Solutions of Solids in Liquids

Solubility and Saturation
Solubility
• maximum amount of solute/solid that can be dissolved in a liquid at a given T at
equilibrium
• solubility limits/saturation point crucial for solid-liquid separation
• Solubility of a solid depends strongly on temperature
eg. Solubility per 100g of H2O at ToC:
AgNO3 AgCO3 AgBr
T = 20oC 222g 0.003g 0.00002

T = 100oC 952g
Saturation
• contains maximum dissolved species
• equilibrium attained when solution is saturated with that species.
• solution in equilibrium with solid solute - saturated with that solute
• not equilibrium - more solute can dissolve
Crystallization
• Separation of solids and liquids

• Formation of crystals (solid) within a homogeneous phase by modifying the solubility
of the component
• Driving force = solubility difference
• Solution in equilibrium with a crystal must be saturated
• Methods:
cooling
evaporation
Solubility curve
• solubilities of most salts increase slightly or markedly with temperature

• solubility ratio is per 100 g H2O
1. Given temperature à to determine solubility à to determine mass fractions
2. Given solubility à to determine the temperature
Solubility curve
Effect of temperature on solubility

1. Barely changes NaCl solubility
2. Increase KNO3 solubility
3. Increase Na2SO4 up to 40oC
Solubility curve
Solid-liquid phase diagram
Example 6.5-2
An aqueous potassium nitrate solution containing 60.0 wt. % KNO3 at
80oC is fed to a cooling crystallizer in which the temperature is
reduced to 40oC. Determine the temperature at which the solution
reaches saturation and the percentage of the potassium nitrate in the
feed that forms crystals.
Solution:
Example 6.5-2
Solution:
Example 6.5-1
One hundred fifty kilograms of a saturated aqueous solution of AgNO3 at 100oC is
cooled to 20oC thereby forming AgNO3 crystals, which are filtered from the
remaining solution. The wet filter cake which contains 80% solid crystals and 30%
saturated solution by mass, passes to a dryer in which the remaining water is
vaporized. Calculate the fraction of the AgNO3 in the feed stream eventually
recovered as dry crystals and the amount of water that must be removed the drying
stage. The solubility of AgNO3 in 100g of water at 20oC and 100oC are 222g and
952g, respectively.
Solution:
Example 6.5-1
One hundred fifty kilograms of a saturated aqueous solution of AgNO3 at 100oC is
cooled to 20oC thereby forming AgNO3 crystals, which are filtered from the
remaining solution. The wet filter cake which contains 80% solid crystals and 30%
saturated solution by mass, passes to a dryer in which the remaining water is
vaporized. Calculate the fraction of the AgNO3 in the feed stream eventually
recovered as dry crystals and the amount of water that must be removed the drying
stage. The solubility of AgNO3 in 100g of water at 20oC and 100oC are 222g and
952g, respectively.
Solution:
Example 6.5-1
Example 6.5-1
Hydrated salts
anhydrous (water-free) crystals – solid crystals only without water

hydrated crystals - water in the solution is removed with crystals (water
molecules bonded to solute/solid molecules) eg.
Calculate the molecules of H2Oà to determine the temperature and mass

fraction of MgSO4 and H2O
Example 6.5-3
An aqueous solution of magnesium sulfate at 104oC containing 30.1 wt% MgSO4 is
fed to a cooling crystallizer that operates at 10oC. The stream leaving the crystallizer
is a slurry of solid magnesium sulfate heptahydrate particles [MgSO4.7H2O]
suspended in a liquid solution. Tabulated solubility data for magnesium sulfate
[Perry’ Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 18-35] show that a saturated solution at
10oC contains 23.3 wt % MgSO4. Determine the rate at which solution must be fed
to the crystallizer to produce 1 metric tone (1 tonne, 1000 kg) of magnesium sulfate
heptahydrate per hour.
Solution:
(Ans: m1 = 3710 kg/h , m2 = 2710 kg/h)
m1 kg/h m2 kg/h solution
0.301 kg MgSO4/kg 0.232 kg MgSO4/kg

0.699 kg H2O/kg 0.768 kg H2O/kg
104oC 10oC
1000 kg/h MgSO4.7H2O

10oC
Ans: 1733.33 kg/h; 488 kg/h; 48 oC-67 oC
Answer:
b. 0.29 , 0.71, 0.39, 0.61
c. 52.46 kg, 42.79 kg, 4.75 kg
d. 0.74

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Solubility and Saturation

AgNO3 AgCO3 AgBr

T = 20oC 222g 0.003g 0.00002

• Separation of solids and liquids

• solubilities of most salts increase slightly or markedly with temperature

Effect of temperature on solubility

anhydrous (water-free) crystals – solid crystals only without water

Calculate the molecules of H2Oà to determine the temperature and mass

m1 kg/h m2 kg/h solution

0.301 kg MgSO4/kg 0.232 kg MgSO4/kg

1000 kg/h MgSO4.7H2O

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