The Nature of Mathematics

Patterns - in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world and can also be seen in
the universe.
- Possess utility as well as beauty and once we have learned to organize a background
pattern, we can immediately appreciate it.
The Fibonacci sequence is probably the most famous number sequence. It is named after Italian
mathematician Leonardo Pisano of Pisa, known as Fibonacci.
The Fibonacci sequence begins with 0, and 1.
Fibonacci 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …
Numbers
𝒇𝒏 𝑓0, 𝑓1, 𝑓2, 𝑓3, 𝑓4, 𝑓5, 𝑓6, 𝑓7, 𝑓8, …

A Fibonacci spiral approximates the golden spiral using quarter-circle arcs inscribed in squares of
integer Fibonacci number side shown for square sizes 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, and 21
A golden spiral is a logarithmic spiral whose growth factor is 𝜑, the golden ratio. The spiral gets
wider by a factor of 𝜑 every quarter turn. 𝜑= (1+√5)/ 2≈1.618

Numbers serve as the raw materials which a great deal of mathematics is forged
In forensic, mathematics is applied specifically the differential and integral calculus to clarity the
blurred image to clear image.
In medical field, much of a function of a protein is determined by its shape and how the pieces move.
In fluid dynamics, engineers use numerical analysis in phenomena involving heat, electricity, and
magnetism, relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics, and other theoretical constructs.
In information technology, modern computers are invented through the help of mathematics.
Cryptography is a combination of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely
with information theory, computer security and engineering.
In archeology, archeologists use a variety of mathematical and statistical techniques to present data
from archeological surveys and try to find patterns to shed light on past human behavior and in
carbon dating artifacts.
In social sciences such as economics, sociology, psychology, and linguistics all now make extensive
use of mathematical models, using the tools of calculus, probability, game theory, and network
theory.
In political science, political analysts study past election results to see changes in voting patterns
and the influence of various factors on voting behavior, on switching of votes among political parties
and mathematical models for Conflict Resolution using Game Theory and Statistics
In music and arts, the rhythm that we find in all music notes is the result of innumerable
permutations and combinations

Mathematical language is the system used to communicate mathematical ideas. This language
consists of some natural language using technical terms

The characteristics of mathematical language is being precise, concise, and powerful. Precision
concise or shows simplicity
powerful. It is a way of expressing complex thoughts with relative ease.
Galileo Galilei “Mathematics is the language in which God has written the universe”.
An expression (or mathematical expression) is the mathematical analogue of an English noun; it is
a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols used to represent a mathematical object of interest.
Does not state a complete thought; it does not make sense to ask if an expression is
true or false. The most common expression types are numbers, sets, and functions
On the other hand, a sentence (or mathematical sentence) is the analogue of an English sentence;
it is a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a complete thought
A mathematical convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is generally agreed upon by
mathematicians
Mathematical language consists of making use of mathematics symbolism
Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets or the mathematical science of the infinite.
set is a well-defined collection of objects; the objects that are called the elements or members of the
set. The symbol ∈ is used to denote that an object is an element of a set, and the symbol ∉ denotes
that an object is not an element of a set.

Roster Method – the elements of the sets are enumerated and separated by comma, it is also
known as tabulation method or listing method.

Rule Method - stating those properties which characterize the elements in the set, it is also known
as set builder notation, symbol is written as {:(𝑥)}.

A finite set is a set whose elements are limited or countable, and the last element can be identified.
Infinite set is a set whose elements are unlimited or uncountable, and the last element cannot be
specified.
A unit set is a set with only one element, it is also called singleton
set with no elements is called the empty set (or null set), it is denoted by the symbol ∅ or { }.
all sets under investigation in any application of set theory are assumed to be contained in some
large fixed set called the universal set, denoted by the symbol U.

The cardinal number of a set is the number of elements or members in the set, the cardinality of set
𝐴 is denoted by (𝐴).
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are sets, 𝐴 is called a subset of 𝐵, written 𝐴⊆𝐵, if
is a proper set of 𝐵, written as 𝐴⊂𝐵,
equals 𝐵, written, 𝐴=𝐵,

Union of sets
The union of 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴∪𝐵,

Intersection of sets
The intersection of 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴∩𝐵,

Difference of two sets

The difference 𝐴 and 𝐵 (or relative complement of a set B with respect to a set A), denoted by
𝐴∖𝐵 or 𝐴∼𝐵,

Complement of a set
The complement of 𝐴 (or absolute complement of 𝐴), denoted by 𝐴′ or 𝐴𝑐, is the
set of all elements 𝑥 in 𝑼 such that 𝑥 is not in 𝐴.

Symmetric difference of sets

If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two sets, their symmetric difference is the consisting all elements that belong to 𝐴 or
to 𝐵, but not to both 𝐴 and 𝐵, denoted by𝐴⊕𝐵.

An ordered pair is a set of inputs and outputs and represents a relationship between the two values.
A relation is a set of inputs and outputs, and a function is a relation with one output for each input.
A function is a relation that for each input, there is only one output.
Mappings of functions. The domain is the input or the x-value, the range is the output, or the y-
value.

Language of Binary Operations

Let 𝐺 be a set. A binary operation on 𝐺 is a function that assigns each ordered pair of element of 𝐺.
Symbolically, 𝑎⋆𝑏=𝐺, for all 𝑎,,∈𝐺.
A group is a set of elements, with one operation, that satisfies the following properties:
(i) the set is closed with respect to the operation,
(ii) the operation satisfies the associativity property,
(iii) there is an identity element, and
(iv) each element has an inverse.

In other words, a group is an ordered pair (𝐺,⋆) where 𝐺 is a set and ⋆ is a binary operation on 𝐺
satisfying the four properties.
1. Closure property. If any two elements are combined using the operation, the result must be an
element of the set. 𝑎⋆𝑏=𝑐∈𝐺, for all 𝑎,,∈𝐺.
2. Associative property. (𝑎⋆𝑏)⋆𝑐=𝑎⋆(𝑏⋆𝑐), for all 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐∈𝐺.
3. Identity property. There exists an element 𝑒 in 𝐺 such that for all 𝑎∈𝐺,
𝑎⋆𝑒=𝑒⋆𝑎=𝑎.
4. Inverse property. For each 𝑎∈𝐺 there is an element 𝑎−1 of 𝐺, such that
𝑎⋆𝑎−1=𝑎−1⋆𝑎=𝑒.

Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect
reasoning.
Symbolic logic is an analytical study of reasoning that makes use of the symbolic representation of
statements and their relationships in an argument

A statement is an ordinary declarative sentence which is so precisely stated that it is either true (𝑇)
or false (𝐹) but not both. It is also called a proposition

Compound Statement
A compound (or composite) statement is a statement that consists of two or more statements
(called subpropositions or component propositions) related by logical operations called
connectives. The basic logical connectives are and, or, if-then, if and only if, not.

Logical Operations Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be two statements. The following table shows various compound
statements involving 𝑝 and 𝑞 and their connectives
Connectives Symbol Compound Statement
and ⋀ Conjunction: 𝑝⋀𝑞
or ⋁ Disjunction: 𝑝⋁𝑞
if-then → Conditional: 𝑝→𝑞
if and only if (iff) ↔ Biconditional: 𝑝↔𝑞
it is not the case ¬ Negation: ¬𝑝

A predicate (or open statements) is a statement whose truth depends on the value of one or more
variables.

A propositional function is a sentence (𝑥); it becomes a statement only when variable x is given a
particular value.
we can say that the occurrence of a variable is bound. On contrary, a variable is said to be free, if
an occurrence of a variable is not bound.
The symbol ∃ is called the existential quantifier
The symbol ∀ is the universal quantifier.

Inductive reasoning is drawing a general conclusion from a repeated observation or limited sets of
observation of specific examples

The conclusion drawn by using inductive reasoning is called conjecture

A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases and it only takes one example to
prove the conjecture is false, such example is called a counterexample.

Deductive reasoning is drawing general to specific examples or simply from general case to
specific case. Deductive starts with a general statement (or hypothesis) and examines to reach a
specific conclusion.

intuition can be found in all places such as in the mathematical literature and in mathematical
discovery.
Intuitive is the counterpart of rigorous
Being intuitive means being visual just like geometry differs from rigorous geometry in two ways.
proof is an inferential argument for a mathematical statement.
certainty is inherited from the ancient past, and is religiously motivated, its validity is independent of
its history and its motivation

Polya’s four step in problem solving

Step 1: Understand the problem.
Step 2: Devise a plan.
Step 3: Carry out the plan.
Step 4: Look back.

infinite sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers

If the domain of the function consists of the first 𝑛 positive numbers only, the sequence is finite
sequence.
A general sequence 𝑎1,2,𝑎3,…,𝑎𝑛−1,𝑎𝑛… having the first term 𝑎1, the second term 𝑎2, the third
term is 𝑎3, and the nth term, is also called the general term of the sequence, is 𝑎𝑛.
A difference table shows the differences between successive terms of the sequence.
A polygonal number is a type of figurative number represented as dots or pebbles arranged in the
shape of a regular polygon
An Alphametic is a type of number puzzle containing sum (or other arithmetic operation) in which
digits (0 to 9) are replaced by letters of the alphabet.

1. Find 𝑓5.
𝑓𝑛=(1+√5)𝑛−(1−√5)𝑛2 / 𝑛√5
𝑓5=(1+√5)5−(1−√5)525√5
𝑓5=357.770876471.55417528
𝑓5= 5

2. Find 𝑓12.
𝑓𝑛=(1+√5)𝑛−(1−√5)𝑛2𝑛√5
𝑓12=(1+√5)12−(1−√5)12212√5
𝑓12=1318886.558769158.93443584
𝑓12=144

I. Determine which of the following are: predicate, true or false statements. (2 points each)
 1. 9 + 2 = 11 TRUE STATEMENT
2. 7 – 4 = 11 FALSE STATEMENT
3. The product of 3 and 5 is 30. FALSE STATEMENT
4. If 3 is subtracted from 11, the difference is 5. FALSE STATEMENT
5. If 12 is divided by zero, the quotient is zero. FALSE STATEMENT
6. The sum of a whole number and −5 is −5. PREDICATE
7. 5 + 5 = (10)(1) TRUE STATEMENT
8. (7)(1) ≠ (7) + 1 TRUE STATEMENT
9. The product of a nonzero whole number and 1 is the number. PREDICATE
10. The quotient of 10 divided by a number is greater than 2. PREDICATE
11. January 1 is New Year’s Day TRUE STATEMENT
12. All rational numbers are integers. FALSE STATEMENT

II. Let 𝑝 be “Mark is a math wizard” and let 𝑞 be “Ralph is a linguist”. Give a simple verbal
description of each of the following statements. (1 point each)

1. ¬𝑝 – It is not true that Mark is a math wizard.

2. 𝑝⋀𝑞 – Mark is a math wizard while Ralph is a linguist.
3. 𝑝⋁𝑞 – Either Mark is a math wizard, or Ralph is a linguist.
4. 𝑞↔𝑝 – Ralph is a linguist if and only if Mark is a math wizard.
5. 𝑝 → ¬𝑞 – Mark is a math wizard only if Ralph is not a linguist.

III. Let 𝑝 be “he is wealthy”, 𝑞 be “he is happy” and 𝑟 be “he is healthy”. Write each
statement in symbolic form using 𝑝, 𝑞, and 𝑟. (1 point each)

1. He is happy if and only if he is rich and healthy. q<—>(p⋀r)

2. If he is happy and not rich, then he is healthy. (q⋀-p)—>r
3. He is neither rich nor healthy. (p⋁r)

IV. Negate the following statements: (1 point each)

1. Every English student has a dictionary.

It is false to think that, every English student has a dictionary.
2. All college students take Mathematics of the Modern World.
Not every college students take Mathematics in the Modern World.
3. She is both intelligent and hardworking.
She is neither intelligent nor hardworking

LEARNING ACTIVITY 4
Identify whether the following is an expression, true sentence, false sentence, or sometimes
true/sometimes false sentence.
Expression 1. 20
Expression 2. 10 + 1
Expression 3. y + 2
False Sentence 4. 1 + 18 = 20
 True Sentence 5. √16 = 4
Expression 6. 7n
Sometimes True/Sometimes False Sentence 7. 4a + 12 = 60
False Sentence 8. (a + b) 2 = a2 -2ab + b
Expression 9. X2 -3xy + 2y2
True Sentence 10. 2(a + b) = 2a +2b

LEARNING ACTIVITY 5
Provide what is asked. (2 points each)
1. Indicate which of the following verbal descriptions defines a set.
SET 1. The list of course offerings of Bohol Island State University Main
Campus.
SET 2. The elected SSG officers of BISU MC.
NOT A SET 3. The collection of intelligent students in BISU.

2. Write the following sets in rooster method.

a) 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔}
b) 𝐴 = { 𝒎,𝒂,𝒕,𝒉,𝒆𝒊,𝒄,𝒔 }
c) 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟, 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5}
d) 𝐵 = { 1,2,3,4,5 }

3. Given 𝑼 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡}; 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}; 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠}; and 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}. Tell whether the following statement is
TRUE or FALSE.
FALSE 1. 𝐵 = 𝐴
TRUE 2. 𝐶 ⊄ 𝐵
FALSE. 3. 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵
4. Determine the power set and the cardinality of the power set of 𝑀 = {𝑐, 𝑒, ℎ, 𝑟, 𝑦}.
P(M) =

}
{c}, {e}, {h}, {r}, {y}, {c,e}, {c,h}, {c,r} ,{c,y}, {e,h}, {e,r}, {e,y}, {h,r}, {h,y}, {r,y},

{ {c,e,h}, {c,e,r}, {c,e,y}, {c,h,r,}, {c,h,y}, {c,r,y}, {c,h,r}, {e,h,y}, {e,h,r}, {e,r,y},
{h,r,y}, {h,y,c}, {c,e,h,r}, {c,e,h,y}, {c,h,r,y}, {e,h,r,y}, {c,e,h,r,y}Ø
The cardinality of the power set of M is|P5| =2ⁿ
=25
=32

5. Given 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏} and 𝐵 = {𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}, find 𝐴 × 𝐵 and 𝐴 × 𝐴.

 A x B = { (a,c) , (a,d), (a,e), (b,c), (b,d), (b,e) }
 A x A = { (a,a), (a,b), (b,a), (b,b) }

6. Givn 𝑼 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡}; 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}; 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠}; and 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}. Determine the following:
a. 𝐴 U B = { a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z}
b. 𝐴 Ո 𝐵 = A and B are disjoint AՈB=Ø
c. 𝐴 ∖𝐶. = A\C = {i,o,u}
LEARNING ACTIVITY 6
Complete the table. (2 points each)
Relations Domain Range Function? Yes or No.

1. {(−1,0), (1,0), (0,1), (0, −1)} -1 0

1 1 No, the last two ordered
0 -1 pairs have the same 𝑥-
value,
{-1,1,0} {0,1 ,-1}
2. {(5,2), (4,1), (3,0), (2, −1)} 5 2
4 3 Yes, because for each 𝑥-
3 0 values, there is only one
2 -1 𝑦-value.

{5,4,3,2} {2,3,0,-1}
LEARNING ACTIVITY 7
Follow the four steps in identifying whether a set is a group under a binary operation.
Determine whether the set of all non-negative integers under multiplication is a group. (10 points)

Step 1: To test for closure property, we choose any two non-negative integers, for example 6 and 9.
Since the operation is multiplication, we should multiply 6 and 9, and the answer should be a positive
integer. In this case, 6 ͯ 9 = 54, which is a positive integer. Notice that the product of two numbers of
the set, the result is always a number of the set. Thus, it is closed.

Step 2: To test for associative property, we choose three non-negative integers, for example
(6 ͯ 7) ͯ 8 = 336
6 ͯ (7 ͯ 8) = 336
Thus, it also satisfies the associative property.

Step 3: To test for identity property, we choose any non-negative integer, for example
21 ͯ 0 = 0; 3 ͯ 0 = 0; 99,013 ͯ 0 = 0
Thus, it also satisfies the identity property.

Step 4: To test for inverse property, we choose any non-negative integer, for example
8 ͯ (-8) = -64; 9 ͯ (-9) = -81; 15 ͯ (-15) = -225
Thus, it does not satisfies the inverse property.

CONCLUSION: Therefore, the set of integers under multiplication is not a group, because it

does not satisfy all of the group properties. It does not have the inverse property. Therefore, the set
of integers under multiplication is not a group.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 9
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example of inductive reasoning or
deductive reasoning.
 Argument Answer
1. Dogs don’t eat banana. Deductive Reasoning.
Sam is a dog.
Therefore, Sam does not eat banana.
2. All Steven Spielberg movies are worth watching. Deductive Reasoning
The movie Jurassic Park is a Steven Spielberg movie.
Therefore, Jurassic Park is worth watching.
3. It is usually hot during summer season in the Philippines. Inductive Reasoning
It is summer now in the Philippines.
Thus, it is hot now in the Philippines.
4. All readers of Harry Potter novels are over 13 years old. Deductive Reasoning
Sofia reads Harry Potter novels.
Therefore, Sofia is over 13 years old.
5. Dennis hasn’t bought any snack. Inductive Reasoning
His parents haven’t bought any snack.
Therefore, there won’t be anything to eat for the picnic.
6. Marcelo did not win the game 2 days ago. Inductive Reasoning
Marcelo did not win the game yesterday.
Thus, Marcelo will win the game today.
7. 25 is divisible by 5. Inductive Reasoning
30 is divisible by 5.
Therefore, numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5.
8. All rainy days are cloudy. Deductive Reasoning
Yesterday was not cloudy.
Therefore, yesterday was not rainy.
9. All prime numbers are odd. Deductive Reasoning
2 is a prime number.
Therefore, 2 is an odd number.
10. All congressmen are politicians. Deductive Reasoning
Some corrupt are politicians.
Some corrupt people aren’t congressmen.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 10
Use Polya’s four-step problem solving strategy to solve the problem.
1. In a UAAP Volleyball league consisting of 8 teams, each team plays each other teams exactly
two times in the elimination round. How many league games will be played in the elimination
round?

Step 1: Understand the Problem.

 Determine the how many league games will be played in each eight (8) teams (a, b, c, d,
e, f, g, h) must play with each other teams exactly twice in the elimination round.
Step 2: Devise a Plan.
  The question of this nature can be solve by using a simple formula: (number of teams/ 2) x
number of games played by each team. The UAAP Volleyball league consisted of eight (8)
teams and there seven (7) opponents they are competing against twice, therefore each
team must play fourteen (14) games.
Step 3: Carry Out the Plan.
 (8/2) x 14
 = 4 x14
 = 56 games total. Hence the game will be distributed as:
ab, ac, ad, ae, af, ag, ah
ba, bc, bd, be, bf, bg, bh
ca, cb, cd, ce, cf, cg, ch
da, db, dc, de, df, dg, dh
ea, eb, ec, ed, ef, eg, eh
fa, fb, fc, fd, fe, fg, fh
ga, gb, gc, gd, ge. gf, gh
ha, hb, hc, hd, he, hf, hg
Step 4: Look Back.
 The table indicated no sign of repetition and has devise an instance that enables
opponents two play with each other exactly twice in the elimination round. This would
conclude that there are a total of fifty-six (56) possible round in the league games present
in the elimination round.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 11
1. Write the first five terms of the sequence whose nth term is given by the formula.
a. 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 1
𝑎𝑛 = 2(1) – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1
𝑎𝑛 = 2(2) – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
𝑎𝑛 = 2(3) – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7
𝑎𝑛 = 2(4) – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15
𝑎𝑛 = 2(5) – 1 = 32 – 1 = 31
Thus, the first five terms of the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛 – 1 is 1, 3, 7, 15, 31
b. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 − 3
𝑎𝑛 = (1)2 – 3 = 1 – 3 = -2
𝑎𝑛 = (2)2 – 3 = 4 – 3 = 1
𝑎𝑛 = (3)2 – 3 = 9 – 3 = 6
𝑎𝑛 = (4)2 – 3 = 16 – 3 = 13
𝑎𝑛 = (5)2 – 3 = 25 – 3 = 22
Thus, the first five terms of the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 − 3 is -2, 1, 6, 13, 22

2. Illustrate the difference table and predict the next term in the sequence. (5 points each)
a. 2 8 18 32 50 72

6 10 14 18 22
 4 4 4 4

Thus, the next term in the sequence 2, 8, 18, 32, 50 is 72

b. 5 10 27 62 120 205

5 17 35 58 85

12 18 23 27

6 5 4

-1 -1

Thus, the next term in the sequence 5, 10, 27, 62, 120 is 205
3. Research/determine the nth formula and list the sequence until the 7th term of the following
polygonal numbers:
a. Pentagonal Number
1 5 12 22 35 51 70

Observe that the number sequence is:

n=1 1
n=2 1 + 4 =5
n=3 1 + 4 + 7 = 12
n=4 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 = 22
n=5 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 = 35
n=6 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 = 51
n=7 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19= 70
Which can be generalized as n (3n - 1)/ 2
Expanding the triangular number sequence: 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70, 108, 133, 161, 192 …

b. Hexagonal Number
1 6 15 28 45 66 91

Observe that the number sequence is:

 n=1 1
n=2 1+5=6
n=3 1 + 5 + 9 = 15
n=4 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 = 28
n=5 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 = 45
n=6 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + 21 = 66
n=7 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + 21 + 25= 91
Which can be generalized as n (2n - 1)/ 2
Expanding the triangular number sequence: 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120, 153, 190, 231 …

4. Find which digit is equivalent by each of the letters so that the addition is correct. (5 points
each)
a. O N E 0 3 6
+ O N E + 0 3 6
T W O 9 8 0
F O U R 1 0 5 2

O=0 N=3 E=6 T=9

W=8 F=1 U=5 R=2

b. B A S E 7 4 8 3
+ B A L L + 7 4 5 5
G A M E S 1 4 9 2 8

B=7 A=4 S=8 E=6

L=5 G=1 M= 9

Connectives Symbol Compound

Statement
and ⋀ Conjunction: 𝑝⋀𝑞
or ⋁ Disjunction: 𝑝⋁𝑞
if-then → Conditional: 𝑝→𝑞
if and only if ↔ Biconditional: 𝑝↔𝑞
(iff)
it is not the ¬ Negation: ¬𝑝
case

The following translate into a negation of 𝑝:

1. It is not true that 𝑝.
2. It is not the case that 𝑝.
3. 𝑝 is false.

Here are four negations of the statement “Joren is a boy”.

a. It is not true that Joren is a boy. c. Joren is not a boy.
b. It is false that Joren is a boy. d. Joren is a girl