TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCE

A SEMESTER COURSE OF STUDY ON

MASTERS’ IN BUDDHIST STUDIES
2013

Proposed by

TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF BUDDHIST STUDIES (CDOBS),
UNIVERSITY CAMPUS, KIRTIPUR,
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
 Acknowledgements

Nepal, the homelands of three Buddhas viz., Krakuchanda, Kanakamuni and Sakyamuni,
takes pride on effectual teachings of later born in Lumbini. His Dhamma spread sacrosanct to
many cultural traditions of this world. Buddhist acumen was impact of his impermanence,
right Karma and right livelihood for social growth in happy livings to devotion by
professional dedications in ritual, faith, thoughts, art and crafts. Buddhist erudition realizes
the facts of sacred personalities (Siddhas) as enlighten Saints. Their endeavor has regularized
the citadel of learning in monastic spirit and households practice. This long unbroken chain
of sacred pattern has inspired Buddhist livelihood into the cultural profession as National
heritage of distinct type.

Buddhist Studies is a promising subject in sacred erudition with idea for research to
indigenous and foreign scholars. It is a preference of interests to many since centuries‟
delving in sacred academic trait. This is also a belief to certain group of people called
Buddhist nation grown by rituals to perfect their habits in textual and cultural practices as
Master and laity or common devotees. This trait is regulating sacred art of livings with
inspiration of Nepalese cultural devotion and academic practice. This Monastic tradition is on
sacred training of Buddhist academia as institution. It exists only to the professed devotionals
as sacred being of hidden track of tantric admission. It is complicated to the commoners, and
strange to layman‟s society, as well. After the academic establishment of Buddhist studies in
institution as separate department in Tribhuwan University, it took a lead in spread of
academic way for learning of Buddhism to common with different religions and traditions o f
the world and Asia. Now it became familiar as a separate department where research and
study in religious studies is common to all.

This department‟s history about a decade and more or so has produced many students with
PGD and MA Degree in Buddhist studies in yearly basis. Reviewing after their experiences,
they remain still unskilled to practice and for delving in to the real mode of tantric erudition.
This new change into the four semester course of Master‟s in Buddhist Studies hopes to
initiate with the students field work and practical observation to the rite and events with
participation for their skillfulness that was not mentioned by yearly course. This presenter
with his team is quite hopeful and optimistic to turn this new course into the reality of
pragmatic knowledge to balance with thoughtful academies.

In this regards, this profession based course on Buddhist study will not just engage students
in dry theories but also refreshed by introduced new topics of archaeology with conservation
and preservation skills, Buddhist Tourism and IT knowledge in Research, Field based studies
to the each subjects with term papers, will definitely build a gradual capacities to overcome
their constraints. So that, they can put their skills and knowledge of conservation and
preservation in the cultural heritage sites as archaeology oriented Buddhist personal or
pilgrimage tour operators independently. Apart from the serious delving in philosophic and
meditational practices, it will help them to develop erudite phenomenon in cultural societies
for individual and cultural benefits. Their potent information in respect of cultural tradition in
Nepal, Asian and world‟s Religions promotes the Buddhist psychosomatic, sacred erudition
for upholding with skillful means for their economic changes also.

This Central Department of Buddhist Studies remains grateful to the Team lead by Assoc-
Professor Dr. Milan Ratna Shakya, and his members Lecturers Mr. Surendra Man
Bajracharya, Mrs. Chandrakala Adhikari, and Teachers Mr.Gautam Bir Bajracharya and
active participation with technical support and labor of Mr.Vedraj Gnawaly to undertake this
task of making four semester MBS syllabus.

I would also like to extend the since thanks to Prof. Dr. Hira Bahadur Maharjan, Vice-
Chancellor of TU, Prof. Gunanidhi Neupane, Rector of TU, and Prof. Dr. Chandramani
Paudel, Registrar of TU, Prof. Dr. Chintamani Pokharel, Dean, and Assistant Deans Dr Nilam
Kumar Sharma, Dr. Tarakanta Pandey and Mr. Uttam Bhattarai of Humanities and Social
Science Faculty for their inspiration and active support to this drive without which this task is
impossible.

------------------------------------

Milan Ratna Shakya, Ph.D.

Chairman: Buddhist Studies Subject Committee TU.

 List of Courses
Masters of Arts Program in Buddhist Studies (MBS),
Tribhuvan University

First Semester
Course Code Course title Credit hours
MBS 501 History of Buddhism I 3
MBS 502 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy I 3
MBS 503 Buddhist Literature I 3
MBS 504 Buddhist Art, Iconography and Scripts 3
MBS 505 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala I 3

Second Semester
Course Code Course title Credit hours
MBS 506 History of Buddhism II 3
MBS 507 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy II 3
MBS 508 Buddhist Literature II 3
MBS 509 Buddhist Architecture and Archeology 3
MBS 510 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala II 3

Third Semester
Course Code Course title Credit hours
MBS 511 Buddhist Traditions in Asia I 3
MBS 512 World Religion and Philosophy I 3
MBS 513 Buddhist Traditions in Asia II 3
MBS 514 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal I 3
MBS 515 World Religion and Philosophy II 3

Fourth Semester
Course Code Course title Credit hours
MBS 516 Methods of Research in Buddhist Studies 3
MBS 517 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal II 3
MBS 518 Buddhist Tourism 3
MBS 519 Basic knowledge on Information Technology 3
MBS 520 Field Study & Report Writing 3
MBS 521 Thesis 6
MBS 522 Buddhist Practices 3
Semester Course Course title Credit Teaching Pages
Code Hours Hour
I MBS 501 History of Buddhism I 3 75 1-2

I MBS 502 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy I 3 75 3-5

I MBS 503 Buddhist Literature I 3 75 6-8

I MBS 504 Buddhist Art, Iconography and Scripts 3 75 9-11

I MBS 505 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala I 3 75 12-15

II MBS 506 History of Buddhism II 3 75 16-17

II MBS 507 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy II 3 75 18-20

II MBS 508 Buddhist Literature II 3 75 21-22

II MBS 509 Buddhist Architecture and Archeology 3 75 23-25

II MBS 510 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala II 3 75 26-30

III MBS 511 Buddhist Traditions in Asia I 3 75 31-32

III MBS 512 World Religion and Philosophy I 3 75 33-35

III MBS 513 Buddhist Traditions in Asia II 3 75 36-38

III MBS 514 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal I 3 75 39-41

III MBS 515 World Religion and Philosophy II 3 75 42-44

IV MBS 516 Methods of Research in Buddhist 3 75 45-46

Studies
IV MBS 517 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal 3 75 47-48
II
IV MBS 518 Buddhist Tourism 3 75 49-51

IV MBS 519 Basic knowledge on Information 3 75 52

Technology
IV MBS 520 Field Study & Report Writing 3 75 53

IV MBS 521 Thesis Writing 6 150 54

IV MBS 522 Buddhist Practices 3 75 55

 CURRICULUM
MASTER‟S IN BUDDHIST STUDIES

Introduction
As per the decision of TU‟s Dean‟s office in changing Masters‟ curriculum of TU into the
four Semester scheme, this Central Department of Buddhist Studies (CDOBS) of TU,
Kirtipur, also meticulously keeps the pace for the decision. This curriculum is consequently
geared up with four Semesters‟ Course in Master‟s Degree in modules of eruditions to skill
for the Centre Excellence.
Masters‟ in Buddhist Studies (MBS) is now a 69 Credit Hour Degree program with
combinations of theoretical and practical education to fit the comprehension. This syllabus is
meeting the requirements of religious studies by research in Buddhist History, Religion,
Philosophy, Literatures, Art, Iconography, Architecture, Archaeology, Epigraphic Scriptural
traditions, World Religion, Asian Tradition, Methods in Research, IT, Buddhist Tourism,
and practice. It intends to grow proficient students with erudition on Buddhism of Nepal and
the globe for their philosophic and rituals practices, Buddhist arts, and scriptural,
iconographic, archaeological, architectural and Touristic information. It is prepare for
spacious comprehension and offered skills in research for investigation with tools to advance
further for M.Phil, and Ph.D‟s, to specialize in professionalism. This course offers multi-
dimensional scopes for those areas of specializations as mentioned above in sacrosanct,
aesthetics, liturgic, textual studies of religious and philosophical traditions of the world, Asia
and Nepal. It is further approval with the typical sects of Himalayan, Nepalamandala in
Kathmandu valleys, Tarai regional archaeological and cultural studies in outlook. The
delicacy of the semester course remains intact with splendor of the world‟s religions and
traditions. This is grasped with socio- religious cultures of Sravakayāna, Mahayana and
Vajrayana. Their weight in Asian and the world‟s tradition are offered by research methods
and Information Technological basis and norms of Buddhist tourism in fourth semester.
These assorted fields are intending to kindle with manifold knowledge from dynamic
Buddhism to students. This is for their growth in abilities to study efficiently in dissimilar
areas of knowledge for making up potential professions.

Objectives
1. To incorporate with chronological familiarity of Buddhism as reflected Buddha‟s life
history and important events, to his teaching in practice of various sects of Buddhism
by philosophic, religious, literature, texts, cultural, ritual, arts, architectures,
iconographies, scripts and with conservation and preservation thoughts,
2. It acknowledge with archaeological chronologies, traditions, cultures on Buddhist
Tourism and traditions of Asia and the world.
3. To enhance lissome knowledge on different sects as parts of different religions of
world as sects and schools of thoughts in practice.
4. To equip students ability with contemporary Technology of Information and methods
in Buddhist research, with field related study of northern, western and central Nepal
mandala by field visits.
Eligibility for Admission to MBS in CDOBS, TU
Admission to Master‟s in Buddhist Studies (MBS) is open to all students from any
disciplines having passed in Bachelor Degree program or its equivalent from any recognized
universities.
Admission Procedures:
Students will be selected for admission on the basis of merit, as decided by performance in
the written test.
Entrance Examination:
Written examination of two hour will be taken for admission in MBS program. The entrance
examination carries 100 marks, 50 marks for objective questions and 50 marks for essay
writing is allocated.
Duration of the Course and Examinations:
Each course will be evaluated against 100 marks for Core Subject. Its marks are divided into
60:40 percents for the grading into GPA system. The student should appear in the term end
examination taken by the University for 60 Marks. The remaining 40 marks are awarded on
the internal examination basis. It is based on constant monitoring of the supervisor and the
teachers using by specified tools. The 40 marks are further divided into internal examinations
as follows:

Subject Marks
Attendance 10
Interaction in Class and participation 5
Assignment of Term Paper 10
Performance in the Mid-term Examination 15
Total Marks 40

The students should have attendance of a minimum of 80 percent to appear in the term end
examination of the University. There will be internal examination, which carries 40 marks
that will be awarded after evaluation of class teachers and field supervisors on the basis of
regularity. The student failure in the internal examination cannot appear in the term and
examination conducted by the University.
The students will be assigned with Term Paper by the class teachers on the basis of course
contents. Its relevant issues and problems in evaluation will be made after understanding of
the students‟ problems. This term paper should be original and in prescribed format. If
students found copying without the reference to the source, the term paper will be rejected.

Field work practicum is an essential part in Buddhist Studies. Students are expected to carry
out field work practicum of 3 Credit Hours in each semester or 16 Hours per week. The
students are evaluated on the basis of their attendance in the class, application of their
theoretical knowledge and skills into field and reflection. The supervisors will closely
supervise each students allotted to them and guide for field work practice, and provide
guidance. The students have to arrange expense incurred during the field work practices;
placement, research, block, placement and work camps or their own.
Grading Point System (General Provisions):
Students must be regular in classes with minimum 80 percent of attendance for a course
completion with all requisites of assignments, theory and practical securing a passing grade to
the marking system set by Tribhuwan University.

Entire courses will be scrutinize at the end of the semester, in which they are taken, each will
be marked in percentage, out of 100, and translated into literal grades as indicated in the
following tables. The pass mark in all courses will be 50 marks in each course.

Letter Marks in GP Evaluati on Definiti on

Grade Percent
+A 85-100 4.0 Outstanding Exceptional performance/Mastery of the subjects
A- 75-84.5 3.7 Excellent Superior understanding in-depth knowledge on the subject
B+ 70-74.5 3.3 Very Good Co mprehensive understanding on the subject, advance
knowledge of princip les and practice in the discipline
B 65-69.9 3.0 Good Adequate performance in achieving course objective with
satisfactory knowledge of princip les and practices in the
discipline
B- 60-64.9 2.7 Satisfactory Sufficient mastery on the subject
C 50-59.9 2.0 Pass Just understanding on principles and practice but not sufficient
with definite deficiencies
F Below 50 00 Failure Minimu m requirement of the course is not fulfilled

Other grades assigned as specified in the following table.

Grade Evaluation
IABS Incomplete
FPA Failure/Withdrawal
ABS Withdrawal
SCRACH Academic Warning
Make Up Retake

Grade Points System; Semester Grade-Point Average and Cumulative Grade-Point

Average represent numerically a student‟s quality of performance. These averages are used
to determine if a student qualifies for certain academic actions.
A student‟s cumulative grade point average is a calculation of all earned accumulations from
attendance, class interaction, Assignment paper (Term Paper) and Mid-term examinations in
class completed up to a given academic term.
At the end of Master‟s Program all calculation of the sum of aggregated marks will be
transformed in to the CGPA system divided by 2, which is the number of the years.
The table below clarifies the calculation for GPA and CGPA. All grades are on a 4.0 scale.

Letter Grade Marks in Percent GPA Values Evaluati ons

A 85-100 4.0 Outstanding
A- 75-84.9 3.7 Excellent
B+ 70-74.9 3.3 Very Good
B 65-69.9 3.0 Good
B- 60-64.9 2.7 Satisfactory
C 50-59.9 2.0 Pass
F Below 50 00 Failure

Written assignments will be graded on basis of their clarity, comprehensiveness, originality,

appropriate use of reference materials and technical adequacy. Papers are expected to be of
sufficient quality as to represent students growing professionalism and competence. All
written work thesis and assignment must be typewritten and in APA format.

Field Work Practicum:

Field work allows MBS students to expand their erudition beyond the classroom. Its
practicum helps them to apply the knowledge learned into field skills to create the
professionalism connections within the specific areas of interest.
Students will be taken to the site visits on concerned practical class of the core subject by
supervising head and teachers.

Last year students go to Fields:

Last (4th ) Semester students go to the field and spend at least two days to a week (16 hours) in
field during I,II and III semesters placements, joining the students of Tourism and other
related subjects., however, some class like history, art, architecture, script and archaeology
and research may take their students to concerned sites in between as per the occasion
prevails. Students have to give their assignment or have to prepare their reports after their
field visits, which will be graded accordingly.

Field Work Evaluation:

The field work evaluation of the students will be based in following criteria:
NS Competency 1 2 3 4 5 NA

1 Comprehension of the Subject

2 Grasping of Subjective Knowledge
3 Perception
4 Value of Theme with Performance
5 Subjective Command
6 Capacity of Analysis
7 Verbal & Written Skills
8 Supervisory Feedback
9 Behavior in class and field
10 Attendance in Fields
( Note: there are 10 criteria X 5 optimum score in each section = 50 x 2 for converting 100 =total
obtained marks)

Unacceptable Insufficient Emerging Competence Advanced Not

Progress Progress Competence Competence applicable
1 2 3 4 5 NA

There are total ten major criterion under which sub-criterion needs to be developed for
evaluation of students‟ field work performance. Calculation of number obtained in each
criterion should be multiply by 2 and thus the summation of total will be evaluated in 100
marks. This will be further converted into grading system. For grading refer to the page
number 7 Grading Point System.

Course Seminar:
Students are permitted to organize series of seminars with trends in Buddhist studies focusing
on their academic fields and studies. Students are allowed to go with topical and refreshing
seminars on traditional to the contemporary spirits of the study with rising current socio-
religious issues to invest their interest in any innovative issues in relevant development. This
seminar session is as possible as, applicable for each units of teachings in any papers as
required by class teacher.

This course will introduce students with quantitative and qualitative research methods, to
overview with philosophical issues, study design, sampling methods, using and creating
standardized measures, questionnaire design, proposal writing, data analysis, qualitative and
quantitative data of archeological and textual basis. Research in Buddhist study is crucial in
value for traditional and modern erudition for testing and refining of professional aptitude
and skills to enhance the appropriate knowledge.

List of Courses
Masters’ in Arts Program of Buddhist Studies (MBS), Tribhuvan University
First Semester
Course Code Course title Credit hours
MBS 501 History of Buddhism I 3
MBS 502 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy I 3
MBS 503 Buddhist Literature I 3
MBS 504 Buddhist Art, Iconography and Scripts 3
MBS 505 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala I 3

Second Semester
Course Code Course title Credit hours
MBS 506 History of Buddhism II 3
MBS 507 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy II 3
MBS 508 Buddhist Literature II 3
MBS 509 Buddhist Architecture and Archeology 3
MBS 510 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala II 3

Third Semester
Course Code Course title Credit hours
MBS 511 Buddhist Traditions in Asia I 3
MBS 512 World Religion and Philosophy I 3
MBS 513 Buddhist Traditions in Asia II 3
MBS 514 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal I 3
MBS 515 World Religion and Philosophy II 3

Fourth Semester
Course Code Course title Credit hours
MBS 516 Methods of Research in Buddhist Studies 3
MBS 517 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal II 3
MBS 518 Buddhist Tourism 3
MBS 519 Basic knowledge on Information Technology 3
MBS 520 Field Study & Report writing 3
MBS 521 Thesis 6
MBS 522 Buddhist Practices 3
 First Semester
Courses

Course Course title Credit Teaching Pages

Code Hours Hour
MBS 501 History of Buddhism I 3 75 1-2

MBS 502 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy I 3 75 3-5

MBS 503 Buddhist Literature I 3 75 6-8

MBS 504 Buddhist Art, Iconography and 3 75 9-11

Scripts
MBS 505 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala I 3 75 12-15
 History of Buddhism I

Semester I Paper: I
MBS 501 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr.H.3

Course Objectives
This new course aims to impart the students with chronological knowledge on Buddha's life
to the historic age of Pala as Buddhist religion.
Unit 1 Background Study 10TH
1.1 Sources of Buddhist history: Inscriptions, chronicles, texts, coins, travel accounts,
monuments, and archaeological sites.
1.2 Date of Buddha: Historic significance of 6 th century B.C to mankind
1.2.1 Nepal : The Homeland of Buddhas
1.2.2 Niglihawa-the birthplace of Kanakmuni
1.2.3 Gotihawa-the birthplace of Krakuchanda
1.2.4 Lumbini- the birthplace of Shakyamuni
1.3 Introduction to Contemporary Major Buddhist States of Nepal and India*
1.3.1 Kapilvastu
1.3.2 Koliya
1.3.3 Maghad
1.3.4 Kosal
1.3.5 Vaisali

Unit 2 Buddha and His Important Events 20TH

2.1 Life of Siddartha: Birth, Enlightenment of Buddha, to Final Extinction.
2.1.1 Importance of Lumbini, Buddhagaya, Sarnath and Kushinagar in the
life of Buddha*
2.1.2 Mahaparinirvana: Meaning, Concept, Rituals and Distribution of
relics
2.1.3 Buddhism:Teachings of Buddha, Meaning, Concept, Traits and Features.
2.2.2 Major Discourses of Buddha (I, II, III)
2.2 Buddhist Order.
2.2.1 Formation of Monastic Order
2.2.2 Framing of Rules and Regulations
2.3 Buddha's main Disciples: Supporters (Bimbishar, Anathapindaka, Prasenjet, Jeavak)
and Opponents (Devadatta, Sadbargiya bhichhu, Sanjaya, Risi Vardwaj,
Monks:Sariputta, Mahamouglayan, Mahakasyap, Ananda, Upali,Aniruddha)
Unit 3 Buddhis m Aftermath the Mahaparinirvan of Buddha 15TH
3.1 Impact of Buddha's Mahaparinirvan on society and the order
3.2 Attempts for consolidation of the Buddhist Order
3.2.1 Historicity of the early two Buddhist Councils
3.3 Rise of Schools and sects in Buddhism
3.4 Rise of Mahayana and Vajrayana
Unit 4 Spread of Buddhis m 30TH
4.1 Ashoka and the Expansion of Buddhism
4.1.1 Ashoka after the Kalinga war
4.1.2 Religious Policy of Ashoka
4.1.3 Ashoka and the Third Buddhist Council
4.1.4 Spread of Buddhism in abroad
4.2 Introduction to Buddhist Missionaries of Ashoka
4.3 Buddhism during Pre and post Kushan Rule
4.3.1 Milinda and his contribution to the promotion and spread of Buddhism
4.3.2 Introduction to Kushana rules, Kaniska and his patronage in the fourth Buddhist
Council Meets and spread of Buddhism in abroad
4.4 Buddhism under Harshavardhan
4.4.1 Introduction to Harshavardhan and his religious policy
4.4.2 Survey on Chinese Accounts on the position of Buddhism
4.5 Buddhism Under Pala ruler
4.5.1 Major Pala Rulers and their contribution in spread of Buddhism with reference to
Gopal, Dhammapala, Devapala and Mahipala.
Reference
Bapat, P.V. (ed), 1987 - 2500 years of Buddhism (ed. V) Delhi: PDMIBGI.
Conze,E.,1980- A Short History of Buddhism, London: GAU.
Dharamananda, K.,1994 -Buddhism as a Religion, Kuala Lumpur: SAWS
Dhammika, Ven,1994 -The Edicts of King Ashoka, Kandy: BRPS
Dutta, N.1978 - Buddhist Sects in India, Delhi: MLBD.
Dutta, S.K.,1962- Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their Contribution To Indian
Culture, London: GAU .
…..,1984 - Early Buddhist Monastiscm,New Delhi: MLBD.
Guruge, A.W.P., 1975- Buddhism The Religion and its Culture, Colombo: DAC.
Mahajan, V.D, 2003 - History of India, New Delhi: SCC .
Sastri, D.D.(tr.), 1996)- Dipa Vamsa, Varanasi: BAG .
Ven.Medhankar,1997 - The Great Buddhist Emperors of Asia, Nagpur : BBBP.
 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy I
Semester I Paper: II
MBS 502 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
The course aims to provide the students with knowledge of critical appreciation in Buddhist
thought and traditions. It helps them understand the nature of reality and human beings' place
within it to move between cosmological, theological and philosophical understandings and
the ways these motivate ordinary and extraordinary human lives.
Unit 1 Religion and Philosophy 5TH
1.1 Meaning: Nature and Concept
1.2 Buddhism as a Religion and Philosophy
Unit 2 General Philosophical norms of Buddhism 10TH
2.1 Triratna (Triple Gems =Buddha, Dharma and Sangha- the teacher, the teaching and
the taught persons)
2.2 Trisarana (Triple refuge)
2.3 Punyasambhara and jnanasambhara (Accumulation of merits and knowledge)
2.4 Panca-Sila (Five precepts)
Unit 3 Basic Buddhist Teachings (Theravada portion) 20TH
3.1 Four Noble Truths
3.2 Law of Dependent Origination
3.3 Three Universal Characteristics of the world
3.4 Buddhist Liberation
3.4.1 Arahat and Nirvana (Soupadhisesa and Nirupadhisesa)
3.5 Bodhisattva concept in Theravada
Unit 4 Buddhist Meditation (Theravada) 10TH
4.1 Samatha Meditation: Its objective, types and importance
4.2 Vipasyana Meditation: its objectives, types and importance
Unit 5 Later concept on Bodhisattva in Buddhism 20TH
5.1 Bodhisattva- meaning and objectives, Bodhisattva ideals,
5.2 Bodhicitta- meaning, types and Bodhisattva samvara (precepts)
5.3 Bodhisattva path (Mahayana way) – (removal of Klesavarana and Jneyavaran and
discernment of Pudgala Nairatma and Dharma Nairatma)
5.4 Alternative course of Bodhisattva path Vajrayana- meaning and objectives
5.4.1 Concept of Mantra, Mandala and Dharani, Tantra, Sadhana, Siddha, Siddhi etc
5.4.2 Abhiseka- meaning and objective
5.4.3 Concept of Panca-buddha

Unit 6 Motivation for Ethical Conduct in Society 10TH

6.1 Buddhist concept of karma- Universalistic features of Buddhist ethics, Karma and its effects
6.2 Karma and fatalism, karma connection in rebirth, karma and motivation,
Criteria for good and bad action
6.3 Dana(Liberality), Sila(Morality), and Ksanti (Patience) as Key Buddhist Values)
6.4 Monastic values: celibacy, role of monasticism
6.5 Social Dimensions (of the goal) of Nibbana and Buddhahood
6.6 Skillful Means: Mahayana reassessment of monasticism.
References
Dayal, Har, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
Dutta, Nalinaksa, 1978, Mahayana Buddhism. Delhi: MLBD
Dhammananda K. Sri, What Buddhists believe, Taiwan, The Corporate Body of the Buddha
Educational Foundations
Elder, George R.(Ed.). Buddhist Insight-Essays by Alex Wayman, (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Publishers Pvt, Ltd., 2002)
Dhammananda K. Sri, Meditation: The only Way, Buddhist Missionery Society, Kuala Lumpur, 1996
(Distributed by The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, Taiwan)
Gyaltsen, Dragpa, 1982, Cadragomin‟s Twenty Verses on Bodhisattva Vows, Dharmasala: Library
of Tibetan Works and Archive
Guenther, H.V. (tr.), 1974, Jewel Ornament of Liberation of Gampopa rep.,
London: Rider and Co.
HH Dalai Lama,1999. The Awakening Mind Bodhicittotpada, Taipei; The Corporate
Body of Buddha Educational Foundation
Harvey, Peter, 2000,An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press,
Hopkins, Jeffrey and Geshe Sopa,1987, The Tantra in Tibet (reprint). New York; Snowland
Publications,.
Mutri, T.R.V, 1980rep. The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, London: Unwin Paperbacks,
Narada, The Buddha and his Teachings
Narendradev, Baudha Darshan,
Pande, G.C, 1995 rep. Studies in the Origins of Buddhism. New Delhi; MLBD,
Pategama Gnanarama., Essentials of Buddhism, Singapore (Distributed by The Corporate Body of
the Buddha Educational Foundations, Taiwan
Piyadassi The Buddha’s Ancient Path, London. Rider and Co., 1964
Piyadassi, Mahāthera. The Spectrum of Buddhism- Writings of Piyadassi, (Taipei: The
Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 1991
Rathi, Laxmi Narayan, Dukha Multi ki Sadhana, Purna, 1984
Revata Thero, Theravada Boudha Dharma Mei Yoga Aur Sadhana, Varanasi Bharatiaya
MahaBodhi Sabha, 2005
Cecil Bendall and W.H.D Rouse, 1999, Santideva's Śiksāsamuccaya A Compendium of Buddhist
Doctrines,translated by (Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, Reprint
Santina, Peter De La, 1997, The Tree of Enlightenment by (reprint). Taaiwan; Chico Dharma
Study Foundation,
Tachibana, S., 1926, The Ethics of Buddhism, Oxford: Curzon Press,
Thera, Piyadassi, 1964, The Buddha's Ancient Path, London; Rider and Co.
Upadhyaya, Baladeva, 1978 Budhha Dharma Mimamsa, Varanasi; Chowkhamba
Vidyabhavan,
 Buddhist Literature I

Semester I Paper: III

MBS 503 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
This paper intends to acquaint the students with significant knowledge of Buddhist Pali
literature, its development and expansion of Buddhism in Nepal, India and aboard. It imparts
with historical and critical knowledge on selected texts of Buddhism.
Unit1 General Introduction to “Buddha Vacana” its' Transformation to Buddhist
Lite rature 5TH

1.1 The meaning of “Dharma” as “Buddha Vacana” in the context of “Triratna” i.e.
Buddha, Dharma and Sangha
1.2 Eighty four thousand “Dharma Skanda”
1.3 Nine Angas (Navanga Parichaya)
1.4 Twelve Angas (Dvadasanga Parichaya)
1.5 Buddhist literature of Sravakayana and Mahayana
1.6 Buddhist literature of Eighteen Sects
1.7 Buddhist literature of Four Philosophical Schools
1.8 Buddhist Tantra literature.

Unit 2 Formation of Buddhist PaliLiterature 5TH

2.1 Evolution of Pali Language and Literature
2.2 Groth of Buddhist Pali literature
2.3 Buddhist Pali Literature: Tri-Pitakata (Sutta, Vinaya & Abhidharma), Attakatha,
Anupitaka & Other

Unit 3 Taxual Study of Palitripitaka 30TH

3.1 Vinaya Pitaka: Introduction
3.1.1 Mahavagga: Introduction, Upasampada Vidhi
3.1.2 Bhikkhu Patimokha: Introduction, Parajika
3.1. Bhikkhuni Patimokha: Introduction, Parajika
3.2 Sutta Pitaka: Introduction
3.2.1 Digha Nikaya: Introduction, Aggaganna Sutta
3.2.2 Majjhima Nikaya: Introduction, Saccavibhanga Sutta
3.2.3 Samyutta Nikaya: Introduction, Akkosa Sutta
3.2.4 Anguttara Nikaya : Introduction, Paribbajaka Sutta
3.3 Abhidhamma Pitaka: Introduction
3.3.1 Dhammasangini Matika: Introduction, (Selected Portion of Tika Matika (Kusala,
Vedana, Vipaka, Atitarammana & Ajjhattha) & Duka Matika (Hetu, Sankhata, Rupi,
Sasava, Sannojaniya, Gantha, Nivarana Paramasa, Kilesa & Sa-rana)
Unit 4 Textual Study of Thera and The ri Gatha 10 TH
4.1 Thera Gatha: Introduction
4.1.1 Upali Thera Gatha
4.2 Theri Gatha: Introduction
4.2.1 Patacara Theri Gatha
Unit5 Textual Study of Anu Pitaka & Jatakatthakatha 15TH
5.1 Anu Pitaka : Introduction
5.2 Milinda Panha: Introduction
5.2.1 Lakhana Panha (Selected Portion: Pudgalaprasnamimamsa, Pratisandhi, Arhat Sukha-
Dukha, Bedagu & Chakshubijnana)
5.3 Jatakatthakatha: Introduction
5.3.1 Nidanakatha: Introduction, Abidure Nidana (Selected Portion: Devata Yachan-
Laksankathana)
Unit 6 Textual Study of Dhamma Pada Attakatha & Othe r Pali Literature 10TH
6.1 Dhammapada Attakatha
6.1.1 Introduction to Attakatha
6.1.2 Yamakabaggo: verse 5 Nahi verena verani….- Kalayakkhinibatthu
6.2 Saddhmmasangaho
6.2.1 Introduction to Saddhmmasangaho
6.2.2 Pitakalekhanabanna

Reference Books
Bajracharya, D. B., Tr. & Ed., (2000), The Digha Nikaya (Nepali), Lalitpur: Bir-Purna Pustak
Sangrahalaya.
Bajracharya, D. B., Tr. & Ed., (2001), The Majjhim Nikaya (Nepali), Lalitpur: Bir-Purna Pustak
Sangrahalaya.
Kashyapa, Jagadisha, Ed., (1959), Majjhimanikaya ( I to III ), Nalanda Edition.
. . . . . , Ed., (1958), Dighanikaya, Nalanda Edition.
. . . . ., Ed., (1960), Dhammasangini, Nalanda Edition.
. . . . ., Ed., (1960), Mahavagga, Nalanda Edition.
. . . . ., Ed., (1960), Samyuttanikaya ( I to IV ) Nalanda Edition.
. . . . ., Ed., (1998), Parajikapali, Igatpuri: Vipassanna Research Institution.
. . . . ., Tr., (2008), Milindapannha, Delhi: Samyka Prakashan.
Khine, U Kyaw, Tr., (1999), The Dhammasangani Volume-I & II, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.
Mullar, F. Max, Ed. & Tr., (1993), The Question of King Milinda, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas,
(reprint).
Sanskritayan, Rahul, Tr., (2005), Vinaya Pitaka, Taipei: The Corporate Body of Buddha Educational
Foundation.
Sastri, Dwarikadas, Tr., (2000), Dhammapadaatthakatha Prathama Vaga, Varanasi: Mahatma Gandhi
Kasi Vidhyapith.
Sastri, I. C., (1987), Pali Bhasa Aur Sahitya, Delhi: Delhi University.
Shakya, Dharma Ratna, Tr., (2000), Anguttaranikaya, Lalitpur: Kulanarsimha.
Shovana, Bhikkhu, Tr., (2004), Milindapannha (Nepali), Taipei: The Corporate Body of Buddha
Educational Foundation.
Siddhartha, Ed. & Tr., (2006), Saddhmmasangaho, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
Thera, Nyanoponika, (1998), Abhidhamma Studies, Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Tiwary, Mahesh, Tr. & Ed., (1970), Nidanakatha (From the Jatakatthakatha) of Acharya
Buddhaghosa, Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.
Uppadhaya, Bharatsingh, (2000), Pali Sahitya Ka Itihas, Illahabad: Hindi Sahitya Sammelan.
Vimalkirti, Tr. & Ed., (2005), Thera Gatha, Delhi: Samyka Prakashan.
. . . . . , Tr. & Ed., (2008), Theri Gatha, Delhi: Samyka Prakashan.
 Buddhist Arts, Iconography and Scripts
Semester I Paper IV
MBS 504 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Course Description
This course aims to introduce history of Buddhist Arts to qualify the knowledge of students.
It narrates the philosophical basis of art for aesthetic devotion that increase for Merits by
accreditation of Knowledge. General perception on art historic, Iconic forms of Painted and
Sculptural Styles, with knowledge on Buddhist Scripts for receptiveness is given here.

Objective
 To enhance the fundamental knowledge of Buddhist Arts in sacred tradition with
essential elements in devotional practice viz., painted, iconic and scriptural arts.
 To acknowledge Buddhist motifs from archaeological evidences (artifacts) and
epigraphy.
 To identify Iconographic features of Buddha, Bodhisattva and Buddhist pantheon
deities in art-styles, symbolic motifs and aesthetic patterns for art in iconographic
texts.
 To elucidate the characteristics of Buddhist script and scriptural trend epigraphic,
paleographic and unique calligraphic tradition of Nepal in theory and practice.

Unit 1 Nature, Types and Sources of Buddhist Arts 10TH

1.1 Definition, Nature, Types, Archaeological and Scriptural (Pali,Sanskrit) sources for
Artistic Evidences of Religion.
1.2 Fruition of arts as Buddha, Bodhisattva (Symbolic to Iconic) and Buddhist icons from
India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nepal.
1.3 - , (Mathura-Sarnath, Gandharā)
Licchavi-Gupta, Deccan (Amravati), Pala, Newar and Tibet
Unit 2 Buddhist Arts of Nepal:. 10TH
2.1 Introduction, Classification, Aesthetic Features and Styles of Nepalese Arts.
2.2 Buddhist images in Nepalese Archaeology: Lumbini, Tilaurakot, Sagarhawa,
Niglihawa, etc. unearth Art objects from Buddhist Archaeology viz., clay, terracotta,
stone and metals (images, utensils and coins).
2.2 Early Concept and Metamorphosis of Nepalese Buddhist Arts
2.3 Buddhist Stone Icons of Nepala-Mandala and Western Nepal (Saunakarki in
Padukasthan)
Unit 3 Buddhist Sculptures in Nepal 10TH
3.1 Aesthetic Styles of Ancient and Medieval Nepalese Icons
3.2 Buddha and Buddhist Images on Clay, Terracotta, Metals (Repousse and Cast ing
Techniques)
Unit 4 Buddhist Paintings of Nepal 10TH
4.1 Buddhist Cloth Paintings (Paubha, Thangka, Pata etc)
4.2 Buddhist Murals (interior and exterior)
4.3 Buddhist Manuscript Paintings(Cover and Illustration)
4.4 Buddhist Ritual Arts: Clay, Metal and Mandala
Unit 5 Buddhist Iconography: 10TH
5.1 Meaning, Gesture, Poses, Intents and Vehicles of Images
5.2 Philosophy, Concept, Origin of Buddhist Image in Iconographic Substance viz.,
Complexion, Pose, Attributes, Ornaments, and Seats.
5.3 Iconographic features: Dipankara, Sakyamuni, Maitreya, Vajrasattva, Manjusri,
Sadaksari,
5.4 Tara, Vasundhara, Prajnaparamita, Nairatma, Vajravarahi, Yogamvara, Cakrasamvara,
Heruka.
5.5 Dharmapalas (Mahakala), Catu-Maharaja (Caityaraja, Vinaraja, Dvajaraja, Kuvera) and
Ksetrapala, Bhairava and Ganesa.
Unit 6 Buddhist Scripts 15TH
6.1 Introduction of Buddhist scripts, its origin, signs and characters to Dhamma (Brahmi)
script, and syllabic writings.
6.2 A brief history of Buddhist scripts as sacred writings, Dhamma (Brahmi), Kharosthi,
Gupta-Licchavi, Ranjana and Pracalita with chief features and its Characters. [Practical
and Theory]
6.3 Buddhist writing materials, tools, and Manuscript texts (innovation, statement of
purpose, Sankalpa-vakya, wish, text‟s body and colophon).
Unit 7Alphabets and Numerials : (Practical) 10TH
7.1.1 Dhamma (Brahmi), Licchavi, Ranjana & Pracalita Newari
7.2 Transliteration from the texts:
7.2.1 Translation of Priyapala‟s Tebaha, Tyagal, and Svayambhu inscriptions from
Licchavi > Roman > Licchavī.
7.2.2 Laganbaha inscription of Ranjana
7.2.3 Any stanzas from medieval texts viz., Gunakarandavyuha, Prajnaparamita,
Vimalaprabha etc.

Reference
Allen, C. 2008.The Buddha and Dr. Fuhrer an archaeological Scandal, London: Haus
Publiction.
Aryal, M.1999,Dharmakosha Sangraha, Kathmandu; Royal Nepal Academy.
Bangdel, L.S.1984. Early Sculpture, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing.
Benjamin Rowland: The Art and Architecture of India, Buddhist/Hindu/Jain, reprint. Delhi:
Penguin Book.
Coomaraswamy, A.K.1994.- Introduction to Indian Art, (ed.) M.R. Anand New Delhi:
Arnold Publishers.
Das Gupta, R.1968- Nepalese Miniatures, Varanasi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan.
Dhungel, R.K. 2010. The Lost Heritage, Kirtipur:CNAS,TU
Dutt, N.1956.Development of Budhism in Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow: Publication Bureau.

Locke J.K.,1980. Karunamaya, Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press.

….. 1985. – Buddhist Monasteries of Nepal, Kathmandu:Sahayogi Press.
Joshi, S.M 1984..: Nepali Dhatumurtikalako Vikaskrama, (Nepali) kathmandu: Royal Nepal
Academy, 1984.
Macdonnell & A.V.Stahl,1979. Newar Art, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing.
Mishra, T.N. 2000, Buddhist Tantra and Buddhist Art, New Delhi:D.K.Printword.
Ridley, Michael- oriental art India, Nepal and Tibet for Pleasure and investment, London:
John Gifford Ltd. 1970.
Shakya, Milan Ratna 2011:Ancient Stone Images of Buddha and Bodhisattva in Nepal,
Kirtipur : CNAS, TU.
……., 2013, NamoBuddhaya: A Buddhist Study, Kathmandu: Shrijanadevi Shakya for
Buddhabhava.
Sharma, D.R. 2012,Heritage of Western Nepal, Art & Architecture, Kirtipur: CNAS-TU.
Vajracharya M.V.1977.Madhayalkalina Kala, Kathmandu: HMG Ministry of Information.
Verardi. G., 2011, Hardship and Downfall of Buddhism in India, New Delhi:Manohar.
 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala I

Semester I Paper V
MBS 505 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
The course intends to elucidate on significant development of Buddhism in Nepalmandala. It
imparts the comprehensive knowledge on philosophical e minence and impact of Buddhist
masters/scholars in this sphere. It helps students to grasp the characteristics features of
Buddhism in Nepal- mandala.
Unit 1 Introduction to Nepala-mandala and its Spirituality 5TH
1.1 Nepal- mandala as the sacred term of Nepal, the Kathmandu valley.
1.2 Buddhist concept of Nepal- mandala, Svayambhu, the concentrated emblem
1.3 Influence of Svayambhu-purana in Buddhism of Nepal- mandala

Unit 2 Development of Buddhism in Nepal-mandala 20TH

2.1 Historical accounts of Buddhism from Licchavi and Medieval periods
2.2 Impact of Mahasanghika and its traces
2.3 Impact of Sarvastivada and its traces
2.4 Religio-Cultural impression of Mahayana
2.5 Occurrence of major changes (ordination pattern, householder monks etc) setting
Vajrayānic frame work in Nepalmandala.

Unit 3 Philosophy of Buddhism in Nepalmandala 20TH

3.1 Incorporation of four Buddhist schools (as instructed in Hevajra tantra) with
special emphasis on Madhyamika and Yogacaria schools
3.2 Concept of Bodhisattva:
3.2.1 Celestial Bodhisattvas
3.2.2 Adi-karmic Bodhisattva
3.2.3 Emphasis upon monastic practice in household setting
3.3 Change in Monastic ordination/ monasticism to accommodate Adi-karmic bodhisattva
concept
3.4 Bases of changes- philosophical and textual
3.5 Ritualistic approach- Textual verses (with philosophical meaning) transformed into
rituals ( e.g Ye Dharma hetu…..)
Unit 4 Chief features of Buddhism of Nepal-mandala 15TH
4.1 Unbroken continuous tradition
4.2 Sanskrit based literature,
4.3 Cornucopia of Buddhist Sanskrit literature,
4.4 Mahayana-Vajrayana typology, conglomeration of all existing Buddhist traditions-
Sravakyana, Mahayana and Vajrayana,
4.5 Ritual based,
4.6 Non celibate householder monastics,
4.7 Syncretistic approach,
4.8 Rich art and architecture,
4.9 Served as source to Tibetan Buddhism,
Unit 5 Prominent Buddhist Masters and Scholars of Nepal Mandala 15TH
5.1 Buddhist Masters
5.1.1 Early Acharyas – Manjudeva, Santikara, Silamanju, Bandhudatta, Bajrapada,
Sasvatabajra, Vachaisiddhi, Vakabajra, Vagisvarakirti,
5.1.2 Medieval Acharyas- Suratabajra, Jivacandra, Lilabajra, Manjubajra,
5.1.3 Modern Acharyas- Jogamuni, Amoghbajra, Pt. Ashakaji, Pt. Badriratna
5.2 Eminent Buddhist Scholars
5.2.1 Buddhakrti of Licchavi Period, Pt. Amritananda Shakya, Pt. Nisthananda, Pt.
Ratnabahadur Bajracharya, Pt. Divyabajra Bajracharya

Reference
Akira, Hirakawa, 2007 rep. A History of Indian Buddhism, from Śākyamuni to Early
Mahāyāna, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Bagchi, S., 1967, Mūlasarvāstivādavinayavastu, Vol. 1, Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute of
Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning,
Bajracharya, Amogh Bajra,1999, Lokeśworyā Parichaya, Kathmandu: Lokeśwor Sangha,
N.S.
Bajracharya, B.R. 1986, Buddhism of Nepal, Kathmandu Anandakuti Vihar Trust,
Bajracharya, Dhanavjara and Kamal P. Malla, 1985, The Gopālrājavaṃśāvalī,
Kathmandu: Franz Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH,
Bajracharya, Dhanavajra, 2053 B.S, Lichchavī Kālko Abhikekha, 2nd Edition,
Kathmandu: CNAS
-----, 2068 B.S , Pūrvamadhyakālakā Abhilekha, Kathmandu: Nepal Ra Ashiyāli
Anushandhan Kendra, CNAS,
Bajracharya, N., 2012, Vajrayān Nepal, Kathnandu: Triratna Prakāshan
Gellner, David N.,1996, Monk, Householder, and Tāntric Priest : Newār Buddhism and Its
Hierarchy of Ritual, London: Cambridge University Press, published in India by
Foundation Books, New Delhi
-----, 2001, The Anthropology of Buddhism & Hinduism, Weberian Themes, (New
Delhi: Oxford University Press
Lamotte, Etienne, 2003, Surangāmāsamādhisūtra, The concentration of Heroic Progress,
An Early Mahayana Buddhist Scripture, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publishers Pvt.
Ltd
Lock, John K, 1980, Karunamaya, The cult of Avalokitesvaraya, Matsyendranath in the
Valley of Nepal.
Nattier, Jan, 2007, The Bodhisattva Path, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publishers Private
Limited, First Indian Edition
Negi, Ramesh Chandra, 1992 (Tr. & Ed and restored) Atishaviracita Akadasha-grantha
Varanasi: Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies
Regmi, Jagadish Chandra, 2037 B.S, Nepalko Dhārmika Itihāsa- Prachin Ra Mallakāla,
Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar
Shastri, Mahāmahopadhyaya Haraprasad (Ed.), 927, AdvayavajraSaṁgraha, Gaekwad‟s
Oriental Series No. XL, Baroda: Oriental Institute
Skorupksi, Tadeusz, Kriyāsamgraha, (U K : The Institute of Buddhist Studies, 2002)
Thapa, Shankar, 'Newār Buddhism, History, Scholarship and Literature', Lalitpur,
Nagarjuna Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2005
----- , 2005, 'Historical Context of Newār Buddhism, The Vajrayāna Tradition of Nepal’,
Lalitpur, Nagarjuna Publication Pvt. Ltd,
-----(ed)., 2008 Northern Buddhism in History, Kathmandu: Vajra Publications
Tanemura, Ryugen, 2004, Kuladatta’s KriyāSaṁgrahapañjikā, A critical edition and
annotated translation of selected sections, Groningen: Egbert Forsten, The
Netherlands
Williams, Paul, 1991, 2nd rep., MAHĀYĀNA BUDDHISM, The Doctrinal Foundations,
First published 1989,(London and New York: Routledge,
Journals
Allen, Michael, 1973, “Buddhism Without Monks. The Vajrayana Religion of the
Newars of Kathmandu Valley” South Asia 3 1-4
Brough, Hohn, 1948, Nepalese Buddhist Rituals. “Bulletin of the School of Oriental and
African Studies 3 & 4 668-79
Chattopadhyaya, K.P. “An Essay on the History of Newar Culture”. Journal and Proceeding
Asiatic Society and Bengal.n.s Vol 19, 10, 465-560
Dutta, Nalinaksha, 1966, “Buddhism in Nepal” in Bulletin of Tibetology, Vol. 3, Number 2,
(Gangtok: Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, 1966) pp. 27-46
Greenwold, Stephen M., 1974, “Monkhood Versus Priesthood in Newār Buddhism ” in
Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf (Ed.), Contributions to the Anthropology of Nepal,
Warminster, Aris and Phillips Ltd.
Leinhard, Siegfried, Rep. 2007, “Nepal: The Survival of Indian Buddhism in a Himalayan
Kingdom”, in The World of Buddhism, Buddhist Monks and Nuns in Society
and Culture, edited by Heinz Bechert and Richard Gombrich; Thames &
Hudson Ltd., London, 1984,
Lock, John K “Newar Buddhist Initiation Rites” Contributions to Nepalese Studies, Vol II 1-
2
Rospatt, Alexander von, 2002. “The Survival of MahāyānaBuddhism in Nepal – A
Fresh Appraisal”: in Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart 5. Hamburg:
Universitat Hamburg (Weiterbildendes Studium), ,
Wallis, Glenn, Fall 2003, “Advayavajra‟s instructions on the ādikarma” in Pacific
World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, P.20
 Second Semester
Courses
Course Code Course title Credit Teaching Pages
Hours Hour
MBS 506 History of Buddhism II 3 75 16-17
MBS 507 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy II 3 75 18-20

MBS 508 Buddhist Literature II 3 75 21-22

MBS 509 Buddhist Architecture and Archeology 3 75 23-25

MBS 510 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala II 3 75 26-30

 History of Buddhism II

Semester II Paper: VI
MBS 506 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
The present course aims to impart the students with knowledge of the evolutionary history of
Buddhist Academic Centers in India and evolutionary history of Buddhism in Nepal. The
course is divided into two units. Unit one will throw light on Budd hist Education and
Development of Academic Centers. The two units is devoted on the evolutionary history of
Buddhism in Nepal and its influence in the life of the Buddhists of Nepal.

Unit 1 Buddhist Education: Development of Academic Centers 10TH

1.1 Introduction to Buddhist Viharas*
1.1.1 Centre of training monks
1.1.1 Seats for learning
1.2 Development of Academic Centers*
1.2.1 Establishment of Nalanda, Vikramsila, Odantapuri, Jagadala and Vallabhi as Buddhist
universities
1.3 Decline of Buddhist Universities in India
Unit 2 Buddhism in Nepal 15TH
2.1 Introductory Background
2.1.1 Geographical influence in the history of Buddhism in Nepal
2.1.2 Mythological History of Nepal: Survey on the Buddhist version
2.1.3 Historicity of Buddha, Ananda and Ashokan visit in Nepal
2.2 Buddhism under the Lichhavis (From the beginning to 879 AD)
2.2.1 Licchavi Rulers and their contribution to the promotion and spread of
Buddhism with special reference to Vrishadeva, Manadeva, Shivadeva,
Narendradeva and Jayadeva II
2.2.3 Amshu Varma and his Religious policy
2.2.4 Bhrikuti and her contributions to the spread of Buddhism in Tibet
Unit 3 Buddhism During the Medieval Period 15TH
3.1 Classification of the medieval period
3.2 State and condition of Buddhism during the early medieval period
3.2.1 Early medieval kings of Nepal Mandala and their contribution to the
promotion of Buddhism with special referennce to Shivadeva, Rudradeva,
Bhaskaradeva, Gunakardave Luxmikamadeva and Abhaya Malla
3.2.2 Shankarachatya's visit to Nepal
3.2.3 Buddhist scholars in Nepal (Atisa, Shantarakshit, Padmasambhava and Kamaasila)
3.2.4 Introduction to Sthiti Malla and his religious and social policy.
3.2.5 Contributions of Nepalese artisans of medieval Nepal to the promotion
and spread of Buddhism in Tibet and China.
Unit 4 Malla Kings of Late r Medieval Nepal Mandala 15TH
4.1 Introduction of Malla kings of divided Nepal Mandala with special
reference to the kings of Kathmandu and Lalitpur
4.1.1 Ratna Malla, Pratap Malla, Vim Mall and Jayaprakashmalla of Kathmandu
4.1.2 Sidhinarasimha and Srinivas Malla of Lalitpur
4.2 Contribution of the Sen ⁄ Malla kings to the promotion of Buddhism

Unit 5 Spread of Buddhis m in western Nepal 15TH

4.3 Spread of Buddhism in western Nepal
4.3.1 Position of Buddhism in the Khasa Kingdom during medieval Nepal.
2.3.1.1 Brief introduction of Khasa rulers with reference to Ripu Malla, Prithvi Malla, Punya
Malla, Jitari Malla and their contribution to the promotion of Buddhism.
Unit 6 Buddhism during Shah-Rana age (1769-1846) 5TH
2.6.2 Introduction of Newar Buddhists of the Kathmandu Valley to the
development of cultural heritage of Nepalese Buddhism.*
Reference
Adhikari, S.M.,2011- Khasa Samrajyako Itihas, Kathmandu: VP.
Bajracharya,N.M.,1978- Buddhism in Nepal (465 BC to1199 AD) Delhi: EBL
Bajracharya, D.V.,2053- LichhaviKalin Avilekha, :CNAS,TU.
Bajracharya, M.V.(1978)- Mythological History of the Nepal Valley from SwayambhuPuran,
Kathmandu: AP .
Bhiskshu, Amritananda, 1986- A Short History of Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal,
Vol.II. Kathmandu: AVT.
Bajracharya, D.V.BS2056- Madhakalin Avilekha, Kirtipur:CNAS,TU.
-------,BS2068- PurvaMadhakalin Kalin Avilekha, Kirtipur:CNAS,TU.
Hazara, K.L., 1998- The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India, New Delhi:RML.
Rajendra Ram, 1978- A History of Buddhism in Nepal , Delhi, MLBD.
Regmi, D.R., 1970- Ancient Nepal, Calcutta: KLM.
Regmi, D.R., 1972 - Medieval Nepal , Vols,I&II, Calcutta: K.LM
Shakya, M.B., 1984- A Short History of Buddhism in Nepal, Lalipur: YMBPE.
--------, 1984- Bhrikuti the Nepalese Princess, Patan: YBP English Series.
Shakya, M.R,2013, -Namo Buddhaya: A Buddhist Studies, Kathmandu:S.D. Shakya
Shrestha, K.M.,2011- Buddhism in Nepal, Kathmandu: NBDRC
 Buddhist Religion and Philosophy II

Semester II Paper: VII

MBS 507 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
The course imparts knowledge on four Buddhist philosophical schools which became the
base for entire Buddhist philosophical interpretations. It also deals with the philosophical
concepts of Mahayana and Vajrayana practices. The course is the continuation of the first
part taught in first semester.
Unit 1 Four Buddhist Philosophical Schools 30TH
1.1 Vaibhasika doctrine
1.1.1 Etymology and sub-schools
1.1.2 Theory of Dharmas
1.1.3 Concept of Pratisankhyanirodha, Apratisankyanirodha, Prapti, Aprapti, Avinapti
1.1.4 Eminent propounders (Sanghabhadra, Vasubhandu, Vasumitra, Dharmattrat etc.)
1.2 Sautrantic doctrine.
1.2.1 Etymology and sub schools
1.2.2 Theory of Momentary- ness
1.2.3 Concept of Perception and Apperception
1.2.4 Eminent Propounders (Acarya Bhadanta, Srilata, Kumarlata, Darshantika etc.)
1.3 Madhyamika Philosophy.
1.3.1 Etymology and sub-schools
1.3.2 Two Truths. Samvritti Satya and Parmatha Satya
1.3.3 Concept of Sunyata, Anutpada, Catuskoti (Fourfold analysis)
1.3.4 Eminent propounders (Nagajuna, Aryadeva, Buddhapalita, Bhavavivek, Chandrakirti
etc)
1.4 Yogachara Doctrine.
1.4.1 Etymology and sub-schools
1.4.2 Theory of "Mind Only" (Cittamatrata- Vijnaptimatasiddhi)
1.4.3 Nature and concept of Alayavijnana, Klistamanovijnana and Pracrttivijnana
1.4.4 Three nature of objects Parikalpita, Paratantra and Parinispanna nature
1.4.5 Eminent propounders (Asanga, Vasubandu, Dignag, Shantarakshita etc.)
Unit 2 Mahayana 20TH
2.1 Developing Bodhicitta and Bodhsattva Perfection
2.2 Bodhisattva Bhumis: graded stages of bodhisattva
2.3 Concept of Tri-Kaya: Dharmakaya, Sambhogakaya, Nirmanakaya
2.3 Concept of Adibuddha
2.4 Concept of Tathagata and Tathagatagarbha
Unit 3 Vajrayana 20TH
3.1 Vajrayan Philosophy
3.1.1 Philosophical and religious foundations
3.1.2 Myth and Symbolism
3.1.3 Psychology, Physiology and Cosmology
3.2 Vajrayana Practice
3.2.1 Vajrayana intiation
3.2.2 Vajrayan Meditation
3.2.3 Four Systems of Tantric thought in Buddhism and their goals
Unit 4 Buddhist Logics 5TH
4.1 Development of Buddhist Logics
4.2 Buddhist epistemology
4.3 Eminent Buddhist Logicians

References
Brown, Brian Edward, 1994, The Buddha Nature, A study of Tathagatagarbha and
Alayavijnana. Buddhist tradition series, New Delhi; MLBD
Dayal, Har- The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
Dutta, Nalinaksa, 1978, Mahayana Buddhism. Delhi : MLBD
Guenther, H.V. (tr.), 1974, Jewel Ornament of Liberation of Gampopa rep., London: Rider and
Co.
HH Dalai Lama,1999, The Awakening Mind Bodhicittotpada,Taipei; The Corporate Body of
Buddha Educational Foundation 1999.
Hopkins, Jeffery and Geshe Sopa- The Theory and practice of Tibetan Buddhism India; B. I.
Publication 1976. Yogachara Idealism Ashoka Kumar Chaterjee, MLBD Delhi, 1975 reprint
Hopkins, Jeffrey and Geshe Sopa,1987, The Tantra in Tibet (reprint). New York; Snowland
Publications,
Kochumuttom, Thomas A, A Buddhist Doctrine of Experience
Mutri, T.R.V, The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, London; Unwin Paperbacks, 1980
(reprint)
Santina, Peter De La, 1997, The Tree of Enlightenment by (reprint). Taaiwan; Chico Dharma
Study Foundation,
Singh Saṅ ghasen (Ed.), 1994, The Sarvāstivāda and its Tradition, Delhi: Department of Buddhist
Studies, Delhi University,
Tripathi, Ramsankar, Sautrantika Darshan, 2008, Varanasi: Central Institute of Higher Tibetan
studies, Vol. 1 and 2
Upadhyaya, Baladeva, 1978, Buddha Dharma Mimansa, Varanasi, Chowkhamba Vidhyabhavan,
Vaidya, P.L. (Ed.), 196, Śiksā samuccaya of Śāntideva , Buddhist Sanskrit Texts-No. 11, Darbhanga:
The Mithila Institute, ,
Wangchug Dorje Negi,1998 Vajrayana Darshan aivam Sadhana, Sarnath: Central Institute of Higher
Tibetan Studies,
Willium Paul, 2nd reprint 1991, Mahayana, The Doctrinal Foundations, First published 1989, London
and New York: Routledge,
 Buddhist Literature II

Semester II Paper VIII

MBS 508 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
This paper acquaints the students with important knowledge of Buddhist Sanskrit literature in
development and expansion of Buddhism of Nepal, India and aboard. It imparts with
historical and critical knowledge on the selected Buddhist texts.

Unit 1 Evolution & Formation of Buddhist Sanskrit Literature 5TH

1.1 Influence of Sanskrit Language in Buddhist Literature
1.2 Historical Evolution of Sanskrit Language & its' fusion in Buddhism
1.3 Development of Buddhist Sanskrit Literature
1.3.1 Agama, Sutra, Vinaya, Abhidharma, Tantra, Shastra & Dharani

Unit 2 Selected Textual Study of Canonical Literature (Dvadasanga-Parichaya) 15TH

2.1 Lalitavistara Sutra: Introduction, Avisambodhana Parivarta (22 nd Chapter)
2.2 Avadana Sataka: Introduction, Soma Avadana (Ashtama Varga)
2.3 Jatakamala: Introduction, Visvantarajatakam

Unit 3 Selected Textual Study of Mahayana Literature 10TH

3.1 Gandavyuha Sutra: Introduction, Kalyanamitra Meghasri
3.2 Saddharmapundrika: Introduction, Aupamya Parivarta
3.3 Prajnaparamitasutram: Introduction to Prajnaparamita Hridayasutram, Prajnaparamita
Hridayasutram (Vistaramatrika)

Unit 4 Selected textual study of Philosophical School 35TH

4.1 Abhidharmakosha: Introduction, Dhatunirdesa (First Chapter, selected verses: 1-10,
14, 25-27, 34, 46-48)
4.2 Sautranticdarsanam: Introduction, Sautrantikasiddantasamgraha (Astadasa
Parichhada)
4.3 Madhyamakam Sastram: Introduction, Svabhava Pariksha
4.4 Vijnaptimatrasiddhi: Introduction, Vinsatika (Selected Verses: 1-4, 8-10, 16-18 & 22)
4.5 Nyayabindu: Introduction, Pratyaksha (First Chapter)

Unit 5 Selected Textual Study of Buddhist Tantra Literature 10TH

5.1 Guhyasamaja Tantra: Introduction, Astadasha Patala (selected stanzas:1-23, 24, 33,
38, 50, 60, 66, 67, 74, 133, 140, 142, 143, 144, 194 & 217)
5.2 Hevajra Tantra: Introduction, Tattvapatalam (5th Chapter)
Reference
Aryasura, (1990), The Jatakamala (English Trans. J. S. Speyer), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Publishors Private Limited, (reprint).
. . . . . , (1994), Jatakamala (Hindi Trans. Surya Praksah Vyas), Vanarasi: Chaukhamba
Prakashan.
Das, Rammohan (Trans.), Saddharmapundarika, Patna: Bihar-Rastravasa-Parisada.
Farrow, G.W. & Menon, I., (Trans. & ed.), (1990), Hevajra Tantra, Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass Publishors Private Limited.
Gandhi, Sarada, (1992), Lalitvistara, Delhi: Parimal Publication.
Kalupahana, David J., (2006), Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna, Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass Publishors Private Limited, (reprint).
Kirti, Dharma, (1982), Nyaya Binduh (ed. & trans. Chandra Shekher Sastri), Varanasi:
Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan.
Nagarjuna, Acarya, (1989), Madhyamakam Shatram (ed. Swami Dvarikadas Shastri),
Varanasi: Bauddha Bharati Series.
Pandaya, Ramchandra & Manju, (1990), Nisvabhavata-Darsan, Delhi: Eastern Book Linkars.
Shastri, Shanti Bhikshu, (ed. & trans.), (1984), Lalitavistara, Lakhanau: Uttarapradesha
Hindi Sansthan.
Shastri, Swami Dvarikadas, (ed.), (1984), Guhasamajatantram, Vanarasi: Bauddha Bharati.
Stcherbatsky, TH., (2000), Buddhist Logic (Volume I & II), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Publishors Private Limited, (reprint).
Tripathi, Ramshankar & Thakursen Negi, Ed., (2001), Hevajratantram, Varanasi: Kendriya
Uchha Tibati Siksha Samsthan.
Tripathi, Ramshankar, (1990), Sautrantikadarsanam, Varanasi: Kendriya Uchha Tibati
Siksha Samsthan.
. . . . . , (2008), Sautrantika Darsan (Hindi), Varanasi: Kendriya Uchha Tibati Siksha
Samsthan.
Tripathi, Sridhar, (ed.), (1988), Guhyasamaja Tantra, Darbhanga: Mithila Institute.
Vaidya, P. L., Ed., (1958), Avadana Shatakam, Darbhanga: Mithila Vidyapitha.
. . . . . , Ed., (1960), Gandavyuhasutra, Darbhanga: Mithila Institute.
. . . . . , Ed., (1960), Saddharmapundarika, Darbhanga: Mithila Institute.
. . . . . , Ed., (1961), Mahayanasutrasamgraha, Darbhanga: Mithila Institute.
Vasubandhu, Acarya, (1959), Abhidharmakosha (tr. Acarya Narendra Deva), Illahavad:
Hindustani Academy.
. . . . . , (1980), Vijnaptimatrasiddhi (English trans. K. N. Chatterjee), Vanarasi: Kishor
Vidhya Niketan.
. . . . . , (1995), Vijnaptimatrasiddhi (Hindi trans. Mahesha Tiwari), Vanarasi: Chaukhamba
Vidhyabavan.
. . . . . , (1998), Abhidharmakosha (ed. Swami Dwarikadas Sastri), Varanasi: Bauddha
Bharati.
Waston, Burton, (Trans.), (19993), The Lotus Sutra, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.
 Buddhist Architecture and Archeology

Semester II Paper IX
MBS 509 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Course Description:
This course introduces history of Buddhist Architecture under the archaeological and art
motif basis to qualify their knowledge in this field. It narrates on philosophica l basis imbued
on architectural aestheticism as instrument of devotion for establishment of the religion.
General observation on art motifs bent in architectural forms in styles and patterns of
buildings and its archaeological foundations will be acknowledged by this course overtly.

Objectives:
 Is to enhance the fundamental knowledge of sacred architectural tradition with
essential devotional elements in Buddhist practice viz., Stupas, Caityas and
Monasteries.
 To acknowledge Buddhist archaeological sites of Nepal as evidences for the study.
 To identify architectures dedicated on Buddha, Bodhisattva and Buddhist pantheon
deities by styles, symbols, aesthetic motifs and building patterns from the burials and
existing monuments.

Course content
This course contents with three parts in subject wise i.e., Architecture (unit I-IV),
Archaeology (unit V), Scripts (unit VI) and Unit VII is separated for practical. Its practical
part from each unit is required to be introduced in field for the visual knowledge and
experience in practice. Its assessment, attendance, skills, leadership in participation of student
will be evaluated there by a subject teacher/s in the field. Total marks out of 40 carrying over
20 marks will be evaluated and tested by compulsory exam in field. The University shall have
to bear the entire expenditure for both the training and examination.

Unit 1 Buddhist Architecture 5TH

1.1 Origin and Development of Stupa and Vihara.
1.2 Role of trees and caves as seats and Harmya, Vihara, Arama of Buddha‟s age.
1.3 Accounts on monasteries of Buddha‟s time from Jetavananarama to Mahaviharas of
Nalanda, Vikramasila, Odantapuri and Jaggadala.
1.4 Studies of early monasteries from the archaeological remains and historical data of
ancient Nepal.

Unit 2Viharas of Nepal 10TH

2.1. Significance and historicity of Gandhakuti, Vihara, Mahavihāra, Baha and Bahi of
Newar Buddhism
2.2 Historic features of Laganbaha, Itumabaha, Yetkhabaha (Kathmandu), Ukubaha,
Hakhabaha (Patan) and Laskadyohya-baha (Bhaktapur).
2.3 Historic features of Cabahi, Thambahi (Kathmandu), Guitabahi, Yempibahi (Patan)
and Thathubahi (Bhaktapur).
2.4 Gompas of Nyingma, Karma-Kargyu, Sakya and Gelugpa Monasteries.
Unit 3 Stupas 10TH
2.5 Origin and Development of Buddhist Stupas
2.6 Dhamma Stupas of Aśokan and legend of four stupas of Patan.
2.7 Studies on caityas of Cabahi Svayambhu, Baudha, Badagaon and Nagarjuna hilltop.
2.8 Features of Caityas in Kathmandu Valley viz., Tukanbaha, Srighan, Mahabaudha
(Kathmandu), Pimbaha (patan), Chilancho (Kirtipur), Namobuddha and Patharnauli
of Dullu and Kuchi in Accham.
Unit 4 Multi-roofed/ Sikhara Styles 10 TH
2.9 Magnitude of Wood based shrines in monastic complexes of Janabaha, Vijasvari
(Kathmandu), Tawabaha (Patan), Anandadhari (Cobara), pharping and Sankhu.
2.10 Buddhist Wood carvings in architectural components viz, Door, lintel, Doorjambs,
windows and Struts.
2.11 Stylistic impact of Sikhara on Buddhist shrines of Kathmandu and western Nepal
(Kankre vihara in Surkhet)
[Midterm]
Unit 5 Buddhist Archaeology: 20TH
5.1 Nepal Terai and Western Nepal:
5.1.1. Archaeology as Instrument of evidences in Historical, Cultural and Religious Studies.
5.1.2 Beginning of Buddhist Archeology in India and Nepal.
5.1.3 Buddhist Archeological sites of Nepal Terai Lumbini and peripherals, Tilaurakot
(Kapilavastu), Lumbini, Sagarhawalake, Ramagrama, Kodan to Punditpur.
5.1.4 Buddhist Archeology its potentiality in western and far-western Nepal beyond Kali-
Gandaki and Mustang valley
5.2 Kathmandu Valley
5.2.1 Exploring the Buddhist artifacts from excavated sites of Hadigaon.
5.2.2. Identification of crisis for cultural perpetuation of Buddhist heritage sites
5.2.3. Exploration of Asokan stupas of Patan.
5.2.4 Reports on the Dhanadva caitya to name the Carumati caitya.
5.2.5 Reports on excavated caitya of Tukanbahal and Svayambhu.
Unit 6 Conservation and Preservation of Arts and Ritual Objects 10TH
6.1 History of conservation and preservation in archaeology of Nepal
6.2 Buddhist Busadhan/ Tisavica guthi culture and preservation of monuments
6.3 Causes of the decay: clay, wood, stone, metal and paintings
6.4 Preservation of the objects of liturgy and arts.
Unit 7 Related Site Visits for Report Writings 10TH
Students will be taken to concerned sites of art, architecture, iconography archaeology
and script in Museums, Monasteries of Kathmandu valley, Lumbini, its surroundings,
Surkhet and Kali-Gandaki valley and Mustang Valley.
Reference
Aryal, Mukunda,Dharmakosha sangraha, Kathmandu; Royal Nepal Academy, 1999.
Bangdel, L.S. Early Sculpture, New Delhi, : Vikas Publishing, 1984
Benjamin Rowland: The Art and Architecture of India, Buddhist/Hindu/Jain, Delhi: Penguin
Book, 1970 (Reprint).
Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.- Introduction to Indian Art, (ed.) Mulk Raj Anand New delhi:
Arnold Publishers, 1994
Das Gupta, R.- Nepalese Miniatures, Varanasi: bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, 1968.
John K. Loche Karunamaya, kathmandu: Sahayogi Press, 1980.
John K Loche – Buddhist Monasteries of Nepal, kathmandu: sahayogi Press, 1985.
Joshi, Satya Mohan: Nepali dhatumurtikalako Vikaskrama, (Nepali) kathmandu: Royal Nepal
Academy, 1984.
Mac donnell & Anne vergetti Stahl: Newar Art, New Delhi: Vikas Publishng. 1979
Nalinaksha Dutt- Development of Budhism in Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow: Publication Bureau,
1956.
Ridley, Michael- oriental art India, Nepal and Tibet for Pleasure and investment, London:
John Gifford Ltd. 1970.
Shakya, Milan Ratna :Ancient Stone Images of Buddha and Bodhisattva in Nepal, Kirtipur :
CNAS, TU.
Vajracharya Mana Vajra, Madhayalkalina Kala, Kathmandu: HMG Ministry of Information,
1977
 Buddhism of Nepal Mandala II

Semester II Paper X
MBS 510 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
The course aims to elucidate on Buddhist sacred cultural practice of Kathmandu valley, literal
as Nepal- mandala. It helps students to know about Nepalese monastic system associated with
intangible socio-cultural livelihood since long practice. It is the continuation of the fifth paper
of the first Semester.

Unit 1 Concept of Tri-Ratna in Buddhism of Nepala Mandala 15TH

1.1 Buddha Mandala and other popular Buddhas
1.1.1 Pancha Buddha and Four Devis
1.1.2 Dipankara, Sapta Tathagatas, Puspaketu, Aparimitayu Tathagata etc
1.2 Dharma Mandala and other popular Buddhist Literatures
1.2.1 Nava Dharmas
1.2.2 Other popular Buddhist literatures
Pertaining to Rituals, Social Rules, Initiation, Protection, Vrata Mahima, Popular
Legends of Pilgrimage Sites, Stotra, Mangala-Gatha etc.
1.3 Samgha Mandala and Samgha Tradition
1.3.1 Nine Bodhisattvas Samgha and other Bodhisattva-samgha

Unit 2 Viharas and Samgha of Nepala Mandala 20TH

2.1 Existing Viharas and its Samgha (Buddhist order)
2.1.1 Classification of Vihara and Samgha
2.1.2 Mubaha, Baha, Kachabaha and its Samghas
2.1.3 Bahi, Kachabahi and its Samghas
2.2 Sangha Tradition
1.3.2 Sakya Bhiksu samgha and its ordination tradition
1.3.3 Bajracharya Samgha and its ordination tradition
1.3.4 Sakyabhiksu and Vajracharya- monastic status now converted into castes
1.3.5 Their Monastic identity
2.3 Monastic activities
2.3.1 Office of Elders (Cakreswor, Thayepa, Aju, Nayaka, Sthavirs etc)
2.3.2 Sanghakamma
2.3.3 Samgha Assembly
2.3.3.1 Achagu (Assembly of Vajracharya Samgha)
2.2.1 Achagu of Kantipur
2.2.1 Achagu of Bhaktapur
2.2.3 Achagu of Lalitpur
2.3 Baregu (Assembly of Shakya Samgha)
2.4 Sangha Bhojan
2.3.4 Regulation of monastic activities through unique regulating body-Guthi

Unit 3 Buddhist Laity 5TH

3.1 Mercantile laity and others divided into castes according to their profession
3.2 Laity‟s access to Buddhist practices through the aid of monastics

Unit 4 Buddhist Practices and Festivals Monastics and Laity 15TH

4.1 General Practices
4.1.1 Daily Practices
a) Nhikam
b) Majhan (Temple Visit) etc.
4.1.2 Monthly, Annual and others (observed during intervals of time)
Practices and Festivals
a) Disi Cahre
b) Aumsi Puja
c) Gunla- demonstration of Buddhist activities
d) Pancadana,
e) Vasundhara puja
f) Samyak of Bhaktapur, Lalitpur and Kantipur
g) Karunamaya Jatra in and out of Kathmandu
h) Mataya onegu of Patan
i) Upaku onegu of Kantipur
j) Sripancami Parva

Specific Practices
a) Samgha Dana/Bhojana
b) Vratas- Astami, Mahankala, Manjushree etc.
c) Baha-Bahi Puja
d) Caitya Puja
e) Karunamaya Puja
f) Tirthaseva
g) Four yoginis Puja
h) Mountains visits
i) Guphaseva (Caves visit)
j) Story telling (stories from Jataka and Avadana)

Unit 5 Buddhist Sacrame nts 10TH

5.1 Introduction to Samskara Karma
5.1.1 Meaning and Objectives
5.2 Buddhist Approach to Samskara karma
5.2.1 Classification
Samskara Karma observed for human beings
Samskara Karma observed for the Deities
5.2.2 Dasakarama (Ten major life cycle rites)
Other subordinate rites observed by the Buddhists
Reference
Anderson, M.M, 1971, The Festivals of Nepal, London: Geo Allen and Unwin Ltd.
Bajracharya, A.K., 2010, The Daśakarma Vidhi, (Kathmandu: Ma ṇ ḍ ala Book Point,

Bajracharya, B.R. 1986, Buddhism of Nepal, Kathmandu Anandakuti Vihar Trust,

Bajracharya, Manavajra, 2025 B.S., Hamro Cad Parvaharuko Vivecana, Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak
Bhandar,
Bajracharya, N.M, 2012, Vajrayān Nepal, (Kathnandu: Triratna Prakāshan,

Bajracharya, Ranjana, 2057 BS, AstamiVrata in Buddhism of Nepal, Lalitpur: Asta Ratna Dhakhwa

-----, 2065 B.S, Newar Boudha samskar, Kathmandu; Centre for Nepal & Asian Studies

Gellner, David N.,1996, Monk, Householder, and Tāntric Priest : Newār Buddhism and Its
Hierarchy of Ritual, London: Cambridge University Press, published in India by Foundation
Books, New Delhi
-----, 2001, The Anthropology of Buddhism & Hinduism, Weberian Themes, (New Delhi:
Oxford University Press
Hodgson, Brian H., 1991Rep., Essays on the Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and
Tibet, (New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, , first published by Trubher & Co., 57 & 59
Ludgat Hill, London, 1874

Lall, Kesar, 2001, The Newār Merchants in Lhasa, Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar,
Lewis, Todd T.,1987, “The Tuladhars of Kathmandu: A Study of Buddhist Tradition in a Newār
Merchant Community” Columbia University: Ph.D. Dissertation, 1984, Michigan:
University Microfilm International,
Lewis, Todd.L., 2000, Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newār, (Albany:
State University of New York,

Locke, John K. Karuṇ āmaya, The Cult of Avlokiteswara-Matsyendranātha in the Valley of Nepal,
(Kathmandu: Sahayogi Prakashan for CNAS, 1980)
-----, 1985, „Buddhist Monasteries of Kathmandu Valley' ,(Kathmandu, Sahayogi Press,

Shakya, Hemraj, 2036 B.S., Samyak Mahadana guthi, Kathmandu: Jagatdhar Tuladhar,

Journals
Allen, Michael, 1973, “Buddhism Without Monks. The Vajrayana Religion of the Newars of
Kathmandu Valley” South Asia 31-4
Chattopadhyaya, K.P. “An Essay on the History of Newar Culture”. Journal and Proceeding Asiatic
Society and Bengal.n.s Vol 19, 10, 465-560
Gustschow, Niels and Hemraja Shakya. “The Monasteries (baha and bahi) of Patan” A contribution
towards the Cultural Topography of a Newar Town.” Journal of the Nepal Research
Centre 161-174
Joseph, Marietta B. “The Viharas of the Kathmandu Valley, Reliquaries of Buddhist Culture.”
Oriental Art. Vol XVII 2, 1-23
Leinhard Siegfried, 1984, “Nepal, the Survival of Indian Buddhism in a Himalayan Kingdom”, in
Heinz Bechert and Richard Gombrich (ends.), The world of Buddhist Monks and Nuns in
Society and Culture (London, Thames and Hudson, p. 108-14
Lock, John K, 1976, Rato Matsyendranath of Patan and Bungamati, Kathmandu: Tribhuvan
University, Historical Series no. 5,
Bajracharya, N. M. – Concept of Tri Ratna, Tri-bodh T.
-----, Dasakarma, Palesvan no.23.
 Third Semester
Courses

Course Course title Credit Teaching Pages

Code Hours Hour
MBS 511 Buddhist Traditions in Asia I 3 75 31-32
MBS 512 World Religion and Philosophy I 3 75 33-35

MBS 513 Buddhist Traditions in Asia II 3 75 36-38

MBS 514 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal I 3 75 39-41

MBS 515 World Religion and Philosophy II 3 75 42-44

 World Religion and Philosophy I

Semester III Paper XII

MBS 512 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr.H.3

Course Description
The course is designed to enhanced awareness of students on wide-ranging nature of major
religions and philosophies of oriental world.

Course Objectives
 To improve student understanding on the concept, nature, recitation and Religions and
Philosophies of the Eastern world.
 To facilitate with awareness on diverse perspectives of theistic and atheistic religions
viz.,Vedicism and Jainism, as the Hindu and None-Hindu world.
 To explain their devotional norms, moral values, doctrine and approaches.
 To tell apart the religious ideas as thoughts in practices.

Unit 1 Basics of Religion and Philosophy 5TH

1.1.1 Definition, Characterization and Concepts of Religion ( in Western and Eastern
world)
1.1.2 Implicated views on Sanskrit term “Darsana” and its import on “Philosophy” as “way
of life” or Attitude in English.
1.2 Types of Philosophy (Theistic / Atheistic)
1.3 Religion (Monotheism, Henotheism, Kenotheism and Polytheism).

Unit 2 Vedic Religion and Philosophy 15TH

2.1 Definition of Veda, Meaning, Types and Characteristics.
2.2 Vedic Cosmogony, Gods (Celestial, Atmospheric and Terrestrial)
2.3 Ritual (Karma), Contemplation ( ), Offerings ( i.e., -
)
2.4 Patterns of life: , aims of four ,(
)
2.5
,

Unit3 Śa , Śaktism, Surya and Ganesa 10TH

3.1 Concept (Śiva-tattva), Conviction, Śaiva Acuity, Saiva sects: (i) Pāśupata, (ii)
inkhalika,
3.2 Concept of Visnu, Narayana and Vasudeva, and his Incarnation theory.
3.3 Sakti, the mother-goddess,Ajima, and Durga, Laksmi and Sarasvati
3.4 Sun god (Surya) and its astral cult.
3.5 Ganesa the lord of auspicious and mantra.
3.6 na
3.7 Basics on Hindu Tatras: Definitions, Types & Nature
Unit 4 Saddarśana : Six systems of Hindu Philosophy 20 TH
4.1 Sāmkhya: Meaning, Introduction, Tenets, + 24 elements)
4.1.1 Viewpoints:,Satkāyavāda,Ārambhavāda (theory of evolution), Bondage and
Liberation.
4.2 Yoga: Meaning, Introduction, Tenets (25 elements), Citta-vritti (Mind-stuff), Nirodha
(Bondage), -yoga, Mukti (Liberation).
4.3 Nyāya: Meaning, Introduction, Tenets, Sodasa-Padartha, (16 Matters), Bondage,
Liberation.
4.4 : Meaning, Introduction, Tenets, Dravya, Padārtha, Bondage, Liberation.
4.5 Mimāmsā: Meaning, Introduction, Tenets, Metaphysics, Bondage and Liberation.
4.6 Vedānta: Meaning, Exponent, Tenet, (theistic and absolute) Jiva, Jagat, Brahma,
Maya, Mukti.

Unit 5 Jainis m & Carvaka: Non-Vedic Religion and Doctrine 10TH

5.1 Setting of None-Vedic viewpoints, Mahāvīra and rise of Jainism with spreads of
Sects; (i) Digamvara, (ii) Śvetāmvara, (iii) Sthānakavaśi, (iv) Terāpanthi
5.1.1 Jaina theory of Bondage and practice on Liberation, and texts.
5.2 Cārvaka Viewpoints: Opinion, theory of Knowledge, Metaphysics and Ethics.

Unit 6 Far Eastern Religion and Philosophy 15TH

6.1 Main Themes on Chinese schools of Thoughts

6.2 Taois m:
6.2.1 Origin, Development of Tao
6.2.1.1 Introduction to Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching and Chuang Tzu
6.2.2 Early Basic Teachings & Quest for Longevity
6.3 Confucianism:
6.3.1 Introduction to Confucius & his Principle Disciples
6.3.2 the five Great relationships
6.3.3 The Confucian Virtues
6.3.4 Schools of Philosophy
6.3.5 Confucianism as a Religious System

References
Englis h
Barth, A.(1995), The Religions of India, Reprint, Delhi: Low Price Publication.
Barua, B.M.(1998), A History of Pre-Buddhist Indian Philosophy, Reprint, Delhi: MLBD.
Chatterjee S.C.,and D.M.Dutta (2007), An Introduction to Indian Philosophy,New Delhi:
Rupa & Co.
Coburn,T.B, (1984), Devi Mahatmya, the crystallization of the Goddess Tradition, Delhi:
MLBD.
Dragonetti,F.T.C.,(1987),The Yogasutras of Patanjali on Concentration of Mind, Delhi:
MLBD.
Flood, G. (2004), An Introduction to Hinduism,New Delhi: Foundation Books.
Hiriyanna M. (2005), Outline of Indian Philosophy,Reprint, Delhi: MLBD.
Hopkins E.W.,(1974),Epic Mythology, Reprint, Delhi:MLBD.
Macdonell,A.A,(1981),Vedic Mythology, Reprint, Delhi: MLBD.
Pandey,K.C.(1986), An Outline of History of Saiva Philosophy, Reprint,Delhi: MLBD.
Shakya, M.R. (2006), , New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
……... (2008), The Cult of Bhairava in Nepal, New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
…………(2012), The Culture & Aesthetics of Durga in Nepal Mandala from Primitive
Forest Icons to the Living Goddess Rajakumari of Kathmandu Valley, New
Delhi: Adarsh Books.
……….(2013),NamoBuddhaya:A Buddhist Studies, Kathmandu: Shrijana Devi Shakya for
Buddhabhava.
Smith, H. (1995), Illustrated World Religion, New York: Harper Collins.
……….. (1987), Religions of Man, New York: Harper Collins.
Waines, D. (2004), An Introduction to Hinduism, New Delhi: Foundation Books.
Hindi
Chattopadhyay,D.P.,(2005), Lokayat, (tr.) B.Sharma, New Delhi: Raj Kamal Prakashan.
Sanskrityayana, R. (1983), Darshan Digdarshan, Allahabad: Kitab Mahal.
Subhasa, S. (2004), Jaina Darshana, Varanashi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan.
Tripathi, S. (1999), Dharmasastriya Visayon ka Parisilana, Darbhanga: Mithila research
institute.
Nepali
Acharya,S.(2062), Vaidika Dharma Mularupama, Kathmandu: Swadhyayasala.
Bhusal,B.R.(2064), Darshanasastra Paricaya, Sec .ed. Kathmandu: Asia Publication.
Regmi,R.D.S.(1977), Pracya Darshan Paricaya, Kathmandu: Curriculum Development
Centre, Tribhuwan University.
Upadhyaya B.N., (2062), Tantravidhayaloka, Kathmandu: Annapurna Upadhya Bhatt.
 Buddhist Traditions in Asia II

Semester III Paper XIII

MBS 513 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
This paper deals on Buddhist tradition flourished in different Asian countries. Their
indigenous values on Buddhist cultural heritage are gradually elucidated here for the
knowledge of student. Those are enlisted as followings: China, Korea, Japan,
Mongolia, Vietnam, Bhutan, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Russia.

Unit 1 Buddhis m in China 20TH

1.1 History of Buddhism in China
1.2 Prominent Buddhist Sects in China: Introduction
1.2.1 Han Buddhism: Introduction, Sects (Tiantai, Sanlun, Huayan, Ci'an, Chan,
Vinaya, Pure Land & Esoteric)
1.2.2 Tibetan Buddhism: Introduction, Sects (Nyingmapa, Sakyapa, kagyupa &
Gelugpa)
1.2.3 Pali Buddhism: Introduction, Sects (Run, Baizhuang, Duolie & Zuodi)
1.3 Han Buddhism related: Tempels, Grottos & Sacred Mountains
1.4 Chief features of Han Buddhism

Unit 2 Buddhis m in Korea 10TH

2.1 History of Buddhism in Korea
2.2 Prominent Buddhist Sects in Korea: Introduction
2.2.1 Hwaom, Yusik, Chongto, Son & others
2.3 Chief features of Korean Buddhism

Unit 3 Buddhis m in Japan 15TH

3.1 History of Buddhism in Japan
3.2 Prominent Buddhist Sects in Japan: kusha, Jogitsu, Sanron, Hosso, Ritsu,
Kegon, Tandai, Singon, Jodo Shu, Jodo Shinshu, Zen, Soto Zen & Nichiren
3.3 Chief features of Japanese Buddhism
Unit 4 Buddhis m in Mongolia 5TH
4.1 History of Buddhism in Mongolia
4.2 Prominent Buddhist Sects in Mongolia: Introduction
4.2.1 Sakyapa & Gelugpa
4.3 Chief features of Mongolian Buddhism
Unit 5 Buddhis m in Vietnam 5TH
5.1 History of Buddhism in Vietnam
5.2 Prominent Buddhist Sects in Vietnam: Introduction
5.2.1 Pure Land, Chan, Esoteric & Theravada
5.3 Chief features of Vietnamese Buddhism
Unit 6 Buddhis m in Bhutan 5TH
6.1 History of Buddhism in Bhutan
6.2 Prominent Buddhist Sects in Bhutan: Introduction
6.2.1 Kagyupa (Drukpa Kagyupa) & Nyingmapa
6.2 Chief features of Bhutanese Buddhism

Unit 7 Buddhis m in Russia 5TH

7.1 History of Buddhism in Russia
7.2 Prominent Buddhist Sect in Russia: Introduction, Gelugpa
7.3 Chief features of Russian Buddhism

Unit 8 Buddhis m in Pakistan 5TH

8.1 Spread of Buddhism in Pakistan
8.2 Survey of the Buddhist Sites and their importance in the light of archeology,
inscription etc.
Unit 9 Buddhis m in Afghanistan 5TH
9.1 Spread of Buddhism in Afghanistan
9.2 Survey of the Buddhist Sites and their importance in the light of archeology,
inscription etc.

References
Bapat, P.V., ed., (1987), 2500 years of Buddhism, Delhi: Publication Division, Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting. Government of India, (reprint).
Bechert, Heinz and Richard Gombrich (ed.), (1984), The World of Buddhism, London: Thames and
Hudson Ltd.
Bell, Charles, (2007), The Religion of Tibet, New Delhi: Rupa. & Co.
Benerjee, A.C., (1970), Buddhism in India and Abroad, Calcutta:
Dutta, Sukumar, (2004), Buddhism in East Asia, Delhi: Orientals, (reprient).
Haicheng, Ling, (2000), Buddhism in China (tr. Jing Shaoquing), Beijing: China Intercontinental
Press.
Kaminaga, Zenji, (2001), The wealth of Asia in search of common values, New York: ICG Muse Inc.
Kim, Duk-Whang, (2089), A History of Religions in Korea, Seoul: Korea Research Foundation.
Lixin, Zheng, (2004), Guide to Chinese Buddhism, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Nadim, I. H., (2066), Bauddha Gandhar (tr. Rajan Karki), Lahore: Shang-E-Mill Prakashan.
Pant, Prem Kumari & Shanker Thapa, ed., (2010), Buddhism, Kathmandu: Nepal China Society.
Pradhan, Bhubanlal, tr., (2044), Japani Dharma Yek Sarvskshan, (Nepali) Kathmandu: Sajha
Prakashan.
Sankrityan, Rahula., (1953), Bouddha Sanskriti, (Hindi), Calcatta: Aadhunick Pustak Bhaban.
Singh, A.K., (2009), Buddhism in Far East Asia, New Delhi: MD Publications Pvt Ltd.
Snellgrove, David, (2004), Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Bangkok: Orchid Press.
Upasak, C.S., (1990), History of Buddhism in Afghanistan, Varanasi: Central Institute of Higher
Tibetan Studies.
Ven. Jung-Nyun (ed.), (2000), What is Korean Buddhism?, Seoul Korea: Korean Buddhist Chogye
Order.
Ven. Sudarshan, (ed.), (B.S 2045), Vishoma Buddha Dharma, Kathmandu: Dharma Ratna Shakya
Trishui,
Viddhalankar, Shatyaketu, (2006), Dhachain-Purbha Aur Dhachaini Asiya Me Bharatiya Sanskrity,
New Delhi: Shree Sharashoti Sadan.
Viddhalankar, Shatyaketu, (2007), Madhya Asiya tatha Chin Me Bharatiya Sanskrity, New Delhi:
Shree Sharashoti Sadan.
 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal I

Semester III Paper: XIV

MBS 514 TH: 75

Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives

This course is to provide a comprehensive knowledge on Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal. It

deals on Pre-Buddhistic beliefs and faith prior to the introduction of Buddhism in Tibet. It deals on
Buddhist historic, scholarships, sects its masters and Monastic and ethnic communities of Northern
Nepal.

Unit 1 Pre -Buddhist Cultural Heritage of Northern Nepal 25TH

1.1 Geographical Setting

1.2 Buddhist ethic groups
1.3 Pre- Buddhist beliefs and faiths : Animistic (Mi-Cho), Samanistic faith (Bon-Cho)
1.3.1 Bon beliefs and Nine ways of Bon & Bon rituals
1.1.1 Impact of Bon in Buddhism and vice versa
1.1.2 Gesar Epic
1.4 Buddhism in Tibet and Northern Nepal
1.4.1 Role of Srong-bTsan sGam-po, Bhrikuti, Kongjo and Silamanju, Khen Lob Cho Sum
(Shantarakshita, Padmasambhava and Khri Srong De bTsan), Atisa Dipankara and Phamthing-
pa in Tibet and Nepal

Unit 2 Buddhist Sects and its Eminent Masters 23TH

2.1 rNying-ma-pa; Klong Chen-pa, mNga’s-ris Panchen

2.2 bKa’ brGyud-pa; Zhwa-d Mar-pa, Mila Ras-pa, Karma-pa, Shyarmar-pa

2.3 Sa-skya-pa; five Patriarchs ( Gongma nga), Glo-bo mkhen Chen

2.4 dGe-lugs-pa; Tsongkha-pa, Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas

Unit 3 dGonpa, Lama and Ani 15TH

3.1 Gonpa; Definition, types: bShad Drwa (centre of study), Sgrub Drwa (Centre for Meditation),
Grong gSeb( village Gonpa),
3.2 Rituals; daily, Regular (fortnight/monthly); Tsechu , Annual function: Chotul Duchen, Saka
Dawa, Lhabab Duchen, Chokor Duchen, yarne, Nyune, Mani recitation
3.3 Lama; definition, types; Sprul sKu (Incarnate Lama), mKhan-po, Gra pa(dGel Tshul, dGe
slong), Sngaga pa ( Mantra Holders), Procedures of Lama Ordination
3.4 Nun: definition, types; Apprentice (Genin-ma), novice( dGel Tshul ma), nun (dGe slong ma)
3.5 Function of Lama: Teaching Buddhism, Giving initiation, performing rituals

Unit 4 Some Selected Gonpas of Northern Nepal 12TH

4.1 Tengboche dGopnpa ( solu)

4.2 Bigu Tashi dGonpa (Dolakha)

4.3 Tsarang dGonpa (Mustang)

4.4 Shey dGonpa (Dolpa)

References

Bajracharya, S.,2008- Buddhist Heritage of Northen Nepal: An Introduction,Lalitpur: LRC

Bell C.,1987- , The Religion of Tibet,Delhi: MRMLP
Beyer,S.,2001- Magic and Ritual in Tibet the Cult of Tara,Delhi: MLBD otilal Banarasidas
Chogbey Trizin Rinpoche, Shyakyapa Paramparako Itihas, p.p Parajulee, ( VS2063), (Nepali Trs),
Kathmandu: BKBDS
Dowman, K., 1995- Power Places of Kathmandu,Hongkong:BLCP
Dudjan, Rinpoche, 1991-The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, Its Fundamentalas and History
…., WP

Dudjon, Rinpoche,1991- The Nyigma school of Tibetan Buddhism its fundamentals and History,New
York: WP

Ekvall R.B.,1964- Religious Observances in Tibet, patterns and Function,Chicago: UP

Evans, W.,2004- The Tibetan Book of The Great Libration, Delhi: WBI
Furrer,H.C., 1964-The Himalayan Highlanders,
Karmay S.G., 2009- The Arrow and the Spindle Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet,
Kathmandu: MBP
Karmay S.G.,2009- The Arrow and the Spindle Studies in History, Myths, Rituals ans Beliefs in Tibet,
Kathmandu: MBP
Konchog G.(Tra), 1990- The Great Kagyu Masters the Golden Lineage Treasury, New York: SLP
Lopez, D.S.,1997-Religions of Tibet in Practice,New Delhi: MRMLP
Pandey, G C., 1963- Bauddha Dharma ke Vikash ka Itihas (Hindi) Lakhnau: HS
Roerich, G. N., 1976- The Blue Annals,IInd Ed, Delhi: MLBD
Sanskrityayan, R.,- 1952, Bauddha-Sanskriti( Hnd), Calcutta: APB
Schaeffer, K. R.,2004- Himalayan Hermitess The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun, New York: OUP
Snellgrove, D, 2004- Indo-Tibetan Buddhism Indian Buddhists and Their Successors, Bangkok: OP
Snellgrove, D.,1957- Buddhist Himalaya(2nd Ed.),Kathmandu:HBS
Sogyal R.,2002- The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying,London: RP
Tucci, G., 2011- The Religions of Tibet,New Delhi : NAB
Waddell, L., 2004- Tibetan Buddhism with its Mystic cults, symbolism and Mythology,Vanarasi: PP
Zest, C.-1982- Monuments of Northern Nepal,UNESCO
 World Religion and Philosophy II
Semester III Paper: XV
MBS 515 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr.H.3
Course Description
The course is designed to grow knowledge of students on comprehensive nature of world‟s
Religions and Philosophies from the practices of occidental and oriental culture.
Course Objectives
 To raise the general perception on concept, nature, and elements of Religions and
Philosophies of this world.
 To facilitate the metaphysical consciousness of different religions and thoughts viz.,
Christianity, Islam, Judaism Western Philosophy and others, of this world.
 To show acquaintance with theoretical knowledge on metaphysical and spiritual
norms, values and doctrines.
 To differentiate the philosophical thoughts from the religious practice s.
Unit 1 Metaphysics and Religion 10 TH
1.1 Definition, Nature of Metaphysics (Philosophy)
1.2 Definition, Nature, Development of Religious Consciousness
1.3 Elements of Religious Consciousness:
1.4 Cognitive, Effective and Conative
Unit 2 Theories on Epistemology 15 TH
2.1 Rationalism
2.2 Empiricism and Criticism
2.3 Realism
2.4 Deism
2.5 Creationism
2.5.1 Creation
2.5.2 Pantheism
2.5.3 Theism
2.5.4 Darwin‟s Theory of Evolution
Unit 3 Greek Philosophy and Philosophers: 10 TH
3.1 Socrate: life history and his theory of Concept
3.2 Plato: life and his Theory of Idea
3.3 Aristotle: life and his theory of Form of Evolution
Unit 4 Ancient Sacrosanct of Thoughts and Practice of Middle -East 10 TH
4.1 Background of Moses and the Children‟s of the Gods
4.2 The Origin of Hebrews,
4.3 The Exodus of Moses from Egypt & Babylonian exile 50 years before Jesus

Unit 5 Judaism 10TH

5.1 Jewish Belief
5.2 Practices
5.3 The Sabbath
5.4 Jewish Dietetic
5.5 Holidays
Unit 6 Christianity 10 TH
6.1 Life of Jesus Christ, His death for Mercy, Death and Resurrection two Burials in
John‟s Gospel & The Tomb of Jesus
6.2 Christians, Basics of Christianity
6.3 Beliefs, Ethics and Practice
6.4 Role of Testaments (old and New) and Churches
6.5 Re- incarnation in New Testament
6.6 Christian Mysticism
6.7 Eastern & Western Christianity
Unit 7 Islam 10 TH
7.1 Origins and Development
7.2 Muhammad
7.3 Essentials of Five Pillars
7.4 Islamic Practices
7.4.1 Shia
7.4.2 Sunni
7.5 Sufism: Islamic Mysticism
7.6 Islamic law and Philosophy
Reference
English
Bouquet, A.C.1961, Comparative Religion, London; Cassel & Company.
Catterjee, S.C. and D.M. Datta, 2007- An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, New Delhi: Rupa and
Co.
Chan,Wing-Tsit. (1963), A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, Princeton: Princeton University
Press.
Chidester, D.(2001), Christianity A Global History, SanFrancisco: Harper.
Cook,M. (2000), The Kuran: A very Short Introduction,Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kersten, H. (2001), Jesus Lived in India, his unknown life before and After the Crucifixion, Indian
Edition, New Delhi: Penguin Books.
Leys S. (tr.) 1997.Confucius- The Analects of Confucius, New York: W.W. Norton Molly,M. 2008,-
Experiencing The World's Religions, IV ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Co.
Masih,Y.1988.- The Classical Religious Philosophy of the Hindus, Patna; K.P. Jayaswal Research
Institute, 1988.
Paranjoti,V.1954.- Saiva Siddhanta, London; Luzac & Co.
Padmanabh S. 2000.- Collected Papers on Jaina Studies, Delhi:MLBD.
Parriender, G.- Comparative Religion, George Allen & Unwin, 1962.
Shanta, N.1997,- The Unknown Pilgrims, Delhi: Satguru Publications.
Smith, Huston- The Illustrated World Religions, New York: Harper & Collins.
Tiwari, K.N. 1983.- Comparative Religion, New Delhi; MLBD.

Hindi
Sankritayana, R. 1983.- Darshan Digdarshan, Allahavada: Kitab Mahal.
Subhasha, S. 2004.- Jain Darsan, Varanashi:Bharatiya Biddha Prakashan.
Tripathi, S.1999.- Dharmasastriya Vishayon Ka Parisilana, Darbhanga; Mithala Reserch Inistitute.

Nepali
Bhusal, B.R. 2064- Darshan Shastra Parichaya, (II ed.), Kathmandu; Asia Publications.
Sharma , R.D. 1977- Prachya Darshan Parichaya, Kirtipur; CDC,TU.
 Fourth Semester
Courses

Course Course title Credit Teaching Pages

Code Hours Hour
MBS 516 Methods of Research in Buddhist 3 75 45-46
Studies
MBS 517 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal 3 75 47-48
II
MBS 518 Buddhist Tourism 3 75 49-51

MBS 519 Basic knowledge on Information 3 75 52

Technology
MBS 520 Field Study & Report Writing 3 75 53

MBS 521 Thesis Writing 6 150 54

MBS 522 Buddhist Practices 3 75 55

 Methods of Research in Buddhist Studies

Semester IV Paper XVI

MBS 516 TH: 75

Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives

This course aims at training students to carry on research in fields of historical, cultu ral, religious,
philosophical, artistic and applied branches of Buddhism. It deals on the methods of Buddhist
research, types, design, evidences and its sources, data collection, writing academic proposal, report
and thesis.

Unit 1 Introduction 15TH

1.1 Research: meaning, importance, nature, and its purpose in the areas of Buddhist Research

1.2 Significance of Research in Buddhist theology, pantheon, Philosophy and Practice.

1.3 Research Problem: identification, criteria for selecting the topi cs, Methods for defining the
research problem

1.4 Research design: concept, variables, types

Unit 2 Research Evidences 15TH

2.1 Meaning, Types (Mute and Verbal)

2.2 Sources: definition, types (Primary and Secondary), Literary, Archaeological (monumental),
Archival, Documents, Coins, Inscriptions, art objects, Contemporary records: Papers,
Periodicals, devotional songs, lore and legends

Unit 3 Data Collection Methods 20TH

3.1 Meaning, sources: primary and secondary, Methods: Literature Review, Questionnaire,
Interview, Personal Observation and Participation

Unit 4 Case Study & Report writing (practical)

4.1 Definition, Types, Sections of report; prelude, investigation and reference, drafting of report.
Unit 5 Writing Research Proposal 15TH

5.1 meaning, Steps for Proposal writing (Topics, Background, Research Questions, Literature
Review, Justification, Methodology, scope, chapter division, expected results, and budget)

6.2 Writing of the Proposal

Unit 6 Organization of Reports and Thesis Writing 10TH

5.1 Uniformity of Chapter division, title, sub title

5.2 Editing, coding, processing and classification of data

5.3 Rules of footnote citation

5.4 Classification and arrangement of bibliography

5.5 Arrangement of appendix, maps, tables, chart

5.6 Uses of abbreviation, glossary, index

5.7 Rules of margin, spacing, paging

5.8 Use of bold, italics, underline, single inverted and double inverted commas

References

Ahuja,R., 2005- Research Methods, New Delhi: RwP

Anderson, Jonathan and Others, 1971- Thesis and Assignment Writing, New: Delhi BEP
Barzhun, J. and Golf, H.F, 1977- The Modern Researcher,
Bhandari, K.P., BS 2056- Introduction to Research Methodology(Nepali), Varanasi: RP
Cordasco,F. and Gatner, F
Fred K., N. , 1978- Foundation of Behavioral Research, Delhi: SP
Ghosh, B.N.,1982-scientific methods of social research,New Delhi: ST
Goode & Hatt ,1952- Methods in Social Research, New York: IBC
John, B. John W. and James K.,(1986), Form and Style in Thesis Writing, Waston: HMC
Khotari, C.R., 1996(Rpt)-Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques, New Delhi: Vishwa
Prakahsan
Parsons, C.J., 1973- Thesis and Project Works, A guide to Research and Writing, London: GAU
Sharma, B.A.V., 1986-Methods of Research in Social Science, New Delhi: SP
Turabian, K.L., 1967-A Manual for writing of term papers, Thesis and Disertation, Chicago: CUP
Wojf, H.K., and Pant P.R.,1975-Social Science Research and Thesis writing,Kathmandu: TURD
Young, P.V., 1984-Scientific Social Survey and Research,New Delhi: PH
 Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal II

Semester IV Paper: XVII

MBS 517 TH: 75

Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives

This course deals on the study of Buddhist liturgy, cultural Practices and devotion through arts and
pilgrimage.

Unit 1 Buddhist Texts 25TH

1.1 Role of Srong-gTsan sGam-pa, Mani Kabum, Thonmi Sambhota and Sun Tag

1.2 Translated Texts: bKah-rGyur, BsTan-rGyur, Yum, Domang

1.3 Other Texts

1.4 Philosophical Texts

1.5 Ritual Texts

1.6 Guide Books for Pilgrimage

1.7 Biographies: four Lamas of Dolpo, Lowo Khenchen, Oryan chokyi ( Dolpa)

Unit 2 Buddhist Practices 20TH

2.1 Rituals of worshiping Thankas, Painted walls, images, Chorten, rTsa rTsa, Prayer wheels
2.2 Pilgrimage: Purpose, Types, and holy sites: Mountains (Kailash, Shey Mountain), Caves
(Maratika-Khotang, Milarepa-Manang), Lakes (Manasarovar, Phoksundo), Shrines;
Muktinath, Lo Gekar
2.3 Festivals: Losar, Manirimdu (Solu), Dumje (Solu and Dolakha), Yertong (Mustang/Manang )

Unit 3 Rite and Rituals on Northern Life Style 20TH

3.1 Birth: concept (rebirth) and liturgy

3.2 Marriage: concept and liturgy

3.3 Death: concept, Phowa, bardo, and liturgy rites

Unit 4 Term paper 5TH

Unit 5 Report writing 5TH

References

Bajracharya, S.,2008- Buddhist Heritage of Northen Nepal: An Introduction,Lalitpur: LRC

Bell C.,1987- , The Religion of Tibet,Delhi: MRMLP

Beyer,S.,2001- Magic and Ritual in Tibet the Cult of Tara,Delhi: MLBD otilal Banarasidas
Chogbey Trizin Rinpoche, Shyakyapa Paramparako Itihas, p.p Parajulee, ( VS2063), (Nepali Trs),
Kathmandu: BKBDS
Dowman, K., 1995- Power Places of Kathmandu,Hongkong:BLCP
Dudjan, Rinpoche, 1991-The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, Its Fundamentalas and History …,
WP
Ekvall R.B.,1964- Religious Observances in Tibet, patterns and Function,Chicago: UP
Evans, W.,2004- The Tibetan Book of The Great Libration, Delhi: WBI
Furrer,H.C., 1964-The Himalayan Highlanders,
Karmay S.G., 2009- The Arrow and the Spindle Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet,
Kathmandu: MBP
Konchog G.(Tra), 1990- The Great Kagyu Masters the Golden Lineage Treasury, New York: SLP
Lopez, D.S.,1997-Religions of Tibet in Practice,New Delhi: MRMLP
Pandey, G C., 1963- Bauddha Dharma ke Vikash ka Itihas (Hindi) Lakhnau: HS
Roerich, G. N., 1976- The Blue Annals,IInd Ed, Delhi: MLBD
Sanskrityayan, R.,- 1952, Bauddha-Sanskriti( Hnd), Calcutta: APB
Schaeffer, K. R.,2004- Himalayan Hermitess The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun, New York: OUP
Snellgrove, D, 2004- Indo-Tibetan Buddhism Indian Buddhists and Their Successors, Bangkok: OP
Snellgrove, D.,1957- Buddhist Himalaya(2nd Ed.),Kathmandu:HBS
Sogyal R.,2002- The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying,London: RP
Tucci, G., 2011- The Religions of Tibet,New Delhi : NAB
Waddell, L., 2004- Tibetan Buddhism with its Mystic cults, symbolism and Mythology,Vanarasi: PP
Zest, C.-1982- Monuments of Northern Nepal, UNESCO
 Buddhist Tourism

Semester IV Paper: XVIII

MBS 518 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Objectives
The course aims to impart comprehensive knowledge on importance of Buddhist monuments
and tradition from touristic perspective. The students will also be acquainted with the
historical account and current policy of the government regarding Buddhism related tourism.
This should be a step towards arousing public awareness about huge potentiality of Buddhist
religious cultural tourism so that future planning will be promulgated.

Unit 1 Buddhism and its scope in Nepalese Touris m 5TH

1.1 Meaning, Concept, and Typology
1.2 Religious studies and Pilgrimage
1.3 Spread of Buddhism in Modern age and its impact on tourism

Unit 2 Buddhist Tourist attraction in Nepal 25TH

2.1 Buddhist legends of Kathmandu valley (Swayambhu, Khasti, Namobuddha)
2.2 Traditional Pilgrimage Practice:
Mataya, Upaku, Baha puja, Chaitya puja, Basundhara puja yatra, Dipankha yatra
2.3 Nepal as Prime Buddhist Destination:
2.3.1 Pilgrimage site
Lumbini- the birth place of Sakyamuni Buddha,
Tilaurakot- Siddhartha‟s princely abode
Niglihawa- the birthplace of Kanakmuni Buddha
Gotihawa- the birth place of Krakuchchanda Buddha
Kapilvastu- site of ancient stupas
Swayambhu- the emblem of Nepalese Buddhism
Khasti- the centre of Tibetan Buddhism in Nepal
Kathmandu cities: open Buddhist museum

2.3.2 Recreational/ Amusement,

Mountain visit;
Local- occasion of visiting Jamacho, Dhilacho, phulacho, Manichuda etc
Optional- Muktinath, Shey Mountain,
River/Lake visit:
Tirtha sewa- Dwadasha Tirtha: Bagmati, Gokarna, etc
Pitha-sewa
Kagbeni, Triveni, Gosaikunda, Tatopani etc.
Cave visit:
Chakhuti bhakuti, Nagrjuna cave, Pharping cave,
Maratika, Cave monasteries of Mustang (Lo Gekar, Luri Gompa etc.)

2.3.3 Educational
Nepal: Cornucopia of Buddhist Sanskrit literature
Baha/Bahi Monasteries
Gompa Monasteries
 Archeological sites: Kakrevihar, Lumbini, Kapilvastu, Ramgram
2.3.4 Festive events
Karunamaya jatra, indra Jatra, etc.
(occasion for observing rare carya dance, carya songs)
Mani Rimdu (Himalayan Buddhist masked dances), Dumje
Panca-Buddha cult, Dipankar cult, Caitya cult, Lokeswar cult etc.
Unit 3 Contribution of Historic Pe rsonages to Buddhist Tourism in Nepal 20TH
Ancient/Licchavi period
3.1 Visit of Asoka to Lumbini and Kathmandu valley,
3.2 Visit of renowned Buddhist masters like Nagarjuna, Vashuvandhu, Prachandradeva
3.3 Visit of Xion Xang to Lumbini and Wang hiuen tse to Kathmandu valley
3.3 Role of Trio Indian Buddhist masters- Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita and Kamalsila
in Nepal
Medieval period
3.4 Sojourn of Atisa Dipankar Srijnana in Nepal
3.5 Visit of Tibetan Buddhist masters to Kathmandu valley (Marpa, Marpa dopa etc)
3.6 Role of Phamthingpa brothers and contemporary Buddhist masters in familiarization
of Nepalese Buddhism in Tibet and India
3.7 Visit of Dharmaswami to Kathmandu valley
Modern period
3.8 Amritananda , Gunananda
3.9 Foreign scholars/envoys to Nepal who contributed to Buddhism
Brian Hodgson, Ambrose Oldfield, A.L.Wadell, Syvian Levi, Daniel Wright, Tucc i,
etc
Unit 4 Authorities of Touris m Development in Nepal and their effort 15TH
4.1 Ministry of Tourism and civil aviation, their Tourism policy and objectives
4.2 Nepal Tourism Board, its policy and objectives
4.3 Lumbini Development trust, Lumbini Development Master plan,
4.4 Organizations like NATTA, HAN, PATA, UNESCO etc
4.5 Challenge of conversion of Buddhist tourism as a part of Tourism industry
4.6 Present international politics towards establishing Buddhist circuit (effort of Japan,
India, China and Nepal)

Unit 5 Field visit* 10TH

(*Note: Field visit may be in the form of site visit or excursion tour or both depending upon
prevailing situation, feasibility and extra cost)
Reference
Agarwal, M. K., R. P. Upadhyay, 2006, Tourism And Economic Development In Nepal ,
New Delhi: Northern Book Centre
Anderson, M.M, 1971, The Festivals of Nepal, London: Geo Allen and Unwin Ltd.
Bajracharya, S.M. 2008, Buddhist Heritage of Northern Nepal-An Introduction, Lalitpur:
Lotus Research Centre
Chand, D., 2000, Nepal's Tourism: Uncensored Facts, New Delhi: Pilgrims Pub.
Dowman, Keith, 1995, Power Places of Kathmandu, Hongkong: British Library Cataloging
Publishing
Dowman, Keith, 2007, A Buddhist guide to the power places of the Kathmandu Valley,
Kathmandu: Vajra Publications,
Dungel, R.K., 2002, The Kingdom of Lo (Mustang): A Historical Study, Kathmandu : Tashi
Gephel Foundation
Gellner, David N. Monk, 1996, Householder, and Tāntric Priest : Newār Buddhism and Its
Hierarchy of Ritual, London: Cambridge University Press, published in India by
Foundation Books, New Delhi
Huntington, John C.; Dina Wangdel and Robert AF Thurman, 2003, The Circle of
Bliss, Chicago, Serindia Publication Inc.,
Korn, Wolfgang P., 1998, The Traditional Architecture of the Kathmandu Valley,
(Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar,
Kunwar R. R., Tourism and Development: Science and Industry Interface, Kathmandu:
Mandala Book Point
Lewis,Todd, 2000, Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newār
Buddhism, Albany: State University of New York,
Locke, John K., 1980, Karuṇāmaya, The Cult of Avlokiteswara-Matsyendranātha in the
Valley of Nepal, Kathmandu: Sahayogi Prakashan for CNAS,
-----, 1985 „Buddhist Monasteries of Kathmandu Valley' ,(Kathmandu, Sahayogi Press,
Matheissen, P., 1981, The Snow Leopard, London: Pan Books Ltd.
Pal, Pratapaditya (ed.), 2004, Nepal, Old images, New insights, (Mumbai: Marg
Publications,)
Satyal, Yajna Raj., 1999, Tourism in Nepal: A Profile. Delhi: Adroit Publishers.
-----, 2002, Pilgrimage Tourism in Nepal, Delhi: Adroit Publishers
Shakya, Hem Raj, 2004, Sri Swayambhū Mahācaitya, translated by Min Bāhādur Shakya,
Kathmandu: Swayambhū Vikash Mandal,
Shakya, Min Bahadur, 1986, „A short History of Buddhism in Nepal’, (Kathmandu, Young
Buddhist Publication,
Slusser, Mary Shepherd, 1998 Rep., NEPAL MANDALA, Kathmandu: Maṇḍala Book Point,
Reprint 1998
Snellgrove, D.L.,1989, Himalayan Pilgrimage, Boston: Shambhala Publication
-----, 1995 2ndEdition, Buddhist Himalaya, Kathmandu: Himalayan Book Sellers, (first
Edition by Bruno Cassirer Publishers, 1957)
Vaidya, Karunakar, 1986, Buddhist Traditions and Culture of the Kathmandu Valley(Nepal),
Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan
Walker John R., Josielyn T. Walker, 2011, Tourism Concepts and Practices, New Delhi:
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.Ltd,. Indian Edition under permission from Pearson
Education Inc
Suggested websites
www.tourism.gov.np/ (Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, Kathmandu,)
www.welcomenepal.com (Nepal Tourism Board)
www.natta.org.np (Nepal Association of Tour & Travel Agents (NATTA))
www.nepaltourism.net / www.nepaltouris m.info / www.visitnepal.com
 Basic Knowledge on Information Technology

Semester IV Paper XIX

MBS 519 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr.H.3

Detail Course is yet to be developed.

 Field Study & Report Writing

Semester IV Paper: XX
MBS 520 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr.H.3

Students have to complete the field study in exploration of the Buddhist study. Student must
spend at least a week long stay in the field as necessities by subject teachers.
 Thesis Writing

Semester IV Paper XXI

MBS 521 TH: 150
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 6

Students can choose any subject from the course and out of course as required by subject
but concentrating on research viability and completion of the thesis within a fourth
semester.
 Buddhist Practices

Semester IV Paper: XXII

MBS 522 TH: 75
Full Mark 100 Cr. H. 3

Detail Course is yet to be developed.