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    The Physical Structure of Fiber

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    Towfic Aziz Kanon
    Here are the key differences between X-ray and IR methods for analyzing fiber structure: X-ray method: - Provides information about atomic and molecular spacings as small as 0.1-0.5 nm - Gives data on crystallinity, orientation of crystalline regions, and shape of crystalline particles - Provides more detailed internal structural information IR method: - Analyzes chemical bonds and functional groups in the material - Can identify differences between amorphous and crystalline regions - Provides information on amount of water or other chemicals present - Gives data on how structure influences properties like strength and flexibility In summary, X-ray diffraction is better for examining fine-scale atomic structure while IR absorption

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    The Physical Structure of Fiber

    Uploaded by

    Towfic Aziz Kanon
    51 views7 pages
    Here are the key differences between X-ray and IR methods for analyzing fiber structure: X-ray method: - Provides information about atomic and molecular spacings as small as 0.1-0.5 nm - Gives data on crystallinity, orientation of crystalline regions, and shape of crystalline particles - Provides more detailed internal structural information IR method: - Analyzes chemical bonds and functional groups in the material - Can identify differences between amorphous and crystalline regions - Provides information on amount of water or other chemicals present - Gives data on how structure influences properties like strength and flexibility In summary, X-ray diffraction is better for examining fine-scale atomic structure while IR absorption

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    1. the Physical Structure of Fiber

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    Here are the key differences between X-ray and IR methods for analyzing fiber structure: X-ray method: - Provides information about atomic and molecular spacings as small as 0.1-0.5 nm - Gives data on crystallinity, orientation of crystalline regions, and shape of crystalline particles - Provides more detailed internal structural information IR method: - Analyzes chemical bonds and functional groups in the material - Can identify differences between amorphous and crystalline regions - Provides information on amount of water or other chemicals present - Gives data on how structure influences properties like strength and flexibility In summary, X-ray diffraction is better for examining fine-scale atomic structure while IR absorption

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    51 views7 pages

    The Physical Structure of Fiber

    Uploaded by

    Towfic Aziz Kanon
    Here are the key differences between X-ray and IR methods for analyzing fiber structure: X-ray method: - Provides information about atomic and molecular spacings as small as 0.1-0.5 nm - Gives data on crystallinity, orientation of crystalline regions, and shape of crystalline particles - Provides more detailed internal structural information IR method: - Analyzes chemical bonds and functional groups in the material - Can identify differences between amorphous and crystalline regions - Provides information on amount of water or other chemicals present - Gives data on how structure influences properties like strength and flexibility In summary, X-ray diffraction is better for examining fine-scale atomic structure while IR absorption

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Physical Structure of Fiber

    By
    Towfik Aziz
    Assistant Manager (QC)
    Multazim Group
    1. Introduction:
    Fibre physics is the study of the structure and physical properties of fibres. These two
    aspects are not, however, independent: the properties must be explained by the structure. Textile
    fiber possess some property such as

    1. Mechanical property
    2. Chemical property.
    3. Electrical property
    4. Visual property.
    These properties are mainly comes from atomic structure and type of bond between them.
    1. Type of bond that form between fiber molecules.
    a. Covalent bond
    b. Van der Waals bond.
    c. Hydrogen bond

    2. Orientation / Atomic Structure


    Orientation is the angle between fiber axis and polymer chain molecule. Based on orientation
    and arrangement of atom there are two type of atomic structure.

    1. Crystalline orientation or structure.


    2. Amorphous orientation.

    2.1. Crystalline Structure


    A three dimensional regular arrangement of fiber molecules is called crystalline structure. In this
    structure polymer chains are highly parallel to each other.

    2.2. Amorphous Structure


    A three dimensional ir-regular structure of fiber molecule is called crystall

    ine structure.

    3. Measurement of
    crystalline and amorphous
    The degree of crystallinity of the polymer is defined as the fraction of the sample which
    is crystalline. It can be either expressed in terms of the mass fraction or the volume
    fraction.

    The degree of crystallinity by a volume fraction is given by

    Where, 

    Xₘ = Degree of crystallinity by mass


    V = Specific volume of the sample
    Vₐ = Specific volume of fully amorphous polymer
    Vc = Specific volume of fully crystalline polymer

    4. Methods of investigation fiber structure


    The elucidation of fibre structure has been based on many sources of information, which
    include:
     The chemistry of the fibre material – its preparation, composition, molecular
    formula and reactions;
     The absorption of infrared radiation;
     Raman scattering of light;
     Optical and X-ray diffraction studies;
     Optical and electron microscopy
     Electron diffraction;
     Nuclear magnetic resonance;
     Optical properties;
     Thermal analysis;
     Density;
     General physical properties.

    4.1. Absorption of infrared radiation


    When electromagnetic waves interact with matter, they are scattered and absorbed. In
    infrared spectroscopy, radiation with wavelengths between 1 and 15 m is absorbed
    at certain characteristic frequencies, which yield structural information. Elastic
    scattering does not give molecular information, though light scattering does give
    larger-scale information. Raman spectroscopy results from the few photons that are
    in-elastically scattered.
    Infrared absorption spectrum of nylon: Full-line: electric vector perpendicular to
    fibre axis. Broken line: electric vector parallel to fibre axis. Inset: Crystal
    structure of nylon 6.6 (Bunn and Garner [5]).

    By using an infrared spectrometer, the variation in absorption can be found and


    plotted against wave length, or, more commonly, its reciprocal, the wave number.
    This is illustrated in Fig. 1.5, which is the absorption spectrum of nylon. The peaks
    occur where the frequency of the electromagnetic waves corresponds with the natural
    frequency of vibration between two atoms in the material. The fundamental
    oscillations occur at wave numbers less than 4000 cm–1. These give strong
    absorptions and so can be studied only in very thin films or fibres. At higher wave
    numbers, nearer optical frequencies, absorptions will occur that are due to harmonics
    of the fundamental frequencies. The absorption spectrum in this range is more
    complex and less used, but, since the absorptions are weaker, thicker specimens, such
    as fibre bundles, can be studied. The wave number at which absorption takes place
    depends primarily on the nature of the two atoms and of the bond between them. Thus
    there will be absorption frequencies characteristic of such groupings as C- H, C= O,
    C -O , O- H, N- H, C= C , C- C and so on. To a smaller extent, the absorption
    frequency is influenced by the other groups in the neighborhood: for example, the
    absorption frequency for a carbon–hydrogen bond in a terminal group,
    —CH3, is different from that for the same bond in a chain, —CH2—.

    4.1.1. Advantage of IR absorption:


     Gives information about crystallinity and amorphous region.
     Can identify the function group.
     Can find the chemical formula.
     Compare between alpha and beta structure.
     Can determine the amount of water present in specimen.
    4.2. Optical and X-ray diffraction method
    When a beam of light is passed through a photographic slide, the light is scattered
    in many directions. By using a lens in the right place, we can recombine this
    scattered information about the picture into an image on a screen.

    Reflection of X-rays from a


    crystal lattice. Retardation of rays reflected
    from successive layers = AB + BC = 2d sin .

    A crystal can be regarded as made up of layers of atoms, themselves regular in


    their two-dimensional plan, stacked regularly on top of one another 2. Although
    analysis of the diffraction from such a three-dimensional lattice is more
    complicated than for a simple grating, it does result in a very similar equation; for
    it can be shown that, if a beam of X-rays is directed at a crystal, it is strongly
    reflected whenever it strikes layers of atoms at an angle n= 2d sin  (prove).
    4.2.1. Advantages of X-ray diffraction over optical diffraction.
    Optical-diffraction effects, including optical microscopy, even by using ultraviolet
    radiation, will give information only on relatively coarse features of fibre
    structure with spacings greater than about 0.1 µm. Indeed, optical microscopy
    becomes very difficult as soon as one approaches 1 µm, which is not much less
    than typical fibre diameters.

    Atomic and molecular spacings are more than a thousand times smaller than this:
    typical values lie between 0.1 and 0.5 nm. Consequently, in order to obtain
    information about the fine structure of fibres, we need to use much shorter
    electromagnetic waves, namely X-rays. X-ray diffraction is a most important tool
    for the study of fibre structure, firstly because it gives information at the most
    important level of fine structure, and secondly because focusing of X-rays is not
    possible, so that diffraction methods have to be used.

    4.2.2. Advantages of X-ray diffraction


     Give information about only crystallinity of fiber.
     Orientation of fiber particle
     Shape of fiber particle.
     More internal information.

    4.3. Electron microscopy method


     A high-voltage electricity supply powers the cathode.
     The cathode is a heated filament, a bit like the electron gun in an old-
    fashioned cathode-ray tube (CRT) TV. It generates a beam of electrons that
    works in an analogous way to the beam of light in an optical microscope.
     An electromagnetic coil (the first lens) concentrates the electrons into a more
    powerful beam.

     Another electromagnetic coil (the second lens) focuses the beam onto a
    certain part of the specimen.
     The specimen sits on a copper grid in the middle of the main microscope tube.
    The beam passes through the specimen and "picks up" an image of it.
     The projector lens (the third lens) magnifies the image.
     The image becomes visible when the electron beam hits a fluorescent screen
    at the base of the machine. This is analogous to the phosphor screen at the
    front of an old-fashioned TV.
     The image can be viewed directly (through a viewing portal), through
    binoculars at the side, or on a TV monitor attached to an image intensifier 

    4.3.1. Disadvantage
     Obtaining sufficient vacuum is very difficult.
     Applicable to very thin sample ( less than 0.1µm)
     Sample must be dry.

    4.3.2. Advantage
     Higher magnifying power (6000-20000).
     Explain the molecules of amorphous region.
     Give information about internal structure of fiber.

    HW: Difference between X-ray and IR method

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