concrete buildings.
• It may be used in steel construction as well, but the connections will be costly.
• One of the advantages of rigid frames is the likelihood of planning and fitting of
windows due to open rectangular arrangement.
• Members of rigid frame system withstand bending moment, shear force, and axial
loads.
• 20 to 25 storey buildings can be constructed using rigid frame system.
Wall frame structures –

• It consists of wall and frame that interact horizontally to provide stronger and stiffer
system.
• The walls are usually solid (not perforated by openings) and they can be found around
the stairwells, elevator shafts, and/or at the perimeter of the building.
• The walls may have a positive effect on the performance of the frames such as by
preventing a soft storey collapse.
• Wall-frame system suitable for buildings with storey number ranges from 40-60
storey which is greater than that of shear or rigid frame separately.
• Braced frames and steel rigid frames provide similar advantages of horizontal
interaction.
Shear wall –
• It is a continuous vertical wall constructed from reinforced concrete or masonry wall.
• Shear walls withstand both gravity and lateral loads, and it acts as narrow deep
cantilever beam.
• Commonly, constructed as a core of buildings
• It is highly suitable for bracing tall buildings either reinforced concrete or steel
structure. This because shear walls have substantial in plane stiffness and strength.
• Shear wall system is appropriate for hotel and residential buildings where the floor-by
floor repetitive planning allows the walls to be vertically continuous.
• It may serve as excellent acoustic and fire insulators between rooms and apartments.
Core and outrigger structural system

• Outrigger are rigid horizontal structures designed to improve building overturning
stiffness and strength by connecting the core or spine to closely spaced outer columns
• The central core contains shear walls or braced frames.
• Outrigger systems functions by tying together two structural systems (core system and
a perimeter system), and render the building to behave nearly as composite cantilever.
• The outriggers are in form of walls in reinforced concrete building and trusses in steel
structures.
• Multilevel outrigger systems can provide up to five times the moment resistance of a
single outrigger system.
• Practically, outrigger systems used for buildings up to 70 stories. Nonetheless, it can
be used for higher buildings.
Infilled frame structural system

• Infilled frame structure system consists of beam and column framework that some of
the bays infilled with masonry, reinforced concrete, or block walls.
• Infill walls can be part-height or completely fill the frame.
• The walls may or may not be connected to the formwork.
• Great in plan stiffness and strength of the walls prevent bending of beams and
columns under horizontal loads. As a result, frame structural performance will be
improved.
• During an earthquake, diagonal compression struts form in the infills so the structure
behaves more like a braced frame rather than a moment frame.
• It can build up to 30 storey buildings.
Flat plate -
• This system consists of slabs (flat or plate) connected to columns (without the use of
beams).
• Flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform
thickness, the simplest of structural shapes.
• The flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that includes either drop panels
or column capitals at columns to resist heavier loads and thus permit longer spans.
• Lateral resistance depends on the flexural stiffness of the components and their
connections, with the slab corresponding to the girder of the rigid frame.
• Suitable for building up to 25 stories.
Coupled wall –
• This system composed of two or more interconnected shear walls
• Shear walls connected at the floor levels by beam or stiff slabs.
• Stiffness of the whole system is far greater than that of its components.
• The effect of the shear-resistant connecting members is to cause the sets of walls to
behave in their partly as a composite cantilever, bending about the common centroidal
axis of the walls.
• The system is suitable for buildings up to 40 storey height.
• Since planer shear walls support loads in their plane only, walls in two orthogonal
directions need to withstand lateral loads in two directions.
Hybrid wall –
• It is the combination of two or more of basic structural forms either by direct
combination or by adopting different forms in different parts of the structure.
• Its lack of torsional stiffness requires that additional measures be taken, which
resulted in one bay vertical exterior bracing and a number of levels of perimeter
vierendeel “bandages”
• It can be used for the buildings of as high as 300m.
• According to chines code (jgj3-2002), hybrid system can be used for the construction
of buildings with maximum 150m height in seismic regions.

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ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

FAHAD HALEEM KHAN

Classification of tall building structural systems

Interior structural system

Super frame structures-

Types of high-rise buildings structural systems

Wall frame structures –

Core and outrigger structural system

Infilled frame structural system

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