Chapter 2 Matrix Operations

2.1 ADDITION OF MATRICES

Key focus:

• Add matrices when this is possible

• Show the commutative property for
matrix addition
• Show the associative property for
matrix addition
• Show the distributive property for
matrix addition

Matrix addition is only possible when the dimensions of the matrices are
the same. Addition is done by adding the corresponding elements of each
matrix involved in the addition.

EXAMPLE: 28
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 𝑙𝑙
If A=�𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 � and 𝐵𝐵 = �𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜� , determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟

Solution:
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑗𝑗 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑙𝑙
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = �𝑑𝑑 + 𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑜𝑜�
𝑔𝑔 + 𝑝𝑝 ℎ + 𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟
Notice the dimension each of the matrices is the same (same number of
rows and columns). The sum is also of the same dimension (3,3).
EXAMPLE: 29
1 −3
If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
2 1

Solution:
1 −3
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = � � + � �
2 1
1−3
=� �
2+1
−2
=� �
3
Notice the dimension each of the matrices is (2,1). The sum is also of the
same dimension (2,1).

EXAMPLE: 30
If 𝐴𝐴 = (3 2 4), 𝐵𝐵 = (−1 2 −3) and 𝐶𝐶 = (4 −5 6), determine:
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶.
Solution:
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 = (3 2 4) + (−1 2 −3) + (4 −5 6)
= (3 − 1 + 4 2+2−5 4 − 3 + 6)
= (6 −1 7)
Notice the dimension each of the matrices is (1,3). The sum is also of the
same dimension (1,3).
EXAMPLE: 31
0 3 −3 3
If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
2 4 4 −1
Solution:
0 3 −3 3
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = � �+� �
2 4 4 −1
0−3 3+3
=� �
2+4 4−1
−3 6
=� �
6 3

Notice the dimension each of the matrices is (2,2). The sum is also of the
same dimension (2,2).

EXAMPLE: 32
1 −1
If 𝐴𝐴 = �2� and 𝐵𝐵 = �−2�, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵. Give the dimension and type
3 −3
of the resulting matrix.
Solution:
1 −1
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = �2� + �−2�
3 −3
1−1
= �2 − 2�
3−3
0
= �0�
0
Dimension (3,1) Type: Null matrix.
EXAMPLE: 33
1 2 3 3 2 1
If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
4 5 6 6 5 4
Solution:
1 2 3 3 2 1
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = � �+� �
4 5 6 6 5 4
1+3 2+2 3+1
=� �
4+6 5+5 6+4
4 4 4
=� �
10 10 10
Notice the dimension each of the matrices is (2,3). The sum is also of the
same dimension (2,3).

EXAMPLE: 34
1 −1 1 0 −1 5
If 𝐴𝐴 = �2 −2� , 𝐵𝐵 = �0 0 � and 𝐶𝐶 = � 0 7� , determine:
3 −3 1 6 −1 3
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶.
Solution:
1 −1 1 0 −1 5
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 = �2 −2� + �0 0� + � 0 7�
3 −3 1 6 −1 3
1 + 1 − 1 −1 + 0 + 5
= �2 + 0 + 0 −2 + 0 + 7�
3 + 1 − 1 −3 + 6 + 3
1 4
= �2 5�
3 6
Notice the dimension each of the matrices is (3,2). The sum is also of the
same dimension (3,2).
EXAMPLE: 8
−3 3 1
If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
4 1 2
Solution:
The sum does not exist (the dimensions of the matrices are different)

COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY FOR ADDITION

For any matrix A and B of the same order, 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴.
EXAMPLE: 35
1 3 4 6
If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, show that 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴.
2 4 5 7
Solution:
1 3 4 6 5 9
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = � �+� �=� �
2 4 5 7 7 3
4 6 1 3 5 9
𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴 = � �+� �=� �
5 7 2 4 7 3
∴ 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴.

ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY FOR ADDITION

For any matrix A, B and C of the same order,
𝐴𝐴 + (𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + 𝐶𝐶.
EXAMPLE: 36
1 3 2 6 1 2
If 𝐴𝐴 = � � , 𝐵𝐵 = � � and 𝐶𝐶 = � �, show that:
2 4 4 8 2 1
𝐴𝐴 + (𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + 𝐶𝐶.
Solution:

1 3 2 6 1 2
𝐴𝐴 + (𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 ) = � � + �� �+� ��
2 4 4 8 2 1
 1 3 3 8
=� �+� �
2 4 6 9
4 11
=� �
8 13

(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + 𝐶𝐶 = ��1 3 2 6 1 2

�+� �� + � �
2 4 4 8 2 1
3 9 1 2
=� �+� �
6 12 2 1
4 11
=� �
8 13
∴ 𝐴𝐴 + (𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + 𝐶𝐶.
This means that the associative property for addition holds.

DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
For any matrix A and B of the same order,𝑘𝑘 (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.

EXAMPLE: 37
1 2 −1 3 1 2
If A=�4 1 2 � and 𝐵𝐵 = �−2 4 3�, show that
3 5 6 −5 3 0
2(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) = 2𝐴𝐴 + 2𝐵𝐵
Solution:

1 2 −1 3 1 2
2(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) = 2 ��4 1 2 � + �−2 4 3��
3 5 6 −5 3 0
4 3 1
= 2� 2 5 5�
−2 8 6
 8 6 2
= � 4 10 10�
−4 16 12
1 2 −1 3 1 2
2𝐴𝐴 + 2𝐵𝐵 = 2 �4 1 2 � + 2 �−2 4 3�
3 5 6 −5 3 0
2 4 −2 6 2 4
= �8 2 4 � + � −4 8 6�
6 10 12 −10 6 0
2+6 4 + 2 −2 + 4
=�8−4 2+8 4+6 �
6 − 10 10 + 6 12 + 0
8 6 2
= � 4 10 10�
−4 16 12
∴ 2(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) = 2𝐴𝐴 + 2𝐵𝐵
This means that the distributive property for addition holds.

DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
For any matrix A (𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘 )𝐴𝐴 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.
EXAMPLE: 38
1 3 −1
If A=�2 1 −2�, show that (2 + 3)𝐴𝐴 = 2𝐴𝐴 + 3𝐴𝐴.
9 4 3
Solution:
1 3−1 5 15 −5
5𝐴𝐴 = 5 �2 1−2� = �10 5 −10�
9 4 3 45 20 15
1 3 −1 1 3 −1
2𝐴𝐴 + 3𝐴𝐴 = 2 �2 1 −2� + 3 �2 1 −2�
9 4 3 9 4 3
 2 6 −2 3 9 −3
= � 4 2 −4� + � 6 3 −6�
18 8 6 27 12 9
2+3 6 + 9 −2 − 3
=� 4+6 2 + 3 −4 − 6�
18 + 27 8 + 12 6 + 9
5 15 −5
= �10 5 −10�
45 20 15

∴ (2 + 3)𝐴𝐴 = 2𝐴𝐴 + 3𝐴𝐴.

This means that the distributive property for scalar addition holds.

EXERCISE: 3 (Addition of Matrices)

𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏2
a) If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � 2 �, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
𝑐𝑐1 𝑑𝑑1 𝑐𝑐2 𝑑𝑑2

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 𝑙𝑙
b) If 𝐴𝐴 = �𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓� and 𝐵𝐵 = �𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜�, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟

1 5 −1 −4
c) If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
−1 2 2 −2

 2 −1 3 0   − 3 1 − 4 2
d) If 𝐴𝐴 =   and 𝐵𝐵 =   , determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
 1 2 4 − 5   − 2 2 − 2 3 

3 2 1 −7 −3 1
e) If A=�1 2 3� and 𝐵𝐵 = � 4 −1 2 �, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
4 5 6 −1 −2 −3

5 4 1 −2 1 3
f) If A=�3 6 2� and 𝐵𝐵 = �−4 2 −1�, determine 2𝐴𝐴 + 3𝐵𝐵.
1 4 8 2 3 2
 2 1 5 3 2 −1 −1 0 3
g) If A=�6 2 −3�, 𝐵𝐵 = �4 0 2 � and 𝐶𝐶 = �−2 4 1� , show
4 5 −1 6 −3 1 −3 2 5
that 𝐴𝐴 + (𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 ) = (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + 𝐶𝐶.

1 −2 −4 3 1 0
h) If A=�3 1 2 � and 𝐵𝐵 = �−2 2 1�, show that
0 1 2 4 3 2

−3(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) = −3𝐴𝐴 − 3𝐵𝐵

−2 1 3
1 5
i) If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = �−4 2 −1�, determine 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵.
−1 2
2 3 2

4 2 −1
j) If A=� 2 1 3 �, show that (2 + 5)𝐴𝐴 = 2𝐴𝐴 + 5𝐴𝐴.
−1 3 −2

3 2 −2 4 −1 2
k) If A=�2 1 3 � and B=� 2 −1 1 � show that 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐴𝐴.
1 3 −1 3 2 −3

EXERCISE: 3 (Addition of Matrices: Memo)

𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑏2
a) � �
𝑐𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑐2 𝑑𝑑1 + 𝑑𝑑2

𝑎𝑎 + 𝑗𝑗 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐 + 𝑙𝑙
b) �𝑑𝑑 + 𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑜𝑜�
𝑔𝑔 + 𝑝𝑝 ℎ + 𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖 + 𝑟𝑟

0 1
c) � �
1 0

 −1 0 −1 2 
d)  
 −1 4 2 − 2 
 4 −1 2
e) �5 1 5�
3 3 3

4 11 11
f) �−6 18 1�
8 17 22

4 3 7
g) �8 6 0�
7 4 5

−12 3 12
h) � −3 −9 −9 �
−12 −12 −12

i) Undefined

28 14 −7
j) � 14 7 21 �
−7 21 −14

7 1 0
k) �4 0 4�
4 5 −4
2.2 SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
Key focus:

• Subtract matrices when this is

possible
• Matrix subtraction is not
commutative
• Matrix subtraction is not
associative

We can subtract matrices of the same dimension by subtracting their

corresponding elements.
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 𝑙𝑙
If A=�𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 � and 𝐵𝐵 = �𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜� then
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎 − 𝑗𝑗 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑙𝑙
𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 = �𝑑𝑑 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑜𝑜�
𝑔𝑔 − 𝑝𝑝 ℎ − 𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖 − 𝑟𝑟
Notice the dimension each of the matrices is the same. The difference is
also of the same dimension (3,3).

EXAMPLE: 39
3 −2
If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵.
5 3
3 −2
Solution: 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 = � � − � �
5 3
3+2
=� �
5−3
 5
=� �
2

EXAMPLE: 40
−1 2 2 −3
If 𝐴𝐴 = � �and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵.
3 −4 1 5
Solution:
−1 2 2 −3
𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 = � �−� �
3 −4 1 5
−1 − 2 2 + 3
=� �
3 − 1 −4 − 5
−3 5
=� �
2 −9

EXAMPLE: 41
1 2 −1 2 3 1
If 𝐴𝐴 = � 3 1 5 �and 𝐵𝐵 = �−2 0 −3�, determine 𝐴𝐴 − 2𝐵𝐵.
−4 −1 0 5 −2 −3
Solution:
1 2 −1 2 3 1
𝐴𝐴 − 2𝐵𝐵 = � 3 1 5 � − 2 �−2 0 −3�
−4 −1 0 5 −2 −3
1 2 −1 4 6 2
=� 3 1 5 � − �−4 0 −6�
−4 −1 0 10 −4 −6
1−4 2 − 6 −1 − 2
=� 3+4 1−0 5+6 �
−4 − 10 −1 + 4 0 + 6
−3 −4 −3
=� 7 1 11 �
−14 3 6
EXAMPLE: 42
1 4 7 7 2 1
If 2𝑋𝑋 − �2 5 8� = �2 5 4 �, determine 𝑋𝑋.
3 6 9 3 2 −3
Solution:
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 1 4 7 7 2 1
2 �𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓� − �2 5 8� = �2 5 4�
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 3 6 9 3 2 −3
2𝑎𝑎 − 1 = 7 2𝑏𝑏 − 4 = 2 2𝑐𝑐 − 7 = 1
𝑎𝑎 = 4 𝑏𝑏 = 3 𝑐𝑐 = 4
2𝑑𝑑 − 2 = 2 2𝑒𝑒 − 5 = 5 2𝑓𝑓 − 8 = 4
𝑑𝑑 = 2 𝑒𝑒 = 5 𝑓𝑓 = 6
2𝑔𝑔 − 3 = 3 2ℎ − 6 = 2 2𝑖𝑖 − 9 = −3
𝑔𝑔 = 3 ℎ=4 𝑖𝑖 = 6

4 3 4
∴𝑋𝑋 = �2 5 6�
3 6 6

EXERCISE: 4 (Subtraction of Matrices)

𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏2
a) If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � 2 �, determine 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵.
𝑐𝑐1 𝑑𝑑1 𝑐𝑐2 𝑑𝑑2

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑗𝑗 𝑘𝑘 𝑙𝑙
b) If 𝐴𝐴 = �𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 � and 𝐵𝐵 = �𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜�, determine 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵.
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟

0 3 −4 −3
c) If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵.
−1 2 1 −2

−1 4 3 −2
d) If 𝐴𝐴 = � 2 3� and 𝐵𝐵 = �4 3 �, determine 2𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵.
3 6 1 2
 2 2 1 −3 −2 0
e) If A=�1 3 −4� and 𝐵𝐵 = � 2 −1 2 �, determine 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵.
4 3 −9 −1 −2 −3

3 4 −3 −2 1 2
f) If A=�2 5 2 � and 𝐵𝐵 = �−2 −2 −1�, determine 3𝐴𝐴 − 2𝐵𝐵.
1 6 −1 1 3 −3

1 3 −3 2
g) Solve for 𝑋𝑋, if 𝑋𝑋 − � �=� �.
2 4 1 0

4 5 2 −1
h) Solve for 𝑋𝑋, if � � − 2𝑋𝑋 = � �.
−3 2 −1 6

𝑥𝑥 + 2 3 3 𝑥𝑥 − 5
i) If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝐵𝐵 = � �, determine 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵.
4 𝑦𝑦 − 1 𝑥𝑥 − 3 1

−1 2 3 5 −10 0
j) Solve for 𝑋𝑋, if � 4 −2 1� − 3𝑋𝑋 = �−11 7 −2�.
6 −1 0 12 −1 −3
Prove that the matrix 𝑋𝑋 cannot represent collinear points.

EXERCISE: 4 (Subtraction of Matrices: Memo)

𝑎𝑎1 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏1 − 𝑏𝑏2
a) � �
𝑐𝑐1 − 𝑐𝑐2 𝑑𝑑1 − 𝑑𝑑2

𝑎𝑎 − 𝑗𝑗 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑙𝑙
b) �𝑑𝑑 − 𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑜𝑜�
𝑔𝑔 − 𝑝𝑝 ℎ − 𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖 − 𝑟𝑟
 4 6
c) � �
−2 4

−5 10
d) � 0 3�
5 10

5 4 1
e) �−1 4 −6�
5 5 −6

13 10 −13
f) �10 19 8 �
1 12 3

−2 5
g) 𝑋𝑋 = � �
3 4

1 3
h) 𝑋𝑋 = � �
−1 −2

𝑥𝑥 − 1 8 − 𝑥𝑥
i) 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 = � �
7 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 − 2

−2 4 1
j) 𝑋𝑋 = � 5 −3 1�
−2 0 1
EQUIVALENT MATRICES
Key focus:

• Compare elements of equal

matrices
• Find values of variables that make
matrices equal

DEFINITION: Equivalent matrices

Two matrices are equal if they have the same dimension (each matrix has
the same number of rows and columns) and all the corresponding
elements in each matrix are equal.
𝑎𝑎11 𝑎𝑎12 𝑏𝑏11 𝑏𝑏12
If 𝐴𝐴 = �𝑎𝑎 � and 𝐵𝐵 = � � are equal matrices then we can
21 𝑎𝑎22 𝑏𝑏21 𝑏𝑏22
write 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵. This means that:
𝑎𝑎11 = 𝑏𝑏11 𝑎𝑎12 = 𝑏𝑏12
𝑎𝑎21 = 𝑏𝑏21 𝑎𝑎22 = 𝑏𝑏22
This is only true if both matrices are of the same order.

EXAMPLE: 43
Find the value of the variables to make the matrix equation true:
2𝑥𝑥 5 1 6 5 1
�8 −𝑦𝑦 6�=�8 −7 6�
10 𝑧𝑧 + 2 12 10 12 12
Solution:
 2𝑥𝑥 = 6
𝑥𝑥 = 3

−𝑦𝑦 = −7
𝑦𝑦 = 7

𝑧𝑧 + 2 = 12
𝑧𝑧 = 10

EXAMPLE: 44
1 −2 𝑦𝑦 3 4 −5
If � �−� �=� �, find the product 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥.
3 −𝑥𝑥 5 −1 −2 2
Solution:
1 −2 𝑦𝑦 3 4 −5
� �−� �=� �
3 −𝑥𝑥 5 −1 −2 2
1 − 𝑦𝑦 −2 − 3 4 −5
� �=� �
3−5 −𝑥𝑥 + 1 −2 2
1 − 𝑦𝑦 −5 4 −5
� �=� �
−2 −𝑥𝑥 + 1 −2 2
1 − 𝑦𝑦 = 4
−𝑦𝑦 = 4 − 1
𝑦𝑦 = −3
−𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 2
−𝑥𝑥 = 2 − 1
𝑥𝑥 = −1
∴ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = (−1)(−3) = 3
EXERCISE: 5 (Equivalent Matrices)
Find the value of the variables to make the matrix equation true:

𝑥𝑥 + 2 2𝑥𝑥 − 4 𝑦𝑦 + 5 𝑧𝑧 − 5
a) �𝑦𝑦 − 1 2𝑧𝑧 + 3� = �6 − 3𝑥𝑥 2𝑦𝑦 + 13�
𝑧𝑧 + 3 2𝑦𝑦 2𝑥𝑥 + 4 𝑧𝑧 − 7

𝑎𝑎 + 1 2𝑎𝑎 − 1 2𝑏𝑏 − 4 𝑐𝑐 − 3
b) �𝑏𝑏 + 2 1 − 2𝑏𝑏 � = � 𝑐𝑐 + 4 𝑏𝑏 − 5�
𝑐𝑐 + 3 2𝑐𝑐 − 1 3𝑎𝑎 + 6 −1

−1 𝑥𝑥 2 3 1 2
c) � �+� �=� �
2𝑦𝑦 1 1 4 3 5

4 −2 𝑥𝑥 1
d) �1 0 � = �1 𝑦𝑦 − 4�
𝑧𝑧
3 6 3
2

Solve for matrix 𝑋𝑋 if:

3 5
e) 𝑋𝑋 − � � = � �
−2 1
5 1 3 −5
f) � � − 2𝑋𝑋 = � �
−2 4 2 4
1 3 3 −3
g) 𝑋𝑋 − �−5 2� = �3 −3�
4 1 3 −3

EXERCISE: 5 (Equivalent Matrices Memo)

a) 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝑦𝑦 = −2, 𝑧𝑧 = 3
b) 𝑎𝑎 = −1, 𝑏𝑏 = 2, 𝑐𝑐 = 0
c) 𝑥𝑥 = −1, 𝑦𝑦 = 1
d) 𝑥𝑥 = 4, 𝑦𝑦 = 4, 𝑧𝑧 = 12
8
e) 𝑋𝑋 = � �
−1
 2 6
f) 𝑋𝑋 = � �
−4 0

4 0
g) 𝑋𝑋 = � 2 −1�
−7 4

EVALUATION A FUNCTION USING A MATRIX

Key focus:

• Evaluate functions using matrices

• Change scalars to matrices using
the unit matrix

We can evaluate a function using matrices. Consider the function

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3 and the matrix 𝐴𝐴. By replacing 𝑥𝑥 with 𝐴𝐴 we have
𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 2𝐴𝐴 − 3, 𝐴𝐴 ia a matrix and 3 is a scalar. We multiply 3 into a
1 0
2 × 2 identity matrix � � so 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 2𝐴𝐴 − 3𝐼𝐼.
0 1

EXAMPLE: 45
1 3
Evaluate the function 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 2𝐴𝐴 − 3, where 𝐴𝐴 = � �.
2 4
Solution:
𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 2𝐴𝐴 − 3 Notice 3 is a scalar so we multiply by the unit matrix I to
make it a matrix.
1 3 2 6
2𝐴𝐴 = 2 � �=� �
2 4 4 8
1 0 3 0
3𝐼𝐼 = 3 � �=� �
0 1 0 3
2 6 3 0
𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 2𝐴𝐴 − 3𝐼𝐼 = � �−� �
4 8 0 3
−1 6
=� �
4 5
EXAMPLE: 46
−1 2
If 𝐴𝐴 = � � and 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 3, evaluate 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴).
3 −4
Solution:
𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 𝐴𝐴2 − 2𝐴𝐴 + 3
= 𝐴𝐴2 − 2𝐴𝐴 + 3𝐼𝐼
−1 2
𝐴𝐴 = � �
3 −4
−1 2 −1 2
𝐴𝐴2 = � �� �
3 −4 3 −4
7 −10
=� �
−15 22
−1 2
−2𝐴𝐴 = −2 � �
3 −4
2 −4
=� �
−6 8
1 0
3𝐼𝐼 = 3 � �
0 1
3 0
=� �
0 3
7 −10 2 −4 3 0
𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = � �+� �+� �
−15 22 −6 8 0 3
 7+2+3 −10 − 4 + 0
=� �
15 − 6 + 0 22 + 8 + 3
12 −14
=� �
9 33

EXAMPLE: 47
−3 −4 −7 1 0 0
If 𝐴𝐴 = � 2 0 2 � and 𝐼𝐼 = �0 1 0� and 𝐴𝐴 = 3𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼, evaluate 𝑏𝑏33 .
1 −6 −4 0 0 1

Solution:
𝐴𝐴 = 3𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼
𝑎𝑎33 = 3𝑏𝑏33 − 𝑖𝑖33
−4 = 3𝑏𝑏33 − 1
−4 + 1 = 3𝑏𝑏33
−3 = 3𝑏𝑏33
𝑏𝑏33 = −1

Exercise: 6 (Evaluating Functions)

−1 3
a) Evaluate the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝐴𝐴) = 3𝐴𝐴 − 2, where 𝐴𝐴 = � �.
2 6

4 2 −3
b) Evaluate the function 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 2𝐴𝐴 + 3, where 𝐴𝐴 = � 1 3 4 �.
−3 −2 1
4 2
c) Evaluate the function 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 2 − 𝐴𝐴, where 𝐴𝐴 = � �.
−3 −1

2 1 −1
d) Evaluate the function 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) = 6 + 4𝐴𝐴, where 𝐴𝐴 = �−3 2 −2�
−4 −3 4
 2 −1
e) If 𝐴𝐴 = � �, find 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴) where 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 3.
3 2

2 1 0
f) If 𝐴𝐴 = � 1 2 1� and 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2, evaluate 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴).
−3 4 2

−𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 3𝑎𝑎
g) If 𝐴𝐴 = � 𝑎𝑎 −𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 � and 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 3, evaluate 𝑓𝑓(𝐴𝐴).
2𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 −𝑎𝑎

Exercise: 6 (Evaluating Functions Memo)

−5 9
a) � �
6 16

11 4 −6
b) � 2 9 8�
−6 −4 4

−2 −2
c) � �
3 3

14 4 −4
d) �−12 14 −8�
−16 −12 22

0 −2
e) � �
6 0

−9 −5 −1
f) �−2 −9 −5 �
11 −17 −12

−8𝑎𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑎 + 3 −𝑎𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑎 5𝑎𝑎2 + 6𝑎𝑎

g) � 2𝑎𝑎 −3𝑎𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑎 + 3 −𝑎𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑎 �
3𝑎𝑎2 2𝑎𝑎 −8𝑎𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑎 + 3