Solid State

BY: MANOJ SIR
CHAPTER - 1
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLID

1. Definite pattern – long range 1. No pattern – short range
order order
2. On cutting with knife give a 2. On cutting with knife give a
clear cut irregular cut
3. Anisotropic in nature( 3. Isotropic in nature(same
different physical properties in physical properties in different
different direction) direction)
4. True solids 4. Super cooled liquids
5. Example – NaCl, 5. glass, wax, rubber, starch,
sugar(sucrose), diamond, plastic etc.
quartz, AgI,etc MANOJ SIR : YOUTUBE CHANNEL : LOGIN CHEMISTRY 2
CRYSTAL LATTICE
• It represent the arrangement of atoms in a crystal.
Each point represents one or more atoms in the actual
crystal, and if the points are connected by lines, a
crystal lattice is formed; the lattice is divided into a
number of identical blocks, or unit cells.
SIMPLE CUBIC UNIT CELL MANOJ SIR : YOUTUBE CHANNEL : LOGIN CHEMISTRY 3
CRYSTAL LATTICE
Simple cubic unit cell Body centered Face centered unit
or Basic unit cell unit cell cell
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TYPES OF CUBIC CELL
1. Simple Cubic Cell

TYPES OF CUBIC CELL
2. Body Centered Cubic Cell
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CHEMISTRY
TYPES OF CUBIC CELL
3. Face Centered Cubic Cell

CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF PARTICLES
(ATOMS) IN THE UNIT CELLS
Number of atoms X contribution to unit

Basic unit cell cell cell Face centered cell
Body centered
1 1 1 1
8X =1 8X +1=2 8X + 6X =4
8 8 8 2
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CHEMISTRY
Relation between nearest neighbour distance(d) ,
Radius (r) of the atom and edge (a) of the unit cell
• Simple cubic
𝒂
r=
𝟐
Packing fraction = 52%
Total no. of atoms per unit cell= 1
Coordination no.= 6
• BCC
a√3
r=
4
Coordination no.= 8
• FCC
𝒂
r=
2√2
Coordination no.= 12
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CHEMISTRY
CALCULATION OF DENSITY OF A CRYSTAL
Edge length of a unit cell : a
Number of atoms per unit cell : Z
Atomic mass of the element : M
Therefore Volume of cubic unit cell : a3

Mass of unit cell : Number of atoms per unit cell X Mass of one atom
=ZXm
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑴
Mass of one atom : =
𝑨𝒗𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒐 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑵𝑨
𝒁𝑿𝑴
•Density of crystal =
𝒂𝟑 𝑿𝑵𝑨

3 D Packing In Solids
• Hexagonal Closed Packing (HCP)

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CHEMISTRY
• Cubic Closed Packing (CCP or FCC)

VOIDS IN CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURE
• The empty space left between the close packed sphere is known as
voids. There are two types of voids-
1. Octahedral Voids 2. Tetrahedral Voids
• Number of octahedral voids= number of particles present in closed
packing
• Number of tetrahedral voids= 2x octahedral voids
• Radius of tetrahedral void (r)=0.225 R
• Radius of octahedral void(r)= 0.414R

Defects in solids
Stoichiometric Defects
1.Frenkel Defects 2.Schottky defects
a) Shown by ionic compound a) Shown by ionic compound
In which large difference in size in which size of cation and
Of cation and anion. Anion is almost same
b) Density of crystal remains same b) Density of crystal dec
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Defects in solids
Non-Stoichiometric Defects
a) Metal excess defects due to anionic vacancies-
In this defect anion is missing from its normal sites. The hole
caused by absence of negative ion will be occupied by
electron to maintain its neutrality. The hole occupied by
electrons are called F-centres. These F-centres impart color
to the crystals.

Defects in solids
a) Metal excess defects due to cation vacancies-
In this defect cation is missing from its normal sitesand the
charge is balanced by a metal ion having higher positive
charge to maintain its neutrality.

Defects in solids
a) Metal excess defects due to interstitial cation:
In this defect an extra positive ion is present in an interstitial
site. The charge is balanced by an extra electron in some
other interstitial site to maintain its neutrality.

DEFECTS CAUSED BY IMPURITIES
.
• These defects are due to presence of some

foreign particles in crystal
• The process of adding impurities to a crystalline
compound in order to change its properties is
called doping. Eg.
• n-type means electricity is conducted by negative
charge electrons. Group 14 elements is doped by
group 15 elements.
• P-type means electricity is conducted by positive
charge holes. Group 14 elements is doped by
group 13 elements.
Structure of NaCl

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CHEMISTRY
Structure of Graphite

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Structure of diamond

Structure of Copper crystal

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BY: MANOJ SIR

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLID

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Number of atoms X contribution to unit

Therefore Volume of cubic unit cell : a3

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• These defects are due to presence of some

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