FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2

(DCC50194)

Session I 2022/2023

PROJECT TITLE:
RICE HUSK ASH AND COCONUT SHELL AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
MATERIALS IN CONCRETE

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: MISS CHIA SOI LEE

STUDENT’S NAME:

NAME REG. NO.

MASTURA DIANA BINTI MASHUR 17DKA20F1007
MUHAMMAD AINUDDIN BIN ROSLAN 17DKA20F1023

VALIDATION BY SUPERVISOR:

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION PAGE

1.1 Introduction 6

1.2 Problem Statement 7

1.3 Objectives 7

1.4 Scope of Study 8

1.5 Significant of Study 8

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE RESEARCH

2.1 Concrete 9

2.1.1 Cement 10

2.1.2 Fine Aggregate 10

2.1.3 Coarse Aggregate 11

2.1.4 Water Ratio 12

2.2 Partial Replacement Material Proposed

2.2.1 Rice Husk Ash 12

2.2.2 Coconut Shell 13

2.3 Preview Study

2.3.1 Rice Husk Ash 14

2.3.2 Coconut Shell 20

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY / DESIGN

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Material Preparation

3.2.1 Cement 32

3.2.2 Fine Aggregate 32

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 3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate 32

3.2.4 Water Ratio 33

3.3 Sample Preparation 33

3.4 Testing 34

3.4.1 Slump Test 34

3.4.2 Water Absorption 35

3.4.3 Compressive Strength 36

CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 37

4.2 Finding

4.2.1 Slump Test 37

4.2.2 Water Absorption Test 38

4.2.3 Compressive Strength Test 39

4.3 Discussion

4.3.1 Slump Test 40

4.3.2 Water Absorption Test 41

4.3.3 Compressive Strength Test 42

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 LIST OF TABLES PAGES

1 Rice Husk Ash Matrix Table 16

2 Coconut Shell Matrix Table 23

3 Sample Preparation Content 33

4 Slump Test 37

5 Water Absorption 38

6 Compressive Strength 39

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 LIST OF FIGURE PAGES

1 Flow Chart of Methodology 31

2 Slump Test 40

3 Water Absorption Test 41

4 Compressive Strength Test 42

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Construction is very important to a country because it is one of the main parts in national
construction sector. Malaysian is a country that is rapidly developing from economically.
Therefore, Malaysia must have a building and good infrastructure facilities to attract more
investors to come to Malaysian. In order to meet the needs of the many building projects and
infrastructure conducted, this will lead to a high demand for construction materials.

The common main materials present in the construction is concrete, timber, steel and
many more. Mostly, all of the materials used in construction is from nature. These materials
will eventually run out one day if they are used extensively. Concrete is the basic material in
the construction of a building. Concrete used to build the foundation, column, floors and more.
Generally, the basic material for producing concrete is cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, water and additives.

Growth in the infrastructure and civil engineering sub-sectors with recorded 18.0%
growth in the third quarter of 2017 shows the construction sector is now booming. An increase
in this construction activity causing an increase in the demand for building materials.
Production of materials domestic construction is variable from year to year over some types
main building materials. Import activity on cement and coarse aggregate was higher from the
country’s export activities. Negative perceptions among national construction industry players
to Malaysian products and services resulting in an increase import activities on building
materials.

Instead of using normal building materials, concrete also can match with waste disposal
material such as rice husk ash, fly ash, coil ash, coconut shell, clamshell and many more. Using
waste disposal material as partial replacement material in concrete can reduce pollution that
occurred because of these materials is being thrown away or burned. Cement and aggregates is
non-renewable materials and will eventually runs out if being used extensively. The only
solution to solve this problem is to partially replace the concrete mix materials with waste
disposal.

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 4.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Concrete is a combination of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and

additives. Concrete with low compressive strength can cause so much problems to
contractors. For example, low compressive strength concrete can cause the concrete cracking
in the future. (Abbas,2012) hasstated that minor crack develops in concrete due to shrinkage.
As a result, a new development of concrete composition with natural additives or replacement
materials was introduced in construction industry.

Mostly all the material used to make concrete mix is come from nature. If all of these
materials are used extensively, there will be a big possibility that it will run out one day. Since
Malaysia is a country that is rapidly developing, the use of concrete will also rapidly increase
because the concrete is widely used in building construction to make beams, columns, slabs,
walls and many more. A high demand on the concrete also will also lead to the growing demand
for cement and coarse aggregate.

Because of that, most researchers doing research to find additive or replacement

materials which have high potential like clam shell, fly ash, coconut shell, rice husk ash and
many more. In this study, the rice husk ash and coconut shell will be used as partial
replacement material for cement and coarse aggregate respectively in concrete.

4.3 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study are:

 To produce a concrete mixed with rice husk ash and coconut shell as a partial
replacement material for cement and coarse aggregate respectively.
 To test the workability, water absorption, and compressive strength of partial
replacement material concrete.

 To compare the partial replacement material concrete with standard value in term
of workability, water absorption, and compressive strength.

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 4.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

The concrete is mixed from cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, coconut shell and
rice husk ash. The size of rice husk ash used is in ranges 5 to 10 µm. Normally the size of
coarse aggregate is in ranges of 4.75mm to 20mm. So, in this study, the size of coconut shell
used is in ranges of 10mm to 20mm. The concrete mix ratio is 1:2:4 and the grade is 20.
Concrete grade 20 is domestic type. Normally this grade is used to make domestic floors and
foundations. It is also good for workshop bases, garages, driveways and internal floor slabs
(Base Concrete, 2020). 10% and 20% of rice husk ash will partially replace the cement, while
the 5% and 10% of coconut shell will partially replace the coarse aggregate in concrete mix.
0% of replacement of concrete is need as a control sample for comparison. 3 samples will be
prepared for each testing of different ratio of replacement.

Total 45 cube samples will be prepared for water absorption and compressive strength
test for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. The test will be conducted at Chuan Seng Industries Sdn.
Bhd. The Standard Proceduresfor workability, water absorption and compressive strength test
are MS 26-1-2, MS30 and EN 12390-3 respectively. According to JKR Standard
Specifications for Building Works (2014) the limits of water absorption percentage must not
exceed 8%, while the standard value is 20N/mm² for 28-days compressive strength of
concrete.

4.5 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

From this study, the partial replacement material concrete will have a high
workability, and compressive strength. In addition, it can help to reduce the environmental
issue about pollution because of waste materials disposal like rice husk and coconut shell.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded

together with a cement paste that hardens or cures over time. Concrete is the second-most-
used substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building material.
Concrete mix ratios are the proportions of concrete components such as cement, sand,
aggregates and water. These mix ratios are decided based on type of construction and mix
designs. When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a
fluid slurry that is easily poured and moulded into shape. The cement reacts with the water
through a process called concrete hydration. Concrete is a composite material composed of
fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a cement paste that cures over time.

Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, and is the most
widely used building material. Widespread use results in a number of environmental impacts.
Most notably, the production process for cement produces large volumes of greenhouse gas
emissions, leading to net 8% of global (World Business Council for Sustainable
Development, 2002). Concrete is expected to be a key material for structures resilient to
climate disasters as well as a solution to mitigate the pollution of other industries. Significant
research and development are being done to try to reduce the emissions or make concrete a
source of carbonsequestration.

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2.1.1 Cement

Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with
water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder
material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial
structures. Cement is corrosive to metals and therefore any metals in contact with cement
should be corrosion resistant. A normal type of cement that is used in the construction
industry is also known as hydraulic cement because this powdery substance is generally
mixed with water before use.

2.1.2 Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregates are small size filler materials in construction. Fine aggregates are the
particles that pass through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve. Sand, stone
screenings, burnt clays, cinders, fly ash, are used as fine aggregate in concrete. River sand
or machine sand, crushed stone sand, crushed gravel sand are the major sources of fine
aggregate. However, the surface area of fine aggregates is higher. The function of fine
aggregate in concrete is the voids between the coarse aggregate are filled up by fine
aggregate. Fine aggregates are used in mortar, plaster, concrete, filling of road pavement
layers.

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2.1.3 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregates are larger size filler materials in construction. Coarse

aggregates are the particles that retain on 4.75 mm sieve. The quality should follow size
ranges from 4.75 mm to 18 mm. It must be hard, strong, chemically inert, non-porous, and
composed of gravel or broken stone aggregates with a rough and non-glassy texture. Field
observations and testing can be used to check the quality of aggregates. Also, coarse
aggregates should not absorb moisture by more than 10% of their weight and should not
contain flaky and elongated particles by more than 35% of their total quantity
(Hamakareem, n.d.)
The material that always used as coarse aggregate are broken bricks, broken stones,
gravels, pebbles, clinkers, cinders are used as coarse aggregate in concrete. Recycled
aggregates from construction, demolition, and excavation waste are increasingly used as
partial replacements for natural aggregates. Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river
stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the surface of concrete for a decorative
exposed aggregate finish, popular among landscape designers. Dolomite aggregates,
crushed gravel or stone, natural disintegration of rock are the major sources of coarse
aggregate. Coarse aggregate acts as inert filler material for concrete. Coarse aggregates are
mainly used in concrete, railway track ballast.

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2.1.4 Water Ratio

Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement paste by the process of
hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and makes it
flow. Water is measured by its volume and it is specified as no of litres per bag of cement. If
aggregates are dry and are likely to absorb water, extra water should be added to maintain the
water content. If the water content of concrete is increased by 10% above the optimum water
content, the strength of concrete reduces by 15%, and the increase in 50% water content reduces
its strength by 50%. The workability of concrete will increase but the strength will decrease as
a result (Engineering Goal, 2021).

As stated by Abrams' law, a lower water-to-cement ratio yields a stronger, more durable
concrete, whereas more water gives a freer-flowing concrete with a higher slump. Impure water
used to make concrete can cause problems when setting or in causing premature failure of the
structure (Engineering Goal, 2021). The greater the amount of water in a concrete mix, the
moredilute the cement paste will be. This not only affects the compressive strength, it also
affects the tensile and flexural strengths, the porosity, the shrinkage and the color. Using a
low w/c ratio is the usual way to achieve a high strength and high quality concrete. The typical
of waterratio are normal for ordinary concrete as sidewalks and driveways must contains 0.6 to
0.7 andfor specified if a higher quality concrete is desired 0.4(Concrete counter top institute,
n.d.)

2.2 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT MATERIAL PROPOSED

2.2.1 Rice Husk Ash

Concrete is the most essential aspect of any construction. and widely used
material in the construction industry. Selection of concrete depends on various factors
like environment, energy consumption, budget and technical aspects. Hence the
concrete technology stepped towards the development of alternative building material
which can fulfil these aspects and are locally available so as to reduce the cost of
construction. Many materials are used for these purposes like ground granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBS), rice husk ash (RHA), silica fume, fly ash etc. All these materials
are categorized as pozzolanic admixtures or mineral admixtures. They are also known
as a supplementary cementitious material.
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 Rice husk ash is a by-product of agriculture and is generated in rice mills. Rice
husk (rice hull) is the coating of seeds or grains of rice. This coating protects the seed
or grain during the growing season. The husk converts to hard materials, including
opaline silica and lignin. When properly burnt, rice husk contains high amounts of silica
(SiO2). According to Zareei (2017), rice husk ash contains 85% to 95% amorphous silica.
Hence it can be used as supplementary cementitious material in combination with
cement to make concrete products. When paddy is milled, 80% of the weight is of rice
and 20% of the weight obtained is husk. This husk can also be used as a fuel for steam
or power generation and other purposes.

Rice husk ash is an active pozzolana and has several applications in the cement
and concrete industry. The use of RHA is less-expensive because it reduces the cement
requirement, thereby decreases the overall production cost of concrete. Reduction in
cement requirement leads to less environmental pollution by cement factories and
provides economic and environmental benefits, along with providing a utilitarian way
of disposing this agricultural waste product which has lit tle alternative use.

2.2.2 Coconut Shell

Coconut shell is an agricultural waste and is available in plentiful quantities throughout

tropical countries worldwide. Coconuts are produced in 92 countries worldwide on about 10
million hectares of land. Indonesia, the Philippines, and India account for almost 75% of world
coconut production, Salman (2021). The hard shells, fibrous husks, and long pinnate leaves
can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decoration.

Coconut husks and shells are an attractive biomass fuel and are also a good source of
charcoal. The chemical composition of coconut husks consists of cellulose, lignin,

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pyroligneous acid, gas, charcoal, tar, tannin, and potassium. The coconut fruit yields 40%
coconut husks containing 30% fiber, with dust making up the rest. The major advantage of
using coconut biomass as a fuel is that coconut is a permanent crop and available round the
year, so there is a constant whole-year supply. In many countries, coconut shells are subjected
to open burning, which contributes significantly to CO2 and methane emissions. Coconut shell
has a high calorific value of 20.8MJ/kg and can be used to produce steam, energy-rich gases,
bio-oil, biochar, etc, Salman (2021).

2.3 PREVIEW STUDY

2.3.1 Rice Husk Ash

These are the results of the surveyors. Zareei (2017) have study aimed to present an
analysis based on benefits resulting from different contents of RHA. The performance of rice
husk ash in concrete is one factor influencing the amount of silica addedbecause rice husk ash
contains 85% to 95% weight percent of amorphous silica. He discovered that using 20%
replacement rice husk ash as cement on micro-silica yielded the best results in compression
and tensile strength tests.

This research has been undertaken to study the main characteristics of the Rice Husk
Ash (RHA), properties of fresh concrete and development of the fundamental properties of
hardened concrete. The research involves developing a comprehensive engineering data-base
on RHA concretes including durability aspects such as long-term performance in artificial sea
water (5% NaCl solution). The porosity and pore structure of concrete were measured using
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). The obtained test results showed that using RHA
improved the different studied properties of concrete. Other than that, he proved that the
chemical composition of rice husk ash satisfies the ASTM C618-78 requirements for chemical
composition such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3)
in rice husk ash, which reaches 95%. In this paper, the experimental program, test results, and
analysis, as well as conclusions, are presented. The testing results show that 10% of
replacement cement with rice husk is the optimum result from compressive strength and
flexural strength, but 20% replacement by rice husk is optimum for workability (Anwar et al.,
2000).

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 Pandey (2016) research is the effect of the incorporation of rice husk ash instead of
cement. The study is to analyse the impact of the utilisation of changing doses of RHA as a
fractional substitution of cement in concrete blends. The result shows that 10% of rice husk
ash is the optimum because of the characteristics of rice husk ash are an exceptionally
responsive pozzolanic material used as an Ordinary Portland Cement substitution.

Singh & Singh (2019) studied the effect of rice husk ash on the workability and
strength of concrete. He has proved that effective pozzolanic is due to high amorphous silica
content and finer particle size. Concrete mixed with rice husk ash had a higher compressive
strength than when mixed with silica fume. As a result, he found out that 10% of replacement
cement by rice husk ash is the optimum result on testing workability and compressive strength.

He found out that coconut shell and rice husk ash have high potential to improve the
engineering properties for poor subgrade soil. There are some recommendations that can be
made to improve the result such as by adding more coconut shell and rice husk ash due to the
increment of California Bearing Ratio value. Lastly, using a different size of coconut shell and
different percentage of rice husk ash can be utilize to find the optimum enhancement to
subgrade the soil. The result he got fromtest are the increase percentage of rice husk ash and
coconut shell, the increase durability of concrete can be and the optimum result are 20% of rice
husk ash and 8% of coconut shell, Ramliet (2018).

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No Author Year Title Ratio Method/ Finding
Testing
1
Zareei, 2017 Rice husk ash as rw; 0.4 Compression 7 days;
Seyed a partial 5%, 10%, Strength; 51.92 MPa (5%), 53MPa
Alireza replacement of 15%, (10%), 56.43MPa (15%),
Ameri, cement in high 20%, 56.67MPa (20%), 54.35MPa
Farshad strength concrete 25% (25%)
Dorostkar, containing micro 28 days; 85.12MPa (5%),
Farzan silica: 86.9MPa (10%), 92.51MPa
Ahmadi, Evaluating (15%), 93.28MPa (20%),
Mojtaba durability and 89.1MPa (25%).
mechanical
properties 10%
silica ISRM (1978) Brazilian Test
added Tensile
Strength 5.95MPa (5%), 6.08MPa
(10%), 6.47MPa (15%),
6.52MPa (20%), 6.23MPa
(25%)

7 days;5.86% (5%), 5.64%

Water (10%), 5.39% (15%), 5.11%
Absorption (20%), 4.87% (25%)
28 days; 3.95% (5%), 3.7%
(10%), 3.46% (15%), 3.23%
(20%), 3.05% (25%)

Conclusion
 Preventing from environmental interferences and
reduction of pollutants are issues attributed to
cementitious replacements, which lead to a more
comprehensive framework for dealing with
environmental-based issues.
 Rice husk ash contains 85% to 95% weight percent
of amorphous silica.
 Rice husk ash as a pozzolanic reactive material
can be used to improve surface area of transition
zone between the microscopic structure of cement
paste and aggregate in the high-performance
concrete

2 M. Anwar, 2000 Using Rica Husk 0%, 10%, Workability Slump Test; 11.10cm(10%),
T. Ash as a Cement 20% 5.40cm(20%)
Miyagawa

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 and M. Replacement in
Gaweesh Concrete Compressive 7 days; 174kg/cm3 (10%),
Strength 177kg/cm3 (20%)
28 days; 251kg/cm3 (10%),
209kg/cm3 (20%)
90 days; 312kg/cm3 (10%),
275kg/cm3 (20%)

Flexural 7 days; 40.8kg/cm3 (10%),

Strength 41kg/cm3 (20%)
28 days; 45kg/cm3 (10%),
45kg/cm3 (20%)
90 days; 55kg/cm3 (10%),
54.5kg/cm3 (20%)

Conclusion;
- The ASTM C618-78 requirement for chemical
composition which stipulates a minimum combined
proportion of 70% but RHA reach 95%of Silica
- RHA determined as loss on ignition, was 3.3%.
This also satisfies the ASTM requirement for losson
ignition which should not exceed 12%

3 Osama 2021 Effect of 5%, 10%, Compressive ASTM C 39 (C39/C39M A,

Zaid, Jawad Incorporation of 15%,20% Strength 2003)
Ahmad, Rice Husk Ash 7 days; 5.4% (5%), 12.1%
Muhammad Instead of (10%), 20.3% (15%), 25.4%
Shahid Cement on the (20%)
Siddique Performance of 21 days; 3.6% (5%), 13.2%
and Fahid Steel Fibers (10%), 21.7% (15%), 26.1%
Aslam Reinforced (20%)
Concrete 28 days; 3.4% (5%), 13.5%
(10%), 23.4% (15%), 28.5%
(20%)

Split Tensile ASTM C 496 (Designation,

Strength 1976)
7 days; 4.4% (5%), 9.6%
(10%), 16.1% (15%),
25.2%(20%)
21 days; 4.2% (5%), 11.9%
(10%), 17.2% (15%), 26.3%
(20%)

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 28 days; 3.8% (5%), 13.0%
(10%), 19.4% (15%), 26.9%
(20%)

Water ASTM C 642-13 (C642-13 A,

Absorption 2013)
6.8% (5%), 7.0% (10%), 7.4%
(15%), 8.6%(20%)

Conclusion;
 RHA is an exceptionally responsive pozzolanic
material used as an Ordinary Portland Cement
substitution
 The reduction in water absorption is because of the
rise in workability superplasticizer (Alsadey, 2015)
as well as the crack prevention of steel fibers
resulting in fewer
Voids

No Author Year Title Ratio Method/ Finding

Testing

5 %, 10
4 Avinash 2013 Effect of rice % dan 15 Workability AS 1012.3.1-1998
Babu, husk ash on % Slump Test; 90mm(5%),
McCarthy workability and 90mm(10%), 70mm(15%)
Timothy strength of
and Lume concrete
Eric Compressive 3 days; 16.04 MPa (5%),
Strength 17.19MPa (10%), 15.54 MPa
(15%)
7 days; 22.79MPa (5%),
21.39MPa (10%), 19.73 MPa
(15%)

Conclusion;
The present study investigates the chemical and
morphological nature of RHA and silica fume (SF). Both

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 can be used to improve strength and durability properties
of concrete.

5 R. Ramli, 2020 Engineering 20% California Top Part; 28.75%

N. A. A. properties Bearing (CS4%)(RHA20%),
Shukur, T. improvement of 4%, 6%, Ratio (CBR) 35%(CS6%)(RHA20%),
I. A. M. clayey soil using and 8% Unsoaked 36.75%(CS8%)(RHA20%)
Walid, et al rice husk ash and Bottom Part;
coconut 30.38%(CS4%)(RHA20%),
shell for road 36.13%(CS6%)(RHA20%),
works 40.81%(CS8%)(RHA20%)

California Top Part; 5.30%

Bearing (CS4%)(RHA20%),
Ratio (CBR) 6.50%(CS6%)(RHA20%),
Soaked 7.25%(CS8%)(RHA20%)
Bottom Part;
10.42%(CS4%)(RHA20%),
16.48 %(CS6%)(RHA20%),
19.51%(CS8%)(RHA20%)

Conclusion;
 Treatment soil with admixture like coconut shell
and rice husk ash show general increase in
Optimum Moisture Content and general decrease
in Maximum Dry Density.
 Addition of CS and RHA with soil increases both
California Bearing Ratio value for Soaked and
Unsoaked condition.
 There are some recommendations that can be made
to improve the result such as by adding more CS &
RHA due to the increment of California Bearing
Ratio values.
 Next, using a different size of CS could be utilized
to find the optimum enhancement to subgrade the
soil.

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2.3.2 Coconut Shell

Gunasekaran (2011) have found the coconut shell has better workability because of
smooth surface. The impact resistance of coconut shell aggregate concrete is high when
compared with conventional concrete.

Itam (2014) have found that concrete densities that contain coconut shell are reduced
compared to concrete without the additive. The coconut shell used in this research was
collected from a palm oil factory in Bukit Rambai, Melaka, Malaysia. The usage of coconut
shell increases water absorption and reduces the workability and compressive strength of
concrete. Coconut shell has the potential to become lightweight concrete by replacing coarse
aggregate. The result shows that 25% of the replacement of coarse aggregateby coconut shell
is effective.

In this experimental investigation, the coconut shell was used as a light weight
aggregate in concrete, and the properties of coconut shell concrete were examined. The study's
goal is to examine the flexural and compressive strength characteristics of M20 grade concrete
and potential construction materials with partial replacement while also reducing waste
disposal. The optimum replacement is obtained as 15% can be used as coarse aggregate in the
production of light weight concrete, B. Anusha (2017).

The coconut shell was collected from a local market in Pekan Pagoh, Johor, and the
different shapes of crushed coconut shell were sieved using a size of 10 mm and 14 mm. The
addition of coconut shells shows the inconsistency of slump height but results in a high
degree of workability. It might have happened due to the various shapes and sizes of coconut
shells that affected the bonding of the paste of cement. 4% of replacement coarse aggregate
shows better results on workability but lowers compressive strength. The increasing
percentage replacement has shown that the rate of water absorption is high, and it has been
proved that a high rate of water absorption is causing the low strength of coconut shell
concrete, Azahar & Rahman (2021).

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 Based on experiments that have been conducted by Azahar & A. Rahman (2021), to
improve the concrete replacement by coconut shell, coconut shells need to be cleaned from
any fibres where the properties could affect coconut shells' strength. Next, chop or crush the
coconut shell into the same size or shape as the concrete paste to easily bind together to avoid
honeycomb due to the different surface size of the coconut shell. Other than that, add some
mixture to improve the bonding of coconut shell and use a quality of fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate that lies within the typical range of degradation.

Saifullah (2017) proves that coconut shells can be used as a partial replacement for the
conventional stone aggregates in concrete production. The experiment shows that 20% of
crushed stone chips can be replaced with coconut shells to produce structural lightweight
concrete as per the requirements provided by the American Concrete Institute.

Kumbhar & Pawar (2018) have found that so many wastes which can be used in
traditional concrete like e-wastes, rubber tyre waste, glass waste etc. The coconut shell is a
main waste which can be used in traditional concrete, coconut shell aggregate and coconut
shell fiber. The compressive and flexural strength tests were performed with 10%, 20%, and
30% coarse aggregate replacement to coconut shells. It is observed that the compressive
strength of concrete is reduced to some extent and the flexural strength also reduced as the
replacement of coconut shell is increased, but the 10% replacement is possible to use in
construction work and the 20% and 30% replacement are possible to use for less important
construction work under some conditions. It is found that the workability of concrete is
increased compared to traditional concrete as the percentage of replacement is increased.

The paper aims to analyse density, flexural and compressive strength characteristics
of with partial replacement using M20 grade concrete. Density of the concretes decreases
with increase in CS percent. Compressive strengths of CS concretes were lower than control
concrete. Workability decreased with increase in CS replacement. The project also aims to
show that coconut shell aggregate is a potential construction material and simultaneously
reduce the amount of waste. The main objective is to encourage the use of these "seemingly"
waste products as construction materials in low-cost construction Professor Svec (2017)

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 Shahidan (2016) has stated that he found that characteristic properties of coconut
shell concrete such as workability, bulk density, compressive strength, flexural tensile, water
absorption and thermal performance were reviewed in this paper. This paperattempts to
answer whether coconut shell is suitable to be used in concrete to produce a concrete cool
wall panel in order to reduce heat transfer inside a building.

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No. Author Year Title Size Ratio Testing Finding

1 Jerin Mathew 2016 Coconut Passing 1:2:4 Compressive Standard Procedure;

George Shell as a through Strength IS-516-1959
(International replacement 20mm sieve 24.00 MPa
Research forCoarse size and (0%), 22.62MPa
Jurnal of Aggregate in retained on (25%),14.93MPa
Advanced Concrete 4.75 sieve (50%),
Engineering 5.48MPa (100%)
and Science) Source; Percentage Flextural Standard Procedure;
collected Replacement: Strength IS-516-1959
from oil mill 0%, 25%, 5.36 MPa (0%),
50%, 100% 4.32(25%), 2.40MPa
(50%)

Types; Dry Workability Split Tensile Standard Procedure;

coconut shel Test Result; Test IS-516-1959
5mm (0%), 2.48 Mpa (0%),
7mm (25%), 2.22MPa (25%), 1.27
10mm (50%), MPa (50%), 0.495
14mm (100%) MPa (100%)
Conclusion; In this study, the experiment purpose was to create a
concrete mixture using coconut shell as partial replacement material
of coarse aggregate. The experiment also was to reduce the
percentage of waste disposal material from increasing and to avoid
pollution from occurring. The experiment showed that 25% of
replacement is acceptable to use but the compressive strength value is
lower than control sample.
2 B. Anusha 2017 Coconut Passing 1:1.635:3.135 Compressive Standard Procedure;
(International Shell as a through Strength IS 516-1959
Journal of Coarse 20mm sieve 26.4N/mm²(0%),
Engineering Aggregate size and 24.12N/mm²(5%),
Research and Replacement retained on 20.77N/mm²(10%),
Technology) 4.75mm 24.61N/mm²(15%),
sieve 21.89N/mm²(20%,
20.86N/mm²(25%),
11.23N/mm²(30%),
11.06N/mm²(35%)

Source; Precentage Flextural Standard Procedure;

Replacement: Strength IS 516-1959
0%, 5%, 3.17N/mm²(0%),
10%, 15%, 2.283N/mm²(5%),
20%, 25%, 2.535N/mm²(10%),
30%, 35% 2.89N/mm²(15%),
2.60M/mm²(20%),
2.42N/mm²(25%)

23
 Types; Dry Standard Procedure;
Split Tensile
Coconut Test IS 516-1959
Shell 3.82N/mm² (0%),
2.448N/mm² (5%),
1.94N/mm² (10%),
2.57N/mm² (15%),
1.98N/mm² (20%),
2.45N/mm² (25%),
0.97N/mm² (30%),
0.66N/mm² (35%)
Conclusion: The study was to create a concrete using coconut shell as
partial replacement material. The author stated that 15% of
replacement is good because it shows and increasing in every testing.
3 Ravi Patil, 2019 Coconut Passing 1:1.23:1.88 Compressive Standard Procedure;
Gunasheela P, Shell as through Strength IS 383-1970
Khamrulislam, Coarse 20mm sieve 26.60N/mm² (0%),
M Nalband, Aggregate in size and 18.22N/mm² (10%),
Mahesh Conventional retained on 17.03N/mm² (20%),
Kumar S Concrete 4.75mm 15.55N/mm² (30%)
sieve

Source; Replacement Flextural Standard Procedure;

Percentage; Strength IS 383-1970
0%, 10%, 4.57N/mm² (0%),
20%, 30% 4.72N/mm² (10%),
4.53N/mm² (20%),
2.69N/mm² (30%)
Types; Workability Split Tensile Standard Procedure;
Dry Coconut of concrete; Test IS 383-1970
Shell 83mm 2.78N/mm² (0%),
(0%), 2.71N/mm² (10%),
79mm (10%), 2.73N/mm² (20%),
82mm (20%), 2.57N/mm² (30%)
85mm (30%)
Conclusion: Based on this journal, 10% is the optimum replacement
ratio because of the increasing in compressive strength value.
4 Zarina Itam, 2014 The Between Replacement Compressive Standard Procedure;
Salmia Beddu Feasibility of 10mm to Percentage; Strength BS 812-103.2-1989
(Jurnal Coconut 12.5mm 0%, 25%, 40.4MPa (0%),
Teknologi) Shell as a 50%, 75%, 32.5MPa (25%),
Replacement 100% 26.6MPa (50%),
for Coarse 21.5MPa (75%),
Aggregate in 14.3MPa (100%)
Lightweight
Concrete Source; Cement Slump Test Standard Procedure;
Replacement 120mm (0%),
with Silica 100mm (25%),
Fume; 15% 50mm (50%),
45mm (75%),
40mm (100%)

24
 Types; 1:1.2:3.24 Water Standard Procedure;
Dry Coconut Absorption 6.3% (0%),
Shell 9.5% (25%),
9.25% (50%),
10.07% (75%),
14.32% (100%)

Conclusion: The experiment is to create a lightweight concrete using

coconut shell as partial replacement material of coarse aggregate. In
this experiment, the aggregate size used is a little bit small to
compare to the other research. The size was 10mm to 12.5mm. And
the result obtained showed that 25% of replacement have the highest
compressive strength value after the control sample. It is acceptable
to use to make a concrete mix.
5 Anis Faezah 2021 A Study on In the range 1:2.1:2.20 Slump Test Standard Procedure;
Azahar, Noor Properties of between BS EN 12350-2:2019
Khazanah A. Concrete as a 10mm, 115mm (0%),
Rahman Potential 14mm and 116mm (4%),
(Penerbit Innovative of 20mm 114mm (8%),
UTHM) Coarse 110mm (12%)
Aggregate
with
Coconut
Shell

Source; Replacement Water Standard Procedure;

collected Percentage; Absorption BS 1881-122:2011
from a local 0%, 4%, 8%, Normal weight
market in 12% concrete; 2000-
Pekan Pagoh, 2600kg/m³
Johor. Testing Value;
2168x10^-9
kg/m³
(0%),
2133x10^-
9kg/m³ (4%),
2034x10^-
9kg/m³ (8%),
1923x10^-
9kg/m³ (12%)

25
Types; Dry Compressive Standard Procedure;
Coconut Strength EN 12390-4
Shell Normal concrete
compressive strength;
25.8N/mm²
Testing Value;
25.8N/mm²
(0%),
20.91N/mm² (4%),
14.65N/mm² (8%),
9.4N/mm² (12%)

26
 Conclusion: The project is about to make a concrete mix using coconut
shell as partial replacement of coarse aggregate. The aggregate size used
in the project is 10mm, 14mm and 20mm. The project also was to
reduce the waste material from increasing. The coconut shell was
collected from a local market in Pekan Pagoh, Johor. 4% of
replacement reached the standard value needed to make a concrete
mix.
6. Shrikant M. 2017 Partial Passing 1:1.5:3 Compressive Standard Procedure:
Harle Replacement through IS Strength
(Journal of of Coarse 20mm sieve Standard Value:
Research in Aggregate and pieces
Engineering with are retained Testing Value:
and Applied Coconut on a IS 24.2MPa (0%),
Sciences) Shell in the 16mm sieve 23.4MPa (10%),
Concrete Source: Replacement Types; Dry 21.3MPa (20%),
Local Percentage: Coconut 16.7MPa (30%)
Temple 0%, 10%, Shell
20%, 30%

Conclusion: The project is about using waste material as partial

replacement material in concrete. The material used in the
project is coconut shell. The replacement ratio was 0%, 10%,
20% and 30% of replacement. From the project data, the author
has stated that 10% of replacement is the best to use to make a
concrete mix.
7. Kajal Bansal, 2014 A Study on Passed 1:1.5:3 Compressive Standard Procedure:
Pooja Meena, Partial through Strength Standard Value:
Mr. Navneet Replacement 12.5mm Testing Value:
Annand of Coarse sieve and 22.78N/mm² (5%),
Aggregate pieces are 20.76N/mm² (10%)
with retained on
Coconut 10 mm sieve
shell
Source: Replacement Flextural Standard Procedure:
Local Percentage: Strength Standard Value:
Temple 5%, 10% Testing Value:
2.28N/mm² (5%)
3.1N/mm² (10%)

Types: Split Tensile Standard Procedure:

Dry Coconut Test Standard Value:
Shell Testing Value:
2.45N/mm² (5%),
2.54N/mm² (10%)

Conclusion: In this study, the project is about partial replacement

material in concrete using coconut shell as coarse aggregate.
Coconut shell used in the project as partial replacement material in
concrete was 5% and 10% respectively. Both replacement
27
 percentage reached the normal compressive strength value but 5%
has the highest value.
8. Ismail 2017 Coconut 1:1.5:3 Compressive Standard Procedure:
Saifullah, Md. Shell as a Strength ASTM C 330
Abdul Halim, Replacement Standard Value:
Md. Zahur- of Coarse 17.25MPa
Uz-Zaman Aggregate in Testing Result:
(International Lightweight 26.83MPa (0%),
Journal of Concrete 24.28MPa (10%),
Advances in 16.68MPa (25%),
Mechanical 10.28MPa (50%)

28
 and Civil Replacement Split Tensile Standard Procedure:
Engineering) Percentage: Strength ACI 301-05
0%, 10%, Standard Value:
25%, 50% 2.0MPa
Testing Result:
2.32MPa (0%),
2.24MPa (10%),
1.92MPa (25%),
1.60MPa (50%)
Slump Cone 120mm (0%), 88mm
Test (10%), 85mm (25%),
59mm (50%)

Conclusion: The project is to make a lightweight concrete

using coconut shell with several different ratio. The
project used 0%, 10 %, 25% and 50% of replacement.
The testing made in this project is slump cone test,
compressive strength test and split tensile strength test.
Only 10% of replacement reached the minimum
compressive strength value to make the concrete mix.

29
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In this study, the partial replacement material chosen are rice husk ash and coconut
shell.This is because rice husk ash contains 92 to 95% silica, highly porous and has very large
external surface area. While, coconut shell is the non-biodegradable byproducts. Coconut shell
also exhibits acceptable properties comparable with that of conventional coarse aggregates. So,
this study will be implemented at Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah laboratory. The testing for this
study will be workability, water absorption and compressive strength respectively. Figure 3.1
below shows the flow chart about this project. The first one is to start the project and the to
identify the problem statement. After that, solutions to solve the problems need to be find
with the best solution. Then, we need to start preparing the materials to make the sample. The
materials needed to make the sample is cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, rice husk
ash and coconut shell. Total 45 samples needed to complete the project. Then, start making
the testing at Chuan Seng Industries Sdn. Bhd. which is slump test, water absorption test and
compressive strength test. If the testing was succeeded, start making the data analysis and if
not, we need to propose a new solution for the project and start over the steps. Then, we can
continue by making the conclusions and recommendation about our project.

30
 START

IDENTIFY PROBLEM
STATEMENT

PROPOSE SOLUTION

SAMPLE PREPARATION

 45 SAMPLE
 MATERIAL :
CEMENT, FINE
NO AGGREGATE,
COARSE
AGGREGATE,
RICEHUSK ASH,
COCONUT SHELL

TESTING

YES

DATA ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION

END

Figure 3.1 Flow Chart of Methodology

31
3.2 MATERIAL PREPARATION

3.2.1 Cement

The cement chosed for this study is Ordinary Portland Cement. The cement used in this
study is provided by Chuan Seng Industries Sdn. Bhd. Meanwhile, raw rice husk will be
bought online from Lazada. The price for each bag is RM 38. Each bag contained 15kg rice
husk ash. So, total bags needed for this study is only 1 bag.

3.2.2 Fine Aggregate

In this study, the fine aggregate used is already provided by Chuan Seng Industries
Sdn. Bhd. The fine aggregate is taken from a beach at Perak. The fine aggregate size chosen
in this study is less than 10mm in diameter. The method used to get this size is by perform a
sieve analysis process first.

3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate

For coarse aggregate, the aggregate used is also provided by Chuan Seng Industries Sdn.
Bhd. The coarse aggregate is obtained from Kuang. The size chosen for coarse aggregate in
this study is between 10mm to 20mm. Theseaggregates also going to undergo sieve analysis
process to make sure that there is no aggregates size less than 10mm. Meanwhile, coconut
shell will be collected from a convenience store at Bagan Nakhoda Omar, Sabak Bernam,
Selangor. The coconut is obtained from Sekinchan, Selangor. The coconut shell will be
washed and left under the sunlight for 24 hours. The coconut shell also will be crushed at
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah laboratory before undergo sieve analysis process to determine
the size ranges of 10mm to 20mm by Ainuddin and Mastura.

32
3.2.4 Water ratio

In this study, the water ratio chosen will be 0.65. This is because too much water
could make the concrete too wet and too little water will make the concrete hard to handle.
The water ratio chosen is to test the workability of concrete through slump test.

3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION

The concrete mixture chosen for this study is 1:2:4. The concrete grade is grade 20. The
partial replacement material chosen for this study is rice husk ash and coconut shell.
Percentage of replacement for rice husk ash will be 10% and 20%. While the percentage of
replacement for coconut shell will be 5% and 10%. Each ratio will have 3 samples for testing
which is workability, water absorption and compressive strength test. Total sample needed for
this study is 45 samples.

Table 3.1 Sample Preparation Content

RATIO
1 : 2 : 4

SAMPLE CEMENT FINE COARSE RICE COCONUT

(kg) AGGREGATE AGGREGATE HUSK SHELL
(kg) (kg) ASH
(kg)
CONTROL 12.08 24.16 48.31 0 0
SAMPLE
(kg)
A 10.87 24.16 45.90 1.21 2.42
(10%) (5%)
B 9.66 24.16 45.90 2.42 2.42
(20%) (5%)
C 10.87 24.16 43.48 1.21 4.83
(10%) (10%)
D 9.66 24.16 43.48 2.42 4.83
(20%) (10%)

33
3.4 TESTING

The sample testings are workability, water absorption and compressive strength test.
The testing is conducted at Chuan Seng Industries. The testing is conducted by Ainuddin and
Mastura with the help of Encik Rashdan from Chuan Seng Industries.

3.4.1 Slump Test (MS 26-1-2)

Slump test will be conducted at Chuan Seng Industries with the help from Encik
Rashdan. The tools used in this project to make slump test is a tray, slump cone, tamping rod,
and measuring tape. The procedure to make slump test is:
A. Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, rice husk ash, and coconut shell material
are weighed using a scale of weights by count. The volume of water was measured
using a measuring cylinder.
B. The materials are being mixed together using the concrete mixing machine. The
mixture was blended until well mixed.
C. After that, the concrete mixture is used to make the slump test.
D. Mixture concrete is being poured into the slump cone layer by layer. Total of three
layers was made and each layer was tamped 25 times each.
E. Once full, the slump cone is being pulled up in 5 to 10 seconds.
F. Readings are measured using a measuring tape. The measuring tape is positioned on
the top surface of the slump and on the height of the slump cone.

34
3.4.2 Water Absorption (MS30)

The next testing is water absorption. The water absorption procedure is:

A. The cube mould is being cleaned and applied oil before poured the concrete mix.

B. The concrete mix made is being poured into cube mould with the size of 0.15m x
0.15m x 0.15m. The concrete mix is being poured layer by layer. Each layer is tamped
using tamping rod with 35 strokes.

C. After that, the concrete is being labelled using a sticker.

D. After 24 hours, the cube mould is opened, and the concrete cube is weighed as dry
weight.

E. Then, put the sample in a curing tank for 7, 14, and 28 days. After 7, 14, and 28 days,
the cube is removed from the curing tank and weighed as a wet weight.

35
3.4.3 Compressive Strength Test (EN 12390-3)

The procedure of compressive strength test is:

A. After 7, 14 and 28 days of curing, the sample is taken out from the curing tank.

B. After taking the weight measurement, the concrete is left dried for a day to make
compressive strength.

C. After that, the sample is being tested using a compression machine at Chuan Seng
Industries Sdn. Bhd. with the help of Encik Faizal.

D. The value was taken as data to make a project report.

36
 CHAPTER 4

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In this study, there are 3 types of testing were conducted which is slump test, water
absorption and compressive strength test. Testing was made at 7-days, 14-days and 28-days of
curing. All these testing was conducted at Chuan Seng Industries Sdn. Bhd. The total samples
made was 45 samples.

4.3 FINDINGS

4.2.1 Slump Test

The slump test result in this study is for control sample, the value is 120mm. Sample
A slump value is 130mm, sample B is 65mm and sample C is 30 mm respectively. The slump
for control sample and sample A is collapse, while sample B and C is true sample. Collapse
slump is commonly used in making slab and beam and true slump is commonly used in
making walls and pavement.

Table 4.1 Slump Test

37
 4.2.2 Water Absorption Test

The result for water absorption test from this project is, for control sample 2.6%.
Sample A is 1.9% and sample B is 0.5% for 28-days of curing. According to JKR Standard
Specification (2014), water absorption value must not exceed than 8%. This is shown that this
sample is acceptable to use in construction to make a slab, column and wall.

Table 4.2 Water Absorption Test

38
 4.2.3 Compressive Strength Test

Table 4.3 shown the data for compressive strength test. The data shown that control sample
has the highest compressive value compared to other samples. The testing was made at Chuan Seng
Industries Sdn. Bhd. with the help from Encik Rashdan and Encik Faizal.

Table 4.3 Compressive Strength Test

39
4.3 DISCUSSION

4.3.1 Slump Test

From the data in Figure 4.1, it is clearly seen that Sample A has the highest slump
value compared to sample C which has the lowest slump value. Control sample and sample
A is a collapse slump. It is most suitable to make beams, reinforced walls and building
columns. This is because the concrete is wet and will make it easy to fill the formwork with
concrete. For sample B and C is a true slump. It is good to make pavement and slab because
the small amount of water in concrete can accelerate the hardening of concrete.

Figure 4.1 Slump Test

40
4.3.2 Water Absorption Test

Based on Figure 4.2, it is shown that all samples is acceptable according to JKR
Standard Specifications (2014). The standard value for water absorption must not exceeding
8%. The lower the absorption, the better the construction material is. This means that
sample B is the most acceptable to use to make a concrete mix in the industry. This is
because, if the absorption value increase, the concrete strength will drop.

Figure 4.2 Water Absorption

41
4.3.3 Compressive Strength Test

Figure 4.3 shows that control sample reached the standard value according to JKR
Standard Specifications (2014). The standard value is 20 N/mm². This sample has the
highest compressive value compared to other samples. From the data collected, it is shown
that there is a drop of compressive strength value from Sample A to sample D.

Figure 4.3 Compressive Strength

42
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