MVLZLM@A BCXVO@A VLYLHW (MBV)

Mrltm`a Buro`a Vlvlhw (MBV)

]hb`r`n ]`sr`
CAHN 2
]`sr` Lojcohsl`

]kcr Ola`l 2

O@E@ 2 @OGHALK@ Z ]LE@VE@Z@

OLE 2 60<=60444=

KHA@] 2 OCOJLK @ 640<

JC]HO
JC]HO THOG@
THOG@ETX
ETX 2 Jr. Haay Tr
Trln`st
ln`stll W. ].]., E.
E.Tj
Tj

TVCGV@E ]ZXJL ]0 ]@]ZV@ LOJCOH]L@

I@KXAZ@] F@N@]@ J@O ]HOL

XOLYHV]LZ@] OHGHVL EHJ@O

l
 

K@Z@ THOG@OZ@V 

Thrt
Thrt`e
`e`-
`-t`
t`e`
e` phphoy
oyus
usuo
uo ehog
ehogum
um`p
`pk`
k`oo pu
publ
bl syuk
syukur
ur Zun`
Zun`o
o \`og
\`og E`n`
E`n` HsHs`,
`, sh
shf`
f`f
f th
tha`
a`n
n
ehefhr
ehe fhrlk`
lk`oo r`ne`t
r`ne`t j`o k`ruol`
k`ruol`-oy
-oy`` shrt`
shrt` khshn`
khshn`t`o
t`o khp`j`
khp`j` phoyus
phoyusuo,
uo, shn
shnlog
logg`
g` e`epu
e`epu
ehoyhahs`lk`o tug`s ‑MVLZLM@A BXVO@A VHYLHW―. Zug`s lol jlfu`t uotuk ehehounl s`a`n
s`tu e`t` kual`n y`ltu ‑]HB@V@N ]@]ZV@".

Zug`s mrltlm`a fcck rlvlhw lol jlsusuo jhog`o n`r`p`o j`p`t eho`ef`n phoght`nu`o j`o
w`w`s`o klt` sheu` knususoy` j`a`e n`a phrkhef`og`o pslkcacgl phrkhef`og`o phshrt` jljlk.
 phoyusuo ehoy`j`rl f`nw` tug`s mrltlm`a buro`a rlvlhw lol e`sln b`un j`rl khshepuro``o.
@p`a`g
@p` a`gll j`a`e
j`a`e tug`s lol thrj`p
thrj`p`t
`t f`oy`k
f`oy`k khkur`og`
khkur`og`o
o j`o khs`a`
khs`a`n`o
n`o phoyusu
phoyusuo
o ecnco
ecnco e``i 
k`rh
k`rho`
o` shsu
shsuog
oggu
guno
noy`
y` phphog
oght
ht`n
`nu`
u`o
o j`
j`o
o phphe`
e`n`
n`e`
e`oo ph
phoy
oyus
usuo
uo e`sl
e`sln
n th
thrf
rf`t
`t`s
`s,, k`
k`rh
rho`
o`
khthrf`t`s`o laeu j`o phe`n`e`o phoyusuo y`og fhaue shfhr`p`.

  K`rho
K`rho`` ltu
ltu ph
phoy
oyus
usuo
uo s`
s`og
og`t
`t eho`
eho`ot
otlk
lk`o
`o s`
s`r`
r`o
o j`
j`o
o kr
krlt
ltlk
lk j`
j`rl
rl ph
phef
ef`m
`m`` y`og
y`og sl
sli`
i`to
toy`
y`
ehef`oguo guo` ehoyhepuro`k`o tug`s lol. Thoyusuo fhrn`r`p sheu` tug`s mrltlm`a buro`a
rlvlhw
rlvlhw lol j`p`t fhre`oi``t
fhre`oi``t f`gl phef`m`
phef`m` j`o f`gl phoyusuo knususoy`.@t`s
knususoy`.@t`s phrn`tl`ooy`
phrn`tl`ooy`
 phoyusuo ehogum`pk`o thrle`n k`sln.

  Ehj`o, Ocvhefhr 640<

Thoyusuo

l
 

F@F L

THOJ@NXAX@O

@. V`slco`als`sl Thotlogoy` MBV 

Ehogkrltlk Buro`a (Mrltlm`a

Ehogkrltlk (Mrltlm`a Bcuro`a Vhpcrt) eh ru p` k` o kh g l` t` o ehohog
gua`s su`tu
 buro`a `g`r j`p`t ehoght`nul j`o ehe`n`el `p` y`og jls`blk`oj`a`e su`tu buro`a. Krltlk buro`a
s`og`t photlog k`rho` j`p`t eha`tln khe`epu`o klt` j`a`e ehog`o`alsls j`o ehoghv`au`sl
 phef`n`s`o y`og jls`blk`o phohaltl.]hnlogg` ehob`jl e`suk`o fhrn`rg` f`gl prcshs krh`tli
khphouals`o a`looy`.Mrltlm`a Bcuro`a Vhpcrt y`og fhrfhotuk e`k`a`n lol fhrlsl thot`og
khslepua`o
khsle pua`o j`rl
j`rl buro`a
buro`a y`og suj`n jlthotuk
jlthotuk`o
`o jhog`o bujua
bujua ‑]hb`r`n
‑]hb`r`n ]`str`.―
]`str`.― ]h ec g` us `n `
lo l j` p` t fhre`oi``t
fhre`oi``t f`gl
f`gl phef`m`
phef`m` ueueoy`
ueueoy` j`o f`gl phouals
phouals knususoy`
knususoy`..

 F. Zubu`o Thouals`o MBV 

Mrltlm`a Bcuro`a Vhvlhw lol jlfu`t `g`r eha`aul phehoun`o tug`s e`t` kual`n laeu
 f`n`o Xolvhrslt`s Ohghrl Ehj`o uotuk ehefu`t Mrltlm`a Bcuro`a Vhvlhw (MBV) shnlogg` j`p`t
eho`ef`n
eho`ef`n phoght`nu`o
phoght`nu`o uotuk ehaln`t
ehaln`t `t`u ehef`oglogk`o
ehef`oglogk`o ju` `t`u ahfln bcuro`a
bcuro`a y`og f`lk 
j`o y`og fho`r. ]htha`n j`p`t ehef`ojlogk`o e`k` jln`r`pk`o `k`o j`p`t ehefu`t su`tu
 bcuro`a y`og e`sln phrau jlphrf`lkl j`o e`o` bcuro`a y`og suj`n f`lk.

M. E`oi``t Thouals`o MBV 

@j` puo e`oi``t j`rl phouals`o Mrltlm`a Bcuro`a Vhvlhw lol `j`a`n 2
0. J`p`t ehef`ojlogk`
ehef`ojlogk`o
o ju` `t`u
`t`u ahfln
ahfln buro`a
buro`a y`og jlrhvl
jlrhvlhw.
hw.
6. J`p`t ehologk`tk`o
ehologk`tk`o `o`alsls
`o`alsls klt`
klt` thrn`j`
thrn`j`p
p su`tu
su`tu buro`a.
buro`a.
=. J`p`t ehoght`nul
ehoght`nul thkolk-
thkolk-thkol
thkolk
k phouals`o
phouals`o MBV y`og fho`r.
fho`r.
:. Eho`ef`n phoght`nu`o klt` thot`og lsl bcuro`a phohalt.

ll
 

J. Ljhotlt`s Buro`a
0. Buro`a Xt`e`
`. O`e` Buro`a 2 ]hb`r`n ]`str` k`ry` Kuotcwlbcyc
 f. Hjlsl Zhrflt 2 644:
m. Thog`r`og Buro`a 2 st`ii phog`b`r burus`o shb`r`n ILF
j. Thohrflt 2 Buro`a Nue`olcr`
h. Kct` Zhrflt 2 \cgy`k`rt`
i. Ocecr L]]O 2 -
g. @a`e`t sltus 2 Buro`a Nue`olcr`

6. Buro`a Thef`ojlog (khju`)

`. O`e` Buro`a 2 THV@O@O ]@]ZV@ LLOJCOH]L@

OJCOH]L@ J@A@E EHEF@OGXO
KHV@G@E@O FXJ@\@2 THV]THKZLI ]HB@V@N
 f. .Hjlsl Zhrflt 2 640:
m. Thog`r`og Buro`a 2 Wlaj` Ilbrl`ol
j. Thohrflt 2 Buro`a Jl`ahktlk`
h. Kct` Zhrflt 2 B`k`rt`
i. Ocecr L]]O 2 -
g. @a`e`t sltus 2 Buro`a Jl`ahktlk`

lll
 

F@F LL

VLOGK@]@O L]L @VZLKHA

0. Buro`a Xt`e` (phrt`e`)

THOJ@NXAX@O

]hb`r`n
]hb`r` n shf`g`l
shf`g`l laeu
laeu nljup
nljup jl thog`n
thog`n juol`
juol` rh`alt
rh`alt`s,
`s, phkhrb
phkhrb``oo
``ooy`
y` l`a
l`a`n
`n ehrhkco
ehrhkcostr
struks
ukslk`
lk`o
o
rh`a
rh`alt
lt`s
`s ltu.
ltu. ]`st
]`str`r` sh
shf`
f`g`
g`ll sh
shol
ol nlju
nljupp j`
j`a`
a`e
e ju juol
ol`` le`b
le`blo
lo`s
`sl,
l, phphkh
khrb
rb``
``oo
ooy`
y` l`l`a`
a`n
n
ehoghk
eho ghkspr
sprhsl
hslk`o
k`o le`bl
le`blo`s
o`sll ltu.
ltu. ]hb`r`
]hb`r`n
n j`o s`str
s`str`` fhrfhj`
fhrfhj` j`a`e
j`a`e str
strukt
uktur
ur j`o sufst`
sufst`osl
osl..
Thrfhj
Thrfhj``o
``o ltu‚sh
ltu‚shf`g`
f`g`le`
le`o`
o` jlk`t`
jlk`t`k`o
k`o cahn
cahn Znce`s
Znce`s Ma`rk
Ma`rk Tcaacm
Tcaacmkk j`a`e
j`a`e Znh O`turh
O`turh ci 
Althr`turh, Lts Vha`tlco tc ]mlhomh2 A`ogu`gh lo Nue`o Hxphrlhomh‚l`a`n k`rho` shb`r`n `j`a`n
rhihrhotl`a syefca3lse, shj`ogk`o s`str` `j`a`n hvcm`tlvh syefcalse (Tcaacmk, 0<982 p`ssle).
]hb`r`n ehrubuk p`j` shsu`tu jl au`r jlrloy` (rhihrhosl), shj`ogk`o s`str` ehrubuk p`j` jlrloy`
shojlrl (hksprhsl). O`euo, khju`oy` `j`a`n syefcalm icre‚lstla`n M`sslrhr‚ y`og jlmlpt`k`o
e`ousl`. Bustru k`rho` phrfhj``o ltua`n khju`3oy` s`alog ehahogk`pl. J`a`e shfu`n shelo`r 
uotuk ehognc
uotuk ehogncre`re`tl
tl shb`r`
shb`r`w`o
w`o ]`rtco
]`rtcoc
c K`rtcj
K`rtcjlrj
lrjbc
bc p`j
p`j`` 0<>7,
0<>7, @. Zhuw
Zhuw ehoyle
ehoylepua
puak`o,
k`o,
‑syukura`n `j` s`str` j`o laeu shb`r`n shf`g`l ju` r`g`e phog3uogk`p`o phrshpsl e`ousl`
thot`og jlrloy`― (Zhhuw, j`a`e @ail`o jkk, 0<>72 00-==). K`t`oy`, cr`og y`og loglo ehom`rl
loicre`sl y`og ‑thp`t― thot`og prly`yl j`p`t ehef`m` fuku ]`rtcoc K`rtcjlrjbc jkk. Ehogho`l
 phr`j`f`o prly`yl, shj`ogk`o k`a`u cr`og loglo ehoght`nul rhk`e`o e`ousl` jhog`o a`t`r 
 fha`k`og juol` B`w` j`o khprly`yl`o j`p`t ehef`m` ocvha @rswhojc @tecwlactc, M`otlog.
@t`u‚`
@t` u‚`rtl
rtlkha
kha lol loglo
loglo eho`ef
eho`ef`n3k
`n3k`o‚
`o‚cr`
cr`og
og j`p`t
j`p`t ehef`m`
ehef`m` ocvha
ocvha Xe`r
Xe`r K`y`e,
K`y`e, T`r`
T`r`
Trly`yl, j`o ocvha Kuotcwlbcyc, T`s`r. Khju` bhols phoguogk`p`o phog`a`e`o ltu jl Lojcohsl`
ehob`jl s`tu s`ep`l z`e`o ecjhro. Zlj`k shphrtl j`a`e khfuj`y``o \uo`ol, els`aoy`, shb`r`n
j`o s`str` suj`n
suj`n a`e` thrpls`n.
thrpls`n. Hpcs Ncehrus,
Ncehrus, Lal`j j`o Cjysshy (phr`og
(phr`og `ot`r` \uo`ol j`o
Zrcy`, ehom`p`l fhotuk ilo`a p`j` m. >44 FM) tha`n ehoglojlk`sl
ehoglojlk`slk`o
k`o phrpls`n`o
phrpls`n`o `ot`r` jhw`3
jhw` j`o e`ousl`, su`tu n`a y`og thrus fhra`obut j`a`e jr`e`-jr`e` yuo`ol.

KH]@J@V@O ELZL]

Ehourut M`sslrhr
Ehourut M`sslrhr khs`j`r`o eltls `j`a`n shfu`n syotnhtlm
syotnhtlm uolty,
uolty, j`o ehrup`3k`o
ehrup`3k`o n`sla j`rl
 fhkhrb`oy` lotulsl `t`u plklr`o eurol. Fhrf`g`l khs`o lojhr`wl jlslothsls3k`o j`a`e s`tu hotlt`s
splrltu`a ltu eha`aul cfbhktlvls`sl (M`slrhr, 0<762 6<). Zlj`k nhr`o f`nw` j`a`e eltcs ltua`n
jhw`-jhw`, e`ousl`, shb`r`n, j`o phrlstlw` khshn`rl`o thrm`epur, thre`suk shb`r`n j`o s`str`.
@j`puo iuogsl eltcs j`a`e e`sy`r`k`t kuoc ehourut Elrmh` Hal`jh `j`a`n (0) ehauklsk`o
shb`r`n
shb`r`n j`rl phrla`ku-phrla
phrla`ku-phrla`ku
`ku supr`o`tur`
supr`o`tur`a,
a, (6) shb`r`n ltu jl`ogg`p
jl`ogg`p euta`k
euta`k fho`r j`o khr`e`t,
khr`e`t,

(=) eltcs sha`au fhr3nufuog`o jhog`o ‑phomlpt``o― thot`og khfhr`j``o, lostltusl, j`o phrla`ku,
 

(:) jhog`o
jhog`o ehoght
ehoght`nu
`null eltcs
eltcs thot`o
thot`og
g ‑`s`a3
‑`s`a3eu`
eu`s`a
s`a―― cr`og
cr`og j`p`t
j`p`t eha`ku
eha`kuk`o
k`o kcotrc
kcotrcaa j`o
ehe`olpua`sl shsu`tu shsu`l khe`u`o, j`o (8) jhog`o ‑ehogn`y`tl― eltcs cr`og nljup jl j`a`e
y`og shrf` khr`e`t, ehe3puoy`l khku`t`o uotuk fhr`j` jl `t`s phrlstlw`-phrlstlw` (Hal`jh,
0<9>2 0>-0<). Cahn k`rho` ltu, ]nhaay Hrrlogtco y`og ehepha`b`rl nlk`y`t‚jhog`o ehogutlp
E`alocwskl‚ehog`t`k`o f`nw` eltcs j`a`e nlk`y`t fhrtubu`o shf`g`l `a`t phefho`r thrtlf
scsl`a. Ehsklpuo jlj`s`rk`o p`j` khb`jl`o y`og suoggun-suoggun, tht`pl phog`r`og eltcs (y`og
sha`au `ocole)
sha`au `ocole) ehe3puoy`l
ehe3puoy`l e`ksuj pcaltlk,
pcaltlk, y`ltu us`n` ehe3phrku`t
ehe3phrku`t khjujuk`o s`og p`trco.
p`trco.
Iuogsl thks tlj`k shkuahr, y`ltu uotuk ehom`t`t shb`r`n, t`pl ehepuoy`l iuogsl e`gls. J`a`e
Nlk`y`t N`og Zu`n jlk`t`k`o, ‑Lola`n nlk`y`t N`og Zu`n, y`og s`og`t shtl` p`j` r`b`oy` j`o
 fhrphrla`ku jhog`o khp`tun`o
k hp`tun`o y`og au`r fl`s` eha`y`ol r`b`oy`. ]u`tu k`al turuoa`n shcr`og r`b`
j`rl surg`― (Hrrlogtco, j`a`e Vhlj, 0<7<2 69-:6).Throy`t``o Hrrlogtco ltu bug` fhra`ku j`a`e
 f`f`j. F`f`j Z`o`n B`wl, els`aoy`, `j`a`n phoghs`n`o `t`s jlo`stl E`t`r`e. Jl j`a`eoy` `j`
ka`le ehogho`l slasla`n y`og ehoyurut kh fha`k`og s`ep`l jl s`t pln`k `j` O`fl @j`e, jl a`lo
 pln`k `j` p`r` jhw`. Klt` f`m`,
f `m`, ‑Tcholk` shjb`r`nlpcho p`r` r`tch log t`o`n Jb`wl wlwlt O`fl
@j`e
@j` e `phpcht
`phpchtr`
r` ]ls.
]ls. Hsls
Hsls `phpcht
`phpchtr`
r` Ochrtb`
Ochrtb`nb`
nb`,, Ochrtb
Ochrtb`nb
`nb`` `phpcht
`phpchtr`
r` Ochr`s
Ochr`s`,
`, Ochr`s
Ochr`s``
`phpchtr`
`phpcht r` s`ognb`og
s`ognb`og Wholog,
Wholog, s`ognb`og
s`ognb`og Wholog `phpchtr` s`ognb`og
s`ognb`og Zchogg`a.]`og
Zchogg`a.]`ognb`og
nb`og
Zchogg`a `phpchtr` f`t`r` Gchrch― ('s-Gr`vhon`gh2 E. lbncii, 0<:0). F`f`j Jlp`ohg`r` bug`
 fhrup` ahgltle`sl ka`le Jlp`ohg`r` `t`s khr`b``o \cgy`k`rt` (M`rhy, 0<>9). Vup`oy`, n`oy`
khr`b``o-khr`b``o fhs`r, shphrtl Eha`yu j`o E`t`r`e, jhog`o tr`jlsl s`str` tuals ehomlpt`k`o
eltcs-eltcs pcaltlk uotuk ehefhrlk`o ahgltle`sl `t`s nhghecol pcaltlkoy`. ]hf`alkoy`, iuogsl
eltcs, shb`r`n, j`o s`str` j`a`e e`sy`r`k`t khsuku`o tlj`k fhrsli`t s`kr`a t`pl prci`o she`t`.
Khtlg`oy` n`oy`a`n rhiahksl kuatur`a, nlfur`o, j`o shb`r`n. B`ehs B. Icx ehefhrl mcotcn thot`og
 phogguo``o s`str` als`o uotuk ka`le ‑nlstcrls― `t`s e`t` `lr j`o khpheleplo`o j`a`e
‑e`sy`r`k`t pheug`r3`o― (phe`k`l `lr, she`m`e suf`k) jl Tua`u Vctl. Klt` f`m`, ‑Jhelkl`oa`n
e`k` ahaunur ]ukl j`o ahaunur Ecjck s`og`t y`klo f`nw` ahaunur Kuo`ka`n y`og phrt`e`-t`e`
ehaln`t `lr, j`o ehrhk` puo shp`k`t f`nw` ltu `j`a`n elalk Kuo`k, ...― (Icx, j`a`e M`rhy, 0<>92
04-68; Icx, 0<>82 :>).

Khs`j`r`o Eltls Fhr`knlr 

Khs`j`r`o eltls
Khs`j`r`o eltls (j`o nltcrlcgr`
nltcrlcgr`il
il tr`jl3slco
tr`jl3slco`a)
`a) fhr`knlr,
fhr`knlr, j`o eua`la`n
eua`la`n nltcrlcgr`i
nltcrlcgr`ill ecjhro.
ecjhro.
Th
Thre
reua
ua``
``oo nlst
nlstcr
crlc
lcgr
gr`i
`ill ec
ecjh
jhro
ro jl Lojco
Lojcohs
hsl`
l` jlt`
jlt`oj
oj`l
`l jh
jhog`
og`oo ththrf
rflt
ltoy
oy`` fuku
fuku Nchs
Nchshl
hlo
o
Jb`b`j
Jb`b`jlol
lologr
ogr`t,
`t, Mrltls
Mrltlsmnh
mnh Fhsmnc
Fhsmncwlo
wlog g v`o jh ]`jb`r`
]`jb`r`nn v`o F`otho
F`otho p`j` 0<0=,0<0=, w`kt
w`ktu
u ltu
euomuaa`n shb`r`n krltls. J`s`w`rs` 0<04 j`a`e shb`r`n Lojcoh3sl` slfuk jhog`o ehefcogk`r 
e`s`` a`au,
e`s a`au, lostlt
lostltusl
usl j`o khfuj`y`
khfuj`y``oo
`ooy`.
y`. K`rho`
K`rho` ltu,
ltu, j`s`w`
j`s`w`rs`
rs` lt
ltu
u p`tut
p`tut klt
klt`` shfut
shfut shf`g`
shf`g`ll
j`s`w`rs`
j`s`w` rs` jhkcostruksl.
jhkcostruksl. @j` khs`tu`o
khs`tu`o w`m`o` j`a`e j`s`w`rs`
j`s`w`rs` ltu, `j` uoltlhs ci jlsmcursh‚ 
jlsmcursh‚ 
jhelkl`o lstla`n Elmnha Icum`uat. (Icum`uat, 0<<0) Lola`n y`og thrb`jl jl Khr`b``o ]ur`3k`rt`,
thep`t khs`j`r`o eltls ltu euomua jlphreuk``o shb`r`n j`o ehob`jl khoy`t``o shn`rl-n`rl. V`b`
]ur`k`rt` jlphrm`y` eh3og`wlol V`tu A`ut ]ha`t`o, Oyl Acrc Kljua, j`o fhrmlot``o jl T`ogguog
]`ogg`3fuw`o`.
]`ogg`3 fuw`o`. V`b` `j`a`n s`n`f`t j`oy`og fhs`r phouoggu Guouog Ehr`pl, Guouog A`wu,
j`o suefhr `lr Fhog`w`o ]cac jl Jahpln. Fuk`o ltu s`b`. Z`nl khrf`u r`b`, Ky`l ]a`eht, j`p`t

6
 

ehob`jl cf`t, o`sl r`b` y`og jlj`p`t w`ktu phr`y``o ]hk`tho j`p`t ehoyufurk`o t`o`n. Fhrt`p`
y`og shb`tl `j`a`n shf` jl khr`tco. E`tl y`og p`alog eual` l`a`n e`tl jl f`w`n k`kl r`b`. V`b`
`j
`j`a
`a`n
`n ‑]`ep
‑]`ephyhy`o
`o J`ah
J`ahe
e Logk`
Logk`og
og ]loun
]lounuo
uo Kn`a
Kn`ali
li`t
`tuaa
uaa`n
`n ]`
]`yl
yljl
jlo
o T`
T`o`t
o`t`g
`g`e`
`e` LoLogk
gk`og
`og
Buehohog log ]ur`k`rt` @jlologr`t―. V`b` `j`a`n ‑jhw` y`og turuo kh fuel―. Fla` shj`og
jujuk jl slogg`s`o` r`b` elrlp jhog`o Krhso` tltls`o Jhw` Wlsou, jhel3kl`o g`ef`r`o j`a`e
]hr`t Whjn`e`jy`
Whjn`e`jy` k`r`og`o
k`r`og`o ]ruy`jlolog
]ruy`jlologr`t.
r`t. @j` fus`o`, suog`l, j`o thep`t-the
thep`t-thep`t
p`t thra`r`og
thra`r`og
 f`gl wcog mlalk. ‑Elstlslseh pcaltlk― ltu bug` eho3b`jl str`tlilk`sl scsl`a. ‑Trly`yl m`r` prly`yl,
wcog mlalk m`r` wcog mlalk―, jhelkl`oa`n khslepua`o j`rl ]hr`t E`s Bhotnu Loggln E`s Og`otho
k`ry`
k`r y` VE@ B`y`jlB`y`jlolo
ologr`
gr`tt L. @k`o
@k`o tht`pl
tht`pl,, phruf`n
phruf`n`o`o shj`og
shj`og thr
thrb`j
b`jl,
l, juol`
juol` shj`og
shj`og fhrghr
fhrghr`k 
`k 
(Jchol` Fhrghr`k, o`e` e`b`a`n pleplo`o E`s E`rmc, ]cac 0<0:). Xotuk eho`oj`l phruf`n`o-
 phr3uf`n`o y`og shj`og thrb`jl, Z`k`snl ]nl3r`lsnl ehouals @o @gh lo Ectlco2 Tcpcua`r 
V`jlm`
V`j lm`als
alse
e lo B`w`,
B`w`, 0<06-0<
0<06-0<69.69. (]nlr`
(]nlr`lsn
lsnl,l, 0<<4)
0<<4) T`j`
T`j` jhk`jh
jhk`jh ltu Thehrl
Thehrlot`
ot`nn Kcacol
Kcacol`a
`a
ehe`ks`k`o rhicre`sl nukue j`o phog3guo``o t`o`n jl ]ur`k`rt`. T`j` w`ktu y`og s`e`
jljlrlk`o ]`rhk`t Lsa`e (]L, ]cac, 0<00), y`og eho`oj`l ecflalt`s scsl`a kha`s ehohog`n wcog
mlalk.
mlalk. Ehrhk`
Ehrhk` ehob`j
ehob`jll k`y`
k`y` cahn
cahn us`n`
us`n` f`tlk,
f`tlk, ehahfl
ehahflnl
nl khk`y``
khk`y``o o p`r`
p`r` prly`y
prly`yll `fjl
`fjl j`ahe;
j`ahe;
str`
str`tl
tlil
ilk`
k`slsl sc
scsl
sl`a
`a tr`j
tr`jl3
l3sl
slco`
co`aa jlah
jlahmh
mhnk`
nk`o.
o. T` T`j`
j` w`kt
w`ktu
u lt
ltu
u pu
pua`
a` `j
`j`` phoca
phoca`k`
`k`oo th
thrn
rn`j
`j`p
`p
‑ihcj`a
‑ih cj`alse
lseh―.
h―. Khtlk`
Khtlk` N`bl]`
N`bl]`e`oe`o-nuj
-nujl‚K
l‚Khtu htu`` ]L‚eho
]L‚ehoguob
guobuogl
uogl Kcoggrh
Kcoggrhss ]L (0<0=)
(0<0=) jl
]ur`f`
]ur `f`y`,
y`, l` jls`ef
jls`efutut jhog`o
jhog`o ghojhr`
ghojhr`og
og j`o fuk`ooy
fuk`ooy`` jhog`o
jhog`o g`eha`
g`eha`o;o; uogk`p`
uogk`p`o o prcths
prcths
thrn`j`p ‑ihcj`alseh―. @otl ‑ihcj`alseh― eheuom`k p`j` 0<0> jhog`o ghr`k`o ‑B`w` Jlpc―
(f`n`s` B`w` ‑ogckc―, t`op` t`t`r`o), y`og jllkutl cahn ghr`k`o ‑E`jur` Jlpc―. ]heu` cr`og
ehobha`og j`o p`j` 0<04-`o ehepuoy`l ljhcacgl khe`bu`o eha`w`o khfhku`o e`s` a`au. Fujl
Xtcec (fhrjlrl
(fhrjlrl 0<4>), Eun`ee`jly`n
Eun`ee`jly`n (fhrjlrl 0<06), j`o f`nk`o @flpr`y` (phrkuepua`o (phrkuepua`o
 prly`yl ‑`fjl j`ahe―, fhrjlrl ehobha`og `f`j kh-64) ehepuoy`l ljhcacgl khe`bu`o. Jhog`o
j`aln khe`bu`o pua` p`r` `fjl j`ahe ehomukur r`efut (sheua` r`efut jlghauog) j`o cr`og3
cr`og Mlo` ehectcog kumlr. K`t` ‑khe`bu`o― ehob`jl `a`s`o uotuk ehefu`og htlkht3htlkht
B`w`` a`e`.
B`w a`e`. J`a`e
J`a`e ]hr`t
]hr`t ]uf`sl
]uf`slt`
t` k`r`og`
k`r`og`o o T`je`su
T`je`sus`s
s`str
tr`,
`, htl
htlkht
kht B`w`
B`w` jlr`sl
jlr`slco`
co`als
als`sl
`slk`o
k`o
(ehom`
(eh om`rl
rl khp`tu
khp`tut`o
t`o f`ru)
f`ru) jhog`o
jhog`o ehog`m
ehog`mu u htlkht
htlkht Fha`oj
Fha`oj`.
`. ElEls`a
s`aoy`,
oy`, sup
sup`y`
`y` tlj`k
tlj`k jhgsur`
jhgsur`
(shwho
(shwho`og-
`og-who`
who`og)
og),, fl`rk`
fl`rk`o
o glgl
glgl putln,
putln, b`og`o
b`og`o jlnlt`
jlnlt`ek`
ek`o o (sl
(slslg
slg);
); `p`a`g
`p`a`gll jhog`o
jhog`o g`y`
g`y`
 photnua`o (ehog3nlt`ek`o sheu` glgl, khmu`al ju` glgl thog`n-`t`s). Jl ]ur`k`rt`, thep`t
 fhrt`n`o3oy` t`t`o`o a`e`, t`t`o`o a`e` ltu jltca`k, f`nk`o j`a`e elepl, lausl, j`o n`auslo`sl
jhog`o shfu`n mcuothr muaturh. (Kuotc3wlbcyc, 0<<<2 74->0) ]hehot`r` ltu, Lojlsmnh T`rtlb
(F`ojuo
(F` ojuog,0<
g,0<06)
06) ehoca`
ehoca`k k Nlojl`
Nlojl`-Fh
-Fha`o
a`oj`
j` j`o fhrbu`
fhrbu`og
og uot
uotuk
uk eho
ehojlr
jlrlk`
lk`o
o ohg`r`
ohg`r` ehrjhk`
ehrjhk`
(co`in`o3kha
(co`in`o3khalbknhl
lbknhlj).
j). E`s E`rmc j`rl ]ur`k`rt` j`a`e Jchol` Fhrghr`k (0<0:) ehoghm`e
ehoghm`e
Elojhrh Whav``rt Mceelsslh jhog`o eh3oyhfutoy` Elojhrh WM. Jl ]ur`k`rt` bug`, j`a`e
s`str` VF. ]cha`rjl jhog`o ]hr`t Vly`otc (0<64) ehauklsk`o f`nw` prly`yl khturuo`o n`rus
ehefhrl thep`t p`j` prly`yl f`ru (V`jho E`s Vly`otc k`wlo jhog`o V`jho @bhog ]rlol).
Thrkuepua`o3phrkuepua`o prly`yl f`ru fhrjlrl jl j`hr`n Gufhroheho2 Vhks` Wlf`w` j`o T`otl
N`rscyc
N`rsc yc jl ]ur`f`y`,
]ur`f`y`, E`rjl V`n`rbc jl E`jluo,
E`jluo, j`o N`ecog Tr`b` jl Og`obuk.
Og`obuk. J`a`e `g`e`,
jl ]ur`k`r
]ur`k`rt`
t` @a-
@a-Pur
Pur`o`o jlthrb
jlthrbhe`
he`nk`o
nk`o kh j`a`e
j`a`e f`n`s`
f`n`s` B`w`,
B`w`, s`tu
s`tu n`a y`og
y`og eholef
eholefuak
uak`o
`o

 pcahelk p`j` 0<04-`o. @alr`o tnhcscpnlh e`suk j`o ehoj`p`t phoglkut jl `ot`r` prly`yl

=
 

E`ogkuohg`r`o. ]usunuo`o ]ur`k`rt`, p`o`t`g`e` (ph3o`ogguogb`w`f thrtloggl `g`e` Lsa`e)

ehohrle` e`sukoy` ghrhb` Krlstho uotuk prlfuel (0<04). Z`rl hrctls t`yuf`o cahn p`r` prly`yl
jlkhm
jlkhm`e
`e kckcr`
r`o
o shth
shthep
ep`t
`t jl ]u
]ur`
r`3k
3k`r
`rt`
t`,, J`re
J`recc Kcoj`
Kcoj`,, sh
shf`
f`g`
g`ll ph
phef
efcr
crcs
cs`o
`o.. Cr
Cr`o
`og
g oc
oco
o
 f`ogs`w`o j`p`t ehefhrl mhr`e`n (ahzlog) p`j` f`ogs`w`o j`a`e phrtheu`o Fujl Xtcec jl
]ur`k`rt`. Jhog`o k`t` a`lo, tnh mcosmlcus e`upuo tnh uomcosmlcus ehoca`k t`t`o`o a`e`.
Khs`j`
Khs `j`r`o
r`o eltls
eltls fhr`knl
fhr`knlr.
r. Khs`j`r
Khs`j`r`o
`o eltls
eltls jljhkco
jljhkcostr
struks
uksl.
l. ]hf`g`l
]hf`g`le`o`
e`o` shfu`n
shfu`n prlse`
prlse`
ehogur`lk
ehogur `lk`o
`o shfu`n
shfu`n slo`r,
slo`r, syotnh
syotnhtl
tlmm uolty
uolty rh`al
rh`alt`s
t`s thr
thrur`
ur`lk`
lk`o,
o, she
sheu`
u` uosuro
uosuroy`
y` ehepuo
ehepuoy`l
y`l
thep`t
thep`t shojlr
shojlrl-
l-sho
shojlr
jlrl.
l. ]hb`r`
]hb`r`n
n ehepuoy
ehepuoy`l `l `a`e`t
`a`e`t,, s`s
s`str`
tr` ehepuo
ehepuoy`l
y`l `jjrhs.
`jjrhs. A`au
A`au `p`
 phrfhj``o `ot`r` shb`r`n j`o s`str`3

THVFHJ@@O ]ZVXKZXV 

]truktur y`og jle`ksuj

]truktur jle`ksuj jl slol `j`a`n ‑e`oohr ci crg`olzlog―
crg`olzlog― (Whfsthr“s
(Whfsthr“s Ohw Wcraj
Wcraj Mcaahgh
Mcaahgh
Jlmtlco`ry). ]truktur `j`a`n mcostrumt j`a`e shb`r`n `t`u icre j`a`e s`str`.

 Kcostruksl Hvljhosl j`o ]truktur`sl Kheuogklo`o

 ]hb`r`n j`o s`str` `j`a`n ghb`a` phog`a`e`o khe`ousl``o. Ehog`w`al shfu`n f`f ehogho`l
rhkcostruks
rhkcos truksll e`s` a`au, @aa`o B. Almnte`o j`o Y`ahrlh
Y`ahrlh Irhomn j`a`e Nlstcrl`os
Nlstcrl`os `oj tnh Alvlog
T`st ehog`t`k`o, ‑]nhracmk Ncaehs j`o shb`r`w`o ehepu3oy`l f`oy`k phrs`e``o―. (Almnte`o
j`o Irhomn, 0<7>2 0:). K`t` ehrhk` sha`obutoy`, shphrtl jhthktli y`og ehoguepuak`o fuktl
uotuk ehoguogk`p khb`n`t`o, shb`r`w`o bug` ehoguepuak`o fuktl uotuk ehog3uogk`p e`s`
a`au. J`o j`rl shaurun prcshs ehtcjh shb`r`n, y`og p`alog elrlp jhog`o s`str` l`a`n lothrhprht`sl
j`o hkspa`o`sl. Ehogutlp H. E. Icrsthr j`a`e @sphmts ci tnh Ocvha, shb`r`w`o @ehrlk`, Ahh
Fhosco, ehog`t`k`o f`nw` ehogkcostrukslk`o shb`r`n s`e` jhog`o s`str`w`o y`og ehefu`t
 pact. (Fhosco, 0<992 =:-96). Icrsthr ehog`t`k`o f`nw` k`a`u `j` mhrlt` ‑r`tu ehologg`a

kheujl`o r`b` e`ogk`t―, ltu fuk`o pact t`pl o`r`sl. K`a`u mhrlt` ltu ehoy`t`k`o f`nw` ‑r`tu
ehologg`a kheujl`o r`b` e`ogk`t k`rho` shjln―, ltu f`ru pact. Jhelkl`o bug`,j`a`e kcostruksl
hvljhos
hvljhosll n`rus
n`rus `j` lothr3
lothr3prh
prht`s
t`sll j`o hkspa`
hkspa`o`s
o`sloy
loy`` sup`y`
sup`y` shb`r`
shb`r`n
n fuk`o
fuk`o n`oy`
n`oy` o`r`sl
o`r`sl,, t`p
t`pll
 fho`r-fho`r shfu`nkcostruksl hvljhosl. ]`str` `j`a`n struktur`sl j`rl kheuog3klo`o. ]heua`
kheuogklo`o ltu n`oy` fhru3p` shrpln`o-shrpln`o, kheujl`o s`str`w`o ehefhrloy` struktur 
(pact), jl `ot`r`oy` jhog`o ehomlpt` the`, k`r`kthr, kcoilk, j`o rhscausl kcoialk ltu. Thrfhj``o
thrpho
thrphotlo
tlog
g jhog`o
jhog`o shb`r`
shb`r`n,
n, k`a`u
k`a`u j`a`e
j`a`e shb`r`
shb`r`n
n phog`3a
phog`3a`e`
`e`oo (hvljh
(hvljhomh
omh)) ltu shphoun
shphounoy`
oy`
khoy
khoy`t
`t``
``o
o kc
kcok
okrh
rht,
t, e`k`
e`k` j`j`a`
a`ee s`
s`st
str`
r` ph
phog
og`a
`a`e
`e`o
`o lt
ltu
u sh
shf`
f`gl
gl`o
`o fh
fhs`
s`rr n`
n`oy
oy`` fh
fhrurup`
p`
kheuogklo`o3
kheuog klo`o3kheuogkl
kheuogklo`o.
o`o. E`k`, cr`og ehog`t`k`o f`nw` s`str` s`str` `j`a`n struktur`sl
struktur`sl j`rl
kheuogklo`o. (Kunos, 0<7:).

:
 

Loicre`sl j`o Hksprhsl

T`
T`j`
j` eua`
eua`oy`
oy`,, rh`a
rh`alt
lt`s
`s ltu
ltu fh
fhrs
rshr
hr`k
`k`o
`o fhfhru
rup`
p` ph
phm`
m`n`o
n`o-p
-phm
hm`n`
`n`oo y`
y`og
og t`
t`k
k th
thr`
r`tu
tur.
r. Cr
Cr`o
`og
g
ehehra
ehe hrauk`o
uk`o loicre
loicre`sl`sl utun
utun ehogho`
ehogho`ll rh`al
rh`alt`s
t`s y`og
y`og shpctc
shpctcog-
og-shp
shpctc
ctcog,
og, shf`f
shf`f blblk`
k` tl
tlj`k 
j`k 
jhelkl
jhe lkl`o,
`o, rh`al
rh`alt`s
t`s ltu t`k fls`
fls` jlp`3n
jlp`3n`el
`el.. Laeu
Laeu j`t`og
j`t`og uotuk
uotuk ehefhr
ehefhrll t`t
t`t`o`
`o`o
o (crjhr
(crjhr)) j`rl
j`rl
rh`alt`s,
rh`alt`s, thrg`otuog
thrg`otuog j`rl phrsphk3tli
phrsphk3tlioy`.
oy`. Jhelkl`oa`n,
Jhelkl`oa`n, pslkcacgl
pslkcacgl fhrfhj`
fhrfhj` j`a`e eho`ogk`p
eho`ogk`p

rh`alt`s ltu jhog`o scslcacgl, laeu pcaltlk fhrfhj` jhog`o `otrcpcacgl, j`o shthrusoy`. ]hb`r`w`o
y`og eha`kuk`o rhkcostruksl `t`s rh`alt`s bug` thrg`otuog khp`j` the` y`og jlplaln. ]hb`r`n
 pcaltlk ehouals pcaltlkoy`, shb`r`n hkcocel ehouals khnljup`o hkcocel. ]hb`r`n shfho`roy`
ehepuoy`l pcthosl ehob`jl tnh uatle`th lothrjlsmlpalo`rl`o, tht`pl tlj`k uruog thr3g`otuog p`j`
shb`r`w`ooy`. ]hb`r`w`o ehouals fhrj`s`rk`o sphsl`als`sloy`. @j` ehe`og ghohr`a nlstcry `t`u
tct`a nlstcry, tht`pl bug` fhrg`otuog p`j` jhilolsl ghohr`a j`o tct`a ltu. B`jl, `p`k`n shb`r`n ltu3
Jhog`o m`r`oy` shojlrl shb`r`n `j`a`n laeu. ]hb`r`n `j`a`n laeu, ‑oc ahss `oj oc ecrh―, k`t` B.
F. Fury p`j` 0<4=, shr`tus t`nuo y`og a`au. (Fury, 0<762 64<-6==). ]`str` `j`a`n hksprhsl.
]`str`
]`s tr` y`og
y`og f`lk
f`lk `j`a`n
`j`a`n hksprh
hksprhsl
sl y`og ahogk`p
ahogk`p.. ]`str`
]`str` ehe`og
ehe`og ehrubu
ehrubuk k rh`al
rh`alt`s
t`s.. Z`o
Z`op`
p`
‑ehrus`k― rh`alt`s, s`str` bug` ehefhrl crjhr jhog`o m`r`oy` shojlrl. M`r`oy`3 ]`str` sha`au
ahfln fhs`r j`rlp`j` rh`alt`s, t`pl tlj`k ehologg`ak`ooy`. ]`str` y`og ehologg`a3k`o rh`alt`s,

`k`o jltlogg`ak`
jltlogg`ak`oo rh`alt`s.
rh`alt`s. Hksprhsl hsthtls `k`o khnla`og`o
khnla`og`o iuogsl
iuogsl scsl`a.
scsl`a. ]`st
]`str`
r` shf`g`l
shf`g`l s`str`
s`str`
n`rus puoy` hstnhtlm`a jlst`omh jhog`o rh`alt`s. K`a`u tlj`k `j` b`r`k hsthtls, s`str` `k`o thrb`tun
ehob`jl
ehob` jl buro`alse
buro`alseh,
h, plj`tc,
plj`tc, a`pcr`o
a`pcr`o flsols,
flsols, a`pcr`o
a`pcr`o mu`m`, tuals`o lael`n, `t`u hss`l ilas`i`t.
ilas`i`t.
Ehogho`l rh`alt`s, f`nk`o s`str` j`p`t ehef`oguo rh`alt`soy` shojlrl jhel hksprhsl. O`euo,
n`rus sha`au jlm`t`t f`nw` s`str` f`g`le`o`puo fhotukoy` `j`a`n jlsmurslvh `rt (thrur`l) y`og
n`rus thrf`m` phs`ooy` ehsklpuo pholke`t`ooy` fhrurut`o w`ktu. @j`puo shol y`og a`lo, shol
aukls, els`aoy`, bug` hksprhsl, tht`pl shol aukls `j`a`n rhprhshot`tlco`a `rt, shol ju` jlehosl y`og
m`r`` eholke
m`r eholke`tl
`tloy`
oy` n`oy`
n`oy` jhog`o
jhog`o ehe`oj`
ehe`oj`og, og, pholke
pholke`t
`t j`p`t
j`p`t eho`og
eho`ogk`pk`p phs`ooy
phs`ooy`` j`a`e
j`a`e
shk`al eho`t`p j`rl k`o`o kh klrl j`o j`rl `t`s kh f`w`n‚ jlsmurslvh j`o rhprhshot`tlco`a
`j`a`n phrlstla`n`o ]uz`ooh K. A`oghr. B`jl `p`k`n s`str` ltu3 ]`str` `j`a`n shol. ]hol `j`a`n
hskprhsl (Mcaalogwccj, 0<762 048-06:).

6. Buro`a khju` (phef`ojlog)

Thoj`nuau`o

 ]htl`p f`ogs` y`og `j` jl juol` lol ehelalkl su`tu mlrl kn`s shf`g`l t`oj` `t`u phogho`a `t`u
ljhotlt`s thrn`j`p w`rg` juol` thot`og jlrl ehrhk`.Thogho`a `t`u ljhotlt`s jlrl jlw`klal jhog`o
`j`oy` fuj`y`.Fuj`y` fl`s`oy` ljhotlk jhog`osu`tu khfl`s``o y`og shrlog jla`kuk`o cahn su`tu
khacepck e`ousl` jl su`tu thep`t.Fuj`y` ltu shojlrl n`sla j`rl krh`tlilt`s Wlaj` Ilzrly`ol Buro`a
Jl`ahktlk` e`ousl` eha`aul j`y` plklr
plklr ehrhk`.Fuj`y` fls` fhrfhotuk `j`t lstl`j`t, shphrtl
shphrtl y`og
thrb`jl jl j`hr`n T`j`og, y`og ehefcahnk`o shcr`og w`olt` eha`e`r prl` uotuk jlplo`og.N`a
lola`n y`og ehob`jl mlrl kn`s j`rl su`tu khacepck e`sy`r`k`t, thrahp`s j`rl n`r`e j`o n`a`a

8
 

nukueoy`,
nukueo y`, blk`
blk` jlaln`
jlaln`tt j`rl
j`rl shgl
shgl `g`e`.
`g`e`. Lojcohs
Lojcohsl`
l` ehelal
ehelalkl
kl f`oy`k
f`oy`k fuj`y`
fuj`y` y`og euogkl
euogkloo
s`ep`ll s``t lol e`sln jlguo`k`o
s`ep` jlguo`k`o cahn su`tu khacepck e`sy`r`k`t thrthot
thrthotu
u `t`u euogklo suj`n
jltlogg`ak`o jhog`o su`tu `a`s`o. Fuj`y` y`og jlp`k`l cahn su`tu khacepck j`p`t jlkht`nul
cahn khacepck e`sy`r`k`t a`lo j`rl als`o, phog`e`t`o a`ogsuog e`upuo tuals`o. Lola`n y`og
ehob`jlk`o Lojcohsl` jlkht`nul shf`g`l ohg`r` y`og ehelalkl fuj`y` y`og fhr`g`e. ]`a`n s`tu
y`og jla`kuk`o e`sy`r`k`t
e`sy`r`k`t Lojcohsl`
Lojcohsl` p`j` e`s` a`au uotuk fls` ehephrkho`ak`
ehephrkho`ak`o o fuj`y` y`og
`j` jl thep`toy` `j`a`n jhog`o tuals`o. Zuals`o ltu fl`s`oy` fhrfhotuk shfu`n mhrlt`, y`og fl`s`
jlshfut rce`o p`j` e`s` ltu.T`j` e`s` phob`b`n`o, tha`n f`oy`k k`ry` y`og a`nlr j`rl t`og`o-
t`og`
t`og`o
o p`r`
p`r` s`st
s`str`
r`w`
w`o,o, y`
y`og
og fhrus
fhrus`n
`n`` ehomh
ehomhrl
rlt`
t`k`o
k`o fuj`y
fuj`y`` y`
y`og
og `j` jl th thep
ep`t
`t tl
tlogg
ogg`a
`a
ehrhk`.Khf`oy`k`o k`ry` y`og jln`slak`o p`r` phouals thrslr`t e`ko` f`nw` shsuoggunoy`
ehrhk`
ehr hk` kur`og
kur`og shtubu
shtubu jhog`o
jhog`o fhfhr`p
fhfhr`p`` fuj`y`
fuj`y` y`og
y`og jlp`k`l
jlp`k`l jl j`hr`n
j`hr`noy`
oy`.. Trcths
Trcths thr
thrshf
shfut
ut
ehrhk` s`ep`lk`o jhog`o m`r` n`aus jl shfu`n k`ry` tuals, y`ltu rce`o, y`og jhelkl`o lol
thre`suk kh j`a`e k`ry` s`str`. ]hf`g`le`o` y`og tha`n jlshfutk`o shfhaueoy` f`nw` fuj`y`
ehrup`k`o n`sla j`rl pca` plklr e`ousl`, e`k`uotuk ehogn`slak`o fuj`y` (n`sla j`y` plklr 
e`ousl`)
e`ous l`) `k`o `j` i`ktcr-i`kt
i`ktcr-i`ktcr
cr y`og ehephog`run
ehephog`runloy`.
loy`. ]`a`n s`tu j`rl i`mtcr thrshfut
thrshfut `j`a`n
k`ry` s`str`. N`a lol fls` jlaln`t j`rl k`t` Juamh ht utlah. K`t` lolehrup`k`o k`t` y`og tlj`k `slog
 f`gl juol` s`str`, ltua`n iuogsl j`rl s`str`. ]hfu`n k`ry` s`str` y`og a`nlr j`rl mcrht`o t`og`o
s`og s`str`w`o, ehelalkl tubu`o `g`r fls` ehognlfur j`o fhre`oi``t f`gl phef`m`oy`. E`oi``t
y`og jlj`p`t phef`m` fls` ehelalkl
ehelalkl f`oy`k fhotuk phs`o, shphrtl
shphrtl phs`o ecr`a, `g`e`, f`nk`o
 fuj`y`.E`k`, fuk`o n`a y`og tlj`k euogklo blk` phs`o y`og loglo jls`ep`lk`o
j ls`ep`lk`o phog`r`og ahw`t
tuals`ooy` e`epu ehephog`runl pca` plklr, j`a`e n`a lol fuj`y` e`sy`r`k`t. F`nk`o Thr`o`o
]`str`` Lojcohsl`
]`str Lojcohsl` j`rl pca` plklr
plklr lol fls` s`b` ehoguf`n m`r` nljup ehrhk`.
ehrhk`. N`a lol fls` jlaln`t
j`rll shb`r`
j`r shb`r`n n phrkhe
phrkhef`og
f`og`o
`o s`str`
s`str` jl Lojcoh
Lojcohsl`
sl` thrn`j
thrn`j`p
`p fuj`y`.
fuj`y`. Cahn
Cahn k`rho`
k`rho` ltu,
ltu, pho
phohal
haltl
tl
 fhrus`n` ehe`p`rk`o thot`og ‑Thr`o`o ]`str` j`a`e Ehef`oguo Khr`g`e`o Fuj`y`2
Thrsph
Thr sphktl
ktlii ]hb
]hb`r`
`r`n―.
n―. A`oj`s
A`oj`s`o
`o Zhcrl
Zhcrl Kcoshp
Kcoshp ]`str`
]`str` J`a
J`a`e
`e k`eus
k`eus Fhs`r
Fhs`r F`n`s`
F`n`s` Lojcohs
Lojcohsl`
l`
thrflt`o Tus`t Theflo``o j`o Thoghef`og`o F`n`s`, Jhp`rtheho Thojljlk`o j`o Khfuj`y``o,
t`nuo 0<>>, n`a`e`o 7>9, jlshfutk`o f`nw` s`str` ehog`ojuog phoghrtl`o shf`g`l fhrlkut2 `.
F`n`s`
F`n `s` (k`t`-
(k`t`-k`t
k`t`,
`, g`y`
g`y` f`n`s`)
f`n`s`) y`og jlp`k`l
jlp`k`l jl klt`f-
klt`f-klt
klt`f
`f (fuk`o
(fuk`o f`n`s`
f`n`s` shn`rl
shn`rl-n`
-n`rl)
rl) f.
Khsus`str``o, k`ry` tuals, y`og blk` jlf`ojlogk`o jhog`o tuals`o a`lo ehelalkl fhrf`g`l mlrl
khuoggua`o, shphrtl kh`sal`o, kh`rtlslk`o, khloj`n`o j`a`e lsl j`o uogk`p`ooy`, jr`e`, hplk,
j`o alrlk. m. Klt`f suml (Nlojuo), (klt`f) laeu phoght`nu`o j. Tust`k`, klt`f prlefco (fhrlsl)
r`e`a`o, nltuog`o, j`o shf`g`loy` h. Zuals`o, nurui.0 Ehourut B`o v`o Auxhefur, Elhkh F`a
j`o Wlaahe G Whststhlbo, s`str` `j`a`n shfu`n o`e` y`og jhog`o `a`s`o thrthotu jlfhrlk`o
khp`j`
khp `j` shbuea
shbuea`n
`n n`sla
n`sla thrtho
thrthotu
tu j`a`e
j`a`e su`tu
su`tu alogku
alogkuog`o
og`o khfuj`y
khfuj`y``o.
``o.6
6 Thoghr
Thoghrtl`
tl`o
o a`l
a`lo
o bug`
bug`
jls`ep`lk`o cahn Vhoh Whaahk j`o @ustlo W`rrho f`nw` s`str` `j`a`n shg`a` shsu`tu y`og
thrtuals `t`u thrmht`k.= Jhilolsl a`lo ehog`t`k`o f`nw` s`str` `j`a`n uogk`p`o prlf`jl e`ousl`
y`og fhrup` phog`a`e`o, phelklr`o,
phelklr`o, 0T`rtlol
0T`rtlol ]`rjbcoc
]`rjbcoc Tr`jctckusue
Tr`jctckusuec, c, Thogk`bl`o
Thogk`bl`o ]`str`,
]`str`,
 phr`s``o, ljh, she`og`t, khy`klo`o j`a`e su`tu fhotuk g`ef`r`o kcokrht y`og ehef`ogkltk`o
 phsco` jhog`o `a`t f`n`s`. : J`rl fhfhr`p` jhilolsl thrshfut, e`k` j`p`t jlslepuak`o f`nw`

s`str` `j`a`n shfu`n tuals`o y`og jltuals cahn shshcr`og jhog`o ehogguo`k`o f`n`s` y`og
 fhrfhj` jhog`o f`n`s` shn`rl-n`rl. F`n`s` y`og jle`ksuj she`m`e k`t`-k`t` y`og

9
 

ehogguo`k`o e`b`s j`o g`y` f`n`s`. ]ha`lo ltu, tuals`o y`og jln`slak`o cahn phoualsoy` fhr`s`a
tlj`k n`oy` j`rl le`blo`sl
le`blo`sloy`,
oy`, f`nk`o fls` jl`efla j`rl khnljup`o oy`t` y`og thrb`jl jl shklt`r 
shklt`r 
 phoualsoy`. Kcovhosl ]`str` Kcovhosl ehrup`k`o su`tu khshp`k`t`o y`og suj`n jlthrle` cr`og
 f`oy`k j`o suj`n ehob`jl tr`jlsl.@rtloy`, khfl`s``o ltu jla`kuk`o cr`og shm`r` thrus ehohrus
j`rl w`ktu kh w`ktu.]`str` fhrk`lt`o jhog`o kcovhosl she`m`e ltu. ]hm`r` ueue, kcovhosl
y`og p`alog j`s`r `j`a`n phoggcacog`o bhols-bhols thks s`str` ehob`jl tlg` ghorh, y`kol prcs`,
 pulsl, j`o jr`e`. E`slog-e`slog ghorh e`sln fls` jlf`gl a`gl ehob`jl suf-suf ghorh a`gl.8
Fhrlkut phe`p`r`ooy`. `. Trcs` `j`a`n sheu` thks/k`ry` rhk``o y`og tlj`k fhrfhotuk jl`acg,
y`og lsloy` j`p`t ehrup`k`o kls`n shb`r`n `t`u shjhrht`o phrlstlw`.9 Thoj`p`t a`lo ehog`t`k`o
 prcs` `j`a`nk`r`og`o fhf`s (tlj`k thrlk`t cahn k`lj`n y`og thrj`p`t j`a`e pulsl).7 B`jl, prcs`
`j`a`n shfu`n k`ry` rhk``o fhrlsl phrlstlw` y`og tlj`k thrlk`t `tur`o shphrtl j`a`e pulsl. J`a`e
n`a lol y`og ehob`jl ickus `j`a`n prcs` ilksl (fhrsli`t le`blo`tli), shphrtl ocvha, ocvhaht, mhrpho,
rce`o, j`o mhrfuog. :B`kcf ]ue`rjbc j`o ]`lol KE, @prhsl`sl Khsus`str``o,, Ehef`m` ]`str`2
Thog`ot`r Ehe`n`el ]`str` uotuk Thrguru`o Zloggl. Tulsl `j`a`n shsu`tu y`og ehoyho`ogk`o,
shk`alpuo m`r` `t`u k`t`-k`t` y`og ehrhk` phrguo`k`o uotuk ehoy`t`k`o n`a ltu `g`k fhrfhj`.>
Thoj`p`t a`lo ehog`t`k`o pulsl `j`a`n r`g`e s`str` y`og f`n`s`oy` thrlk`t cahn lr`e`, e`tr`,
rle`, shrt` phoyusuo`o a`rlk j`o f`lt.< Jhilolsl a`lo ehe`p`rk`o f`nw` pulsl `j`a`n g`y`
 f`n`s` y`og ehogguo`k`o shfu`n uogk`p`o uotuk ehoy`t`k`o shsu`tu y`og y` og a`lo.04 B`jl, pulsl
`j`a`n r`g`e s`str` y`og fhrup` k`t`-k`t` loj`n j`o thrlk`t jhog`o fhfhr`p` `tur`o shphrtl rle`
j`o lr`e` shrt` fhrg`y` f`n`s`. m. Jr`e` `j`a`n k`ry` s`str` y`og ehoguogk`pk`o mhrlt`
eha`aul
eha`a ul jl`acgjl`a
jl`acgjl`acg
cg p`r` tckcnoy`.00Jhilol
tckcnoy`.00Jhilolsl sl a`lo ehe`p`rk`o f`nw` jr`e` `j`a`n su`tu
a`kco y`og jlphot`sk`o jl `t`s p`ooguog.06 Thoj`p`t a`lo bug` ehoy`t`k`o f`nw` jr`e` `j`a`n
sheu` thks y`og fhrsli`t jl`acg-jl`acg j`o y`og lsloy` ehefhot`ogk`o shfu`n `aur.0= B`jl,
jr`e` `j`a`n su`tu r`g`e s`str` y`og fhrlsl mhrlt` jhog`o jl`acg-jl`acg `ot`r tckcn jl j`a`eoy`
j`o jlshrt`l khthr`og`o ghr`k`o `t`u sltu`sl shtl`p jl`acg y`og jls`ep`lk`o.]ha`lo ltu, fl`s`oy`
jr`e` jlfu`t uotuk jlphot`sk`o jl `t`s p`ogguog. Kcoshp Fuj`y` Ehavlaah B. Nhrskcvlts j`o
Frcolsa`w E`alocwskl ehogheuk`k`o f`nw` shg`a` shsu`tu y`og thrj`p`t j`a`e e`sy`r`k`t
jlthotuk`o cahn khfuj`y``o y`og jlelalkl cahn e`sy`r`k`t ltu shojlrl.Ehourut @ojrh`s Hpplok,
khfuj`y``o ehog`ojuog khshaurun`o phoghrtl`o ola`l scsl`a, ocre` scsl`a, laeu phoght`nu`o
shrt` khshaurun`o struktur-struktur scsl`a, rhalglus, j`o a`lo-a`lo, t`ef`n`o a`gl shg`a` phroy`t``o
lothahktu`a j`o `rtlstlk
`rtlstlk y`og ehob`jl mlrl kn`s su`tu e`s
e`sy`r`k`t.
y`r`k`t. Ehourut Hjw`rj Furohtt Zyacr,
khfuj`y``o ehrup`k`o khshaurun`o y`og kcepahks, y`og jl j`a`eoy` thrk`ojuog phoght`nu`o,
khphrm`y``o,
khphrm `y``o, khshol`o, ecr`a, nukue, `j`t lstl`j`t,
lstl`j`t, j`o khe`epu`o-khe
khe`epu`o-khe`epu`o
`epu`o a`lo y`og
jlj`p`
jlj`p`tt shshcr
shshcr`og
`og shf`g`
shf`g`ll `oggct
`oggct`` e`sy`r
e`sy`r`k`t
`k`t.. Ehouru
Ehourutt ]hac
]hac ]che`r
]che`rjb`
jb`o
o j`o ]cha`l
]cha`le`o
e`o
]che`rjl, khfuj`y``o `j`a`n s`r`o` n`sla k`ry`, r`s`, j`o mlpt` e`sy`r`k`t.0: J`rl fhfhr`p`
jhilolsl
jhilo lsl thrshfut ehogho`l khfuj`y``o, e`k` j`p`t jlslepuak`o
jlslepuak`o f`nw` khfuj`y``o `j`a`n
`j`a`n
shsu`tu y`og fl`s` jla`kuk`o cahn shkhacepck e`sy`r`k`t jl su`tu thep`t. Khfuj`y``o ltu
shojlrl jln`slak`o j`rl plklr`o e`ousl` e`upuo krh`sl. ]`a`n s`tu mcotcn khfuj`y``o y`og
e`sl
e` sln
n jlp`
jlp`k`l
k`l `j
`j`a
`a`n
`n fu
fuj`y
j`y`` ehoy
ehoy`a
`a`k
`k`o
`o ph
pht`
t`s`
s`o
o s`
s``t
`t `m
`m`r
`r`` ph
phro
rolk
lk`n
`n`o
`o jl Fht`
Fht`wl
wl j`o
shklt`roy`. Xosur-uosu
shklt`roy`. Xosur-uosurr Khfuj`y``o
Khfuj`y``o Kchotb`r`olo
Kchotb`r`ologr`t
gr`t ehoyhfutk`o
ehoyhfutk`o `j` tubun uosur-uosur 
uosur-uosur 
khfuj`y``o uolvhrs`a, y`kol08 2 0. Khshol`o ]htha`n ehehounl khfutun`o ilslk e`ousl` bug`

7
 

ehehrauk`o shsu`tu y`og j`p`t ehehounl khfutun`o pslkls ehrhk` shnlogg` a`nlra`n khshol`o
y`og j`p`t eheu`sk`o. 6. ]lsthe thkocacgl j`o phr`a`t`o ]lsthe y`og tlefua k`rho` e`ousl`
e`epu ehomlpt`k`o f`r`og-f`r`og j`o shsu`tu y`og f`ru `g`r j`p`t ehehounl khfutun`o
nljup
nljup j`o ehefhj`
ehefhj`k`o
k`o e`ousl
e`ousl`` jhog`e
jhog`e e`knau
e`knaukk nlj
nljup
up y`og
y`og a`l
a`lo.
o. =. ]lsthe
]lsthe crg`ol
crg`ols`s
s`sll
e`sy`r`k`t ]lsthe y`og euomua k`rho` khs`j`r`o e`ousl` f`nw` ehsklpuo jlmlpt`k`o shf`g`l
e`knauk y`og p`alog shepuro` o`euo tht`p ehelalkl khahe`n`o j`o khahfln`o e`slog”e`slog
`ot`r lojlvlju shnlogg` tlefua r`s` utuk fhrcrg`ols`sl j`o fhrs`tu. F`n`s` ]hsu`tu y`og fhr`w`a
j`rl n`oy` shfu`n kcjh, tuals`o nlogg` fhruf`n shf`g`l als`o uotuk ehephreuj`n
ehephreuj`n kceuolk`sl
`ot`r shs`e` e`ousl`.F`nk`o suj`n `j` f`n`s` y`og jlb`jlk`o f`n`s` uolvhrs`a shphrtl f`n`s`
Loggrls. 8. ]lsthe e`t` phom`n`rl`o nljup j`o slsthe hkcocel ]lsthe y`og tlefua k`rho`
e`ousl
e`o usl`` e`epu
e`epu ehomlp
ehomlpt`k
t`k`o
`o f`r`og-
f`r`og-f`r
f`r`og
`og j`o shsu`t
shsu`tu
u y`og
y`og f`ru
f`ru `g`r
`g`r j`p`t
j`p`t ehehou
ehehounl nl
khfutu
khf utun`o
n`o nljup
nljup j`o ehefhj`
ehefhj`k`o
k`o e`ousl
e`ousl`` jhog`e
jhog`e e`knau
e`knauk k nlj
nljup
up y`og
y`og a`l
a`lo.
o. 9. ]lsthe
]lsthe
 phoght`nu`o ]lsthe y`og thra`nlr kk`rho`
`rho` shtl`p e`ousl`
e`ou sl` ehelalkl `k`a j`o plklr`o y`og fhrfhj`
shnl
shnlog
ogg`
g` eheu
eheuom
omua
uak`
k`o
o j`j`o
o eh
ehoj
oj`p`
`p`tk
tk`o
`o shshsu
su`t
`tu
u y`
y`og
og fhfhrf
rfhj
hj`` pu
pua`
a`,, sh
shnl
nlog
ogg`
g` phrau
phrau
jls`ep
jls`ep`lk`lk`o
`o `g`r
`g`r y`og a`lo
a`lo bug`
bug` ehoghr
ehoghrtl.
tl. 7. ]lsthe
]lsthe rha
rhalgl
lgl Khphrm
Khphrm`y`
`y``o
`o e`ousl
e`ousl`` thr
thrn`j`
n`j`pp
`j`oy` ]`og E`n` Thomlpt` y`og euomua k`rho` khs`j`r`o f`nw` `j` z`t y`og ahfln j`o E`n`
Ku`s`.09 ]hphrtl y`og tha`n jlshfutk`o shfhaueoy` f`nw` f`n`s` thre`suk kh j`a`e uosur 
khfuj`y``o. F`n`s` ehrup`k`o n`sla mlpt``o e`ousl` y`og jlb`jlk`o shf`g`l ehjl` kceuslk`sl
`ot`re`ousl`. Fl`s`oy` f`n`s` jl su`tu thep`t jhog`o thep`t a`lo ehelalkl phrfhj``o j`o n`a
shphrtl lola`n y`og ehob`jlk`o mlrl kn`s j`rl su`tu khacepck e`sy`r`k`t. F`n`s` Fht`wl j`o
 f`n`s` B`w` els`aoy`, khju`
khju ` f`n`s` lol fl`s`
f l`s` jlp`k`l cahn e`sy`r`k`t B`k`rt` j`o B`w`.Khju`
 f`n`s` lol ehelalkl phrfhj``o. Cahn k`rho` ltu, f`n`s` thre`suk kh j`a`e khfuj`y``o, y`og
ehrup`k`o
ehrup `k`o ljhotlt`s
ljhotlt`s su`tu khacepck
khacepck e`sy`r`k`t
e`sy`r`k`t.. Thef`n`s`o
Thef`n`s`o T`j` n`klk`toy`,
n`klk`toy`, f`lk s`str`
e`upuo fuj`y` `t`u khfuj`y``o ehelalkl phog`run s`tu s`e` a`lo. Khju` n`a thrshfut ehelalkl
nufuog`o tlef`a f`alk. Cahn k`rho` ltu, p`j` f`gl`o phef`n`s`o lol, phohaltl ehef`gl ju`
 phef`n`s`o y`kol shf`g`l fhrlkut. Thog`run Fuj`y` thrn`j`p ]`str` ]hf`g`le`o` jlshfutk`o
 p`j` f`f shfhaueoy` f`nw` fuj`y` `j`a`n shg`a` shsu`tu y`og sha`au jla`kuk`o cahn
e`sy`r`k`t j`o ehrup`k`o n`sla j`rl j`y` plklr e`ousl`, shphrtl `j`t lstl`j`t, f`n`s`, `g`e` j`o
shf`g`loy
shf`g` loy`.E
`.E`k`
`k` j`rl
j`rl ltu,
ltu, fuj`y`
fuj`y` tlj`k
tlj`k ahp`s
ahp`s j`rl
j`rl e`sy`r
e`sy`r`k`
`k`t.N
t.N`a
`a lol jlshf`
jlshf`fk`o
fk`o f`nw`
f`nw`
shsuoggunoy` fuj`y` fhrkhef`og j`o thep`toy` `j` jl e`sy`r`k`t. Khn`jlr`o s`str` jl fuel
Lojcohsl` jl`ogg`p eua`l `j` p`j` s``t e`s` F`a`l Tust`k`.E`s` lol fhra`ogsuog j`rl t`nuo
0<
0<44-
44-0<=
0<== = jl f`
f`w`
w`nn kh
khku
ku`s
`s``
``o
o ph
phobob`b
`b`n`
`n`oo Fha`
Fha`oj`
oj`.T
.T`j`
`j` e`s`
e`s` lt ltu,
u, rc
rce`
e`o-o-rc
rce`
e`o
o y`
y`og
og
jln`s
jln`sla
lak`
k`oo ahfl
ahfln
n fh
fhro
rou`
u`os
os`` kh
kh`j`
`j`t-
t-ls
lstl
tl`j
`j`t
`t`o
`o j`j`hr
hr`n
`n.L
.Lol
ol ehe`
ehe`og og susuj`
j`nn jljlth
thot
otuk`
uk`o
o cacahn
hn
 phehrlot`n Fha`oj`.Thrau jllog`t f`nw` `p`fla` `j` k`ry` y`og tlj`k ehoglkutl phr`tur`o y`og
suj`n jlthotuk`o phehrlot`n Fha`oj`, e`k` tuals`o thrshfut jl`ogg`p al`r f`nk`o phog`r`ogoy`
ehoj`p
eho j`p`t`t nukue`o
nukue`o.N`
.N`aa lol jlk`rh
jlk`rho`k
o`k`o`o sli
sli`t-
`t-sli
sli`t
`t j`o lsl k`r`og`
k`r`og`o-k
o-k`r`
`r`og`o
og`o she`m`
she`m`ee ltu
 f`oy`k ehogn`sut r`ky`t uotuk fhrcot`k.07E`k`, t`k nhr`o blk` khf`oy`k`o k`ry` s`str`
jla`nlrk`o ahfln fhrthe`k`o `j`t lstl`j`t. Mcotcn k`ry` rce`o y`og jlk`r`og cahn phog`r`og
Lojcohsl` jhog`o the` thrshfut `j`a`n ]ltl Ourf`y` (E`r`n Vusal, 0<66), ]`a`n @sun`o (@fjua
Euls
Euls,, 0<
0<6>)
6>) j`
j`o
o @z`f
@z`f j`
j`oo ]h
]hog
ogs`
s`r`
r` (Ehr
(Ehr`r
`rll ]lrh
]lrhg`
g`r,
r, 0<
0<64
64).
). ]h
]hg`a
g`a`` n`
n`aa y`
y`og
og th
thrb
rb`j
`jll jl
e`sy`r`k`t ehrup`k`o n`a y`og photlog j`a`e phouals`o ljh mhrlt`.@j`t lstl`j`t j`o sltu`sl

>
 

scsl`a jl su`tu j`hr`n, y`og ehrup`k`o f`gl`o j`rl khfuj`y``o `j`a`n the`-the` y`og fl`s`
jl`efla cahn phog`r`og.N`a y`og tlj`k phrau jlf`ot`n a`gl f`nw` ljh mhrlt` y`og jlp`k`l p`r`
 phog`r`og f`lk jl e`s` f`a`l pust`k` `t`u a`looy` fhrp`ogk`a j`rl kcojlsl e`sy`r`k`t, shphrtl
`j`tt lstl`j
`j` lstl`j`t,
`t, tr`jls
tr`jlslj`
lj`o
o shf`g`
shf`g`loy
loy`.@
`.@ogg`
ogg`p`o
p`o lol phro`n
phro`n jluogk
jluogk`pk`
`pk`o
o bug`
bug` j`a`e
j`a`e shfu`n
shfu`n
rhihrhosl. @j`puo kutlp`ooy` shf`g`l fhrlkut. ‑]`y` fhr`ogg`p`o, a`t`r fha`k`og shb`r`n j`o
z`e`o shrt` a`t`r fha`k`og khe`sy`r`k`t`o puoy` phog`run y`og fhs`r j`a`e prcshs phomlpt``o,
 bug` j`a`e 07@blp Vcsljl, Lkntls`r ]hb`r`n ]`str` Lojcohsl` ocvha. Thog`run y`og jhelkl`o
tlj`k n`oy` thrf`t`s p`j` the`-the` y`og jluogk`pk`o, tht`pl bug` thrn`j`p struktur k`ry` s`str`
thrshfut. ―0> Ehe`og suj`n tlj`k fls` jlpuogklrl a`gl f`nw` shg`a` shsu`tu y`og fhr`j` jl
e`sy`r`k`t j`p`t ehephog`runl ljh mhrlt` y`og jltuals phog`r`og j`a`e k`ry`oy`. Thog`run
 fuj`y`, s`a`n s`tuoy` `j`t lstl`j`t `t`u tr`jlsl fls` jlaln`t p`j` rce`o Zhoggha`eoy` Y`o Jhr 
Wlbmk k`ry` N`ek`. T`j` k`ry` thrshfut, the` y`og jlp`k`l `j`a`n mlot` shb`tl y`og tlj`k fls`
jls`tuk`o
jls`tuk`o k`rho` `j`t lstl`j`t.
lstl`j`t. N`ek` ehog`e`tl
ehog`e`tl j`o ehaln`t
ehaln`t `j`t lstl`j`t
lstl`j`t y`og fhra`ku
fhra`ku jl
thep`t `s`aoy`, y`ltu T`j`og, ]ue`thr` F`r`t. N`ek` ehe`k`l tckcn y`og fhro`e` R`loujjlo
j`o N`y`tl. Khju` tckcn lol fhr`s`a j`rl suku y`og fhrfhj`. N`y`tl ehrup`k`o g`jls j`rl suku
T`j`og `sal, shj`ogk`o R`loujjlo tlj`k bha`s khsuku`ooy`,
khsuku`ooy`, `y`noy` ehe`og
ehe`og fhr`s`a
fhr`s`a j`rl suku
T`j`og `sal, o`euo lfuoy` fhr`s`a j`rl Fugls. F`lk jl T`j`og e`upuo Fugls, l` s`e`-s`e`
tlj`k jl`kul. Thrmlot``o ehrhk` shojlrl tlj`k fls` jls`tuk`o j`a`e phrolk`n`o k`rho` phrfhj``o
lol. E`sy`r`k`t T`j`og p`j` e`s` ltu s`og`t ehehg`og thgun fuj`y` y`og `j` jl thep`toy`,
y`kol `j`t lstl`j`t j`a`e phrolk`n`o. Fhgltua`n y`og thrb`jl j`a`e juol` k`ry` s`str` f`nw`
shg`a
shg`a`` phphrs
rsc`a
c`a`o
`o y`
y`og
og fhr`j`
fhr`j` jl e`sy
e`sy`r`r`k
`k`t
`t s`
s`og
og`t
`t ehoho
ehohotu
tuk`o
k`o p`p`r`
r` s`
s`tr
tr`w
`w`o
`o j`
j`a`
a`e
e
ehohotuk`o
ehohot uk`o the` y`og loglo jlp`k`l j`a`e k`ry`oy`.
k`ry`oy`. Blk` jlaln`t j`rl phe`p`r`o
phe`p`r`o shfhaueoy`,
shfhaueoy`,
n`a thrshfut `k`o `j` k`lt`ooy` jhog`o phojhk`t`o elehtlk. Jl slol `k`o jlkht`nul f`nw`
shcr`og phog`r`og j`a`e prcshs ehouals k`ry`oy`, l` ehe`sukk`o rh`alt`s khnljup`o oy`t`
y`og fhr`j` jl shklt`roy`. ]heu` y`og jltuals cahn phog`r`og ehrup`k`o tlru`o j`rl rh`alt`s
y`og `j` jl e`sy`r`k`t.N`a lol fhr`rtl f`lk scsl`a e`upuo fuj`y` (scslc-kuatur`a) ehelalkl
 phog`run y`og fhs`r uotuk khsus`sthr``o, knususoy` jl Lojcohsl`. ‑Khsus`str``o Lojcohsl`
ehob`j
eho b`jll pctrht
pctrht scsl`a
scsl`a fuj`y`
fuj`y` e`sy`r
e`sy`r`k`
`k`tt Lojcoh
Lojcohsl`
sl`.Zl
.Zlj`k
j`k b`r
b`r`og,
`og, khsus`
khsus`str
str``o
``o Lojcoh
Lojcohsl`
sl`
ehomhrelok`o phrb`a`o`o shrb`r`n Lojcohsl`, khghals`n`o kuatur`a j`o e`olihst`sl phelklr`o
F`ogs`
F`o gs` Lojcoh
Lojcohsl`
sl`.El
.Els`a
s`aoy`
oy`,, khsus`
khsus`str
str``o
``o 0>Eurs
0>Eurs`a`a Hstho,
Hstho, ]`str`
]`str` Lojcoh
Lojcohsl`
sl` j`o Zr`jls
Zr`jlsll
]ufkuatur, (F`ojuog2 @ogk`s`, 640=), n.=:. Wlaj` Ilzrly`ol Buro`a Jl`ahktlk` Yca. 0 Oc. 0 Buol
640: | 0:4 z`e`o F`a`l Tust`k` (0<64-0<==).K`ry`-k`ry` s`str` p`j` z`e`o ltu ehouobuk`o
 prcfahe kuatur`a khtlk` F`ogs` Lojcohsl` jln`j`pk`o p`j` fuj`y` F`r`t.K`ry` s`str` thrshfut
eheuomuak`o tckcn-tckcn (ilksl) y`og ehw`klal gcacog`o tu` (tr`jlslco`a) j`o gcacog`o euj`
(ecjhro).0<― ‑Thkhef`og`o j`o phruf`n`o-phruf`n`o j`rl su`tu e`sy`r`k`t y`og fhrshotun`o
jhog`o
jho g`o su`tu
su`tu fhotuk
fhotuk khfuj`y
khfuj`y``o
``o F`r`t
F`r`t y`og lojlvl
lojlvlju`
ju`als
als.Eh
.Ehskl
sklpuo
puo y`og fhrsho
fhrshotun
tun`o
`o lt
ltu
u
 f`r`ogk`al n`oy`a`n khacepck khmla
khm la cr`og-cr`og (y`og fhrphojljlk`o), o`euo k`rho` khacepck 
thrshfut `j`a`n p`r` mhojhkl`w`o y`og shk`algus p`r` s`str`w`o, phog`runoy` `e`t ehohotuk`o
 phrkhef`og`o j`o mcr`k khsus`sthr``o Lojcohsl`.―64 Kutlp`o thrshfut ehogu`tk`o phe`p`r`o
shfhaueoy` y`og ehobha`sk`o f`nw` shg`a` shsu`tu y`og fhruf`n j`o fhrkhef`og, f`lk kcojlsl
e`upuo sltu`sl j`a`e n`a `p`puo y`og `j` jl e`sy`r`k`t j`p`t ehephog`runl khr`g`e`o

<
 

s`str`.N`a lol fls` jlaln`t j`rl shgl the`, shphrtl p`j` e`s` F`a`l Tust`k`, phre`s`a`n`o `j`t
lstl`j`t ehw`ro`l k`ry`-k`ry` s`str`.]htha`n ltu, p`j` e`s` Tub`ogg` F`ru, the` y`og shrlog
jlp`k`l `j`a`n phelklr`o y`og suj`n tlj`k khj`hr`n-j`hr`n`o a`gl, ahfln khf`r`tf`r`t`o.]`og`t
 b`r`og jltheuk`o k`ry` y`og fhrou`os`
f hrou`os` phrolk`n`o k`rho` `j`t lstl`j`t shphrtl y`og thrb`jl p`j`
rce`o
rce `o ]ltl
]ltl Ourf`y
Ourf`y`` p`j`
p`j` e`s`
e`s` shfhau
shfhaueoy
eoy`.]
`.]ha`
ha`obu
obutoy
toy`,
`, phr
phruf`
uf`n`o
n`o thr
thrb`j
b`jll shtha`
shtha`n
n e`s`
e`s`
kh
kheh
ehrj
rjhk`
hk``o
`o,, mlrl
mlrl kn`s
kn`s y`
y`og
og jls`
jls`bl
blk`
k`o
o j`a`e
j`a`e k`k`ry
ry`` s`
s`st
str`
r` p`
p`j`
j` e`s`
e`s` lo
loll ah
ahfl
fln
n fh
fhrs
rsli
li`t
`t
o`slco`als.A`au p`j` e`s` rhicre`sl, jl e`s` lol mhrlt` y`og ehelalkl uosur shksu`alt`s eua`l
 fhrkhef`og ehskl tlj`k shaurun k`ry` s`str` ehe`k`loy`. O`euo n`a lol eho`oj`k`o f`nw`
khfhf`s`o fhrhksprhsl p`j` e`s` lol s`og`t ehephog`runl ljh mhrlt` y`og jlp`k`l phog`r`og
 p`j` k`ry`oy`. Zhe` mhrlt` y`og bug` shep`t ehr`e`lk`o juol` khsus`sthr``o Lojcohsl` `j`a`n
 phrmlot``o jhog`o ou`os` Lsa`e. Zhe` lol jl`w`al cahn p`r` phog`r`og IAT (Icrue Alogk`r 
Tho`) shphrtl N`flfurr`ne`o Ha ]nlr`zy j`o @se` O`jl`. Kheujl`o sltu`sl lol eua`l ehr`ef`n
kh phog`r`og a`lo, `a`s`ooy` ehe`og j`rl khpcpuahr`o y`og jlj`p`t j`rl e`sy`r`k`t. ]ha`lo ltu,
suj`n jlkht`nul f`nw` Lojcohsl`
Lojcohsl` ehrup`k`o
ehrup`k`o ohg`r` y`og e`ycrlt`s
e`ycrlt`s phojujukoy`
phojujukoy` Lsa`e, e`k`
jhog`o ehoy`blk`o
ehoy`blk`o kls`n mlot` y`og fhrou`os`
fhrou`os` Lsa`e j`p`t eho`rlk
eho`rlk phrn`tl`o
phrn`tl`o p`r` phef`m`
phef`m` jl
Lojcoh
Lojcohsl`
sl`.. O`euo
O`euo k`ry`
k`ry` s`str`
s`str` fhrou`
fhrou`os`
os` s`los
s`los puo lkut
lkut ehr`e`
ehr`e`lk`
lk`oo juol`
juol` khsus`
khsus`st
sthr`
hr``o
`o
Lojco
Lojcohs
hsl`
l` s``t
s``t lol,
lol, sh
shph
phrt
rtll k`ry
k`ry`` Jhwl
Jhwl ‑Jhh
‑Jhh―― Ah
Ahst
st`r
`rl.
l. Jhel
Jhelkl
kl`o
`oa`
a`n
n y`
y`og
og th
thrb
rb`j
`jll j`
j`a`
a`e
e
khsus`st
khsus` sthr`
hr``o
`o Lojcohs
Lojcohsl`
l` f`nw`
f`nw` kh`j``
kh`j``o
o e`sy`r
e`sy`r`k`t
`k`t,, f`lk
f`lk scsl`a
scsl`a e`upuo
e`upuo kuatur
kuatur`a
`a e`epu
e`epu
ehephoghrunl ljh mhrlt` `t`u the` y`og jlp`k`l phog`r`og j`a`e k`ry`oy`.]ha`lo ltu, f`r`og
thotu suj`n jlkht`nul f`nw` s`str` ehe`og fhrk`lt`o jhog`o rh`alt`s khnljp`o oy`t`. J`a`e n`a
lol ahfln jlkho`a jhog`o elehtlk.
elehtlk. Thog`run
Thog`run ]`str`
]`str` thrn`j`p
thrn`j`p Fuj`y` ]hcr`og
]hcr`og phelklr
phelklr Vce`wl,
Vce`wl,
Ncr`tlus, ehogheuk`k`o lstla`n juamh ht utlah, j`a`e tuals`ooy` fhrbujua @rs Tchtlm`. 60 E`ko`
j`rl k`t` thrshfut `j`a`n ehognlfur j`o fhre`oi``t.Lol ehrup`k`o iuogsl g`oj` j`rl s`str`.
]`str` n`jlr jl e`sy`r`k`t tlj`k n`oy` shk`j`r
shk`j `r uotuk jlf`m`, l` ehelalkl iuogsl thrshojlrl. ]`str`
ehognlfur p`r` phef`m` jhog`o ehoy`blk`o tuals`o-tuals`o y`og ehog`ojuog khloj`n`o j`o
ehefhrlk`o e`ko` f`gl khnljup`o phef`m`oy`. Thef`m` fls` ehoheuk`o e`oi``toy`, shphrtl
ehr`s` ahfln f`lk shtha`n ehef`m` `t`u fls` b`jl l` ehoheuk`o phtu`n/phs`o j`rl k`ry` s`str`
y`og jlf`m`oy`, shnlogg` phs`o ltu fls` l` thr`pk`o j`a`e khnljup`o. E`oi``t shfu`n k`ry`
s`str` mukup fhrphog`run f`gl p`r` phef`m`oy`.y`og thrb`jl p`j` fhfhr`p` t`nuo y`og a`au
 f`nw` phro`n jlfhrlt`k`o jl ehjl`-ehjl` e`ss`, thot`og kcotrcvhrsl jl shput`r rhom`o`
 phefhrl`o phogn`rg``o E`gs`ys`y khp`j` s`a`n shcr`og s`str`w`o Lojcohsl`, Tr`echjy`
@o`ot` Zchr, `t`s khfhrn`sla`ooy` jl flj`og s`str`, buro`alstlk, j`o kceuolk`sl krh`tli (Kcep`s,
0:-6> @gustus 0<<8, j`o Icrue Kh`jla`o, hjlsl Bual-@gustus 0<<8).66 N`a lol jlk`rho`k`o
 f`oy`k k`ry` fhal`u y`og jla`r`og fhrhj`r jl Lojcohsl` s``t crjh f`ru, y`og euogklo
e`sy`r`k`t ehog`ogg`p k`ry` fhal`u fhrlsl
fhrlsl phs`o y`og fhrsl
fhrsli`t
i`t ehephog`runl j`a`e n`a y`og
tlj`k f`lk uotuk p`r` phef`m`.Jhog`o lol j`p`t jlbha`sk`o f`nw` k`ry` s`str` fho`r-fho`r 
ehelalkl khs`oggup`o uotuk ehephog`runl ‑`a`e plklr― e`sy`r`k`t, scslc-kuatur e`sy`r`k`t.
Blk` tlj`k, thotu tlj`k `k`o phro`n `j` pha`r`og`o thrn`j`p fhrhj`roy` su`tu k`ry` s`str`.
]hfu`n tuals`o, knususoy` k`ry` s`str` fls` ehephog`runl fuj`y` su`tu f`ogs`. ]hphrtl y`og
thrb`jl p`j` e`s` pub`ogg` f`ru, e`s` jl e`o` phelklr`o khf`r`t-f`r`t`o eua`l ehognl`sl
k`ry`-k`ry` s`str` p`j` e`s` ltu. N`a y`og ehomhogk`o f`nw` phelklr`o ltu tlj`k n`oy` thrb`jl

04
 

jl k`ry` p`r` s`tr`w`o, t`pl e`epu ehe`sukl ru`og phelklr`o p`r` phef`m` s`ep`l ehoguf`n
m`r` nljup e`sy`r`k`t Lojcohsl`. ]hphrtl tckcn Zutl p`j` rce`o A`y`r Zhrkhef`og, tckcn y`og
ehelalkl slk`p y`og s`og`t fhrfhj` jhog`o w`olt` Lojcohsl` p`j` ueueoy`. E`k`, tlj`k nhr`o
 blk` j`rl k`ry` thrshfut fls` a`nlr tckcn Zutl y`og shfho`roy` jl Lojcohsl`. Vhojr` phro`n
 fhrk`t` thot`og kcojlsl k`ry`-k`ry` khsusthr``o jl Lojcohsl`.Fhrlkut lol phroy`t``oy`. ‑]`str`
j`
j`oo kh
khsh
shol
ol`o
`o n`n`ru
russ ehef
ehefhrhrll `r
`rtl
tl kh
khp`
p`j`
j` e`sy
e`sy`r`r`k`
`k`to
toy`
y`.F
.Fuk`
uk`o
o shshkh
khj`
j`rr n`jlr
n`jlr sh
shf`
f`g`
g`ll
k`ry`.Thoy`lr,
k`ry`.Thoy`l r, shole`o
shole`o `t`u mhojhkl`w`o
mhojhkl`w`o ehepuoy`
ehepuoy` iuogsl
iuogsl „eheflefl
„ehefleflog“
og“ `t`u eheleplo
eheleplo
 phruf`n`o e`sy`r`k`t.L` ehob`jl cr`og e`rglo`a, fhrjl`acg jhog`o khoy`t``o y`og `j`. Z`pl
ehe`og `j` hepu, y`og fhrjl`acg jhog`o ola`l, k`a`u phrau jhog`o r`b`oy` bug`. @j` y`og
shkhj`r ehognlfur, ehogly`k`o ola`l-ola`l.―6= J`rl phroy`t``o thrshfut, Vhojr` ehomcf` uotuk 
ehogkrltl
ehogkr ltlk
k k`ry`k`ry`
k`ry`k`ry` s`str` y`og n`jlr jl e`sy`r`k`t.
e`sy`r`k`t. Khf`oy`k`o k`ry` s`str`
s`str` y`og n`jlr jl
e`sy`r`k`t n`oy` shkhj`r ehectrht khnljup`o y`og `j` jl shklt`r phog`r`ogoy`. Ehourutoy`,
k`ry` y`og euomua tlj`k ehefhrlk`o
ehefhrlk`o krltlk
krltlk `t`u ehefhrl e`suk`o khp`j` e`sy`r`k`t.
e`sy`r`k`t. K`ry`
s`str` n`oy` shkhj`r uotuk ehognlfur p`r` phef`m`.Fhrfhj` shk`al jhog`o k`ry` s`str` y`og
n`jlr
n`j lr jl e`s`
e`s` F`a`l
F`a`l Tust`k
Tust`k`,
`, shphrt
shphrtll ]ltl
]ltl Ourf`y`
Ourf`y` `t`u ]`a`n
]`a`n @sun`o
@sun`o.. Jl k`ry`-
k`ry`-k`r
k`ry`
y` lol
 phog`r`og ehe`og ehectrht khnljup`o y`og `j` jl thep`toy`, o`euo y`og ehob`jl phefhj`
`j`a`n
`j`a`n krltlk
krltlk thrn`j`
thrn`j`p
p y`og thrb`j
thrb`jll jl e`sy`r
e`sy`r`k`t
`k`toy`
oy` thr
thrshf
shfut.
ut. @j` phs`o
phs`o y`og phog`r`
phog`r`og
og
s`ep`lk`o jl j`a`e thksoy`. N`a lol fls` jlaln`t bha`s j`rl rce`o @z`f j`o ]hogs`r` k`ry`
Ehr`rl ]lrhg`r. Jl k`ry` lol, ehr`rl fuk`o n`oy` eho`eplak`o sltu`sl tr`jlsl phrolk`n`o j`o
kcojlsl scsl`a jl thep`t `s`aoy`, ]uku F`t`k, ]ue`thr` Xt`r`. O`euo, jl thks k`ry`oy` ltu,
Ehr`rll ehomcf` ehogkrltlk
Ehr`r ehogkrltlk j`rl ihoceho`-ihoceh
ihoceho`-ihoceho`o` scsl`a
scsl`a j`o fuj`y` jl shklt`roy`.
shklt`roy`. M`r`
 p`oj`ogoy` ltu tlj`k n`oy` fhrsli`t sufbhktli, o`euo jlk`ltk`o jhog`o `g`e`.E`k`, n`a y`og
tlj`k euogklo blk` j`rl krltlk thrshfut `k`o ehefhrlk`o hihk y`og shsu`l jhog`o n`r`p`o,
ehoguf`n fuj`y` e`sy`r`k`t y`og ehe`og tlj`k shsu`l. Krltlk Vhojr` lol shfho`roy` jl`buk`o
khp`j` Vce`o plmls`o `t`u k`ry` pcp y`og ehw`f`n shklt`r t`nuo 0<>4`o. Jhog`o shkhj`r 
ehectrht khnljup`o kuatur`a y`og `j` jl e`sy`r`k`t kheujl`o jltu`ogk`o j`a`e k`ry` s`str`
jlr`s` mukup ehefhrlk`o phog`run thrn`j`p fuj`y`. Thoy`bl`o lol j`p`t ehefhrlk`o hihk y`og
mukup f`lk. ]htlj`koy`, kh`j``o y`og jl`a`el
jl`a`el shcr`og phog`r`og jl j`hr`noy`
j`hr`noy` j`p`t jlkht`nul
jlkht`nul
j`o jlkho`a cahn cr`og a`lo y`og fhr`j` jl thep`t y`og fhrfhj` j`o b`un.]ha`lo ltu, p`r`
 phef`m` jl Lojcohsl` tlj`k sheu` fhrslk`p p`sli thrn`j`p `p` y`og jlf`m`oy`. Ehe`og tlj`k 
 fls` jltca`k f`nw` phef`m` p`sli ltu `j`. O`euo, f`g`le`opuo bug` phef`m` y`og krltls j`o
`ktli s`og`ta`n photlog j`o p`stl `j` w`a`upuo buea`noy` shjlklt. J`rl gcacog`o shphrtl lola`n,
 phs`o y`og ehe`og fhaue fls` thrh`als`slk`o cahn phog`r`og j`a`e k`ry`oy`, y`og n`oy`
shkhj`
shkhj`rr ehectr
ehectrhtht khnljup`
khnljup`o,
o, e`epu
e`epu thrs`e
thrs`ep`l
p`lk`o
k`o jhog`o
jhog`o f`lk.
f`lk. Els`ao
Els`aoy`,
y`, k`ry`
k`ry` Elr`
Elr` W,
khf`oy`k`o ljh mhrlt` y`og jlp`k`l `j`a`n phrmlot``o. K`ry`-k`ry`oy` jl`ogg`p rce`o plmls`o
 p`j` e`s` ltu. F`gl phef`m` p`sli, k`ry` lol ehe`og shk`j`r uotuk nlfur`o. O`euo f`gl
 phef`m` krltls j`o `ktli, ehrhk` fls` ehoheuk`o e`oi``t j`rl f`m``o thrshfut. ]heu` lol
ehe`og khef`al khp`j` kcojlsl phef`m`oy`. N`a lol fls` jlaln`t j`rl phoy`t``o @. Zhuw, l`
ehoy`t`k`o f`nw` phog`r`ogoy` ehepuoy`l kcelteho thrn`j`p khe`ousl``o y`og thrbhae`
j`a`e fhrf`g`l fhotuk, shj`ogk`o phog`r`ogoy` shojlrl euogklo t`k t`nu. N`a lol fhr`rtl f`nw`
thrk`j`og `p` y`og jltuals phog`r`og j`o jlt`islr phef`m` fhrfhj`. T`j` e`s` klol j`p`t jlaln`t

00
 

j`
j`rl
rl k`
k`ry
ry`` s`st
s`str`
r` y`
y`og
og fhfhro
rou`o
u`os`
s` ls
lsa`
a`el
el.. ]`a`n
]`a`n s`
s`tu
tuoy`
oy` `j`j`a
`a`n
`n @y`t
@y`t-`
-`y`
y`tt Ml
Mlot
ot`` k`
k`ry
ry``
N`flfurr`ne`o Ha ]nlr`zy. K`ry` fhal`u e`epu ehob`jl fhst shaahr j`a`e phobu`a`ooy`. Kls`n
y`og jls`blk`o ehe`og n`oy` fhrkut`t p`j` the` phrmlot``o, t`pl y`og ehob`jl eho`rlk `j`a`n
ou`os`
ou` os` Lsa`e
Lsa`e y`og jlp`k`
jlp`k`ll j`a`e
j`a`e k`ry`oy
k`ry`oy`.T`
`.T`j`
j` e`s`
e`s` klol,
klol, shfhg`l
shfhg`le`o
e`o`` jlkht`
jlkht`nul
nul f`nw`
f`nw`
khecjhro`o y`og jl`a`el juol` thre`suk Lojcohsl` e`epu ehephog`runl shg`a` `sphk, s`a`n
s`tuoy
s`tuoy`` `j`a`n
`j`a`n g`y`
g`y` phrg`u
phrg`ua`o
a`o p`r`
p`r` rhe`b`
rhe`b`.. Hihk
Hihk ohg`tli
ohg`tli y`og
y`og jlthrl
jlthrle`
e` cahn
cahn e`sy`r
e`sy`r`k`t
`k`t
Lojcohsl`
Lojcoh sl` j`rl
j`rl shgl
shgl phrg`ua
phrg`ua`o
`o p`r`
p`r` rhe`b`
rhe`b`,, j`p`t
j`p`t jlkht`
jlkht`nul
nul f`nw`
f`nw` phrg`ua
phrg`ua`o
`o p`r`
p`r` rhe`b`
rhe`b`
knususoy` j`a`e phrmlot``o `ot`r a`w`o bhols s`og`ta`n fhf`s. Zlj`k `j` f`t`s y`og shsu`l.
Jhog`o ehef`m` k`ry` y`og sukshs jlilaek`o jl Lojcohsl` lol, e`k` fuk`o n`a y`og tlj`k 
euogklo, p`r` phef`m` y`og oct`fhohoy` `j`a`n rhe`b` e`epu ehoheuk`o phs`o y`og f`lk 
j`rl k`ry` thrshfut. Ehrhk` fls` ehoght`nul j`o thrs`j`r m`r` fhrg`ua jhog`o a`w`o bhols j`a`e
 phrsphktli Lsa`e. Ocvha A`sk`r Tha`ogl k`ry` @ojrh` Nlr`t` fls` ehob`jl k`ry` y`og e`epu
ehoguf`n pca` plklr e`sy`r`k`t. Ocvha lol ehe`og ehogg`ef`rk`o khnljup`o s`og phog`r`og
she`
she`s`
s` khmla
khmlaoy
oy`.
`. N`a
N`a y`og
y`og p`
p`al
alog
og ehoy
ehoyhj
hjln
lnk`
k`o
o `j
`j`a
`a`n
`n kl
kls`
s`n
n khnlj
khnljup`
up`o
o ph
phog`
og`r`
r`og
og s`
s``t
`t
ehoghef`o phojljlk`o jl shkca`n j`s`r, jl sltu phef`m` j`p`t ehoght`nul kh`j``o y`og s`og`t
ehogkn`w`tlrk`o j`a`e juol` phojljlk`o.]hfu`n khshob`og`o `ot`r` shkca`n uotuk cr`og k`y`
j`o shkca`n y`og n`eplr jlgusur thrshfut, o`euo throy`t` shkca`n y`og n`eplr thrgusur ltu
e`epu ehoguklr prhst`sl.E`k`, jhog`o ehef`m` k`ry` lol, shfu`n rhspco fhrup` tloj`k`o fls`
s`b` thrb`jl j`a`e ehephrf`rul
ehephrf`rul kh`j``o juol` phojljlk`o
phojljlk`o knsususoy`
knsususoy` jl wla`y`n
wla`y`n thrphomla.
thrphomla.
Zhrk`lt jhog`o phr`o s`str` j`a`e ehef`oguo khr`g`e`o fuj`y`, uotuk ehe`stlk`o `p`k`n
s`str` ehe`og puoy` khjujuk`o photlog j`a`e khfuj`y``o fls` jlaln`t j`rl n`sla Kcogrhs
Khfuj`y``o Lojcohsl` LL jl F`ojuog y`og fhra`ogsuog j`rl 9-00 Cktcfhr 0<80.T`j` f`gl`o
khsus`sthr``o pclo 7` jloy`t`k`o fhrlkut lol. Thr`o`o ]`str` Lojcohsl` ‑Ehefhotuk su`tu f`j`o
 phohrflt y`og knusus ehohrfltk`o fuku-fuku khfuj`y``o,
khfu j`y``o, shnlogg` fuku-fuku y`og tlj`k `k`o
ehog
eh ogn`
n`sl
slak
ak`o
`o khuo
khuotu
tuog
og`o
`o kc
kceh
ehrs
rsl`
l`aa th
tht`
t`pl
pl ehep
ehepuouoy`
y`ll ol
ola`
a`ll kh
khfu
fuj`
j`y`
y``o
`o j`j`p`
p`tt bu
bug`
g`
jlthrfltk`o.―68 J`rl phroy`t``o thrshfut bha`sa`n f`nw` j`a`e juol` khsus`sthr``o, shg`a` y`og
 fhrnufuog`o jhog`o fuj`y` s`og`ta`n photlog.

F@F LLL

KHAHFLN@O J@O KHKXV@OG@O L]L @]VZLKHA

0. Khahfln`o Lsl Buro`a Xt`e`

@. J`rl @sphk Vu`og Alogkup Lsl @rtlkha

06
 

M`kup`o j`rl ru`og alogkup `rtlkha kur`og au`s j`o n`oy` ehef`n`s fhfhr`p` e`thrl s`b`
thot`og shb`r`n s`str`.

F. J`rl @sphk Z`t` F`n`s` @rtlkha

F`n`s` p`j` `rtlkha thrshfut tuj`k fhrfhalt-fhalt shnlogg` euj`n jl ehoghrtl.

6. Khahfln`o Buro`a Thef`ojlog

@. J`rl @sphk Vu`og Alogkup Lsl @rtlkha

Bujua suj`n bha`s j`rl `rtlkha y`og jl f`n`s lsl `fstr`k y`og jl j`a`e `rtlkha suj`n sphslilk j`o
 bha`s.

F. J`rl @sphk Z`t` F`n`s` @rtlkha

Ljh-ljh y`og jl tu`ogk`o j`a`e `rtlkha photlog j`o eho`ef`n w`w`s`o phoght`nu`o. F`n`s`
y`og jlguo`k`o bug` suj`n f`gus j`o khf`oy`k`o ljh y`og jl tu`ogk`o thrj`p`t `rl phouals ltu
shojlrl.

=. Khkur`og`o Lsl Buro`a Xt`e`

@. J`rl @sphk Vu`og Alogkup @rtlkha

Ehelalkl phoghrtl`o thra`au p`ob`og shnlogg` phef`m` `g`k sualt ehoghrtl. F`n`s` y`og thra`au
sualt uotuk ehoheuk`o khslepua`ooy` ehoyhf`fk`o phef`m` floguog jhog`o lsl e`thrl.

F. J`rl @sphk Z`t` F`n`s` @rtlkha

Ehelalkl f`n`s` y`og f`ku shnlogg` phef`m` `g`k ruelt uotuk ehoghrtl.

:. Khkur`og`o Lsl Buro`a Thef`ojlog

@. J`rl Vu`og Alogkup Lsl @rtlkha

Zhra`al f`oy`k phoj`p`t shnlogg` ehogur`ogl krh`ilt`s phouals uotuk ehou`ogk`o j`rl rhihrhosl
 fuku a`lo.

F. J`rl @sphk Z`t` F`n`s` @rtlkha

0=
 

Icot y`og jl gu`o`k`o thra`au khmla uotuk shfu`n buro`a shnlogg` phef`m` `g`k sualt uotuk
ehef`m` .

F@F LY

THOXZXT

0:
 

@. ]l
]le
epua`
pua`o
o
  Fhrj`s`rk`o n`sla phohaltl`o thraln`t f`nw` ]HB@V@N ]@]ZV@ ehouobukk`o
 phologk`t`o j`rl t`nuo kh t`nuo J`t` thrshfut jlphrku`t j`rl n`sla phog`e`t`o shfu`n
`rtlkh buro`a y`og jl fu`t cahn phohaltl buro`a. N`sla phohaltl`o lol jln`r`pk`o slsw` j`p`t
ehog`palk`slk`o she`u e`thrl y`og tha`n jlfu`t
j lfu`t j`a`e khnljup`o shn`rl-n`rl, `g`r slsw`
j`p`t ehe`n`el e`thrl thrshfut.

F. ]`r`o
]hf`lkoy` phohaltl ehom`otuek`o ljhotlt`s buro`a jhog`o ahogk`p, shnlogg`
sheu` bha`s j`rl shgl ljhotlt`s j`o e`thrl phef`n`s`o.

08