EXOTICS NEWS • UK SEA TURTLES • TARANTULA ENRICHMENT • UV FOR BIRDS • PRICKLY GECKO

www.exoticskeeper.com • november 2022 • £3.99

ALL IN
A DAY’S WORK
The care and keeping of day geckos.

SCALING UP PEACOCK KEEPING SPACE HOPPERS

What does it take to create the perfect Although peacocks are instantly recognisable, Tim Baker, LVI Lead Keeper at Drayton
enclosure for giant snakes? Keepers at there are a lot of things the average person Manor shares how the zoo managed to
Paradise Wildlife Park share their thoughts. doesn’t know about these flamboyant birds. breed starry night reed frogs.
 W
e’re now into our third
CONTACT US
year of Exotics Keeper
EDITORIAL ENQUIRIES
Magazine and what a time
[email protected]
it’s been! To celebrate, we have
SYNDICATION & PERMISSIONS launched a ‘highlights’ edition of
[email protected] Exotics Keeper Magazine, available
on pocketmags and our website for
ADVERTISING new readers to get a taste of some
[email protected] of our oldest issues. You can find it
at exoticskeeper.com/free-ek. This
......................... is a great opportunity for current
subscribers to check out what you
might have missed in the early
About us days. We will also be discontinuing
most of our oldest issues in the
MAGAZINE PUBLISHED BY coming weeks (apologies if this
Peregrine Livefoods Ltd has happened before the current
Rolls Farm Barns magazine arrives) but if anyone is
Hastingwood Road missing a copy and wants to grab
Essex a back issue, now is the time! Feel This month welcomes the addition
CM5 0EN free to message our social media of our new recurring feature ‘Fish
channels and we will check if there is Science’ with Dr David Pool. Some
Print ISSN: 2634-4695 any extra stock available. of you may have seen Dave’s
Digital ISSN: 2634-4688 articles in the past. He is a Zoologist
This month’s content addresses specialising in Freshwater Fisheries
EDITORIAL: some key husbandry topics, from Biology with over 45 years of
Thomas Marriott ‘best practice’ for giant snakes to UV industry experience. Dave is a
for birds. Unfortunately, both areas leading figure in the aquarist hobby
DESIGN: of exotics keeping seem to have and the new monthly feature aims to
Scott Giarnese some catching up to do, so we’ve dive into the world of aquatics in an
Amy Mather highlighted an excellent example accessible way.
of an anaconda enclosure at
......................... Paradise Wildlife Park and outlined Finally, all being well, I will be visiting
the reasons why indoor cage birds Madagascar later this month. My
Subscriptions need UV lighting. We also have an other true passion in life is travel and
......................... unintentional Madagascar focus, I frequently write reptile-focused
as Tim Baker LVI Lead Keeper at travel blogs on my other channels.
Drayton Manor joins us as a guest I hope to bring more of this to EK
writer to discuss how the zoo with regular social media posts and
successfully keeps at breed starry a full feature on the expedition in the
night reed frogs. Simon Prentice coming months. This is just a trial,
at Phelsuma Farm also contributes but I’d love to hear from our readers
......................... some interesting tips for keeping whether it’s something you would
Follow us day geckos. like to see more of.

Thanks!

......................... Thomas Marriott

Features Editor
Every effort is made to ensure the
material published in EK Magazine is
reliable and accurate. However, the
publisher can accept no responsibility
for the claims made by advertisers,
manufacturers or contributors.
Readers are advised to check any
claims themselves before acting on
this advice. Copyright belongs to
the publishers and no part of the
magazine can be reproduced without
written permission.

Front cover: Giant Madagascar day

gecko (Phelsuma grandis)
Right: Giant Madagascar day gecko
(Phelsuma grandis)
‘Best Aquarium Fish Food’
As voted by readers of
Practical Fishkeeping magazine

Aquarium Fish Foods with Insect Meal

Uses cultured insect meal to recreate the natural
insect based diet that most fish eat in the wild.

Easily digested and processed by the fish resulting in less waste.

Environmentally friendly and sustainable.

www.fishscience.co.uk
02 06 16 24 32 41
EXOTICS NEWS FISH SCIENCE SPACE HOPPERS
02 The latest from the world of
exotic pet keeping. 15 With Dr David Pool.
32
The care and keeping of starry
night reed frogs.

KEEPER BASICS:

06
SCALING UP
What does it take to provide
optimal husbandry 16
AN
INTRODUCTION TO
PEACOCK KEEPING
41
The EK guide to ultraviolet
radiation and bird health.
for giant snakes? How to perfect peacock
husbandry with Sussanne
FASCINATING FACTS
SPECIES SPOTLIGHT
Chambers from Peacocks UK.
45
Did you know...?

14 Focus on the wonderful world

of exotic pets. This month
24
ALL IN A DAY’S WORK
The care and keeping of
ENRICHMENT IDEAS
it’s the Prickly gecko
(Heteronotia binoei).
day geckos.
46
Monthly tips on how to
enrich the life of your pet.
 Exotics News

EXOTICS NEWS
The latest from the world of exotic animals

August 25th 2022, after eight days following species to provide greater
it was relocated via radio-telemetry protection, potentially moving them
some distance away and was sighted from Appendix 2 to Appendix 1 ; the
flying and foraging with a flock of red-crowned roofed turtle (Batagur
native parrots before its signal was kachuga) , IndoChinese box turtle,
once again lost. A second birds` signal Leith`s softshell turtle, (Common)
was also lost, it left the release area on hippopotamus, straw-headed bulbul
September 6th 2022, but the next day and some South African populations
this solitary macaw fell prey to an avian of elephant. In addition, several
predator only a few kilometers from the reptile species are proposed to join
release site. Appendix 2 which aims to prevent
further declines in their populations,
Reintroductions are extremely some of these are presently freely
challenging for any species, especially traded by commercial reptile dealers,
for one that was previously extinct in these include familiar species such
the wild. Although losses may inevitably as; Chinese water dragons, snapping
occur, careful and meticulous planning turtles, mud/musk turtles, horned
and execution can help to greatly lizards and glass frogs.
reduce or limit such. Indeed, losses
©pwp.org themselves also present opportunities
for continued learning and assessment
Paradise Wildlife Park of techniques and strategies. Dr.
Paradise Wildlife Park in Broxbourne, Cromwell Purchase explains: “What
Hertfordshire have announced that our results to date tell us is that the
their pair of Malayan black hornbills macaws are successfully adapting to
have successfully bred for a second the wild, the radio-tracking devices are
time this year - which is unheard of in working as designed, and our overall
this species before. The first chick was strategy has thus far proven sound
parent-reared by female “Mulu” and and effective. The released macaws
male “Darwin” back in April, and now are gradually becoming independent;
two more chicks are being reared. most remain together as a flock, and
In European zoos there are 26 birds all are becoming increasingly adept at Photo, taken in 2007; “Kiri” with
registered in the EAZA ex-situ breeding obtaining resources”. “Sula” on the right - with the
programme and these chicks are the straight horn © P. Irven
only ones to be hatched this year within It has since been announced that the
this programme. second planned release of Spixs`s
macaws will be around the 10th Marwell Zoo
December 2022. On the 27th September female white
Released Spix’s rhino “Sula” sadly died. The week
before she had collapsed, but the
Macaws Died keepers managed to get her up.
Dr Cromwell Purchase, ACTP Director
CITES 19th Meeting She was 36 years old and had two
Brazil and Manager of the Spix’s Conference of the Parties calves at Marwell – one in 1999 and
Macaw Release Centre in the Caatinga Between 14th- 25th November in a second in 2003, she was a delight
announced the tragic loss of two Panama City the 19th Meeting of the to work with, always friendly with the
released Spixs`s macaws. Conference of the Parties will take keepers, though she often used to
place to propose some changes. push her old companion “Kiri” around
One Spix’s macaw went missing on These include some upgrades of the a bit at times.

2 NOVEMBER 2022
 Exotics News

Seth Macfarlane, the creator of family guy and long-

time supporter of ‘The Rainforest Trust’. The polka-dot
patterned frog is a toxic species discovered by Dawn
Recalde, a field technician of the EcoMinga Foundation.
So far, four specimens have been found, all within just
a few square meters of one another. “This is a very rare
frog found only at high elevations in a remote part of our
Machay Reserve (the subject of World Land Trust‘s “Forests
in the Sky” appeal in 2015), so it took us these four years to
find enough individuals to make a thorough description of
it” writes Dawn in a blog post.

The patch of rainforest sits on a ridgeline of the Cerro

Mayodormo, Ecuador. This secluded habitat is likely to
harbour more unique species and The Rainforest Trust is
continuing its work identifying new species in the region.
©Dean Lomax Researchers are hoping to analyse the toxicity of the new
species over the coming months.
Jurrasic Fossil Fish Found
A beautifully preserved, three dimensional, ferocious-looking
fossil fish, has been unearthed from a Jurassic dig site,
located on a grassy bank, behind a cow shed in the village of
Kings Stanley just outside Stroud, in Gloucestershire.

The landowner, Adam Knight, had no idea his English

longhorn cattle were grazing on top of a rich fossil seam,
recalling a time, 183 million years ago, when his farm
would have been lying under warm tropical ocean waters.

Mr Knight gave permission to prolific West Country fossil-

hunters Neville and Sally Hollingsworth, and a team led
from the University of Manchester, to investigate the bank
further. They said "when we prepared this fossil, revealing
its bones bit by bit, it was amazing because we suddenly
realised its skull was uncrushed”. A digger was brought
in to extract hundreds more of the nodules, which were
carefully cracked open to see what they held inside. The
tuna-like predator, named Pachycormus, was encased in
one of the many limestone nodules that were falling out
from an exposed clay layer. There is particular interest
because the specimens were extracted from a rare UK
©JWPT
example of a time slice in the early Jurassic - the Toarcian
Stage. It is known for exceptional preservation, including
of soft tissues, and the team has a fish, for example, in Uplist for Jumping Rat
which it is possible to see the stomach contents. In the 1990s Jersey Zoo (JWPT/DWCT) became the first
institution to commence a captive breeding programme
The intention is to stage a public display of the fossils at the which was very successful. However a recent assessment
Boho Bakery Café, which is close to Court Farm, in October. of wild populations of the Malagasy giant jumping rat
by Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust has estimated the
current population to be down to approximately 5,000
individuals. A combination of their low reproductive
New Frog Species Named After rate, habitat loss, with degredation and fragmentation of
‘Family Guy’ Creator their environment over many years, has led to a decline
A new species of frog has been described in the of around 88% between 2007 and 2019. As a result the
Ecuadorian Andes. Hyloscirtus sethmacfarlani has been species status has now been upgraded from Endangered
named in honour of U.S film and television creator, to Critically Endangered.

NOVEMBER 2022 3
 Exotics News

Edward Gray claimed to have discovered a second

species in 1850, which he named Bradypus crinitus.
His assertions were later dismissed, with taxonomists
agreeing that the specimen described by Gray was
in fact B. torquatus, although this new study proves
that B. crinitus does indeed exist.

Recently researchers conducted a morphological

analysis of 24 maned sloths, some of which came from
the northern states of Bahia and Sergipe, while the rest
were from Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo in the south.
Compared to their northern counterparts, southern sloths
had flatter skulls, rounder jaws, and wider cheekbones.
Genetic analysis of 55 maned sloths then revealed
“substantial genetic divergence” between the southern
and northern groups. Studying a group of collectively
inherited mitochondrial genes, the researchers identified
86 mutational steps separating the two populations, and
calculated that this divergence occurred around 4.24
million years ago. “Our integrative approach demonstrates
that two species of maned sloth can be recognized: the
northern maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) occurring in
the Brazilian states of Bahia and Sergipe, and the southern
maned sloth (Bradypus crinitus), occurring in Rio de
Janeiro and Espirito Santo states,” say the researchers.

The two species’ ranges are separated by the Rio

Doce River, which also acts as a dividing line between
related species. However, the researchers are unable
New Sloth Species Recognised to say whether the river provides a physical barrier or
The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is home to two separate if contrasting climatic and geographical features on
species of sloth - with heads that look just like coconuts, either side of this marker are responsible for these
new research reveals. Found in a small region of this phylogeographic breaks. However, they do note that
coastal forest, maned sloths were previously thought to the B. crinitus population on the southern side of the
represent a single species – but it turns out that those in Rio Doce River would have been restricted to a “small
the northern section of this range are genetically distinct climatically stable refuge,” and that confinement to this
from those in the south.  limited area may have contributed to the separation of the
two species.
The maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) was first
described in 1811 – although British zoologist John Collated and written by Paul Irven.

ON THE WEB
Websites | Social media | Published research

Each month we highlight a favourite website

or social media page
THIS MONTH IT’S: HERPETOFAUNA OF MADAGASCAR

Dr Mark D. Scherz presents the current list of all described

species from Madagascar. This list is regularly updated with
new species descriptions, and also seeks to immediately
take into account new taxonomic changes. In some
instances, it includes notes on taxonomic changes, who they
were made by, and their references.
www.markscherz.com/herpetofauna-of-madagascar

4 NOVEMBER 2022
 Title

NOVEMBER 2022 5
6
 SCALING Title

UP
What does it take to provide optimal husbandry
for giant snakes?

Reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus)

NOVEMBER 2022 7
 Scaling Up

T
he care and keeping of giant snakes is a contentious subject,
particularly in the private sector. Not only do giant snakes
require giant enclosures, but they also demand an immense
amount of electricity and pose a genuine threat to human life. All
these challenges can be overcome with the correct knowledge and
resources but for most private keepers, these resources are well out
of reach. Despite this, some species, such as reticulated pythons
(Malayopython reticulatus), are frequently kept in the UK. Others, such
as green anacondas (Eunectes murinus) are less commonly kept but
still occupy myriad private collections across the country. Whilst there
is no innate distinction between the resources available to a zoo and
the resources available to a private keeper, zoos often have much
more funding and a necessity to present only the best husbandry
practices to ensure a positive visitor experience. In this sense, zoos
offer excellent insight into how giant reptiles should be kept.

Anacondas at Paradise Wildlife Park native children play close to the river. There are, therefore,
Paradise Wildlife Park in Broxbourne, Essex is home to many benefits to displaying these otherwise fear-inducing
Optimus, the UK’s largest on-display green anaconda. snakes. “Green anacondas have been kept in zoos and private
Optimus and recently introduced, Nina share one of the collections for many years now” explains Jennifer Bartlett,
most renowned giant snake exhibits in the country. With Reptile Section Leader at Paradise Wildlife Park. “There is
a whopping 80 square-foot of floor space, including a a challenge for us is that not a lot of research happens on
4-foot-deep pool, keepers at Paradise Wildlife Park have their wild ecology. They are considered ‘least concern’ by
managed to house these goliaths in optimal conditions. the IUCN but listed as ‘data deficient’. The big problem is
in South America, they’re very widespread and they live in
Green anacondas are the heaviest snakes on the planet. They environments that are very difficult to track in the wild. A lot of
have been the subject of various horror films and feature collections display green anacondas, but because they live
heavily in South American mythology. Reports of man-eating such a long time and get so big, they are often rehomed to
snakes are rife in pop culture and whilst unverified, are likely other collections once they reach a certain size. We’ve had
to have occurred in remote regions of the Amazon, where Optimus from a private collection at a very young age and

8 NOVEMBER 2022
 Scaling Up

Green anaconda (Eunectes murinus)

once she got to a certain size we hit that same crossroad. Jennifer continued: “Anacondas are livebearers, they give
However, we chose to build something massive that would birth to anything up to 30 babies in one go and because of
house her for the rest of her life.” that, most people that do breed them will struggle to house
them all. Currently, there are no breeding programmes
Green anacondas were previously ranched in South established for zoos, which isn’t a problem now but perhaps
America quite often. Their distribution covers the entire in 20/30 years we will find that there will be a shortage of
Amazon region and as far South as Paraguay. As their green anacondas as display animals.” Green anacondas are
distribution covers many countries, each with slightly also able to reproduce via facultative parthenogenically,
different animal export laws, in-situ keepers could breed which means females can reproduce by replicating
large numbers of the snakes and export them across the themselves in the absence of a male. This was first recorded
world to zoological collections and private collectors with in the UK in 2014 by O’Shea et al but has more recently
relative ease. Nowadays, things have changed slightly been documented in other collections across the world. So
and laws are more stringent. There are also four different far, the parthenogenic births have only produced a small
species in the Eunectes genus, and more are likely to be number of young (between three and five offspring) which
described in the future. is very few compared to a normal birth.

NOVEMBER 2022 9
 Burmese python (Python bivvitatus)

Creating paradise giant snake. Whilst some of the larger pythons reach
Large constrictors, such as Burmese pythons (Python similar sizes to green anacondas, their natural behaviours
bivvitatus), boa constrictors (Boa constrictor) and to a make them slightly more manageable providing a suitable
lesser-extent African rock pythons (Python sebae) have enclosure can be maintained. The building that houses
historically been housed in proportionately small vivaria. Optimus and Nina cost the zoo around £250,000 to build.
Nowadays, particularly in the UK and Europe, that is As well as all the necessary lighting and heating, catering
changing. Although the popularity of Burmese pythons to the species’ aquatic behaviours is not only costly but
may have dropped, various social media platforms still demands a lot of time and effort.
show enormous, reticulated pythons (arguably the longest
snakes in the world) kept in outrageously small enclosures. We know they spend about 80% of their time in the water
Although anacondas are never likely to reach the same but there are myths out there too” added Jennifer. “Some
commercial appeal as reticulated pythons, these worrying say that once they reach a certain age, they will spend all
husbandry misconceptions may have far reaching their time in the water and that just isn’t true. Although
implications. it is rare to see them completely out of the pool, our
huge female, Optimus will happily sit on the land. We
“A lot of people underestimate the amount of space they will often catch her on the cameras moving around. They
need” added Jennifer. “We are firm believers that snakes spend most of the day in the water and then perhaps
should be able to fully stretch out. These snakes really every other night, they will come out, follow scents and
do require their own building. Most private keepers can’t explore then return to the pool before the zoo opens
facilitate that, but there are some that can. Another major the next morning. They definitely appear to feel more
consideration is how powerful they are. Anacondas are secure in the water. They are a lot more timid than people
typically quite docile, but they can be very unpredictable. realise. They can be inquisitive but as soon as they notice
You do need a second person in the room whenever you’re anything unusual, they will move as far away from it as
getting close to giant snakes. In our case, these are trained possible. If we go in at different times, or if we feed them
staff who know the procedure if the snake does bite.” later in the day, they will be much more hesitant to feed.
This makes it even more rewarding when we do see them
There are other obstacles when it comes to housing a being active and curious”

10 NOVEMBER 2022
 Black tree monitor (Varanus beccarii)

Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) at Paradise Wildlife Park

Wild conditions “We have a 125kg sand filter with UV filtration and heating
Green anacondas are perfectly adapted for a semi- attached to the water supply. The enclosure itself has
aquatic lifestyle. Their eyes and nostrils are positioned underfloor heating as well as backup heating. We can
slightly higher on their head to allow them to stalk adjust this throughout the day so the heating moves
their prey from beneath the water. They are primarily around the exhibit over time to encourage more enclosure
nocturnal and use flooded plains and forests to move use. We have a misting system as well as a big UV lighting
long distances, undetected. This cryptic behaviour is rig. This is supported by natural sunlight that comes
extremely important to juvenile anacondas which are through the back window, which helps with the day/night
prey for a huge number of Amazonian species. “When we cycle. We cover all the basics but on a much bigger scale.”
first moved Optimus in, you could tell she had never had a
pool that was deeper than she was. It took her about three
months to learn to swim. We added logs to make sure Maintenance
she felt secure, but you would see her latch onto the log As well as the initial financial output for establishing such
with her tail. She would move around the pool but always a large exhibit, keepers at Paradise Wildlife Park have their
gripping onto something with her tail. When we moved work cut out when it comes to maintaining the species.
Nina in, she went to explore the pool and just instantly Filters are cleaned once a week. The tank is back washed,
dropped in. So, she spent about 3 days gripping Optimus and all urates and detritus are scrubbed away twice a
to make her feel secure while she was in there. Now she’s week. The keepers do a full water change every three
swimming great on her own.” months. The substrate is spot cleaned constantly and a full
substrate change happens each year. Safety is also a huge
Allowing animals to enact their natural behaviours is concern and the pool has been fitted with a duck valve,
the backbone of excellent husbandry. Over the years, a that allows the water to be drained very quickly. This is an
greater understanding of animal behaviours as well as important health and safety feature irrespective of whether
new advancements in product design, have put a greater the snake is in the exhibit.
emphasis on welfare standards. Whilst it is possible
to keep a whole plethora of animals alive and even Keepers practice de-sensitization techniques to get the
breed them, good welfare standards require innovative snakes more familiar with the keepers. This is usually
enclosure design and technologies. Whilst the provision limited to touching the snakes with snake hooks as they
of UV lighting is now considered the industry standard walk past. Over time the keepers have managed to safely
for all reptiles and amphibians, providing this to a 15-foot touch the snakes with gloves to get the animals more
snake can prove to be far more challenging (and a lot used to them. “Reptiles are very stoic animals” added
more expensive!) Jenny. “When they’re more relaxed, they are more inclined

NOVEMBER 2022 11
 Scaling Up

to show you when they are unwell.” The keepers are much but that depends on the amount and the size of the food
more hands-on with their reticulated pythons than their they’ve had. When we first introduced Nina, we fed them
green anacondas. This is because they generally spend both at the same time but in separate locations. When we
more time on land and have slightly more predictable strike feed, we only feed them in one spot, so they know
temperaments than the anacondas. ‘this is where I get fed’. We do also scatter feed, so we will
make scent trails and leave prey items around, but it is
The anacondas also have an off-show area for their exhibit more difficult to monitor that, especially with a new snake.”
which is comprised of an 8 feet long vivarium that acts as a
temporary isolation area for the snakes. “If we have an animal
that isn’t well, or we need to monitor their diet or separate Keeping giant snakes
them for any reason we have an area where we can do that. Although giant snakes have been popular in herpetoculture
If we also need to do any major maintenance, they can come since the exotics boom of the 1980s, people’s ideas on
into this off-show vivarium temporarily while we get the work what constitutes ‘successful’ husbandry has changed over
done. They will come into this area on their own as well, so time. The limitations of resources, particularly in the private
they have an area off-display if they want to be on display.” sector mean that keeping giant animals is often not viable.
However, exhibiting these impressive reptiles can have
serious conservation benefits.“It is so important to display
Feeding these giant snakes” Jennifer added. “Not everyone can visit
Feeding giant snakes can also present an issue. In the South America and see these animals in the wild, but a lot of
wild, green anacondas are known to feed on other apex people have seen horror films about these snakes. We want
predators including caiman (Caiman spp.) and jaguars people to want to conserve them and not be terrified of
(Panthera onca). More frequently, they will feed on these animals. It’s crucial to developing understanding. We
capybara (Hydrochoerus) which can grow up to 1.3m used to do a lot of keeper talks pre-covid and the anacondas
and weigh in at 60kg. In captivity, this is very difficult to were one of the most popular. Allowing people to see them
replicate. Large-bodied prey also poses a genuine risk up close and see them swimming and enacting natural
to the health of the snake. A wild snake must feed on behaviours is so important.” While people remain fascinated
whatever sized prey it can hunt. During this time, they by giant reptiles, they will always have an appeal to private
are vulnerable, especially when feeding within the water. keepers. It is therefore vitally important that a balance
Digestion can take up to three weeks and the animal will is struck between inspiring budding conservationists
not need to feed again for several months. Zoos often with educational outreach and providing the very best
choose to mitigate some risk by feeding smaller prey, husbandry practices for these animals in captivity. This is not
more often. “We feed them all frozen foods” explains strictly limited to zoological institutions and Exotics Keeper
Jennifer. “Whole, XL Chickens, rabbits, rats and quails tend Magazine will be covering the ambitious task of keeping
to be our go-to. We feed them once every month or so giant reptiles in private collections in an upcoming issue.

African rock python eating an Antelope

12 NOVEMBER 2022
 Disinfectant Wipe Refill
For Everyday Use
“Head and shoulders above the rest”

A refill option for the Disinfectant Wipes

These packs contain 100 F10 wipes, so are ideal if you have previously bought F10 wipes
and just want to replenish the tub. This will help to reduce plastic usage - and of course
they are also a little cheaper than buying the tub too.

F10 Disinfectant Wipes are biodegradable, single-use wipes impregnated with F10SC.
F10SC is proven effective against all known types of pathogen – so are antibacterial,
antiviral, antifungal. The wipes are ideal for quick and effective clean-up and disinfection.
F10SC has proven high levels of safety, they won’t damage equipment, can be used on
www.f10products.co.uk skin (for quick hand decontamination), and are safe for use around animals.

A royal python expressing climbing behaviour

NOVEMBER 2022 13
 Species Spotlight

SPECIES SPOTLIGHT
The wonderful world of exotic animals

Prickly gecko The prickly gecko can be found in a variety of habitats

from arid deserts to tropical forests. This makes them an
(Heteronotia binoei) extremely hardy species and an excellent beginner species
Heteronotia binoei is a species of small, slender-bodied for those looking for a “hands-off” lizard. A 45cm cubed
gecko from Australia. It is a highly adaptable species, vivarium would happily house a pair of these lizards but a
occurring across most of the country including urban larger enclosure may be beneficial once they begin to lay
areas of Western Australia. This species is one of very eggs. Zone 2 UV lighting should be provided. An overhead
few which reproduce parthenogenically, making them an heat source should also be provided to produce a basking
excellent breeding project for beginner hobbyists and spot of around 32°C. Although they will not frequently bask,
businesses alike. a flood spot or CHE will allow for natural thermoregulating.
There are currently no recognised subspecies of H. binoei
Sometimes referred to as ‘Bynoe’s gecko’, the species (although island populations may eventually prove distinct),
gets its name from British naturalist, Benjamin Bynoe so providing a deep layer of arid substrate such as Bio Life
who was a naval surgeon on the HMS Beagle. This Desert, alongside plenty of cork bark and slate, should
species, although nocturnal, can make an interesting provide a naturalistic setup that encompasses most of the
observation animal. They will flicker their tails to species’ range. A bioactive setup would also work extremely
communicate and when hunting. They also have well- well for these small lizards who will actively shelter amongst
developed vocal cords and can be heard clicking and snake plants and cacti. Humidity should be kept reasonably
calling throughout the night. Customers should be low at around 50%, though irregular spraying will help
made aware that they can be extremely noisy and as a create beneficial fluctuations and simulate wild conditions. A
parthenogenic species will require consistent rehoming varied diet of suitably sized insect prey should be provided
of offspring. a few times a week.

14 NOVEMBER 2022
 Title

FISH SCIENCE
With Dr David Pool

heat germ-rich foods have always been popular

W amongst koi enthusiasts as the winter months

approach. Japanese koi keepers have used these
foods for generations and hobbyists across the world
have followed suit. In many cases, the reason hobbyists
transition to a ‘winter diet’ goes unquestioned as the
results speak for themselves. However, there is a rich Winter feeding for Koi
science behind the importance of ‘wheat germ’ foods as The nutritional requirements of koi vary considerably
temperatures begin to cool. throughout the year, hence the need for different diets. For
example, protein is necessary for growth, but can only be
used at warm water temperatures (over 15°C). Therefore,
What is wheat germ? in summer, we feed a high-protein food because the koi
Wheat germ is the name given to a small part of the can use the protein to grow. Whereas, in winter, a lower
wheat seed. It is the part of the seed that germinates protein food is sufficient because the koi are less active
(hence the name) and allows the wheat plant to start and not increasing in size.
growing. The wheat germ is surrounded by the rest of
the seed, which provides the initial food source for the Feeding protein-rich foods at low temperatures can
growing seedling. To use this food source, the wheat even harm koi. Below approximately 10°C few if any of
germ has to be rich in certain vitamins, minerals and the proteins will be used for growth. Some may be used
essential fatty acids and proteins. inefficiently to produce energy for movement etc, but the
majority will pass straight through the fish. The resultant
protein-rich waste can have adverse effects on the water
The benefits of wheat germ to Koi quality as it decomposes.

• The rich and concentrated nutrients contained within In addition, the digestion of proteins into amino acids starts
wheat germ have many benefits when consumed by koi. at the front of the intestine where the enzyme Pepsin gets to
For example, wheat germ is rich in: work. Pepsin works best in acidic conditions where the pH
is 1.5 to 2. If a koi consumes a diet rich in protein and then
• Vitamin E - This vitamin is important for protecting the water temperature drops, the acidic stomach conditions,
cell membranes, allowing the effective use of fats and together with raised levels of Pepsin, can remain in the early
improving the overall health and vigour of Koi. It is also intestine for a prolonged period. This can expose the koi to
important for the development of the reproductive the risk of stomach ulceration and future infection.
organs and therefore benefits the fertility of the fish.
To avoid these two problems, many koi keepers simply
• Vitamin C - Essential for the efficient use of other stop feeding their fish when the water temperature falls
nutrients and skeletal formation. In combination with below 10°C. The theory is that the fish can obtain what little
vitamin E, it helps koi overcome problems associated nutrition they require from within the pond and from their
with stress. stored food reserves. Whilst this may be a possibility in a
natural, planted pond, there is unlikely to be sufficient food
• Fatty acids – The important fatty acids contained within in a koi pond. The fish would therefore have to rely on stored
wheat germ are used to form the cell walls, improve the reserves in the form of fat and muscle tissue. Not feeding
digestion of other nutrients and as a storable energy over a 3 – 4 month winter period would lead to the koi being
source. Wheat germ is particularly rich in linoleic acid, thinner and weaker in the spring, and consequently more
which is essential for tissue repair. susceptible to disease attack later in the year.

• Amino acids – Wheat germ contains Lysine, an important

component of the diet to allow tissue repair and Information for keepers
formation as well as aiding the immune system. Koi should be fed during the winter. It is an important
aspect of koi care and can help to keep them healthy
• Wheat germ, as an ingredient in a balanced nutritional and allow them to overcome the dangers of spring. The
food, has important benefits to people as well as koi. food should be vegetable based with a good wheat germ
Health food stores have recognized these benefits to content. This will ensure the fish can utilize it as effectively
humans and sell large amounts of wheat germ in a as possible. As with all feeding, keepers mustn’t overfeed –
variety of different forms. a few sticks or pellets per fish is sufficient.

NOVEMBER 2022 15
 Title

AN INTRODUCTION TO
PEACOCK KEEPING
How to perfect peacock husbandry with Sussanne Chambers from Peacocks UK.

Indian blue (Pavo cristatus)

16 NOVEMBER 2022
 Title

NOVEMBER 2022 17
 An Introduction to Peacock Keeping

P
eafowl were first bred in China as ornamental
birds some 4,000 years ago and later introduced
to Europe where they were considered a delicacy.
The birds, originally from South Asia were exported and
frequently bred by various cultures including the Romans,
Mesopotamians, and Phoenicians. Nowadays, they are still
frequently kept, but usually for sheer appreciation of their
outstanding beauty. Even though peacocks are instantly
recognisable, there are a lot of things the average person
might not know about these flamboyant birds.

Species and varieties

There are three species of peafowl. The Congo peafowl Although green (often referred to as ‘Java’ peafowl) are
(Afropavo congensis) is a threatened species found only often available in the world of peafowl keeping, extensive
in the Congo Basin. Its unique appearance distinguishes it captive breeding of the Indian blue peacock has now
from the Asian species, as it does not have extremely long created a myriad of popular breeds and colour mutations.
tail feathers but sports an impressive iridescent green/ The United Peafowl Association lists 225 breeds of
blue plumage. The remaining two instantly recognisable peafowl, however, most of these breeds are not available
species are the Indian blue (Pavo cristatus) and the green within the UK.
peafowl (Pavo muticus). The Indian blue peafowl can
be found across the Indian subcontinent and the green In 2011, Peacocks UK in Worcestershire imported the first
peafowl, across Southeast Asia as far South as Java. Like rare breed peacocks to the UK. These breeds included
many species found across archipelagos, the green Purple, Opal, Burford Bronze, Silver Pied, Cameo and
peafowl has several subspecies, P. muticus spicifer P. White-eyed. Sussanne Chambers, Founder of Peacocks UK
muticus imperator and P. muticus muticus. Both blue and and known by many as the ‘Peacock Lady’ explains: “The
green peafowl prefer open deciduous woodland habitats, breeds which are most popular within the UK are the
which has prompted the IUCN to list the green peacock as traditional ones such as the Indian Blue. This is the peacock
‘endangered’ due to habitat degradation. most people have seen wandering around when they visit

18 NOVEMBER 2022
 An Introduction to Peacock Keeping

Congo peafowl (Afropavo congensis)

stately homes. However, the Black Shouldered peacock is refers to a lack of pigment in some but not all of the
very similar and some people think they are more beautiful. animal's body creating patches of white with accents of
The male has a similar neck and tail to the Indian Blue, greens and blues.
but the shoulders are iridescent black and stunning in the
sunlight. The Black Shouldered peahens are cream and Sussanne continued: “For people looking for something
brown, which is also very pretty. Pure white peacocks, are a little more unusual, the subtle café o lait colours of the
also very popular. All these breeds are mutations of the Cameo, the discreet grey with its flashes of emerald and
traditional Indian Blue peacock.”  navy of the Opal and the stunning khaki and gold of
Burford Bronze peacocks are very alluring. The Silver Pied
Breeders have also cross-bred the black-shouldered and peacock is a combination of white, with the blue neck of
the Java green peafowl, to produce a breed known as the the Indian Blue and silver and grey. The purple peacock
‘Spalding peafowl’. These are larger birds, with striking has a purple neck and purple eyes within its tail. These rare
colouration that combines the iridescent colours of both breeds are now available in the UK through the creation of
species. Even the peahens exhibit a good amount of ethical breeding programmes.”
green iridescence in their plumage. As well as various
domesticated breeds, new genetic mutations have Peacock keeping is becoming increasingly popular and
produced some stunning pied varieties. ‘Pied’ generally thus, rare breeds are becoming increasingly more available.

NOVEMBER 2022 19
 Green peafowl (Pavo muticus)

Care and keeping A large garden is a sufficient space to comfortably keep

Peacocks have been kept in the UK for centuries. Often and enjoy peafowl." 
seen patrolling the grounds of large estates, they are often
considered symbols of wealth and grandeur. However, Peacocks have their own territories which may cover
peacock keeping is becoming increasingly more popular a garden or neighbouring garden, but in countryside
in rural communities and is no longer restricted to the areas with plenty of green space, peafowl can be kept
upper classes. successfully, provided they are given a secure shelter
to roost that protects them from weather extremes and
Peacocks have very similar care requirements to predators.
other members of the Phasianidae family, including
exotic pheasants and turkeys. There are generally two "Peacocks are one of the world’s largest flying
approaches to caring for these birds. Some opt for birds" Sussanne added. "But it is a bit of an effort for them
‘free-range’ birds, while others build aviaries. Either way, to fly due to their weight, a full-grown male will weigh on
an enclosure with a covered area is necessary to house average 5.5 KG! Peacocks like to fly up to a landing place
peachicks and acclimatise the birds into a free-roaming and then fly back down, they rarely fly for fun.”
lifestyle. Sussanne explains: “Originally peacocks were
brought to the UK by the landed gentry from their grand “If you are planning on keeping peacocks, you will usually
tour to adorn their estates. Now, however, peacock keeping need to do some preparation beforehand, even if the new
is not just for people with a large estate and acres of land. keepers would like to have their peacocks roaming free
range. Initially, they will need to be kept in a pen or aviary
for two to three months. During this homing period, it is
Peacocks UK is one of the largest breeders of peafowl important that the peacocks can see their surroundings
within the UK. Sussanne Chambers is a recognised UK so that they get an impression of the lay of the land and
peafowl expert and regularly comments on peafowl on where their home is. Over time, the peafowl will get used to
radio and TV. Sussanne also appears in film with her their new keepers and their surroundings. When it is time
to release the peacocks, it is important to take it slowly.
peacocks, including appearances in Bridgerton and
Initially, just one peahen or peacock should be released,
House of the Dragon. Visit www.peacocksuk.com to leaving the others in the pen. As peafowl hate to be alone,
find out more. they will hang around the pen where the other birds are still
situated. Ideally, if you can get the first released bird back

20 NOVEMBER 2022
 An Introduction to Peacock Keeping

into the pen then you can release the next bird, leaving live in groups. Many people keep trios of one male and
the originally released peacock in the pen. Even when the two peahens. While others prefer the prettier combination
peacocks have been released it is important to still care of two pairs. Preferably of differing colours. If space
for them by providing access to food and fresh water. and budget allow, then a larger group of a combination
Peacocks can be trained to return to the pen in an evening of breeds will form an attractive addition to any
to keep them safe.” garden.” Some considerations must be made once winter
arrives, to protect the peafowl from harsh weather. These
Peafowl should have access to a secure ‘homing’ aviary for birds prefer a dry environment and so it is important
the rest of their lives. Although they will happily roost on to encourage all birds to go inside at night during the
high perches which may be safe from predators, foxes will winter. Additional heating lamps may be necessary for
attack nesting females on the ground. Furthermore, the Java green peafowl.
aviary will provide respite on cold, or rainy days which can
lead to health complications or death in less-hardy varieties.    Although not everyone will have access to a garden large
enough to house a group of peafowl, their straightforward
In the wild, peafowl will scavenge for insects, worms, seeds, care requirements mean that space limitations is the only
and plant matter. As pets, they should be fed a good major husbandry obstacle that most people will face.
quality game feed which has a high protein content. As However, in some rural communities, peacocks can be a
well as a staple diet of commercial game feed, they should nuisance. They are loud birds that are unlikely to receive
receive treats in the form of peanuts, mealworms, fruit and a warm welcome in densely populated neighbourhoods.
vegetables, cheese and scrambled eggs. The health of a However, this only lasts for a short period during the
peacock is demonstrated in the mature male peacock’s tail. breeding season which usually lasts from March to July.
The healthier the peacock, the more feathers he will have There are also methods of quelling the peacock’s loud calls
and the larger the 'eyes' within the tail will be. Food types by adjusting their daylight cycles. Peacocks will typically call
can also be adjusted throughout the year for optimal health. at sunrise and throughout the day, so by keeping them in
darker buildings until later in the morning, the
Sussanne continued: “Peacocks are keeper can reduce the amount of
very sociable birds and love to time they are calling.  

NOVEMBER 2022 21
 Title

Javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus)

Breeding Peacocks Game Breeder feed with added protein temperatures and require powerful
Although peacocks can breed from cat biscuits. The birds are also artificial heating. This artificial heat is
readily on their own given the right wormed earlier than the rest of the needed for the first few months of a
conditions, a few dedicated breeders flock. It is so important to get the Java peachick's life until the chicks develop
are producing birds for the growing peafowl into peak physical condition their downy feathers to keep them
demand. By spending some time before the breeding season. The warm. This is significantly longer than a
perfecting the formula for more healthier the peafowl is, the healthier chicken or a duck, which only requires
obscure species and maintaining a the chicks will be.” artificial heat for around 4-6 weeks.
personal log to produce healthy colour Peachicks must also be transported in
mutations, there is likely to be a much Peacocks UK sells many peafowl eggs heated vehicles as any cold draft could
more diverse selection of peacock for hobbyists to raise the chicks right seriously impact the birds’ health.
breeds available in the UK in the from the egg. Peafowl hatch rates
coming years. Sussanne added: “The are poor compared to chicken hatch
Java as a breed is more flighty and rates, but can be greatly improved Peacock popularity
easier to upset, they also take longer to by incubating them under a broody Peacock keeping has seen a rise in
settle into breeding groups. To ensure hen. By selling eggs to customers popularity in recent years. “During the
a successful breeding season we like to with hens, there is a much higher pandemic, at Peacocks UK we saw an
get the Java pen set up in November rate of successful incubation. This increased number of peacocks moving
/ December time. This gives the birds also allows Peacocks UK to ensure to new homes” added Sussanne. “This
longer to get used to their breeding a steady supply of eggs throughout was possibly because people were
group and to settle in.”  the breeding season, which generally spending more time at home in their
lasts from April until August. The gardens. Also, new potential owners
“Java peafowl are early layers, and we chicks that are hatched are reared for had time to prepare the infrastructure
consequently increase the protein in at least 6 weeks before being moved required for peacocks to be kept safely
their diet earlier than the other peafowl onto their new homes. Until then, the in their new homes. Anyone in the UK
breeds. In January, the birds go onto chicks are extremely vulnerable to cold can choose to keep peacocks, there

22 NOVEMBER 2022
 DID Title

YOU
KNOW

Peacocks can swim.

Although they have almost
no adaptions to an aquatic
lifestyle and typically
inhabit dry forests in
the wild, several videos
of peacocks swimming
alongside waterfowl in
ponds and lakes have
surfaced in recent years.
are no licences required by the UK their striking appearance and regal
government for keeping or moving nature will undoubtedly perpetuate
peacocks.” their appeal for many years to come.
Even though peafowl are
Sussanne concluded: “Peacocks will the world’s largest flying
Although peacocks are likely to remain enhance any garden and they are birds and typically roost in
on the fringe of exotics keeping due amusing pets to keep and will become trees, they will always nest
to their large space requirements, a much-loved part of the family!”
on the ground.

Every year, just after

breeding season, peacocks
will shed all of their tail
feathers. The process takes
around two weeks and
these feathers will begin
growing back soon after.

A group of peacocks is
often called an ‘ostentation’
while a group of peahens
is called a ‘harem’. A group
of peacocks and peahens
is called a ‘party’.
NOVEMBER 2022 23
ALL IN
A DAY’S WORK
The care and keeping of day geckos.

Giant Madagascar day gecko (Phelsuma grandis)

24 NOVEMBER 2022
 Title

NOVEMBER 2022 25
 All in a Day’s Work

T
here are over 50 species of ‘day gecko’
belonging to the Phelsuma genus. They are
brightly coloured lizards from the Gekkonidae
family and are found across Madagascar and the
neighbouring islands (Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion,
etc). Most Phelsuma species are neon green with vivid
blue and red patterns. As their name suggests, they
are diurnal, highly active lizards. These characteristics
make day geckos some of the most entertaining of all
pet lizards and have prompted hobbyists to keep and
breed a variety of species since the 1980s.

Species diversity
There is a lot of diversity within the Phelsuma genus. will feed heavily on fruits and nectar and patrol reasonably
The largest of the species, P. grandis or the ‘giant day large territories spreading these seeds across forests and
gecko’ can grow over a foot long, whereas the smallest, P. built-up areas. Their ability to adapt to human infrastructure
klemmeri rarely exceeds 10cm. Of the 53 species has brought many benefits from spreading wildflowers to
described at the time of writing, seven were newly controlling mosquitos and other biting insects.
discovered in the last 20 years (and even more subspecies
have been named more recently). Many of these species
are sexually dimorphic. Males typically growing larger Phelsuma Farm
than females and have distinct preano-femoral pores. Simon Prentice is a UK-based day gecko breeder in
They are usually vibrant lizards but will quickly change Somerset. He took on and developed Phelsuma Farm in
their colouration to become drabber if they are stressed. 2015 from Toby Mace who had established the breeding
Although some day geckos are very adaptable and project in 1988. In 2019, Simon opened Phelsuma Farm
some thrive in human-inhabited areas, deforestation to the public for the first time, allowing visitors to view
in Madagascar threatens many Phelsuma species. This his Phelsuma breeding centre and collection. Simon
is even more disastrous to island populations and has told Exotics Keeper Magazine: “In the late ‘80’s and early
directly caused the functional extinction of several species ‘90’s, lineata, laticauda and grandis were commonly
within the last decade. imported and wild-caught specimens would frequently
show up at wholesalers and shops. This was with good
Not only do these lizards rely on delicate ecosystems, but reason – these species are the most abundant, widespread
in many cases, the ecosystem also relies on them. Day and adaptable of the Phelsuma. Fortunately, in one
geckos are active seed dispersers and pollinators. They respect, this is no longer the case – Madagascan export

26 NOVEMBER 2022
 All in a Day’s Work

Neon day gecko (Phelsuma klemmeri)

restrictions mean that stressed, to help them evade predators. This The first decision that a keeper is likely
parasite-laden wild animals are now means that extra consideration must to make when selecting a day gecko
rarely available. Now, I’m mostly be made to protect Phelsuma from species, is the size of the enclosure
focussing on high quality Phelsuma unnecessary trauma. Keepers have that they can provide. A trio of small
`grandis, Phelsuma cepediana, reported anything from territorial neon day geckos (P. klemmeri) will
Phelsuma laticauda, Phelsuma disputes to aggressive feeder happily live in a 30x30x60 terrarium.
klemmeri and a few other species.” insects causing medically significant A giant day gecko, however, should
damage to their geckos. Despite ideally be housed in at least a 60 x 45
this, their care requirements are x 60cm glass terrarium. Whilst these
Day care reasonably straightforward and dimensions are logically based on the
Day geckos are extremely fragile provided they are treated solely as an size of the animals, the smallest species
lizards and certainly not an ideal ‘pet’. ‘observation’ lizard, almost all readily often receive the largest enclosures
Even the largest species are basically available Phelsuma species are easily based purely on their unproblematic
un-handleable. Like most lizards, day maintained. They also make excellent cohabitation potential. Often,
geckos will drop their tails if they are observation animals and for those keepers will house klemmeri with
injured or restrained. Some species of wishing to build a naturally planted poison frogs in very large bioactive
day geckos take this one step further. slice of the Malagasy rainforest, day setups. Whilst a bit of maintenance is
Their soft and delicate skin can easily geckos are the perfect pet. Most day required, these communities tend to
tear and in the case of P. grandis (and geckos have been recorded to live up live amicably. Larger-bodied lizards
possibly several other species) chunks to 20 years, with some of the larger such as grandis are generally more
of skin can be removed completely species living even longer. territorial, far more destructive and will

NOVEMBER 2022 27
make more of a mess down the glass Zonal lighting Where possible, the keeper should
surfaces so, are often kept in smaller Day geckos, unsurprisingly, need provide seasonality in their lighting.
easier-to-manage enclosures. Neither good-quality, full spectrum lighting that “Gradually changing the daylight
species are appropriate to handle replicates the sun. Like all heliotherms, cycle for a couple of months will halt
and therefore, it is important that the they require external sources to mating and give breeding females a
keeper seriously considers which regulate their body temperature and chance to rest and recuperate” explains
species is right for them.    having full control over when to warm Simon. “A couple of degrees ambient
up or cool down is a requirement for temperature drop during the rest
Regardless of the size of the gecko, a lizard to stay healthy. In tropical, season, followed by a return to the
broad-leaved plants are required to arboreal setups a ‘zonal lighting’ model slightly warmer ambient temperature
give them places to hide. Smaller is best applied. By adding overlapping, should trigger mating behaviours as a
geckos will benefit from thick- vertical bamboo poles from the top of new season starts.” New technologies
stemmed plants such as peace lilies the enclosure to the bottom, the gecko in herpetoculture can be of serious
(Spathiphylum), Sansevieria, and can pick and choose just how close benefit to day gecko keepers. Not
spider plants (Chlorophytum), as they want to be to the light, without only do they provide more accurate
they can hide amongst the leaves. grasping onto the mesh. This should environmental conditions, but they can
Broad-leaved plants such as Monstera, allow their entire body to receive the also give the keeper far more freedom.
Epipremnum and Calathea will also necessary UV and IR in short bursts as Simon continued: “Keepers must use
provide valuable basking spots for they require it, then move to a lower the very best UVB light units and full
larger species and create visual branch to remain warm without such spectrum LED lights for their setups. I
barriers for smaller co-habiting species. high radiation exposure. would also recommend people move
Another useful piece of décor is towards smart technologies. Day
bamboo. Some species have been The use of a metal halide with a strong geckos require excellent photoperiods,
recorded only on dead or decaying reflector will produce a powerful beam so a wifi thermostat such as a
bamboo. Whether this is because it of light and heat which the animal can Microclimate Evo Connected will make
may attract more insects, or because move closer to and further away from. things much easier for the keeper.
the darker colouration provides This method of lighting will penetrate Breeders should also consider setting
more heat, or simply that it’s easier to deep into the enclosure, preventing up motion detection sensors in their
navigate remains a mystery. However, the animals from clustering around a incubators with notifications on phone
bamboo plays a fundamental role in preferred basking spot which can lead to apps. This is useful and gives the
the lives of smaller species such as aggression and stress. It is important to keeper up-to-date information as well
klemmeri. It is extremely practical in remember metal halides cannot be used as reducing the risk of an escapee.”
a vivarium setting and can provide with a thermostat, which means that
shelter for smaller species as well they are not suited to small enclosures.
as provide basking platforms for all Smaller enclosures require high output In case of escape
arboreal geckos. Clever positioning of T5 UVB light and a basking spot lamp Day geckos are fast-moving, fragile
vertical bamboo branches will allow controlled by a dimming thermostat. animals that can scale just about any
the geckos to utilise possibly the most A high output T5 can also be a great surface. An escapee is a serious cause
important aspect of their enclosure, investment for keepers who are looking for concern. The keeper should always
zonal lighting. to light several smaller vivariums. locate the position of the animal before

28 NOVEMBER 2022
 All in a Day’s Work

opening the door to the enclosure. The keeper should as the Mauritian blue-tailed day gecko (P. cepediana) and
place their hands in front of the glass once the animal is the Mauritian lowland forest day gecko (P. guimbeaui) are
located, to discourage it from accelerating forwards (which often egg-gluers.”
can certainly take people by surprise). However, it is not
always that simple. Having kept and maintained hundreds Egg-glueing species produce eggs that can stick firmly
of geckos in his time, Simon is no stranger to the odd to different surfaces and are very hard to dislodge. It
escapee. He advises: “First, stay calm. This happens to the is impossible to guarantee exactly where the eggs will
very best day gecko keepers. Smooth body movements be laid, meaning some eggs will never make it into the
will have a calming effect and the keeper should avoid incubator and leave the hatchlings vulnerable to other
sudden movements or noises. It is best to move only hungry geckos. Egg layers, on the other hand, support
your eyes to scan for the lizard. Next, get someone else their eggs until the exterior shell hardens up. Not only
to keep an eye on the gecko while you reach for a long are egg-layers easier to work with, but if the breeder can
bamboo cane and an empty cricket tub. Close any open transfer the eggs into an incubator, they can determine
windows and doors. Once the room is secure, try to use the sex of the offspring. Naturally, this allows them to fulfil
the thin bamboo cane to coax the gecko to an open demand and support their own breeding collections with
area of the wall and away from any nooks and crannies. more success.
Quietly, smoothly and confidently place the tub over the
gecko taking care not to catch the gecko’s tail. If this does Simon continued: “Those who are breeding egg-glueing
happen and the gecko drops part of its tail don’t panic as species should always provide removable egg-laying items
this will cause further stress to the animal. Finally, carefully (such as floral tubes) that can be moved into an incubator.
slide the cricket tub lid under the tub, so the gecko is Some breeders will glue some mesh around the egg-
safely captured and ready to be returned to its enclosure.” laying sites to protect hatchlings from the parents. Some
people will leave the eggs to hatch in-situ and simply catch
“The longer the chase continues, the greater the stress the babies before their parents devour them.”
to the animal. You will need to learn when to leave it
be and when to try later. Day geckos can learn the best The challenges presented by breeding large numbers
hiding spots in the room and the longer it is left, the more of day geckos, when compared to other popular gecko
confident and cunning the animal will become. If the species can be seriously off-putting for most hobbyists. At
recapture process lasts longer than a day, it is important to Phelsuma Farm, there are many other issues presented by
make sure there is a water source and food available and breeding obscure and unique day gecko species. “Buyers
all doors and windows are kept closed.”   always quite rightly want to see photos of the geckos
they are buying” added Simon. “Try catching a good clear
picture of a Phelsuma ornata or a Phelsuma cepediana,
Breeding day geckos without the photo being blurred or the gecko escaping.
Although some species of day geckos have been popular It’s not easy. This makes the whole process of buying and
in captivity for many years, some obstacles make captive- selling day geckos a little more difficult than some other
breeding a challenging prospect. This has impacted more easily handled and photographed species.”
and pre-determined the availability of many species in
captivity. “The species from mainland Madagascar tend “These things being said, the complexities and difficulties
to be easier to work with as a breeder as they tend to be of breeding some of the more exotic Phelsuma day
egg-layers” explains Simon. “Species such as giant day geckos are far outweighed by the experience of catching
geckos (P. grandis), gold dust day geckos (P. laticauda), a glimpse of a Phelsuma borbonica, Phelsuma ornata,
neon day geckos (P. klemmeri) and the lined day gecko Phelsuma guimbeaui, Phelsuma inexpectata, or a Phelsuma
(P. lineata) are all very popular for this reason. The more robertmertensi. These to me are some of the most
obscure species from the islands in the Indian Ocean such stunningly beautiful geckos on the planet.”

NOVEMBER 2022 29
 All in a Day’s Work

POPULAR DAY GECKOS

IN CAPTIVITY

Giant Madagascar Day Gecko Gold dust day gecko

Phelsuma grandis Phelsuma laticauda

The giant Madagascar day gecko is the largest of Gold dust day geckos are widely distributed across North
the Phelsuma species. Previously considered a subspecies Madagascar where they are abundant in high-humidity
of Phelsuma madagascariensis, grandis is now thought to regions. They are very adaptable and considered one
only inhabit a very small distribution in North Madagascar. of the hardiest of the Phelsuma species in captivity. This
Like its relatives P. madagascariensis and P. kochi, this species is medium-sized, widely available in captivity and
species inhabits a variety of environments from deciduous exhibits many of the desirable traits of a day gecko. They
forests to banana plantations and rainforests. Because of are well-natured lizards and in the wild and will often
their adaptability, there are now populations on Reunion become ‘tame’ as they enter peoples homes to feed on
and Mauritius as well as in Florida and Hawaii. These leftover fruits and the associated insects. They typically
animals will begin life with lots of elaborate red patterns eat more insects than other species and can be more
across their dorsum but eventually, grow into an almost territorial than their smaller counterparts. The term ‘gold
uniform green lizard with some spots and facial markings. dust’ refers to their golden dorsum patterns.
Males can quickly turn aggressive towards females and
must be housed individually.

Peacock day gecko Lined day gecko

Phelsuma quadriocellata Phelsuma lineata

The peacock day gecko is a common species from the The lined day gecko is a widespread and abundant
lowland coastal forests of East Madagascar. There are three species that occupies the tropical climates of Eastern
distinct subspecies, and all possess large dark spots on both Madagascar. As such, there are numerous subspecies that
sides of their body, which look like the eyes of a peacock have been described. Those from drier regions are much
feather. Some subspecies have two spots, while others have drabber than those from rainforests. The term ‘lined’ refers
four. Genetic work on the populations in the Ranomofana to the dark line that runs down their flanks. All subspecies
region suggest that P. quadriocellata may be a species are reasonably small, rarely exceeding 15cm in length.
complex and there could be many more species to identify They are very adaptable and therefore, make excellent
in the future. They are commonly found in mid-altitude pets. However, availability of this species (and subsequent
rainforests, which is uncommon for a Phelsuma species. subspecies) has diminished greatly in recent years.

30 NOVEMBER 2022
 All in a Day’s Work

Standing’s day gecko with unregulated collection and deforestation as the

Phelsuma standingi primary driving forces for its decline. Juveniles are born
with strong banding that covers their green/blue base
Far less popular now than they were in the 1990s, this colouration. As the lizard ages, this banding breaks up into
species from Southwest Madagascar has intricate patterns an almost reticulated pattern. Like many Phelsuma species,
across its entire body. It is considered a vulnerable species, they are listed under CITES Annex II.

Blue-tailed day gecko dedicated hobbyists have been working with this gem
Phelsuma cepediana for some time. Although they are commonly referred
to as ‘blue-tailed’ day geckos, they can go through
P. cepediana is one of the more popular species from ontogenetical colour changes depending on their activity
Mauritius. Their striking blue appearance makes it one levels and mood. This species is also the sole seed
of the most beautiful gecko species in the world and disperser of Roussea simplex and therefore plays a pivotal
although they are challenging to breed in large numbers, role in the ecology of Mauritius.

NOVEMBER 2022 31
32 NOVEMBER 2022
 Title

SPACE
HOPPERS
Captive breeding the starry night reed frogs

by Tim Baker, LVI Lead Keeper at Drayton Manor

NOVEMBER 2022 33
 Space Hoppers

T
he starry night reed frog (Heterixalus alboguttatus) is one of
the larger species of Heterixalus with females growing up to
around 40mm SVL and males a little smaller at 30mm SVL.
They are quite variable in background colour from pale yellow/
white through to blueish hues or dark purple-black. Variation
seems somewhat dependent on temperature, light levels and
time of day. Throughout these variable colours, they retain the
yellow and black dorsal speckles. The ventral colouration is
white/cream and the feet and lower limbs are orange. They occur
in the East and South-East of Madagascar in low-mid elevation
savannah, grasslands, degraded habitat and agricultural areas.
They can be found sunning themselves in the day on exposed
leaves, and at night they use a multitude of perching to hunt and
locomote in their environment. This species breeds in small water
bodies such as ponds and paddy fields. Considering their body
size, they are capable of laying a surprisingly large number of
eggs amongst sunken twigs and leaves, the details of which I’ll
revisit later.

At Drayton Manor Zoo over the past 6 years, we have been Creating the perfect reed frog setup
working towards diversifying our herpetofauna collection The Starry night reed frogs at Drayton Manor are housed with
which now stands at 64 species, of which 23 species Golden Mantella (Mantella aurantiaca) and Yellow-headed
are Madagascan. We chose the Starry night reed frog at day geckos (Phelsuma klemmeri). Since the exhibit was
Drayton Manor Zoo to increase species diversity in one of created over a year ago, there have been no apparent issues
our otherwise conservation-focussed Madagascan-themed with this set-up. The exhibit is around 150cm3 with numerous
exhibits, holding critically endangered Golden Mantella microhabitats provided by Madagascan ferns and reeds.
(Mantella aurantiaca) and endangered Yellow-headed Complex rockwork and bamboo provide lots of crevices for
day gecko (Phelsuma klemmeri). It has so far worked out refugia and egg-laying sites, and a deep substrate with lots
well, providing a diverse mixed exhibit that works for the of leaf litter helps regulate relative humidity within the exhibit.
species housed and for the interested viewing public.  The substrate provides the frogs with an option to burrow

34 NOVEMBER 2022
away during the drier seasons too. Creating a successful We have a mixture of plants in the exhibit, and we have
mixed exhibit can come with its challenges and we are very tried choosing Madagascan plants where possible, to
careful in the decision-making process to avoid any potential ensure they are relevant to the ecology and habitat of the
issues such as predation or resource dominancy. Where we species present. We have a fast-growing Madagascan
can, we like to create mixed exhibits that are accurate to the sedge plant that the reed frogs like to rest on in the day, as
geographic region for the flora and fauna in them, so in this well as some broader leaved plants like Madagascan stags
example, we have Malagasy flora and fauna mixed in a way horn ferns that act as daytime refugia and basking areas.
that suits all the inhabitants but also is a great way of creating There is lots of moss and low-lying ferns growing on the
an informative biotope for guests when they visit. It allows ground, which provides lay sites for the Mantella. The dead
them to learn about not only each species, but their natural bamboo is what the Phelsuma klemmeri live on in the wild,
history, ecology and relationships they share with other and apparently are never found on the live bamboo so this
species from the natural habitat.  was a consideration here too.

NOVEMBER 2022 35
Developing tadpoles A female reed frog about to spawn

When we create mixed exhibits, we must ensure the Environmental conditions

presence of one species is not going to negatively Reed frogs, geckos and Mantella all occupy different
impact another to make it successful. So, in doing this, niches within the exhibit and therefore rarely interact
we consider; useable space- is there enough space with one another (aside from the odd time a reed frog
for all individuals to live, thermoregulate, feed, and bounces down in front of a Mantella to take the food it
locomote separately and all together? There needs to be a was about to eat…but providing enough food is provided,
consideration for multiple, suitable, relevant microhabitat this has never been an issue over time). The geckos
provisions for each species/individual and preferably usually occupy pieces of dead bamboo, higher up in the
each species within the enclosure occupies a separate enclosure, as they would in the wild. They live amongst
niche to minimise resource competition/dominancy. the cracks and crevices within the bamboo and this is
Is there a size difference between species? Is there a where the eggs are laid, basking sites are found, and
predation risk? Are the climatic conditions suitable and where the refugia are. The gecko eggs have so far, been
relevant to all inhabitants, and not that conditions are incubated in situ. The Mantella live and breed amongst
optimum for one and ‘acceptable’ for another? We also the leaf litter and moss within the enclosure at ground
consider the geographic accuracy of mixing species to level. The reed frogs utilise the whole enclosure but are
make it informative for guests but also generally means if most active at night. During the day they are resting and
you are mixing sympatric species or species from similar therefore rarely interfere with other cohabitants. At night
habitats, in most cases, they require very similar climatic they are awake, moving around the enclosure hunting.
conditions and occupy different niches. Some of the They are small enough to not pose a risk to the other
other Malagasy mixed species exhibits we have done at species in the enclosure and seem to live alongside them
Drayton include leaf-tailed geckos (Uroplatus henkeli) without incident. There is also a densely planted pond at
with tomato frogs (Dyscophus guineti), radiated tortoises the rear, that allows the frogs to swim and hydrate, and
(Astrochelys radiata) with spiny-tailed iguanas (Oplurus also probably helps to maintain ambient humidity levels.
cyclurus), day geckos (Phelsuma kochi) with giant water Temperatures and relative humidity during the day and
skinks (Amphiglossus reticulatus), and ground geckos night vary throughout the year to replicate what occurs
(Paroedura pictus) with three-eyed iguanas (Chalarodon in the wild habitat in Madagascar. There is a drier, cooler
madagascariensis) and girdled lizards (Tracheloptychus season followed by a warmer wetter season which aids
petersii), to name a few.  breeding stimulation. In summer, it can get to 30-35C in

36 NOVEMBER 2022
 Title

The Madagascar exhibit at Drayton Manor

the upper levels of the exhibit and periodically flood the base of the quantity of spawn, we assumed both
25-27C in the lower areas, whereas tank in future. We kept them like this females had spawned- until we found
in the cooler season it may drop to off exhibit for an isolation period in one female still very big and hadn’t
12-17C in the lower areas and 20-30C line with our in-house biosecurity spawned. We had 11 separate clumps
in the higher areas. Humidity is always measures during which time they of eggs sunken below water level,
higher at night than during the day, as were kept quite dry, and I noticed the anchored to sunken twigs, leaves, and
it would be naturally in the wild and females were getting particularly ‘full’ other décor. Each clump had around
this aids passive hydration. In the drier with eggs, becoming visibly rotund. 20-30 eggs and we experienced an
seasons, it can drop to 40-50% during You could see the eggs through the estimated >95% fertility rate. Eggs
the day and in the wetter seasons, skin laterally in front of the hindlimbs. were mostly uniform black colour, and
it's usually 70-80% during the day. At this point, they were out of isolation some were 50:50 white:black. Some
The Heterixalus appear to need this and I set up a simple closed-system of the white:black eggs developed,
prolonged dry period to generate rain chamber with a small pond pump, but some were infertile. All the black
eggs, as with regular spraying/higher some piping and a spray bar mounted eggs developed. Development in
humidity, they tend not to generate below the roof mesh and flooded the this species is fast! Eggs hatch within
eggs in my experience.  tank base. I mounted the spray bar to 5-10 days and the tadpoles consume
rain on around 50% of the furnishings the remaining infertile egg and jelly
and left the rain on constantly. By mass. This immediate consumption
Stars in their eyes doing this, the frogs had a choice to of infertile eggs makes it difficult to
Back when we initially acquired this avoid the rain and dry off if needed- calculate exactly how many were
species, we got 2.2 young adults (two this is something to consider because infertile, but in total, we hatched over
males and two females). The enclosure I have since noticed they are quite 300 tadpoles. We set up water tanks
was a simply designed Exo-terra glass prone to bacterial skin issues if they with a temperature of around 20C but
terrarium measuring 45x45x60cm, are constantly wet in rain chambers after some initial losses, we increased
with no substrate, potted plants and for prolonged periods. Although the temperature to 24C. We took a
thin branches for perching. This design we never observed any calling or little bit of time experimenting with
allowed us to maintain good hygiene amplexus, by the third morning of rain, what the tadpoles enjoyed feeding
levels and also the opportunity to the frogs had spawned. Based on the on, and through this, we had some

NOVEMBER 2022 37
 Space Hoppers

husbandry. After around 6 months, the froglets were of a

subadult size and some of the frogs we bred are now on
exhibit with the rest of the adults. In total, we morphed
around 200 froglets and they all survived to adulthood. We
now have a nice group of 23 adults on exhibit, of mixed
sexes and bloodlines, and the rest were moved to other
zoological institutions in the UK. This species is rarely bred
in both zoos and private collections, so it’s been really
good to expand the holding in captivity. 

Wild research
I travelled to Madagascar in 2017 and saw this species
in Ranomafana village, which for any keen wildlife nerd,
is awesome. The Heterixalus were found breeding in a
reed-filled garden pond, with 4 - 5 other frog species.
We also saw them on nearby fence railings, and in some
dense riparian habitat that was just teeming with different
species of frogs of different sizes, colours and ages. I took
some temperature and UVI readings in the habitat, as well
as habitat photographs to inform any future husbandry for
various Malagasy species throughout the trip. All this data
has been used to inform the husbandry decisions we have
made at Drayton, alongside other published references
and online data.
A newly metamorphosed froglet

Advice for private keeepers

cannibalism of tadpoles by other, stronger tadpoles. Starry night reed frogs can be described a bit like Flubber
We believe this should be avoidable in future with the - they bounce from wall to wall with tireless energy and
correct food items available from hatching. In the end, are very good runners too. This means the keeper must
they fed well on cucumber, natural algae growth in the have their wits about them when entering the enclosure
tank, fish flake, spirulina, tree bark and magnolia leaves. to avoid escapes. They also seem to benefit from a choice
Water parameters (NO2: 0, NO3: 0-50, GH: 14, KH: 6-10, of microclimate. This way, they can choose to sit and bask
pH 6.8-7.2, Cl:0) were maintained by regular daily water in the open air on top of a leaf or other solid surface, but
changes and waste removal, as well as feeding little and equally can reside in crevices or under leaf litter. Keepers
often up to 5x daily. The tadpoles were raised together must be extremely vigilant on the cleanliness of the tank,
in a 60L tub that was heated by fish tank heaters and as bacterial issues can affect the frogs, especially in periods
maintained at 24C with a few degrees drop at night. of higher humidity. I’d always recommend live plants over
Under these conditions, development was fast, the plastic. They are less of a harbour for bacteria and help
tadpole stage took around 70 days.  maintain humid microclimates within the enclosure. Also, a
nicely planted tank is very aesthetically pleasing but it does
We were surprised at how much food the tadpoles ate, have to be functional for the animal before being pleasing
the appetite was seemingly insatiable. In comparison, for the keeper. We keep 25 in a large enclosure, but I’d say
a similar quantity of Red-eyed tree frog (Agalychis the highest density without affecting welfare and hygiene
callidryas) tadpoles may consume 50-75% less food than would be 10-15 adults in a well-planted 60x45x60cm glass
the Heterixalus within a set time. It is impressive how many terrarium. They certainly benefit from UVB exposure too.
eggs come out of such a tiny frog species. The females At Drayton Manor, we keep ours within 0-3UVI and this
are so swollen before spawning that they look more like provision will also help the frogs stay on top of dermal
tomato frogs than tree frogs.  bacterial issues.  

Once the tadpoles had popped all four legs, they

were removed from the main tank into smaller shallow
dishes to morph out into small containment tanks. The About the Author
containment tanks had damp paper towels and moss to Tim Baker is the Lead Lower Vertebrates and
aid in hydration retention. Once the froglets had absorbed Invertebrates (LVI) Keeper at Drayton Manor Zoo.
all their tails, they were transferred into planted 45cm3 He has been keeping reptiles and amphibians since
glass terraria with soil, leaf litter and moss. The froglets 2013. He works closely with species from Madagascar,
had large appetites just like the tadpoles and fed well
Pantanal, southern Africa and the deserts of south-
on pinhead crickets and fruit flies within 24hrs of the tail
being absorbed. I have heard of smaller metamorphs western USA to maintain a diverse collection of species
having to be started on springtails, but we did not have with a conservation interest.
this issue and the variation may be due to differing tadpole

38 NOVEMBER 2022
ECO
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NOVEMBER 2022 39
 Title

DRY FOODS, FORMULAS & SUPPLEMENTS

High Energy
Ideal for species which, in the wild, consume a significant amount of fruits and seeds
from oleaginous plants (genera Psittacus, Ara, Poicephalus).
40 Available in 800g, 3Kg and 12Kg bags NOVEMBER 2022
 Title

KEEPER BASICS:
ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION AND
BIRD HEALTH

Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus)

NOVEMBER 2022 41
 Keeper Basics: Ultraviolet Radiation and Bird Health

B
irds are very closely related to reptiles. In fact,
turtles and crocodiles are more closely related
to birds than they are to lizards and snakes. We
understand that most reptiles need UVB for physiological
development and all reptiles will have some form of
relationship with the sun. Whilst we might not understand
this relationship completely, hobbyists still provide some
level of UV to ensure that they are not denying their
animals something which they would have access to
in the wild. We understand that amphibians, mammals
(including humans) and even invertebrates may benefit
from UV exposure. However, there are some polarising
views on the need to provide adequate UV for pet parrots.

Natural behaviours
Birds, particularly the brightly coloured parrots that lives. This determines when they should roost, feed, mate
are most popular in the pet trade love the sun. From and enact various other biological functions. When birds
budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) that cross huge migrate, it is typically triggered by changing photoperiods
expanses of desert in some of the most sun-drenched as opposed to temperature and humidity. As the days
regions of Australia, to the toucans (Ramphastos sp.) that get shorter, many birds from temperate climates will take
sit atop the canopies of tropical forests in Central and this cue to move towards the equator where the days are
South America, wild birds are typically exposed to a lot longer, and they have more time to feed and socialise.
of sunlight. They even possess a pineal gland, like that of Even without analysing the biochemical role of sunlight in
many reptiles and amphibians, that can sense UV radiation pet birds, it is important to consider that light plays a huge
which helps them establish periodicity in their day-to-day role in the day-to-day wellbeing of wild birds.

42 NOVEMBER 2022
 Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

UV-B
Although light is essential for bird wellbeing, some argue There are some considerations the keeper must make
that UV is unnecessary. The main justification for this before adding artificial lighting to their set-up. As birds
claim is that UV does not penetrate feathers and thus the are not ectothermic and do not ‘bask’, there have been
exposure to certain wavelengths is negligible. A quick relatively few studies into appropriate amounts of UV
look at parrot morphology will argue that parrots have provision – especially when compared to reptiles. Too
evolved with this in mind. Species that spend a lot of time much UVB can have negative implications and cause
beneath a leafy canopy, such as macaws or African greys macular degeneration, cataracts and blindness. This is
have far more exposed skin (particularly around the face) because birds have developed highly specialised eye
than those that inhabit sparser regions or sit atop the trees. media to protect their sensitive eyes from overexposure
Some aviculturists even theorise that captive parrots will to the sun’s radiation. It is therefore extremely important
pluck their feathers deliberately to expose more skin to that hobbyists using a UVB lamp fix this at an appropriate
make better use of limited ultraviolet light. Like reptiles, distance from the top of the cage.
birds require vitamin D to synthesise calcium. Although
fortified pellets will contain some level of both elements, As bird cages often have diverse designs, a lamp that
UVB radiation is a catalyst in this absorption. Dr Karen emits UVB horizontally and directly into the bird’s eye
Becker explains “Pet birds have a preen gland above the can be dangerous. Most lighting products aimed at birds
base of their tail that secretes oil. Inside this gland are only produce a small amount of UVB and UVA to cater
vitamin D precursors which come out in the oil.” Birds for this. Keepers should not aim to estimate a parrot’s UV
generally spend a third of their day eating, a third of their requirements based on their geographical range without
day playing or napping and a third of their day grooming. significant scientific research to back these claims. Over-
When they groom, they spread this oil over their feathers. exposure to blue lights can also adjust the sexes of chicks
Dr Becker continues “when the oil is in direct contact with in breeding females and therefore using LED lights aimed
ultraviolet light the vitamin D precursors turn into vitamin at the aquatics market is also a potentially problematic
D. As the bird re-grooms the oil they ingest that vitamin D move. Keepers looking to provide UV to their birds should
which becomes active vitamin D for the kidneys and liver.” always choose a bird-focused product.

NOVEMBER 2022 43
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)

UV-A many smaller parrots may find this restrictive and aerial
Birds can see UVA waves. Unlike humans which only see predators such as birds of prey may increase stress levels,
wavelengths within the ‘visible light spectrum’, birds can meaning the caged bird should be observed at all times.
see far beyond this and many experts believe they can The keeper should start with 5-10 minute sessions and
experience around 100 times the amount of colours that build this up over time. Adding shelter, such as a towel to
humans can see. They were some of the first creatures to three sides of the cage then slowly removing it as the bird
develop colour-vision to aid them in selecting the ripest becomes more confident is a good strategy. Those lucky
fruits and distinguishing edible berries from poisonous enough to have space for an aviary can create a very basic
ones. This link between colour vision and UVA also explains setup to be utilised on the sunniest days, with some shelter
why some birds possess dazzling iridescent plumage and some sunny perches. Regardless of the method used,
or develop intricate mating rituals to flash their feathers. the bird should be able to transition between sun and
Even popular pet birds such as budgerigars will glow shade at its leisure.
magnificently under black light – a strategy that helps them
find a suitable mate in flocks of up to a hundred birds.
To UV or not to UV…
Even if a parrot is kept in a bright room with plenty Although there is much to learn about the role of UV
of natural sunlight it should still have exposure to full in avian physiology, current research suggests that the
spectrum lighting. Neither UVA nor UVB can penetrate provision of small amounts of UVA and UVB is extremely
glass, meaning a pet bird that is kept close to a window is beneficial to the wellbeing of pet parrots. Whilst
colourblind in comparison to the birds outside. This is a constructing an outdoor aviary is preferable, it is not
troubling concept for many keepers, especially at a time always an option for every keeper. Therefore, investing in
when energy prices are so high. As we cannot see UV, it a good quality bird-focused UV lamp can at least provide
is easily forgotten about. Therefore, unless the keeper a beneficial substitute. Photoperiodicity is extremely
has invested in a solarmeter, it is important to replace the important for birds’ wellbeing and all lighting fixtures
UV emitting bulb each year to ensure maximum efficacy. should be run through a timer to provide a consistent
Of course, the easiest way to provide well balanced, and reliable day/night cycle. This aspect of pet care
full-spectrum light is to take the bird outside. Even if this is often neglected, particularly for animals which are
is only for a short period, a well-constructed aviary will housed in living rooms and communal areas. Artificial
allow the bird to stretch its wings and receive important lighting can be an excellent tool for establishing a routine
UV exposure. Bird cages can be moved outside in the for such intelligent birds, even if many benefits are still to
summer, but the keeper should be considerate that be discovered. 

44 NOVEMBER 2022
 Fascinating Fact

FASCINATING FACT
Sea turtles in the UK

and early autumn, they can be spotted year-round. There

S
ix of the seven species of sea turtle found on planet
Earth have been recorded in UK waters. The only are around 15 sightings of these animals in the UK each
turtle not to have been officially recorded in the UK is year and that number is increasing. Leatherbacks are
the Australian flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus). This far more tolerant of colder temperatures than other sea
species has the smallest geographic range of any marine turtle species and can be found across all but the most
turtle and rarely leaves the shallow waters of the Australian northern and southern oceans. Weighing in at almost one
continental shelf. The most turtle to join the list of UK ton, only the largest leatherbacks migrate to the UK. Only
visitors is the Olive Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). the animals with the highest body mass can withstand the
An individual from this species (which is found most cooler temperatures of British waters. Around 84% of sea
commonly in the Gulf of Mexico) washed up in Anglesey turtle sightings in the UK are leatherbacks and 12% are
in 2016. loggerheads (Caretta caretta). Sightings of both species
are becoming more common each year. The remaining
Other species of sea turtles are far more frequent hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), green (Chelonia mydas)
visitors. Some argue that leatherback sea turtles and Kemp’s Ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) are
(Dermochelys coriacea) should be considered one of the likely to visit UK waters by accident, however, all species are
UK’s migratory species, as they visit British waters to hunt listed under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act,
for jellyfish. Although they are most seen in late summer awarding them additional protection as a British species.

Green turtle (Chelonia mydas)

NOVEMBER 2022 45
 Enrichment Ideas

ENRICHMENT IDEAS
Tarantula enrichment

Invertebrates are often neglected in the discussion every few weeks to keep things fresh without disturbing
around environmental enrichment. This is likely due the tarantula too much.
to our limited understanding of their cognitive ability.
Observational studies of even the most developed species
can sometimes lead us to believe they have no brains at Sky hides
all. However, that is not the case and so enrichment should Most tarantulas are not very active and therefore, most
be a consideration for any invert keeper. For tarantula keepers provide an adequate-sized terrarium that has
keepers, there are a few things that can be done that might room for a single hide. In the wild, however, some
improve the welfare of their pet spider. tarantulas will occupy hollowed trees off the ground. If the
terrarium has enough space, using a waterproof sealant
to attach a cork bark tube to an elevated position within
Correct substrate the terrarium will maximise the usable space and provide
The substrate should be deep with a damp bottom interesting observations for the keeper. This can also break
layer that dries out as it reaches the surface. This is up any overhead lighting and add depth to the enclosure.
a no-brainer for burrowing species that require a
subterranean hide, but it does not harm to provide a few
extra inches for all species. Even arboreal species, when Decorated enclosures
housed within a small enclosure will utilise most of the Everyone has their own taste when it comes to
space within the terrarium. A deep substrate allows for establishing an enclosure. Basic setups are perfectly
better humidity control and more consistent conditions acceptable, but adding resin ornaments, artificial plants,
within the terrarium. hardscape and more can help the keeper learn more
about their spider’s preferences over time. Not only will
this inspire new ideas when the enclosure is upgraded, it
Novel objects will also provide some insight into the spider’s behaviour
Slightly more controversial, the inclusion of novel objects that may not be obvious in a basic enclosure.
may allow your tarantula to exercise its senses. Some
keepers add ping pong balls, bottle caps, shiny pebbles
and even teacups into their enclosure and have anecdotal
evidence that suggests the arachnids interact with
them to varying degrees. There is not much science
behind this but considering this enrichment
method is free and easy it is worth giving a go.
Do not place any fabric or soft items into the
enclosure that the spider could get its tarsi
(claws) caught on.

Leaf litter
In the wild, terrestrial tarantulas
(particularly those from tropical
forests) will be exposed to
thick layers of leaf litter. Even
Brachypelma species will occupy
dry forests that are typically
characterised by vast amounts
of dry leaf litter. Keepers should
factor this into their enclosures.
The addition of leaf litter and
some springtails instantly turns
the setup bioactive and can make
general maintenance much easier.
There are various types of leaf litter,
seed pods and other bioactive decor
on the market that can be swapped out

46 NOVEMBER 2022
 Title

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