Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 45 views

    Errors in Taping

    Uploaded by

    Mickaela Angeli Rueda
    The document discusses three methods of distance measurement: direct tape measurement, tacheometric (optical), and EDM. Tape measurement requires corrections for absolute length, temperature, sag, slope, and reduction to mean sea level. Corrections account for manufacturing defects, temperature differences from standardization, sag under the tape's weight, sloped measurement surfaces, and elevation differences. Errors in applied pull translate to errors in the pull and sag corrections.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Errors in Taping

    Uploaded by

    Mickaela Angeli Rueda
    45 views5 pages
    The document discusses three methods of distance measurement: direct tape measurement, tacheometric (optical), and EDM. Tape measurement requires corrections for absolute length, temperature, sag, slope, and reduction to mean sea level. Corrections account for manufacturing defects, temperature differences from standardization, sag under the tape's weight, sloped measurement surfaces, and elevation differences. Errors in applied pull translate to errors in the pull and sag corrections.

    Original Title

    Errors in taping

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses three methods of distance measurement: direct tape measurement, tacheometric (optical), and EDM. Tape measurement requires corrections for absolute length, temperature, sag, slope, and reduction to mean sea level. Corrections account for manufacturing defects, temperature differences from standardization, sag under the tape's weight, sloped measurement surfaces, and elevation differences. Errors in applied pull translate to errors in the pull and sag corrections.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views5 pages

    Errors in Taping

    Uploaded by

    Mickaela Angeli Rueda
    The document discusses three methods of distance measurement: direct tape measurement, tacheometric (optical), and EDM. Tape measurement requires corrections for absolute length, temperature, sag, slope, and reduction to mean sea level. Corrections account for manufacturing defects, temperature differences from standardization, sag under the tape's weight, sloped measurement surfaces, and elevation differences. Errors in applied pull translate to errors in the pull and sag corrections.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Three methods of distance measurement are briefly discussed in this chapter.

    They are

    Direct method using a tape or wire

    Tacheometric method or optical method

    EDM (Electromagnetic Distance Measuring equipment) method.

    2.1 DIRECT METHOD USING A TAPE

    In this method, steel tapes or wires are used to measure distance very accurately. Nowadays, EDM

    is being used exclusively for accurate measurements but the steel tape still is of value for measuring

    limited lengths for setting out purposes.

    Tape measurements require certain corrections to be applied to the measured distance depending

    upon the conditions under which the measurements have been made. These corrections are discussed

    below.

    Correction for Absolute Length

    Due to manufacturing defects the absolute length of the tape may be different from its designated

    or nominal length. Also with use the tape may stretch causing change in the length and it is

    imperative that the tape is regularly checked under standard conditions to determine its absolute

    length. The correction for absolute length or standardization is given by

    where

    c = the correction per tape length,

    l = the designated or nominal length of the tape, and

    L= the measured length of the line.

    If the absolute length is more than the nominal length the sign of the correction is positive and vice

    versa.

    Correction for Temperature

    If the tape is used at a field temperature different from the standardization temperature then the

    temperature correction to the measured length is


    where

    P = the pull applied during the measurement,

    P0 = the standardization pull,

    A = the area of cross-section of the tape, and

    E = the Young’s modulus for the tape material.

    Correction for Sag

    For very accurate measurements the tape can be allowed to hang in catenary between two supports

    (Fig. 2.1a). In the case of long tape, intermediate supports as shown in Fig. 2.1b, can be used to

    reduce the magnitude of correction.

    The tape hanging between two supports, free of ground, sags under its own weight, with

    maximum dip occurring at the middle of the tape. This necessitates a correction for sag if the tape

    has been standardized on the flat, to reduce the curved length to the chord length. The correction

    for the sag is

    where

    W = the weight of the tape per span length.

    The sign of this correction is always negative.


    If both the ends of the tape are not at the same level, a further correction due to slope is

    required. It is given by

    where

    α = the angle of slope between the end supports.

    Correction for Slope

    If the length L is measured on the slope as shown in Fig. 2.2, it


    must be reduced to its horizontal equivalent L cos θ. The
    required slope correction is

    where

    θ = the angle of the slope, and

    h = the difference in elevation of the ends of the tape.

    The sign of this correction is always negative.

    Reduction to Mean Sea Level (M.S.L.)

    In the case of long lines in triangulation surveys the relationship between the length
    AB measured on the ground and the equivalent length A′B′ at mean sea level has to
    be considered (Fig. 2.4). Determination of the equivalent mean sea level length of the
    measured length is known as reduction to mean sea level. The reduced length at
    mean sea level is given by

    where R = the mean earth’s radius (6372 km), and


    H = the average elevation of the line.
    When H is considered small compared to R, the correction to L is given as
    The sign of the correction is always negative.

    2.2 ERROR IN PULL CORRECTION DUE TO ERROR IN PULL

    If the nominal applied pull is in error the required correction for pull will be in error. Let the error in the
    nominal applied pull P be ± δP then the

    ERROR IN SAG CORRECTION DUE TO ERROR IN PULL

    If the applied pull is in error the computed sag correction will be in error. Let the error in pull be ± δP
    then
    Summary of formulas

    You might also like