Class 22 - Determinant, Adjoint, Inverse, Identity Matrix

Date: 04/01/2021
Class: #22
Syllabus Topic: Matrices
Title: Determinant, Adjoint, Inverse of a matrix, Identity Matrix
Determinant of a matrix
The determinant of a matrix is a NUMBER.
𝒂 𝒃
Matrices are of the general form: ( )
𝒄 𝒅
Example:
𝑎 𝑏 2 0
( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 −1 4
By comparing the equivalent matrices, we have:
𝑎=2
𝑏=0
𝑐 = −1
𝑑=4
Formula for determinant
The formula to find the determinant is given by:
det = 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
Example:
3 2
𝐴=( )
−1 0
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
= (3)(0) − (2)(−1)
= 0 − (−2)
=0+2
=2
Singular Matrices
A matrix is singular if and only if its determinant is equal to zero.
Worked Examples
Find the determinant of the following matrices:
3 −2
1. 𝐴 = ( )
4 3
−2 0
2. 𝐵 = ( )
3 −4
𝑎 1
3. 𝑃 = ( )
10 14
−6 −3
4. 𝑄 = ( )
4 2
5. Which of these matrices are singular?
Solution:
3 −2
1. 𝐴 = ( )
4 3
det(𝐴) = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
det (𝐴) = (3)(3) − (−2)(4)
det (𝐴) = 9 + 8
det (𝐴) = 17
−2 0
2. 𝐵 = ( )
3 −4
det (𝐵) = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
= (−2)(−4) − (0)(3)
= 8−0
=8
𝑎 1
3. 𝑃 = ( )
10 14
det (𝑃) = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 Note: We cannot

simplify any further.
= (𝑎)(14) − (1)(10)
= 14𝑎 − 10
−6 −3
4. 𝑄 = ( )
4 2
det (𝑄) = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
= (−6)(2) − (−3)(4)
= −12 − (−12)
= −12 + 12
=0
5. Which of these matrices are singular?
We cannot determine if the matrix 𝑃 in number 3 is singular because we do not
10 5
know the value of 𝑎. Only if 𝑎 = 14 = 7 , then the matrix is singular.
The matrix 𝑄 in number 4 is singular because its determinant is equal to zero.

Adjoint of a matrix
The adjoint of a matrix is a MATRIX.

𝑎 𝑏
General form of a matrix = ( )
𝑐 𝑑
𝒅 −𝒃
Adjoint of a matrix = ( )
−𝒄 𝒂
Examples:
Matrix Adjoint
2 3 −1 −3
( ) ⟹ ( )
5 −1 −5 2
1 15 −4 −15
( ) ⟹ ( )
−2 −4 2 1
Question 1:
1 −3
Find the adjoint of 𝐴 = ( )
2 −4
Solution:
𝑑 −𝑏
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = ( )
−𝑐 𝑎
−4 3
=( )
−2 1
Question 2:
−10 −6
Find the adjoint of 𝐵 = ( )
−3 7
Solution:
𝑑 −𝑏
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐵) = ( )
−𝑐 𝑎
7 6
=( )
3 −10
Question 3:
Find the adjoint of 𝑃.
3 𝑚
𝑃=( )
−2 4
Solution:
𝑑 −𝑏
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑃) = ( )
−𝑐 𝑎
4 −𝑚
=( )
2 3
Inverse of a Matrix
Recall:
Additive inverse:
4 ⟹ −4
Note: The additive
−2 ⟹ 2 inverse is the value when
added to the number,
6 ⟹ −6 gives 0.
1 1
⟹ −2
2
𝑎 ⟹ −𝑎
Multiplicative inverse:
2 3
⟹
3 2
Note: The multiplicative
1
3 ⟹ inverse is the value when
3
multiplied to the number,
1 gives 1.
−2 ⟹ −2
𝒂 𝒃
⟹
𝒃 𝒂
There is also something called the “INVERSE MATRIX”.
We use the determinant and the adjoint to find the inverse of a matrix.
This concept is related to the “opposition” of the matrix.
Let 𝐴 be a matrix.
The inverse of 𝐴 is written as 𝑨−𝟏 .
The formula for the inverse of a matrix is:
𝟏
Inverse = 𝒅ⅇ𝒕ⅇ𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒕 (𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕)
Question 1:
−3 2
𝐴=( )
−2 2
Find 𝐴−1 .
Solution:
determinant adjoint
𝑑 −𝑏
𝑑𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = ( )
−𝑐 𝑎
2 −2
= (−3)(2) − (2)(−2) =( )
2 −3
= −6 − (−4)
= −6 + 4
= −2
1
𝐴−1 = (𝑎𝑑𝑗)
𝑑𝑒𝑡
1 2 −2
= −2 ( )
2 −3
2 −2
= (−2
2
−2
−3)
Ensure to simplify your fractions!
−2 −2
−1 1
= (−1 3 )
2
Question 2:
2 −1
𝑄=( )
−4 6
Find 𝑄 −1.
Solution:
𝑑 −𝑏
𝑑𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑄) = ( )
−𝑐 𝑎
6 1
= (2)(6) − (−1)(−4) =( )
4 2
= 12 − 4
=8
1
𝑄 −1 = (𝑎𝑑𝑗)
𝑑𝑒𝑡
1 6 1
= 8( )
4 2
6 1
= (84 8
2)
8 8
3 1
= (41 8
1)
2 4
Identity matrix
Recall:
3+𝟎 =3
5 ×𝟏 = 5
• 0 is the additive identity.

• 1 is the multiplicative identity.
For matrices, there is only one identity matrix, 𝐼, where:
1 0
𝐼 =( )
0 1
When a matrix 𝐴 is multiplied by the identity matrix, the result does not change:
1 0
𝐴×( )=𝐴
0 1
𝐼 is commutative, meaning that, for a matrix 𝐴:

𝐼 ×𝐴=𝐴 ×𝐼 =𝐴
Example
2 3
𝐴=( )
−7 1
2 3 1 0
𝐴𝐼 = ( )( )
−7 1 0 1
(2 × 1) + (3 × 0) (2 × 0) + (3 × 1)
=( )
(−7 × 1) + (1 × 0) (−7 × 0) + (1 × 1)
2+0 0+3
=( )
−7 + 0 0 + 1
2 3
=( )
−7 1

Class 22 - Determinant, Adjoint, Inverse, Identity Matrix

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Date: 04/01/2021

Syllabus Topic: Matrices

Title: Determinant, Adjoint, Inverse of a matrix, Identity Matrix

The determinant of a matrix is a NUMBER.

By comparing the equivalent matrices, we have:

Formula for determinant

The formula to find the determinant is given by:

A matrix is singular if and only if its determinant is equal to zero.

Find the determinant of the following matrices:

5. Which of these matrices are singular?

det (𝐴) = (3)(3) − (−2)(4)

det (𝑃) = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 Note: We cannot

5. Which of these matrices are singular?

We cannot determine if the matrix 𝑃 in number 3 is singular because we do not

The matrix 𝑄 in number 4 is singular because its determinant is equal to zero.

The adjoint of a matrix is a MATRIX.

Find the adjoint of 𝑃.

This concept is related to the “opposition” of the matrix.

The inverse of 𝐴 is written as 𝑨−𝟏 .

The formula for the inverse of a matrix is:

• 0 is the additive identity.

For matrices, there is only one identity matrix, 𝐼, where:

𝐼 is commutative, meaning that, for a matrix 𝐴:

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