WEEK 7: PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR 4.

impose a certain ideology to their subject, which may

CONFLICT AND CONTROVERSIES not be appropriate to the period the subject was from
5. provide a single cause for an event without
Interpretation Multiperspectivity considering other possible causal explanations of said
- 2 concepts that need be defined before proceeding to events
the historical analysis of problems in a history:
Multiperspectivity
Making Sense of the Past: - With multiperspectivity as an approach in history, we
Historical Interpretation must understand that historical interpretations contains
- History is the study of the past, but a more discrepancies, contradictions, ambiguities and are often
contemporary definition is centered on how it impacts the the focus of dissent
present through its consequences.
- Exploring different perspectives in history requires
Geoffrey Barraclough incorporation of source materials that reflect different
- defines history as,“the attempt to discover, on the basis views of an event in history.
of fragmentary evidence, the significant things about the - Why? because singular historical narratives do not
past.” provide space to inquire and investigate
- attempt to discover the significant things about the past
basis: fragmentary evidence (patches) Advantages
 Incorporation of Different Sources
- also notes, “the history we read, though based on facts, - Different sources that counter each other may create
is strictly speaking, not factual at all, but a series of space for more investigation and research, while
accepted judgements.” providing more evidence for those truths that these
- Such judgements of historians on how the past should sources agree on.
be seen as to make the foundation of historical - Rational, Reasoning, Weighing options and references,
interpretation. Critical thinking

History is a construct. - Different kinds of sources also provide different

- As a construct, it is open for interpretation. historical truths.
- Just because these were taught to us as “facts” when - Example: an official document may note different
we were younger does not mean that it is set in stone. aspects of the past that a memoir of an ordinary person
- As a construct, it is open for interpretation. of the same event.
- Therefore, it is important to subject to evaluation not
only the primary source but also the historical - Different historical agents create different historical
interpretation of such source to ensure that the current truths, which renders more validity to the historical
interpretation is reliable to support our acceptance of validity.
events of the past. - different perspectives, more validation, more evidences,
stronger proving
Multiperspectivity
- a way of looking at historical events, personalities, - It provides for the audience a more complex, more
developments, cultures, and societies from different complete and richer and understanding of the past.
perspectives. - audience= readers
- different perspectives- there is a multitude of ways by helpful for the next generation
which we can view the world, and each could be equally goal: to lessen confusion
valid, and equally partial as well. What about their disadvantages? Share.

- Historical writing is, by definition, biased, partial, - If historical writing are biased, partial, and contains
and contains preconception. preconception, does it mean that we cannot believe
- Does this mean that we should not believe history books? history books? Why or why not?
No. Not that. We just need to be more careful. - Does this mean that we should not believe history books?
- there are some ways that historians may fail in his No. Not that. We just need to be more careful.
historical interference, description and interpretation there are some ways that historians may fail in his
historical interference, description and interpretation

Historians may...
1. decide on what source to use, what interpretation to WEEK 8: THE FIRST CRY OF THE REVOLUTION
make more apparent, depending on what his end is.
2. misinterpret evidence attending to those that suggest  “History is a construct”.
that a certain event happened, and the ignore the rest - It is always open for interpretation.
that goes against the evidence
3. omit significant facts about their subject which makes  what will more likely to happen if the historian omits
the interpretation unbalanced significant facts about their subject?
- It will make the historical interpretation imbalanced and towns or villages without first securing passes or
will lead to confusion. establishing their identity by means of a cedula.
The cedula was the means by which the Spanish colonial
Which account should we believe? there is only government sought to control and restrict the people's
one past, but many histories movements.
When the Katipuneros tore up their cedulas, they were
- There is more than two just reading history. There is symbolically breaking their ties to the Spanish monarchy.
also the task of studying historical events. Much of our 3. start of the war
history is written because there are accounts of eye
witnesses or participants of specific events this is: where - These three events, to state the obvious, did not all
the problem comes in in which account should we happen at the same time and place. When and where
believe? the “Cry” should be commemorated thus depends on how
it is defined.
- In the prelim period, the task whom to believe it kinda
easy because the clue is just to trust more on the primary - Many of the older sources on the “Cry” do not say
accounts specifically the relics and eyewitness accounts, precisely which event they mean, and often we can only
if both are present we'll consider the relics as more guess. This problem is so embedded in the literature
reliable. But in this period, As the saying and historical that it is impossible to eradicate totally, but wherever
study goes, "there is one past but many histories". Thus practicable these notes will avoid the fluid, contested “Cry”
controversies on and conflicting views of events in the word, and will seek instead to specify which distinct event
Philippine history exist dissipation however does not is being discussed – the pasya, the pagpupunit or the
detract from any form or study of historical sources by unang labanan.
analyzing how perspectives are made historical events.

Historical Context 2. Date of the Cry

 The Philippine Revolution of 1896 began with what  August 23, 1896
later became known as the “First Cry”  August 24, 1896
 August 25, 1896
 El Grito de Rebellion = 'Cry of Rebellion'  August 26, 1896

 First Cry = the initial move of the Filipinos to begin - It is almost certain that the decision to revolt was taken
the revolution for independence on Monday, August 24, 1896, after a lengthy meeting (or
series of meetings) that had begun on Sunday, August 23.
conflicts and controversies but others specifically remembered the decision had not
been taken until the early hours of August 24
1. Terminologies and current state of knowledge of the
Cry 3. Venue of the Cry
- the “pasya” the decision to revolt
- the “pagtitipon” the meeting of Katipuneros Caloocan City
- the “pagpupunit” the tearing of cedulas - Balintawak
- the “unang labanan” the first encounter with Spanish -Bahay Toro
forces -Pugadlawin
-Kangkong
- The debate has long been clouded by a lack of -Bagobantay
consensus on exactly what is meant by the “Cry”. The
term has been applied to three related but distinct events - The barrios, hamlets and farmsteads where the
1. That part of the Revolution when the Katipunan revolution began were all within the municipality of
decided to launch a revolution against Spain. the Caloocan in the province of Manila. The municipality
shouting. was large, but sparsely inhabited. The doubt about the
2. The Katipunan Supremo proceed to a designated exact site could be put aside, as Ambeth Ocampo has
meeting place outside the city to decide on their next suggested, simply by calling the occasion the “Cry of
move. Caloocan”.
2. As proof of their determination to break away from
Spain, they tore up their cedulas. The cedula, or Heroes of 1896
residence certificate, was a piece of paper signifying that Balintawak
the bearer was under the authority of the Spanish crown.
There was a reason why people hated the cedula. - that is why there are multiple monuments erected to
According to the Official Gazette, Spanish Gov. Gen. commemorate the 'believed' venues of the “Cry”
Primo de Rivera had issued a decree requiring Filipinos to 1. In 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was
report to Spanish authorities on or before July 10, 1896. erected in Balintawak. From then on until 1962,
The decree also forbade the people from leaving their
the Cry of Balintawak was celebrated every 26th of WEEK 9: RIZAL’S RETRACTION
August. It was believed that the first “Cry” occurred there
on August 26, 196.
WHO IS RIZAL?
- But nowadays, because of the conflicts and - Jose Rizal is identified as a hero of the revolution for his
controversies in the terminologies, venue and dates of writings that center on ending colonialism and liberating
the “Cry”, it is not anymore commemorated such event Filipino minds to contribute to creating Filipino nation.
every last week of August but still the whole nation The great volume of Rizal’s lifework was committing to
celebrates National Heroes Day on August 31st. this end, particularly the more influential ones, Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
- The conflict it faced: the date and place of the cry were
later contradicted by different Katipunan personalities THE RETRACTION DOCUMENT
who claimed that they were there at that time. - The document, allegedly signed by Rizal a few hours
before his execution, that declares his beliefs in the
Catholic faith, and retracts everything he wrote against
Ang Sigaw ng Pugadlawin the Church.
Pugadlawin
Historical Context
- ...the NHCP did some extensive research of primary
sources and decided that the First Cry of Revolution of - A leader of the reformist movement in Spain, Dr. Jose
1896 happened on Aug. 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin, now Rizal was arrested, triad, and sentence to death by a
part of Quezon City. Spanish court-martial after being implicated as a leader
of he Philippine Revolution. The night before his death
- Pugadlawin= Today, the Pugad Lawin marker is in by firing squad at the Luneta on Dec 30, 1896, accounts
Bahay Toro, where Juan Ramos had supposedly lived. exist that Rizal allegedly retracted his Masonic ideals
But in previous decades, as will be discussed later, Pugad and his writings and reconverted to Catholicism
Lawin was said to have been three kilometers or so to the following several hours of persuasion by Jesuit priests.
northeast, where Ramos’s mother Melchora Aquino There was considerable doubt to this allegation by
(“Tandang Sora”) had lived in barrio Banlat. Rizal’s family and friends until in 1935, the supposed
retraction document with Rizal’s signature was found.
- Pugad Lawin marker is located in Bahay toro Until today, the issue whether Rizal retracted or not,
and whether the document was forged or real is a
subject or continuous debate between historians and
WHY PURSUE THIS MATTER? Rizal scholars alike.
Settling the problem would redound to the “credit, honor,
and glory of the historical scholarship in our country.” The Retraction
-Prof. Nicolas Zafra
Me declaro catolica y en esta Religion en que naci y me
- Official history demands precise dates to commemorate eduque quiero vi vir y morir.
and exact places to mark, and historians feel uneasy that
decades of debate have not produced any clear answers. Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras,
Pinpointing the “Cry” is a challenge they have failed to escritos, inpresos y conducta ha habido contrario a mi
meet. cualidad de hijo de la Iglesia Catolica. Creo y profeso
cuanto ella enseña y me somento a cuanto ella manda.
- Nicolas Zafra voiced such a view back in 1960. The Abomino de la Masonaria, como enigma que es de la
detail of the “Cry” might seem insignificant in relation to Iglesia, y como Sociedad prohibida por la Iglesia. Puede
the broader sweep of events, he acknowledged, and el Prelado Diocesano, como Autoridad Superior
indeed it might seem “pointless and unprofitable” to Eclesiastica hacer publica esta manifastacion espon
pursue the matter, but the historical profession had a tanea mia para reparar el escandalo que mis actos hayan
duty to ensure the facts of public history were as accurate podido causar y para que Dios y los hombers me
as humanly possible. Settling the problem, he said, perdonen.
would redound to the “credit, honor and glory of
historical scholarship in our country.” Manila 29 de Deciembre de 1896
Jose Rizal

PRIMARY SOURCES

 Pio Valenzuela’s Account Text from Fr. Balaguer :

 G. Masangakay’s Account
 S. Alvarez’s Account Me declaro catolica y en esta Religion en que naci y me
eduque quiero vi vir y morir. Me retracto de todo
corazon de cuanto en mis palabras, escri tos, inpresos y
conducta ha habido contrario a mi calidad de hijo de la
Iglesia. Creo y profeso cuanto ella enseña y me somento d.) With regards to paragraphing which immediately
a cuanto Ella manda. Abomino de la Masonaria, como strikes the eye of the critical reader, Fr. Balaguer’s text
enigma que es de la Iglesia, y como Sociedad prohibida does not begin the second paragraph until the fifth
por la misma Iglesia. sentences while the original and the newspaper copies
start the second paragraph immediately with the
Puede el Prelado diocesano, como Autoridad superior second sentences.
eclesiastica hacer publica esta manifastacion
espontanea mia, para reparar el escandalo que mis e.) Whereas the texts of the retraction in the original and
actos hayan podido causar, y para que Dios y los in the manila newspapers have only four commas, the
hombers me perdonen. text of Fr. Balaguer’s copy has eleven commas.

Manila, 29 de Diciembre de 1896 f.) The most important of all, Fr. Balaguer’s copy did not
Jose Rizal have the names of the witnesses from the texts of the
newspapers in Manila.
Translation:
[ C.M. on 18 May 1935 Argument: Yes. Rizal retracted.
I declare myself a catholic and in this Religion in which I
was born and educated I wish to live and die. - Rizal was Catholic when he died as a consequence of his
retraction. In fact he was buried in a Catholic cemetery.
I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, The said document was alleged to be signed two years
publications and conduct has been contrary to my before his execution. This was done along with his
character as son of the Catholic Church. I believe and I profession of faith as a requirement to marry Josephine
confess whatever she teaches and I submit to whatever Bracken. Today, a number of known historians would
she demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which believe in the retraction after the presentation of
is of the Church, ansd as a Society prohibited by the Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila, also known as the
Church. The Diocesan Prelate may. as the Superior Katipunan and Rizal documents, which consist of
Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous important primary sources of the Philippine revolutions
manifestation of mine in order to repaire the scandal purchased by the government from Spain in the
which my acts may have caused and so that God and mid-1990s.
people may pardon me.
Significance
Manila 29 of December of 1896 - This debate will continue until enough evidence will
Jose Rizal put the issue to rest. If in case concrete findings can be
made regarding this controversy, it will be considered
Whether or not Jose Rizal retracted in favor of the very valuable in understanding Rizal’s nationalism and
Catholic Church patriotism. More than that, an analysis of the retraction
controversy can be used as a benchmark in measuring
Argument: No. Rizal didn't retract. how present-day society value martyrdom, courage,
and bravery.
The following are some of the observed variances from
the “original” document
and that of Fr. Balaguer: WEEK 10: THE CAVITE MUTINY

a) Instead of the words "mi cualidad" (with "u") which Background of the Issue
appear in the original and the newspaper texts, the 1872
Jesuits’ copies have
"mi calidad" (without "u"). 1. Cavite Mutiny
- a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among
Cualidad comes close to retaining that meaning and is the Filipinos
used to refer to the inherent characteristics of
something. In fact, it can almost always be translated - In 1872, a mutiny was executed by Filipinos against the
as "characteristic" as well as "quality. Calidad, on the Spanish friars which occurred in San Felipe Fort, Cavite.
other hand, suggests excellence or superiority:
Mutiny
b.) The Jesuits’ copies of the retraction omit the word - a rebellion against authority
"Catolica" after the first - comes from an old verb, “Mutine” which means
"Iglesias" which are found in the original and the “Revolt”.
newspaper texts.
Cavite Mutiny
c.) The Jesuits’ copies of the retraction add before the
third "Iglesias" the word "misma" which is not found in - Uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe (the
the original and the newspaper texts of the retraction. Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines) on January 20,
1872.
 - There are 2 different versions and 3 written accounts
- Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief regarding the mutiny incident.
that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny
was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed Meet the Authors of the Documents
many of the participants.
 Spanish Version
2. The Martyrdom of the Three Priest
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora Jose Montero y Vidal
- Spanish Historian & Government Official residing in
Gomburza Manila during the Cavite Mutiny

- Collective name of the three martyred priests - His book Historia General de Filipinas was produced in
Madrid in 1895
- tagged as the mastermind of the Cavite Mutiny
 Official Report (Spanish Version)
- They were prominent Filipino Priests charged with
Treason and Sedition. Rafael Izquierdo
- The Governor General during the Cavite Mutiny
- The Spanish clergy connected the priests to the His report was sent to the Central Government in Madrid,
mutiny as part of a conspiracy to stifle the movement of Spain
secular priests who desired to have their own
parishes instead of being assistants to the regular friars.  Filipino Version

Pardo de Tavera
 Father Jose Burgos - Filipino Scholar, Scientist, Historical Researcher
Census of the Philippine Islands, 1903
- Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a
parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and has been
known to be close to the liberal Governor General de The Content of the Document
la Torre. (What was the document talking about?)

- He was 35 years old at that time and was active and Spanish Version
outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. 1. What caused the mutiny
2. Who were involved
 Father Mariano Gomez 3. What happened before, during and after the mutiny

- An old man in his mid-’70, Chinese-Filipino, born in

Cavite. Filipino Version
1. The state between Filipinos and Spanish government
- He held the most senior position of the three as 2. Clarification of the cause of the mutiny and the people
Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite. involved
3. What happened before, during and after the mutiny
- He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death
penalty calmly as though it were his penance for being
pro-Filipinos. Document Summary

 Father Jacinto Zamora Spanish Version

 The Filipinos executed a mutiny led by the native
- 37 years old, was also Spanish, born in the clergy to overthrow the Spanish government.
Philippines.  This was fueled by dirty propagandas carried on by
uncontrolled press, democratic, liberal and
- He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known to republican books and pamphlets reaching the
be unfriendly to and would not countenance any Philippines.
arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards
coming from Spain. Filipino Version
 Native filipino soldiers and laborers were displeased
Main Argument : by Izquierdo’s official act of abolishing their
Which account is telling the truth on what happened in privileges which caused the mutiny in San Felipe Fort,
Cavite Mutiny? Cavite.

- The accounts on this particular history presents conflicts

on the real reasons of the mutiny.
Quoted Evidences for Determining the Author’s and it will result to the assassination of all, including the
Purpose friars.
It has been going on since La Torre was in charged. The
Spanish Version (Izquierdo’s Official Report) leaders Tavera, Zamora, and the curate of Bacoor would
meet at times.
Author’s Purpose: To report the incident headed by the
native clergy and to strengthen the friars’ power in such
affairs.  Rafael Izquierdo
Evidence: “The insurrection was motivated and - Rafael Izquierdo received anonymous letters
prepared by the native clergy, by the mestizos, and continuously but did not mind it because he was
native lawyers...” confident that he would be able to stop any uprising.
“…and instead continued a vigilant watch wherever
possible within the limited means at my command. I had
everything ready, taking into account the limited  Pardo de Tavera
peninsular force which composes the army.” - The new governor Rafael Izquierdo’s first act was to
prohibit the founding of a school of arts and trades.
Filipino Version He also abolished the privileges (payment of tribute tax
and to work certain days each year on public
Author’s Purpose: To prove the innocence of the native improvements) of the soldiers and the laborers.
clergy, intellectuals, and other Filipinos and clarify what The dissatisfaction and discontentment spread around
really happened in and caused the mutiny. the workmen.
Evidence: “The persecutions which began under
Governor Izquierdo were based on false assumptions that
the Filipino were desirous of independence, and although WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE MUTINY
this was an unfounded accusation, there were many
martyrs to the cause, whom were found many of the  Jose Montero y Vidal
most intelligent and well-to-do people...” - The signal for the mutiny was the firing of rockets but
the native soldiers in Cavite mistook the fireworks display
as the signal which caused the mutiny to fail. They
What was happening at the time of the history assassinated the commander of the fort and wounded his
wife. Two Spaniards were dispatched to inform
When the Official Report was written… authorities in Manila but was killed along the way. The
 Philippines was under the Spanish rule. news had been relayed to Governor Izquierdo by
 The Central Government in Spain decided to deprive Domingo Mijares. Regiments led by Felipe Ginove was
the friars the power to intervene in Philippine sent the next day, they demanded renditions and waited
government affairs as well as in the direction and to avoid bloodshed but failed. They killed the majority of
management of schools. the rebels and the others became prisoners.

When the Filipino Version was written…

 5 years after the Spanish rule ended.  Rafael Izquierdo
 The country was already modernized and - They planned to set fire in Tondo
westernized. (as a diversion) to start the revolution, they would seize
fort Santiago and fire cannons as the signal for their
success. The rebels in Cavite were helped by 500 natives
Cavite Mutiny Accounts (in Bacoor) led by Camerino. The rebels in Cavite made
the signals by lighting lanterns but the natives failed to
 Spanish Version gather arms and ammunition because of the Spanish
- Jose Montero y Vidal navy positioned at the fort. The uprising should have
started in Manila but the rebels in Cavite went ahead of
 Filipino Version time. The military governor in Cavite and the
- Pardo de Tavera commanders of Regiment 7 obliged the rebels to take
refuge in the fort of San Felipe.
 Official Report
- Rafael Izquierdo
 Pardo de Tavera
- There was an uprising among the soldiers in San Felipe
WHAT HAPPENED BEFORE THE MUTINY fort, Cavite. They assassinated the commanding officer
and other Spanish officers in charge of the fort. 40
 Jose Montero y Vidal marines attached to the arsenal and 22 artillery men
- On 1871, Governor Rafael Izquierdo took charge of the under La Madrid took part in the uprising. General
government after La Torre. There was an information Izquierdo sent a commanding general to reinforce the
received that a mutiny against the Spaniards would occur native troops. They executed La Madrid and the rebels.
Others were captured and taken to Manila. Since then, no  General Izquierdo sent a commanding general to
further disturbance of peace occurred. reinforce the native troops.
 They executed La Madrid and the rebels. Others
During the Mutiny were captured and taken to Manila. Since then, no
further disturbance of peace occurred.
Spanish Version
(Jose Montero y Vidal)
CAUSE OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
 The signal for the mutiny was the firing of rockets
but the native soldiers in Cavite mistook the  Spanish Version
fireworks display as the signal which caused the - Jose Montero y Vidal
mutiny to fail.
- Aside from the abolition of the privileges, other causes
 They assassinated the commander of the fort and were:
wounded his wife.
- Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne
 Two Spaniards were dispatched to inform authorities Dirty propagandas carried on by uncontrolled press,
in Manila but was killed along the way. democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets
reaching the Philippines
 The news had been relayed to Governor Izquierdo
by Domingo Mijares. Regiments led by Felipe
Ginove was sent the next day, they demanded  Official Report
renditions and waited to avoid bloodshed but failed. - Rafael Izquierdo

 They killed the majority of the rebels and the others - The goal to overthrow the Spanish government to install
became prisoners. a new “hari” which could be Jose Burgos or Jacinto
Zamora, who are parish priests in Manila.

Official Report - Further encouraged by the native clergy by claiming

(Rafael Izquierdo) that God is with them, and those who do not revolt will
be killed.
 The rebels planned to set fire in Tondo (as a These “Indios” were also promised of wealth and power
diversion) to start the revolution, they would seize as a reward.
fort Santiago and fire cannons as the signal for their
success. - Newspapers distributed from Madrid (El Eco Filipino).

 The rebels in Cavite were helped by 500 natives (in  Filipino Version
Bacoor) led by Camerino. The rebels in Cavite made - Pardo de Tavera
the signals by lighting lanterns but the natives failed
to gather arms and ammunition because of the - Native filipino soldiers and laborers were displeased by
Spanish navy positioned at the fort. Izquierdo’s official act of abolishing their privileges of not
having to pay annual tribute and from rendering the
 The uprising should have started in Manila but the forced labor.
rebels in Cavite went ahead of time.

 The military governor in Cavite and the commanders WHO WERE INVOLVED IN THE MUTINY
of Regiment 7 obliged the rebels to take refuge in
the fort of San Felipe.  Spanish Version
- Jose Montero y Vidal

Filipino Version Jose Burgos

(Pardo de Tavera) Jacinto Zamora
Mariano Gomez
 There was an uprising among the soldiers in San Antonio Maria Regidor
Felipe fort, Cavite. Pardo de Tavera
Pedro Carillo
 They assassinated the commanding officer and Gervasio Sanchez
other Spanish officers in charge of the fort. Mauricio de Leon
Enrique Paraiso
 40 marines attached to the arsenal and 22 artillery Jose & Pio Basa
men under La Madrid took part in the uprising. Other filipino laborers, priests, native soldiers
 Official Report
- Rafael Izquierdo
Native Clergy
Mestizos
Native Lawyers
Residents from Manila and Cavite and some from other
provinces

 Filipino Version
- Pardo de Tavera

Filipino soldiers
Filipino laborers

After the Mutiny

 GomBurZa fathers were executed by strangulation.

 Others were also executed and life imprisoned.

National Historical Commission of the Philippines

 There was dissatisfaction among the workers of the

arsenal as well as the members of the native army
after their privileges were drawn back by Gen.
Izquierdo

 Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies

that made the Filipinos move and turn away from
Spanish government out of disgust

 The Central Government failed to conduct an

investigation on what truly transpired but relied on
reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of
the public

 The happy days of the friars were already numbered

in 1872 when the Central Government in Spain
decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in
government affairs as well as in the direction and
management of schools prompting them to commit
frantic moves to extend their stay and power

 The Filipino clergy members actively participated in

the secularization movement in order to allow
Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the
country making them prey to the rage of the friars

 Filipinos during the time were active participants,

and responded to what they deemed as injustices

 The execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the

part of the Spanish government, for the action
severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event
inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and
eventually independence.