MA-109 Information Booklet

and Problem Sheets

Autumn 2022
INSTRUCTORS:
Madhusudan Manjunath
Sanjoy Pusti

Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400076, India

Name:

Roll Number:

Division and Tut Batch:

Contents

Basic Information 1
Course contents 1
Text/References 1
Course Plan 2
Lectures and Tutorials 3
Evaluation Plan 3
Instructors and their coordinates 3
Timings for Lectures and Tutorials 3
Tutorial Sheets: 0-7 5
Tutorial sheet No. 0: Revision material on Real numbers 5
Tutorial Sheet No.1:
Sequences 6
Tutorial Sheet No. 2:
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 8
Tutorial Sheet No. 3:
Rolle’s and Mean Value Theorems, Maximum/Minimum 10
Tutorial Sheet No. 4:
Curve Sketching, Riemann Integration 11
Tutorial Sheet No. 5:
Applications of Integration 13
Tutorial Sheet No. 6:
Functions of two variables, Limits, Continuity 14
Tutorial Sheet No. 7:
Maxima, Minima, Saddle Points 16

iii
iv Contents

Answers: Tutorial Sheets 0-7 17

Tutorial sheet No. 0: 17
Tutorial sheet No. 1 17
Tutorial sheet No. 2 18
Tutorial sheet No. 3 18
Tutorial sheet No. 4 18
Tutorial Sheet No. 5 19
Tutorial Sheet No. 6 19
Tutotial Sheet No. 7 20
Basic Information
Course contents

Sequences of real numbers, Convergence of sequences and series, Review of

limit, Continuity and differentiability of functions, Rolle’s theorem, Mean
value theorems and Taylor’s theorem, Maxima, minima and curve sketching,
Riemann integral, Fundamental theorem of calculus, Applications to length,
area, volume, surface area of revolution.
Functions of several variables, Limit, Continuity and and partial derivatives,
Chain rule, Gradient, Directional Derivative and differentiability, Tangent
planes and normals, Maxima, minima, saddle points, Lagrange multipliers.

Text/References
[TF ] G. B. Thomas and R. L. Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 9th
ed., Addison-Wesley/Narosa, 1998.

[S ] James Stewart, Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 5th Ed., Thompson

Press, 2003 (Second Indian Reprint, 2007).

[A ] T. M. Apostol, Calculus, Volume-I,II, Wiley Eastern, 1980.

[CJ ] Richard Courant and Fritz John, Introduction to calculus and analysis.
Vol. I. Reprint of the 1989 edition. Classics in Mathematics. Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, 1999. xxiv+661 pp.

1
2 Basic Information

Course Plan
Sr. No. Topic Sections No. of
from Text [TF] Lectures

1. Real Numbers, Functions P.1, P.3 1

2. Sequences 8.1, 8.2 2

3. Limits and Continuity 1.1-1.5 2

4. Differentiation 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6 1

5. Rolle’s, Mean Value, and 3.1, 3.2 2

Taylor’s Theorems

6. Maxima/Minima 3.1–3.3, 3.5 1

and Curve Sketching

7. Riemann Integral and the 4.5-4.8 3

Funda. Theorem of Calculus

8. Natural Logarithm and the 6.2-6.4, 6.7 1

Exponential Function

9. Applications of Integrals 5.1-5.6 2

10. Functions of Several Variables: 12.1, 12.2 1

Limits, Continuity

11. Partial and Total 12.3-12.7 2

Differentiation

12. Maxima, Minima 12.8, 12.9 1

Timings for Lectures and Tutorials 3

Lectures and Tutorials

Every week we have either three lectures of about one hour duration or two
lectures of about one and half hour duration. In addition, there will be a
tutorial of one hour duration. The course will be fast paced. Thus it is
important that you remain attentive in the class and do not miss lectures.
Consult the text book (and if you wish, the reference books) regularly. Also,
be sure to consult the Moodle (http://moodle.iitb.ac.in/) page of the
course regularly. Slides used to teach in the class will be uploaded there,
along with other important resources.

For the purpose of tutorials, each division will be divided into 9 batches.
Each batch will be assigned to a “course associate” or a TA. The aim of the
tutorials is to clear your doubts and to give you practice for problem solving.
Based on the material covered, certain problems from the tutorial sheets in
this booklet will be assigned to you each week. You are expected to try the
problem before coming to the tutorial class. In case you have doubts, please
seek the help of your course associate.

Evaluation Plan
There will be one quiz and one final examination common for all the
four divisions. The quiz will carry 40% weightage and the final examination
will carry 60% weightage. The quiz will be held on 23rd November from
8:15-9:15 AM. The end semester will be held some time between 14-20th
December 2022.

Instructors and their coordinates

Instructor for Division I and II: Prof. Madhusudan Manjunath, [email protected]
Room No. 204-A, Department of Mathematics.
Instructor for Division III and IV: Prof. Sanjoy Pusti (Instructor-in-charge),
[email protected]
Room No. G3-B. Department of Mathematics.

Timings for Lectures and Tutorials

Lectures of Division I and Division III are scheduled on Mondays 8:30-9:30
AM, Tuesday 9:30-10:30 AM and Thursday 10:30-11:30 AM.
Lecture of Divisions II and IV are scheduled on Monday and Thursday from
2-3:30 PM.
4 Basic Information

Tutorials of Divisions I,II, III, IV will be held on Wednesdays some time

between 2 pm 6 pm. Exact timing and the name of the tutor of each section
will be informed via moodle.
Refer the notice boards and Moodle (http://moodle.iitb.ac.in/) page
of the course for any changes or modifications.
Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial sheet No. 0: Revision material on Real numbers

Mark the following statements as True/False:
(1) +∞ and −∞ are both real numbers.
(2) The set of all even natural numbers is bounded.
(3) The set {x} is an open interval for every x ∈ R.
(4) The set {2/m|m ∈ N} is bounded above.
(5) The set {2/m|m ∈ N} is bounded below.
(6) Union of intervals is also an interval.
(7) Nonempty intersection of intervals is also an interval.
(8) Nonempty intersection of open intervals is also an open interval.
(9) Nonempty intersection of closed intervals is also a closed interval.
(10) Nonempty finite intersection of closed intervals is also a closed interval.
(11) For every x ∈ R, there exists a rational r ∈ Q, such that r > x.
(12) Between any two rational numbers there lies an irrational number.

5
6 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No.1:

Sequences
1. Using (ϵ-n0 ) definition prove the following:
10
(i) lim =0
n→∞ n
5
(ii) lim =0
n→∞ 3n + 1
2/3
n sin(n!)
(iii) lim =0
n→∞  n + 1 
n n+1
(iv) lim − =0
n→∞ n+1 n
2. Show that the following limits exist and find
 them :
n n n
(i) lim 2
+ 2 + ··· + 2
n→∞
n + 1 n + 2 n +n
n!
(ii) lim n
n 3
n→∞
n + 3n2 + 1

(iii) lim
n→∞ n4 + 8n2 + 2
(iv) lim (n)1/n
n→∞  √ 
cos π n
(v) lim
n→∞ n2
√ √ √


(vi) lim n n+1− n
n→∞
3. Show that the following sequences
are not
convergent :
n2

n 1 1
(i) { } (ii) (−1) −
n + 1 n≥1 2 n n≥1
4. Determine
 whether the sequences are increasing or decreasing :

n
(i)
n2 + 1
 n n  n≥1
2 3
(ii)
5n+1 n≥1
 
1−n
(iii)
n2 n≥2
5. Prove that the following sequences are convergent by showing that they
are monotone and bounded.
 Also
 find their limits :
1 2
(i) a1 = 1, an+1 = an + ∀n≥1
√ 2 an
√
(ii) a1 = 2, an+1 = 2 + an ∀ n ≥ 1
an
(iii) a1 = 2, an+1 = 3 + ∀n≥1
2
6. If lim an = L, find the following : lim an+1 , lim |an |
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
Tutorial Sheet No.1: Sequences 7

7. If lim an = L ̸= 0, show that there exists n0 ∈ N such that

n→∞
|L|
|an | ≥ for all n ≥ n0 .
2
1/2
8. If an ≥ 0 and lim an = 0, show that lim an = 0.
n→∞ n→∞
Optional: State and prove a corresponding result if an → L > 0.
9. For given sequences {an }n≥1 and {bn }n≥1 , prove or disprove the following :
(i) {an bn }n≥1 is convergent, if {an }n≥1 is convergent.
(ii) {an bn }n≥1 is convergent, if {an }n≥1 is convergent and {bn }n≥1 is bounded.
10. Show that a sequence {an }n≥1 is convergent if and only if both the sub-
sequences {a2n }n≥1 and {a2n+1 }n≥1 are convergent to the same limit.
Supplement
1. A sequence {an }n≥1 is said to be Cauchy if for any ϵ > 0, there exists
n0 ∈ N such that |an − am | < ϵ for all m, n ≥ n0 .
In other words, the elements of a Cauchy sequence come arbitrarily close to
each other after some stage. One can show that every convergent sequence
is also Cauchy and conversely, every Cauchy sequence in R is also conver-
gent. This is an equivalent way of stating the Completeness property
of real numbers.)
2. To prove that a sequence {an }n≥1 is convergent to L, one needs to find
a real number L (not given by the sequences) and verify the required
property. However the concept of ‘Cauchyness’ of a sequence is purely an
‘intrinsic’ property of the given sequence. Nonetheless a sequence of real
numbers is Cauchy if and only if it is convergent.
3. In problem 5(i) we defined
1 2
a0 = 1, an+1 = (an + ) ∀ n ≥ 1.
2 an
The sequence {an }n≥1 is a monotonically decreasing sequence of rational
numbers which is bounded below. However, it cannot converge to a ra-
tional (why?). This exhibits the need to enlarge the concept of numbers
√
beyond rational numbers. The sequence {an }n≥1 converges to 2 and
its elements a√
n ’s are used to find rational approximation (in computing
machines) of 2.
8 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No. 2:

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
1. Let a, b, c ∈ R with a < c < b and let f, g : (a, b) → R be such that
lim f (x) = 0. Prove or disprove the following statements.
x→c
(i) lim [f (x)g(x)] = 0.
x→c
(ii) lim [f (x)g(x)] = 0, if g is bounded.
x→c
(iii) lim [f (x)g(x)] = 0, if lim g(x) exists.
x→c x→c
2. Let f : R → R be such that lim f (x) exists for α ∈ R. Show that
x→α
lim [f (α + h) − f (α − h)] = 0.
h→0
Analyze the converse.
3. Discuss the continuity of the following functions :
1
(i) f (x) = sin , if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0
x
1
(ii) f (x) = x sin , if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0
 xx
 if 1 ≤ x < 2



 [x]

(iii) f (x) = 1 if x = 2



 √


6 − x if 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
4. Let f : R → R satisfy f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, y ∈ R. If f is
continuous at 0, show that f is continuous at every c ∈ R.
(Optional) Show that the function f satisfies f (kx) = kf (x), for all
k ∈ R.
5. Let f (x) = x2 sin(1/x) for x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0. Show that f is differen-
tiable on R. Is f ′ a continuous function?
6. Let f : (a, b) → R be a function such that
|f (x + h) − f (x)| ≤ C|h|α
for all x, x + h ∈ (a, b), where C is a constant and α > 1. Show that f is
′
differentiable on (a, b) and compute f (x) for x ∈ (a, b).
7. If f : (a, b) → R is differentiable at c ∈ (a, b), then show that
f (c + h) − f (c − h)
lim
h→0+ 2h
′
exists and equals f (c). Is the converse true ? [Hint: Consider f (x) = |x|.]
8. Let f : R → R satisfy
f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) for all x, y ∈ R.
Tutorial Sheet No. 2: Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 9

If f is differentiable at 0, then show that f is differentiable at every c ∈ R

′ ′
and f (c) = f (0)f (c).
(Optional) Show that f has a derivative of every order on R.
9. Using the Theorem on derivative of inverse function. Compute the deriv-
ative of
(i) cos−1 x, −1 < x < 1. (ii) cosec−1 x, |x| > 1.

dy
10. Compute , given
dx
 
2x − 1 ′
y=f and f (x) = sin(x2 ).
x+1
Optional Exercises:
11. Construct an example of a function f : R → R which is continuous every
where and is differentiable everywhere except at 2 points.

1, if x is rational,
12. Let f (x) =
0, if x is irrational.
Show that f is discontinuous at every c ∈ R.
13. (Optional)
x, if x is rational,
Let g(x) =
1 − x, if x is irrational.
Show that g is continuous only at c = 1/2.
14. (Optional)
Let f : (a, b) → R and c ∈ (a, b) be such that lim f (x) > α. Prove that
x→c
there exists some δ > 0 such that
f (c + h) > α for all 0 < |h| < δ.
(See also question 7 of Tutorial Sheet 1.
15. (Optional) Let f : (a, b) → R and c ∈ (a, b). Show that the following
are equivalent :
(i) f is differentiable at c.
(ii) There exist δ > 0 and a function ϵ1 : (−δ, δ) → R such that limh→0 ϵ1 (h) =
0 and
f (c + h) = f (c) + αh + hϵ1 (h) for all h ∈ (−δ, δ).
(iii) There exists α ∈ R such that
 
|f (c + h) − f (c) − αh|
lim = 0.
h→0 |h|
10 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No. 3:

Rolle’s and Mean Value Theorems, Maximum/Minimum
1. Show that the cubic x3 − 6x + 3 has all roots real.
2. Let p and q be two real numbers with p > 0. Show that the cubic x3 +px+q
has exactly one real root.
3. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) and f (b)
′
are of different signs and f (x) ̸= 0 for all x ∈ (a, b), show that there is a
unique x0 ∈ (a, b) such that f (x0 ) = 0.
4. Consider the cubic f (x) = x3 + px + q, where p and q are real numbers.
If f (x) has three distinct real roots, show that 4p3 + 27q 2 < 0 by proving
the following:
(i) p < 0. p
(ii) f has maximum/minimum at ± −p/3.
(iii) The maximum/minimum values are of opposite signs.
5. Use the MVT to prove | sin a − sin b| ≤ |a − b| for all a, b ∈ R.
6. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = a
and f (b) = b, show that there exist distinct c1 , c2 in (a, b) such that
′ ′
f (c1 ) + f (c2 ) = 2.
′
7. Let a > 0 and f be continuous on [−a, a]. Suppose that f (x) exists and
′
f (x) ≤ 1 for all x ∈ (−a, a). If f (a) = a and f (−a) = −a, show that
f (0) = 0.
Optional: Show that under the given conditions, in fact f (x) = x for
every x.
8. In each case, find a function f which satisfies all the given conditions, or
else show that no such function exists.
′′ ′ ′
(i) f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, f (0) = 1, f (1) = 1
′′ ′ ′
(ii) f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, f (0) = 1, f (1) = 2
′′ ′
(iii) f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R, f (0) = 1, f (x) ≤ 100 for all x > 0
′′ ′
(iv) f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, f (0) = 1, f (x) ≤ 1 for all x < 0
9. Let f (x) = 1 + 12|x| − 3x2 . Find the absolute maximum and the absolute
minimum of f on [−2, 5]. Verify it from the sketch of the curve y = f (x)
on [−2, 5].
10. A window is to be made in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a
semicircular portion with diameter equal to the base of the rectangle. The
rectangular portion is to be of clear glass and the semicircular portion is
to be of colored glass admitting only half as much light per square foot as
the clear glass. If the total perimeter of the window frame is to be p feet,
find the dimensions of the window which will admit the maximum light.
Tutorial Sheet No. 4: Curve Sketching, Riemann Integration 11

Tutorial Sheet No. 4:

Curve Sketching, Riemann Integration
1. Sketch the following curves after locating intervals of increase/decrease,
intervals of concavity upward/downward, points of local maxima/minima,
points of inflection and asymptotes. How many times and approximately
where does the curve cross the x-axis?
(i) y = 2x3 + 2x2 − 2x − 1
x2
(ii) y = 2
x +1
(iii) y = 1 + 12|x| − 3x2 , x ∈ [−2, 5]
2. Sketch a continuous curve y = f (x) having all the following properties:
′ ′
f (−2) = 8, f (0) = 4, f (2) = 0; f (2) = f (−2) = 0;
′ ′
f (x) > 0 for |x| > 2, f (x) < 0 for |x| < 2;
′′ ′′
f (x) < 0 for x < 0 and f (x) > 0 for x > 0.
3. Give an example of f : (0, 1) → R such that f is
(i) strictly increasing and convex.
(ii) strictly increasing and concave.
(iii) strictly decreasing and convex.
(iv) strictly decreasing and concave.
4. Let f, g : R → R satisfy f (x) ≥ 0 and g(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R. Define
h(x) = f (x)g(x) for x ∈ R. Which of the following statements are true?
Why?
(i) If f and g have a local maximum at x = c, then so does h.
(ii) If f and g have a point of inflection at x = c, then so does h.
5. Let f (x) = 1 if x ∈ [0, 1] and f (x) = 2 if x ∈ (1, 2]. Show from the first
Z 2
principles that f is Riemann integrable on [0, 2] and find f (x)dx.
0
6. (a) Let f : [a, b] → R be Riemann integrable and f (x) ≥ 0 for all
Z b
x ∈ [a, b]. Show that f (x)dx ≥ 0. Further, if f is continuous and
Z b a

f (x)dx = 0, show that f (x) = 0 for all x ∈ [a, b].

a
(b) Give an example of a Riemann integrable function on [a, b] such that
Z b
f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b] and f (x)dx = 0, but f (x) ̸= 0 for some
a
x ∈ [a, b].
7. Evaluate lim Sn by showing that Sn is an approximate Riemann sum for
n→∞
a suitable function over a suitable interval:
n
1 X 3/2
(i) Sn = 5/2 i
n i=1
12 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

n
X n
(ii) Sn =
i2 + n2
i=1
n
X 1
(iii) Sn = √
i=1
in + n2
n
1X iπ
(iv) Sn = cos
n n
i=1
n 2n  3/2 3n
(    2 )
1 X i X i X i
(v) Sn = + +
n n n n
i=1 i=n+1 i=2n+1
8. Compute Z y
d2 y dt
(a) 2
, if x = √
dx 0 1 + t2
Z 2x Z x2
dF
(b) , if for x ∈ R (i) F (x) = cos(t2 )dt (ii) F (x) = cos(t)dt.
dx 1 0
9. Let p be a real number and let f be a continuous function on R that
satisfies the equation f (x + p) = f (x) for all x ∈ R. Show that the integral
Z a+p
f (t)dt has the same value for every real number a. (Hint : Consider
a Z a+p
F (a) = f (t)dt, a ∈ R.)
a
10. Let f : R → R be continuous and λ ∈ R, λ ̸= 0. For x ∈ R, let
1 x
Z
g(x) = f (t) sin λ(x − t)dt.
λ 0
′′ ′
Show that g (x) + λ2 g(x) = f (x) for all x ∈ R and g(0) = 0 = g (0).
Tutorial Sheet No. 5: Applications of Integration 13

Tutorial Sheet No. 5:

Applications of Integration
(1) Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves in each of the
following cases.
√ √
(i) x + y = 1, x = 0 and y = 0
(ii) y = x4 − 2x2 and y = 2x2 .
(iii) x = 3y − y 2 and x + y = 3
(2) Let f (x) = x − x2 and g(x) = ax. Determine a so that the region above
the graph of g and below the graph of f has area 4.5
(3) Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 6a cos θ and outside the
cardioid r = 2a(1 + cos θ).
(4) Find the arc length of the each of the curves described below.
Z x √ x = t − sin t, y = 1 − cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
(i) the cycloid
(ii) y = cos 2t dt, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/4.
0
(5) For the following curve, find the arc length as well as the the area of the
surface generated by revolving it about the line y = −1.
x3 1
y= + , 1≤x≤3
3 4x
(6) The cross sections of a certain solid by planes perpendicular to the x-axis
are circles with diameters extending from the curve y = x2 to the curve
y = 8 − x2 . The solid lies between the points of intersection of these two
curves. Find its volume.
(7) Find the volume common to the cylinders x2 + y 2 = a2 and y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
(8) A fixed line L in 3-space and a square of side r in a plane perpendicular
to L are given. One vertex of the square is on L. As this vertex moves a
distance h along L, the square turns through a full revolution with L as
the axis. Find the volume of the solid generated by this motion.
(9) Find the volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by the
curves y = 3 − x2 and y = −1 is revolved about the line y = −1, by both
the Washer Method and the Shell Method.
√
(10) A round hole of radius 3 cms is bored through the center of a solid
ball of radius 2 cms. Find the volume cut out.
14 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No. 6:

Functions of two variables, Limits, Continuity
(1) Find the natural domains of the following functions of two variables:

xy
(i) (ii) ln(x2 + y 2 )
x2
− y2
(2) Describe the level curves and the contour lines for the following functions
corresponding to the values c = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 :
(i) f (x, y) = x − y (ii) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 (iii) f (x, y) = xy
(3) Using definition, examine the following functions for continuity at (0, 0).
The expressions below give the value at (x, y) ̸= (0, 0). At (0, 0), the value
should be taken as zero:
x3 y x2 − y 2
(i) (ii) xy (iii) ||x| − |y|| − |x| − |y|.
x6 + y 2 x2 + y 2
(4) Suppose f, g : R → R are continuous functions. Show that each of the
following functions of (x, y) ∈ R2 are continuous:
(i) f (x) ± g(y) (ii) f (x)g(y) (iii) max{f (x), g(y)}
(iv) min{f (x), g(y)}.
(5) Let
x2 y 2
f (x, y) = for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0).
x2 y 2 + (x − y)2
Show that the iterated limits
  h i
lim lim f (x, y) and lim lim f (x, y)
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0

exist and both are equal to 0, but lim f (x, y) does not exist.
(x,y)→(0,0)

(6) Examine the following functions for the existence of partial derivatives
at (0, 0). The expressions below give the value at (x, y) ̸= (0, 0). At (0, 0),
the value should be taken as zero.
x2 − y 2
(i) xy 2
x + y2
sin2 (x + y)
(ii)
|x| + |y|
(7) Let f (0, 0) = 0 and
1
f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 ) sin for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0).
x2 + y 2
Show that f is continuous at (0, 0), and the partial derivatives of f exist
but are not bounded in any disc (howsoever small) around (0, 0).
Tutorial Sheet No. 6: Functions of two variables, Limits, Continuity 15

(8) Let f (0, 0) = 0 and


 x sin(1/x) + y sin(1/y), if x ̸= 0, y ̸= 0
f (x, y) = x sin 1/x, if x ̸= 0, y = 0
y sin 1/y, ̸ 0, x = 0.
if y =


Show that none of the partial derivatives of f exist at (0, 0) although f is

continuous at (0, 0).
(9) Examine the following functions for the existence of directional deriva-
tives and differentiability at (0, 0). The expressions below give the value
at (x, y) ̸= (0, 0). At (0, 0), the value should be taken as zero:
x2 − y 2 x3 1
(i) xy 2 2
(ii) 2 2
(iii) (x2 + y 2 ) sin 2
x +y x +y x + y2
(10) Let f (x, y) = 0 if y = 0 and
y p 2
f (x, y) = x + y 2 if y ̸= 0.
|y|
Show that f is continuous at (0, 0), Du f (0, 0) exists for every vector u,
yet f is not differentiable at (0, 0).
16 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No. 7:

Maxima, Minima, Saddle Points
(1) Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + 2xy − y 2 + z 2 . Find the gradient of F at (1, −1, 3)
and the equations of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface
F (x, y, z) = 7 at (1, −1, 3).
(2) Find Du F (2, 2, 1), where F (x, y, z) = 3x−5y+2z, and u is the unit vector
in the direction of the outward normal to the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at
(2, 2, 1).
∂2z
(3) Given sin(x + y) + sin(y + z) = 1, find , provided cos(y + z) ̸= 0.
∂x∂y
(4) If f (0, 0) = 0 and
x2 − y 2
f (x, y) = xy for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
x2 + y 2
show that both fxy and fyx exist at (0, 0), but they are not equal. Are
fxy and fyx continuous at (0, 0)?
(5) Show that the following functions have local minima at the indicated
points.
(i) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4 + 4x − 32y − 7, (x0 , y0 ) = (−1, 2)

(ii) f (x, y) = x3 + 3x2 − 2xy + 5y 2 − 4y 3 , (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0)

(6) Analyze the following functions for local maxima, local minima and sad-
dle points :
2 2
(i) f (x, y) = (x2 − y 2 )e−(x +y )/2 (ii) f (x, y) = x3 − 3xy 2
(7) Find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum of
f (x, y) = (x2 − 4x) cos y for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, −π/4 ≤ y ≤ π/4.
(8) The temperature at a point (x, y, z) in 3-space is given by T (x, y, z) =
400xyz. Find the highest temperature on the unit sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
(9) Maximize the f (x, y, z) = xyz subject to the constraints
x + y + z = 40 and x + y = z.
(10) Minimize f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the constraints
x + 2y + 3z = 6 and x + 3y + 4z = 9.
Answers: Tutorial
Sheets 0-7

Tutorial sheet No. 0:

(1) False
(2) False
(3) False
(4) True
(5) True.
(6) False
(7) True
(8) False
(9) True
(10) True.
(11) True
(12) True

Tutorial sheet No. 1

(1) For a given ϵ > 0, select n0 ∈ N satisfying:
10 5−ϵ 1 2
(i) n0 > , (ii) n0 > , (iii) n0 > 3 , (iv) n0 > .
ϵ 3ϵ ϵ ϵ
(2) The limits of the sequences are as follows:
(i) 1, (ii) 0, (iii) 0, (iv) 1, (v) 0, (vi) 1/2.
(3) (i) Not convergent, (ii) Not convergent.
(4) (i) Decreasing, (ii) Increasing, (iii) Increasing.

17
18 Answers: Tutorial Sheets 0-7

(5) Hint: In each case, use induction on n to show that {an } is bounded and
monotonic.
√ The limits are:
(i) 2, (ii) 2, (iii) 6.
(7) Hint: Consider ϵ = L/2.
(9) Both the statements are False.

Tutorial sheet No. 2

(1) (i) False, (ii) True, (iii) True.
(2) Yes. The converse is False.
(3) (i) Not continuous at α = 0
(ii) Continuous
(iii) Continuous everywhere except at x = 2
(5) Continuous for x ̸= 0, not continuous at x = 0.
(7) The converse is False .
 
−1 −1 1 −1
(9) (i) p =p , (ii) q , |x| > 1.
1 − cos2 (x) 1 − y2 (1 − 1
) x2
x2

2x − 1 2
 
3
(10) sin .
(x + 1)2 x+1

Tutorial sheet No. 3

(8) (i) Not possible
(ii) Possible
(iii) Not possible
(iv) Possible
(9) The absolute maximum is 13 which is attained at x = ±2 and the abso-
lute minimum is −14 which is attained at x = 5.
p(4 + π)
(10) h = .
2(8 + 3π)

Tutorial sheet No. 4

(4) (i) True .
(ii) False; consider f (x) = g(x) = 1 + sin(x), c = 0.
2 π √ 1 2 √ 19
(7) (i) , (ii) , (iii) 2( 2 − 1), (iv) 0, (v) + (4 2 − 1) + .
5 4 2 5 3
y dy
(8) (a) p =y
1 + y 2 dx
(b) (i) F ′ (x) = 2 cos(4x2 ), (ii) F ′ (x) = 2x cos(x2 ).
Tutorial Sheet No. 6 19

Tutorial Sheet No. 5

1 128 4
(1) (i) , (ii) , (iii) .
6 15 3
(2) a = −2
(3) 4πa2
(4) (i) 8, (ii) 1.
 
dy 2 1
(5) =x + − 2
dx s 4x
 2 r
ds dy 1 1 1
= 1+ = 1 + x4 + − = x2 + 2
dx dx 16x4 2 4x
 
53 5
Therefore L = . The surface area is 101 π.
6 18
512π
(6)
15
16a3
(7) Volume is
3
(8) Volume is r2 h
(9) 29 π/15
28π
(10) .
3

Tutorial Sheet No. 6

(1) (i) {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= ±y}.
(ii) R2 − {(0, 0)}
(2) (i) Level curves are parallel lines x − y = c. Contours are the same lines
shifted to z = c. (same c)

(ii) Level curves do not exist for c ≤ −1. It is just a point for c = 0 and
are concentric circles for c = 1, 2, 3, 4. Contours are the sections of
paraboloid of revolution z = x2 + y 2 by z = c, i.e., concentric circles
in the plane z = c.
(iii) Level curves are rectangular hyperbolas. Branches are in first and
third quadrant for for c > 0 and in second and fourth quadrant for
c < 0. For c = 0 it is the union of x-axis and y-axis.
(3) (i) Discontinuous at (0, 0)
(ii) Continuous at (0, 0)
(iii) Continuous at (0, 0)
(6) (i) fx (0, 0) = 0 = fy (0, 0).
(ii) f is continuous at (0, 0). Both fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0) do not exist.
20 Answers: Tutorial Sheets 0-7

(9) (i) (D⃗v f ) (0, 0) exists and equals 0 for every ⃗v ∈ R2 ;

f is also differentiable at (0, 0).
(ii) It is not differentiable, but for every vector ⃗v = (a, b), D⃗v f (0, 0)
exists.
(iii) (D⃗v f ) (0, 0) = 0; f is differentiable at (0, 0).

Tutotial Sheet No. 7

(1) Tangent plane:
0.(x − 1) + 4(y + 1) + 6(z − 3) = 0, i.e., 2y + 3z = 7
Normal line: x = 1, 3y − 2z + 9 = 0
2
(2) −
3
sin (x + y) cos2 (x + y)
(3) + tan (y + z) 2 .
cos (y + z) cos (y + z)
(6) (i) (0,√0) is a saddle point;
(± 2,√0) are local maxima;
((0, ± 2) are local minima.
(ii) (0, 0) is a saddle point.
√
(7) fmin = −4 at (2, 0) and fmax = −3/ 2 at (3, ±π/4)
400
(8) Tmax = √ at
3 3
   
1 1 1 1 1 1
√ ,√ ,√ , √ , −√ , −√ ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
   
1 1 1 1 1 1
−√ , √ , −√ , −√ , −√ , √
3 3 3 3 3 3
(9) F (10, 10, 20) = 2000 is the maximum value.
(10) At (x, y, z) = (−1, 2, 1), f (−1, 2, 1) = 6 is the minimum value.