TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS ON THE INTERSECTION

AT BACAYAN, CEBU CITY: AS BASIS FOR

ROAD WIDENING

A Thesis
Presented to the Department of Civil Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

by

Christallene Joy T. Acojedo

Christian Marc R. Corciega
Hasan B. Manabilang
Monica Rible
Alejandro I. Sios-e III
Romiel M. Solugaol

OCTOBER 2022
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, “TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS ON THE INTERSECTION AT

BACAYAN, CEBU CITY: AS BASIS FOR ROAD WIDENING”, prepared and submitted
by Christallene Joy T. Acojedo, Christian Marc R. Corciega, Hasan B. Manabilang,
Monica Rible, Alejandro I. Sios-e III, and Romiel M. Solugaol in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering is hereby
recommended for approval.

Engr. Bryan P. Merino

Adviser
Date: _____________

Engr. June Carlo S. Encabo Engr. Jhon Miguel G. Cabanit

Panelist Panelist
Date: _____________ Date: _____________

This thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Effe B. Laspiñas Engr. Suzette B. Pacaña

Thesis Coordinator Chair, Civil Engineering Department
Date: _____________ Date: _____________

Dr. Evangeline C. Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date: _____________
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE.............................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................................................ ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................... iii

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale ............................................................................... dfgfdh1

1.2 Conceptual Framework ...........................................................................3

1.3 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................4

1.4 Significance of the Study ........................................................................4

1.5 Scope and Limitations .............................................................................5

1.6 Definition of Terms ..................................................................................6

CHAPTER 2: THEORITICAL BACKGROUND 8

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design ...................................................................................18

3.2 Research Environment..........................................................................18

3.3 Research Procedure .............................................................................22

3.4 Gathering of Data ..................................................................................22

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................26

APPENDIX A TURNITIN / SIMILARITY INDEX .......................................................

APPENDIX B CURRICULUM VITAE ........................................................................

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Conceptual Framework 3

2 Minor Movements 12

3 Major Road Traffic System 13

4 Basic Capacity of Minor Road Flow 14

5 Reduction factor due to possible congestion of movement 15

of major road

6 Roadway of Miñoza St., Bacayan, Cebu City 19

7 Intersection of Villa Leyson Sub., and Miñoza St., Bacayan 19

8 Satellite Image of the intersection of Villa Leyson Sub., and 20

Miñoza St.

9.1 To Talamban, Cebu City 20

9.2 To Villa Leyson Subd., Bacayan, Cebu City 21

9.3 To Pit-os, Cebu City 21

10 Tally Board for Traffic Volume 23

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Critical Gap tg for passenger cars, sec 14

2 PCU Value of different vehicle types 16

3 Reserve capacity 17

4 LOS Criteria for Unsignalized Delay (sec/veh) 23

5 Classification of vehicles 25
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale
The scope of the transportation system has expanded significantly. This
resulted in an increase in traffic, particularly in the private transportation network,
there was not enough accessible road space to handle the increasing volume of
vehicles, and congestion began. Various factors, including population, economic,
and auto ownership growth, causes the rising traffic demand to exceed the road's
carrying capacity during peak hours. As a result, the state of the traffic worsens,
and the safety risk increases. Some of these traffic issues include collisions,
contamination of the environment, and heavy reliance on fossil fuels, which are
byproducts of traffic congestion.
Philippines is one of the most populated countries in the world and this is
one of the main factors which causes traffic congestion. Increased car ownership
is a result of population growth and is somehow correlated with increased traffic
congestion.
Road widening is an emerging revolution in the Philippines at present
context to solve the traffic problems in its major cities. The government places a
strong emphasis on expanding roads and building multi-lane highways to increase
capacity and traffic safety.
In Cebu, road widening offers a potential chance to raise community
productivity. And, in relation to this, the unsignalized intersection in Bacayan, Cebu
City has always been prone to traffic congestion due to its narrow roads especially
during peak hours, road widening is typically done to address such problem since
widening roads can increase capacity and traffic safety. To solve the current
community’s issue, the researchers will conduct a traffic flow analysis on the said
intersection as a basis for road widening which can deplete the traffic congestion
significantly.
Therefore, this research will be evaluated by taking the data traffic volume
and relate it with time which is during peak hours (peak hours according to CITOM).
 2

In addition, there will also be an assessment of the road situation in which

maximum level of usage will be shown. The maximum pace at which cars can pass
at a specific site in an hour under the current operational circumstances is referred
to as a road's capacity. One of the practical indicators of efficacy used in gauging
LOS is intersection capacity or volume-to-capacity ratio.
 3

1.2 Conceptual Framework

The research started with gathering of data and estimating the volume of
traffic at the unsignalized intersection in Bacayan, Cebu City. The results were
analyzed from the factors that were determined. From the findings, a road widening
proposal were drawn.
In Figure 1, the schema is illustrated.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

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1.3 Statement of the Problem

The study aims to assess and evaluate the traffic flow in Bacayan, Cebu
City as basis for road widening, a traffic flow analysis will be conducted on the
intersection.
Specifically, it investigates the given sub-problems:
1. What is the capacity of the intersection?
2. What is the level of service for all lanes?
3. What is the proposed road widening design?

1.4 Significance of the Study

The result of this study assuming the problem that the narrow road of the
said intersection would be widened would benefit the following subjects:
Drivers and Motorists. This study would be beneficial to the drivers and
motorist of the widened roads, as there will be a considerably lower likelihood of
speed-related accidents because there will be less traffic, a higher speed limit, and
broader roadways that allow for greater mobility, enhancing the safety of the roads.
Moreover, drivers and motorists can also save fuel consumption on their mode of
transportation.
Commuters. As a result of spending lesser time stuck in traffic, the study's
findings may lessen commuters' dissatisfaction. Considering it, the distance
traveled will be less, hastening their arrival to their destination.
The Local Government - DPWH. This study would be very useful to the
Department of Works and Highways since there is an elaborate investigation and
meticulous analysis being made on the transportation system in the given street,
which is supported by an expansive collection of data. The result of this study can
help engineers construct the solutions (widening) for roadway design and traffic
control.
Community. The result of this study is that community members, such as
employees or students, will travel quicker and cheaper while significantly reducing
their carbon emissions, local traffic, and parking congestion. Working hours and
 5

productivity would be less affected and somehow reduces the cost of living of the
community.
Businesses. Businesses are mostly concerned about delivery of goods
during off-peak hours. Traffic congestion affects both individuals and businesses.
Transportation issues have an impact on business operations including distribution
and logistics, client meetings, shipping and receiving, and more. The community's
companies may be more productive and financially stable if transportation
congestion is reduced.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research focuses on the traffic flow on the intersection of
Villa Leyson Subdivision and Miñoza Street, Bacayan. The data of classification of
vehicles and the traffic volume will be taken during weekdays on peak hours for 5
days. The researchers will be gathering data from CITOM to identify the peak
hours of each day. The researchers will also include the level of service of the
intersection. Through the information obtained, the data and observations will be
analyzed, and a formulation of road widening proposal will be formed. The
proposed road widening will not include the estimates, but only its architectural
draft which will be designed through the help of AutoCad. The duration of the study
will be from the first semester until the second semester, school year of 2022 -
2023.
 6

1.6 Definition of Terms

To make this study more intelligible to people who may come across it, the
researchers specified several words to help them have a better grasp of the study.
The following terms were defined according to how they are being used in
the study:
Capacity – the maximum number that can reasonably be expected to be served
in the given period.
Department of Works and Highways (DPWH) - executes the State's strategy of
ongoing technological development for maintaining the security of all infrastructure
facilities and providing the highest level of construction quality and efficiency for all
public works and highways.
Intersection (Road) - is where two or more roads intersect and/or are potential
points of vehicle conflict.
Level of Service (LOS) – a qualitative metric used to assess how well motor
vehicle traffic services are provided. By classifying traffic flow and assigning quality
levels of traffic based on performance measures such vehicle speed, density,
congestion, etc., LOS is used to study roads and crossings.
Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) – the impact that a mode of transport has on
traffic variables compared to a single car.
Passenger Car Unit (PCU) – a vehicle unit used for expressing highway capacity
unit.
Public Road - is any public road or street that is maintained and open to travel by
the public.
Road Widening – It is typically done when the road is too narrow for the traffic on
it or when additional lanes are required. Road widening has the potential to
improve traffic safety and capacity. Road widening is one useful method for dealing
with the current long-standing traffic problems.
Traffic - All the vehicles that are traveling along the roads in a specific location are
referred to as traffic. When using the public way for travel, traffic on roadways may
 7

include people, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars, and other

conveyances, either individually or together.
Traffic Flow – it is the rate at which vehicles pass a specific location on the road,
and it is typically expressed in terms of vehicles per hour.
Traffic Flow Analysis - is to develop and implement a model that allows vehicles
to arrive at their destination in the shortest amount of time while using the
maximum amount of roadway capacity. The goal of traffic flow analysis is to
develop and implement a model that allows vehicles to arrive at their destination
in the shortest amount of time while using the most available roadway capacity.
Traffic Control - ensures the safety of emergency response teams, construction
workers, and the public by guiding traffic around a construction zone, accident, or
other road interruption.
Traffic Volume - is defined as the process of determining the volume of traffic or
the number of vehicles moving on the roads at a particular section during a specific
period. This period can be expressed in 'minutes,' 'hours,' or 'days,' etc.
Transportation System - the collection of variables and their interactions that
generates travel demand within a particular area and the supply of transportation
services to meet this requirement.
Transportation Network - signifies either a fixed track (such as roads, rail, and
canals) or a scheduled service (e.g., airline, public transit, train). It may be
extended to include many forms of linkages between sites where mobility can
occur. The importance of a network is proportional to its connection.
Vehicle Classification – a classification showing the different types of vehicles
passing the intersection.
Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) - are the costs involved with owning, running, and
maintaining a car, and include gasoline consumption, oil and lubrication, tire wear,
repair and maintenance, depreciation, and licensing and insurance.
Volume – the number of vehicles passing the measurement point during a
specified time interval.
 8

CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Traffic congestion has been consistently remaining as one of the major

issues in the Philippines due to its populous cities. With a growing population, road
congestion gets worse. There are several elements that might significantly affect
traffic congestion, even though population growth is an unavoidable root of the
components that lead to its occurrence. Some of the primary causes of congestion
are the country's and the economy's rapid growth of private automobile owners,
the area's limited road capacity, the community’s irresponsible use of roadside
parking, a lack of civic courtesy, and the lax enforcement of traffic laws.
As stated by Afrin and Yodo (2020), traffic congestion is a perpetual
problem for the sustainability of transportation development. Traffic congestion
causes delays, inconvenience, and economic losses to drivers, as well as air
pollution. Identification and quantification of traffic congestion are crucial for
decision-makers to initiate mitigation strategies to improve the overall
transportation system’s sustainability.
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) stated in a report from
2014 that despite the Philippines' stronger-than-expected economic growth, the
country could lose up to P6 billion per day by 2030 due to worsening traffic
bottlenecks. The economic costs of congested traffic have been extensively
studied, and they often consider things like the cost of traffic, the value of time lost
due to delays, fuel prices, car running expenses, health consequences, and
greenhouse gas emissions. Drivers, the environment, human health, and the
economy can all be impacted by traffic congestion in different ways.
To address these issues, the country’s road development is currently
undergoing a revolution because the government places a high priority on
constructing multi-lane highways and enlarging roads.
The purpose of roads is to make it easier for people and things to move
around. However, most roadways are built and enlarged to accommodate
automobiles rather than pedestrians or non-motorized vehicles. Road widening is
 9

typically done when more lanes are required or when the road is insufficient for the
traffic it is carrying. Widening roads can increase capacity and traffic safety. One
effective way to address the existing, long-standing traffic issues is by expanding
highways. (Babu, Sunil Biradar 2021)
Aside from the convenience a road brings, it also affects a country’s
economic growth. The roads boost a nation’s economy. It's stated that the modern
economy's most conspicuous characteristic and transportation on the highways is
essential to our way of life. The flow of products relies on roadways for people,
services available and travel to a job. A road aids the quickening pace of world
activity, which encourages mobility and accessibility. Road connections lead to an
exit and entrance of a country. (Erwin, 2021).
As written by T.S. Papopa (1981), road is a catalyst for development rather
than a development in and of itself. However, rather than only acting as a catalyst
for development, I see the road construction as a booster. The promoter varies
from the catalyst in that it is an agent of development coupled with development,
as opposed to the catalyst. In this sense, modernization theory, global system
theory/dependency theory (as a critique of modernization), conflict theory, and
symbolic interactions can be used to explain the road building.
However, the impact of road widening on the environment (i.e., the removal
of trees) as well as locals must also be considered. We learned that it is crucial to
understand the benefits and drawbacks of road widening by considering all these
positive and negative aspects. McBride (2013) explained how environment gets
affected from the project of road widening.
Environmental risks are the actual or potential threats affecting the air,
water, soil, natural habitat, and the ecosystem (Rigby & Thomas, 2018).
While the social risks, in the form of socioeconomic position, race, gender,
social relationships, and residential and community contexts affect the livelihood,
health, and safety of the people (Committee on Accounting for Socioeconomic
Status in Medicare Payment Programs, 2016).
New roads have important implications for previously isolated communities
affected by the construction. In the Amazon basin, deforestation and land
 10

degradation often associated with these projects can dramatically change

relationships between people and their environment. This may include limiting rural
livelihood options or generating new economic opportunities and increasing
access to infrastructure or putting stress on existing services [1]. As a result, the
impact of these projects on well-being and poverty is complex, and relatively little
is known about how communities perceive these changes. (Powell, 2018)
There are many cutting-edge methods for addressing environmental and
social risks of a road widening, but one of the most useful initiatives is ensuring
that the road is effective economically and socially.
The effectiveness of a road expansion can be increased in a variety of ways.
The conditions and characteristics of the location will determine whether a specific
procedure can be applied or not. For instance, in some situations, the sub-grade
may be so solid that reinforcement is not required, and in other instances it may
be necessary to utilize a variety of reinforcements on some softer soils. This should
consider the life-cycle cost as well as the building expenditures. For instance, using
steel grids can increase building expenses, but it may also result in less
maintenance being required. Therefore, using reinforcement over the long run may
be more cost-effective. However, estimating whole- life expenses might be
challenging. Before attempting the design of the wider region, it is crucial in all road
widening projects to comprehend the state of the existing structure. There are
numerous ways to accomplish this. Old design and construction records can also
be a great source of knowledge, but these should first be verified by additional
research. The aim of all studies should be ensured that the widened portion is
similar in character and structure to the existing road. If the existing road is frost-
susceptible, or if it is showing non-uniform settlement, it is recommended that the
road should be repaired before widening. In this case the reasons for the failure
should be identified before the repair is carried out (Tikkanen, 2010).
Another way of ensuring the effectiveness of a widened road is a traffic flow
analysis. Investigations were made on macro modeling and the way to solve for
road width in traffic flow. First, a new macro model that takes road width into
account was suggested. Second, the effects of road width on tiny perturbations
 11

and uniform flow were investigated. The theoretical and numerical results
demonstrate that increasing (decreasing) a road's width may improve (decrease)
its equilibrium speed and flow, and that the increases (decreasing) a road's width
will grow with its absolute value. The numerical findings also show that the new
model can describe how changes in road width affect the evolutions of uniform
flow and minor perturbations. (Tang, Tq., Li, Cy., Huang, Hj. et al., 01 Oct 2011)
For traffic management and control, using appropriate assessment tools,
assessing the levels of traffic congestion on road networks is crucial since it could
give the associated agencies a precise understanding of the state of network traffic
operations. As a result, to determine the inefficiency of a road widening and offer
alternatives, evaluation and an assessment of the traffic flow are required.
Conducting traffic volume studies is one of the key jobs for highway
planning and management to gauge how frequently people use the roads and do
traffic evaluations. These variables provide the necessary information to analyze
the local traffic condition and develop potential traffic decongestion methods.
(Arriesgado, GE., Estorba, TM. et al., October 2019)
The number of vehicles within a 1-hour period is known as the peak hour
volume.
According to current lane, traffic, and control conditions, capacity is the
hourly rate at which people or vehicles can fairly be expected to travel over a point
or uniform part of a road. (Cudillo & et al., March 2017)
On the other hand, the level of service (LOS) is a qualitative assessment of
how a particular institution is performing. The LOS concept uses qualitative
indicators to explain how drivers and passengers perceive the operating
circumstances within a traffic stream. (Arriesgado, GE., Estorba, TM. et al.,
October 2019)
In his analysis of an intersection, Ricardo Sigua provided a technique for
calculating the maximum flow in any stream of minor road traffic. The present traffic
flow is then contrasted with the predicted reserve capacity. The expected delay
and level of service are computed using this reserve capacity.
 12

Look at a four-leg intersection. Minor movements include both left turn

movements from the major route and side road or minor road movements.
However, in terms of order, these turn motions take priority over those coming from
side roads. (Arriesgado, GE., Estorba, TM. et al., October 2019)

Figure 2. Minor Movements

Figure 2 mainly depicts a left turn off a major road and a modest movement
from one approach of a minor road.
The following order must be followed when handling traffic movements
according to the method:
a. Turning right onto the major road
b. Turning left off the major road
c. Traffic on the major roadway
d. Turning left onto the major road
Structure of Major Road Traffic
Figure 3 depicts the various major road traffic systems that must be
considered when studying a specific minor road flow.
Take note that half of the volume of the traffic turning right from the major
route (M1) is considered as an inhibitory effect even if it does not directly compete
with the minor flow under consideration. M1 might not even be present at all if this
inhibitory impact is observed to be lacking.
 13

Figure 3. Major Road Traffic Systems

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 1978
Critical Gap
Minor road flows' capacity comes from the spaces between major road flows
that are accessible. It is used to indicate the bare minimum gaps that operators of
small road vehicles must maintain. Table 1 lists the critical spacing values for
various vehicle motions, speed limits, and highway types.
 14

Table 1. Critical Gap tg for passenger cars, sec

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 1978

Capacity
To begin with, the fundamental capacity is determined to calculate the minor
road flow capacity. Figure 4 is used to calculate the basic capacity Mno's value
with regards to the primary road flows Mh and the key gap tg.
 15

Figure 4. Basic Capacity of Minor Road Flow

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 1978
The maximum minor road flow, with the following assumptions, is the basic
capacity:
a. The major road Mh is not blocked by traffic on that road.
b. The minor traffic stream has exclusive access to a turning lane.
If these requirements are not met, the following criteria must be considered
when applying correction factors:
a. a. Congestion on the major road If a traffic stream leaving the major road
becomes backed up and interferes with the traffic on the secondary roads,
the basic capacity is reduced.
A p-value is obtained from figure 4 and is applied as a reduction factor.
The probability that this minor stream of on-road traffic remains unaffected
is indicated by the p-value. The p-value is initially calculated using the ratio of the
actual to the capacity of the same flow.

Figure 5. Reduction factor due to possible congestion of movement off major road.
Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 1978
a. Shared Lanes
 16

On the small road approach, shared lanes are those where two
or more movements are constrained in a single lane. Since small
vehicles can halt side by side at the near edge of the major road, the
effect of shared lanes may be negligible or ignored when corners of the
intersection have a large turning radius.

Passenger Car Equivalents

The current flow must be converted to the calculated capacity, which is
expressed in passenger car units per hour. Table 2 is useful for this purpose as a
result.
 17

Reserve Capacity
The distinction between the current flow and capacity is known as reserve
capacity. This has a direct correlation with both the LOS and the size of the delay.
Table 3. is used to evaluate this. After each minor flow evaluation, an overall
assessment or generalization may be made.

 18

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The research utilizes a descriptive method to assess the traffic situation on
the intersection of Villa Leyson Subd. And Miñoza St., Bacayan. The data will be
gathered, analyzed, and summarized using quantitative methodologies. The
researchers will also conduct a traffic volume study, site observations, and
investigations to obtain raw data for interpretation and analyses. The information
acquired will provide the foundation for formulating a road widening proposal for
the community.

3.2 Research Environment

The study will be conducted along the roadway of Miñoza St., Bacayan
where traffic congestion due to the narrow road is severe. Along the highway, there
are about five intersections present. However, only the intersection of Villa Leyson
Subd., and Miñoza St. was considered because it frequently experiences traffic
jams. Figure 6 is the satellite image of Miñoza St., Bacayan. Figures 7 and 8 are
the map and satellite image of the intersection of Villa Leyson Subd., and Miñoza
St. Figure 9 are the images of the three legs of the T-intersection namely: Figure
9.1 (Vehicles Going to Talamban, Cebu City - City Bound), Figure 9.2 (Vehicles
Going to Villa Leyson) and, Figure 9.3 (Vehicles Going to Pit-os, Cebu City Bound).
 19

Figure 6. Roadway of Miñoza St., Bacayan, Cebu City

Figure 7. Intersection of Villa Leyson Sub., and Miñoza St., Bacayan

 20

Figure 8. Satellite Image of the Intersection of Villa Leyson Sub., and Miñoza St.

Figure 9.1. To Talamban, Cebu City

 21

Figure 9.2. To Villa Leyson Subd., Bacayan, Cebu City

Figure 9.3. To Pit-os, Cebu City

 22

3.3 Research Procedure

To establish the Traffic Flow Analysis on the intersection located in the
study area, the researchers will execute the following steps: Initially, the
researchers will gather datas for peak hours from CITOM. Then, the researchers
will calculate the road’s volume of the traffic to determine the number of vehicles
passing in every section. Researchers will then make an inventory of the geometric
features which show the dimension of the intersection if the design addresses all
mobility and safety goals, and width of approach/departure lanes. Researchers will
also collect data through inspection and formulas under dynamic traffic studies
(operational features) such as the type of intersection, it’s traffic volume and
composition, the classification of vehicles, and finally the level of service. With the
data collected, the researchers will be able to design their proposed road widening.

3.4 Gathering of Data

A road's traffic volume is measured by tallying how many cars pass through
it over time. Traffic volume count, or TVC, is typically done as a part of
transportation surveys. TVC can be classified or unclassified. It is typically
expressed in terms of Passenger Car Unit (PCU) and measured to calculate Level
of Service of the road and related attributes like congestion, carrying capacity, V/C
Ratio, identification of peak hour or extended peak hour, etc.
In this study, the researchers will conduct a manual counting on an hourly
pattern which is during the peak hours that CITOM has given. This counting will
last for five days which is during the weekdays, Monday – Friday.
Raw Volume Count
Volume = Vehicle / hour
 23

Late night hours were neglected because traffic flow is during that time is minimal.

Figure 10. Tally Board for Traffic Volume

Level of Service
In calculating LOS, the unsignalized intersection will be observed based on
the continuity of flow, density, speed, and delay.
Table 4. Level of Service Criteria for Unsignalized Intersections
 24

Source: Highway Capacity Manual, 2016

• Level of Service A: Free-flow traffic with individual users virtually unaffected
by the presence of others in the traffic stream.
• Level of Service B: Stable traffic flow with a high degree of freedom to select
speed and operating conditions but with some influence from other users.
• Level of Service C: Restricted flow that remains stable but with significant
interactions with others in the traffic stream. The general level of comfort
and convenience declines noticeably at this level.
• Level of Service D: High-density flow in which speed and freedom to
maneuver are severely restricted and comfort and convenience have
declined even though flow remains stable.
• Level of Service E: Unstable flow at or near capacity levels with poor levels
of comfort and convenience.
• Level of Service F: Forced traffic flow in which the amount of traffic
approaching a point exceeds the amount that can be served. LOS F is
characterized by stop-and-go waves, poor travel times, low comfort and
convenience, and increased accident exposure.

Ci = Si (gi/C)
Where, Ci = capacity for a lane group, L
Si = saturation flow rate for lane group, I, and gi/C = green time / cycle time
During the manual counting, the researchers will also make an inventory for
the geometric features of the intersection. The inventory will be done through
manual observation and the use of the researchers’ measurement tools.
 25

Table 5. Classification of Vehicles

Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F
Motorcycle SUV Cargo
PUJ PUB
Delivery
Bicycle Auto (Public (Public
Taxi Trucks
Utility Utility Bus)
Garbage
Tricycle Pick-up Jeepney) / Minibus
Trucks
 27

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 29

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 APPENDIX A
TURNITIN OUTPUT / SIMILARITY INDEX
 APPENDIX B
CURRICULUM VITAE

CHRISTALLENE JOY T. ACOJEDO

[email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : San Carlos City, Negros Occidental
Present Address : Camella Miramonte, Pit-os, Cebu City
Date of Birth : December 08, 2000
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2019 - Present)
Senior High School : Southwestern Uniersity PHINMA
Sambag I, Urgello, Cebu City
(2017 - 2019)
High School : Julio Ledesma National High School
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental
(2013 - 2017)
Elementary : Tandang Sora Elementary School
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental
(2007 – 2013)
 CURRICULUM VITAE

CHRISTIAN MARC R. CORCIEGA

[email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : La Hacienda, Alicia, Bohol
Present Address : Katipunan, Labangon, Cebu City
Date of Birth : December 01, 1999
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2019 - Present)
Senior High School : Indiana Aerospace University
Kagudoy Rd., Lapu – Lapu City
(2017 - 2019)
High School : Ubay National Science High School
Fatima, Ubay, Bohol
(2013 - 2017)
Elementary : La Hacienda Elementary School
La Hacienda, Alicia, Bohol
(2007 – 2013)
 CURRICULUM VITAE

HASAN B. MANABILANG
[email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : Deca Homes, Bacayan, Cebu City
Present Address : Deca Homes, Bacayan, Cebu City
Date of Birth : January 11, 2000
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Islam

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2019 - Present)
Senior High School : University of Cebu - Banilad
Banilad, Cebu City
(2017 - 2019)
High School : San Isidro Parish School
Talamban, Cebu City
(2013 - 2017)
Elementary : Three H Academy
Cebu City, Cebu
(2007 – 2013)
 CURRICULUM VITAE

MONICA RIBLE
[email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : Cawayanan, Tubigon, Bohol
Present Address : Guadalupe, Cebu City
Date of Birth : July 19, 2001
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2019-Present)
Senior High School : Mater Dei College - Senior High Dept.
Cabulijan, Tubigon, Bohol
(2017-2019)
High School : Cawayanan National High School
Cawayanan, Tubigon, Bohol
(2013-2017)
Elementary : Cawayanan Elementary School
Cawayanan, Tubigon, Bohol
(2007-2013)
 CURRICULUM VITAE

ALEJANDRO I. SIOS-E III

[email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : Pooc, Talisay City, Cebu
Present Address : Pooc, Talisay City, Cebu
Date of Birth : September 29, 2000
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2019 - Present)
Senior High School : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2017 - 2019)
High School : Pooc National High School
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental
(2013 - 2017)
Elementary : Vicenta A. Manreal Elementary School
Talisay city, Cebu
(2007 - 2013)
 CURRICULUM VITAE

ROMIEL M. SOLUGAOL
[email protected]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Home Address : Barangay Liki, Sogod, Cebu City
Present Address : Brgy. San Antonio, Cebu City
Date of Birth : April 04, 1998
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., San Nicolas, Cebu City
(2019-Present)
Senior High School : San Remigio National High School
Poblacion San Remigio, Cebu City
(2017-2019)
High School : San Remigio National High School
Poblacion San Remigio, Cebu City
(2013-2017)
Elementary : San Remigio Central School
Poblacion San Remigio, Cebu City
(2007-2013)