Try to remember how you learned

the following.

1. How to write your name.

2. Concept of multo.
3. How to cross the street.
4. How to cook rice.
5. Concept of karma.
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
COMPETENCIES:
• Analyze the concept, aspects and
changes in/of culture and society
• Explain the importance of cultural
relativism in attaining cultural
understanding
CONCEPT
of Culture
CONCEPT OF CULTURE
 The term culture was first used by the
English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor
in his book, Primitive Culture.
 Accordingto Tylor (1920), culture is
“that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, law, morals,
customs, and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.”
 belief

morals law

CULTURE
acquired by man
as a member of
society

knowledge art

customs
 TYPES
of Culture
 TYPES OF CULTURE

NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
-intangible, abstract parts of culture that
can’t be touched
-non-physical ideas that people have about
their culture
Types of Culture
 TYPES OF CULTURE

MATERIAL CULTURE

• tangible or manmade objects of culture

• physical objects, resources, and spaces
that people use to define their culture.

Types of Culture
ASPECTS
of Culture
Aspects of Culture
❑Learned
❑Shared
❑Integrated
❑Adaptive and Dynamic
❑Abstract
❑Symbolic
Culture is Learned
Culture is not innate in person. It
is also not biological in nature
which means that it is not
something that is physically or
genetically inherited.
Culture is Shared
Culture is not possessed by a
single person alone.
Culture is Integrated
Culture possesses a systematic
order that allows the various parts
and elements to be integrated into
a single whole.
Culture is Adaptive
and Dynamic
Culture adapts to various
environmental and geographical
conditions as witnessed throughout
the context of the history of the
world.
Culture is Abstract
There is no single tangible
manifestation that can take the
form of culture itself.
Culture is Symbolic
All cultures in the world are
driven by symbols that stand for
something.
ELEMENTS
of Culture
ELEMENTS of Culture
❑SYMBOLS
❑LANGUAGE
❑TECHNOLOGY
❑VALUES
❑BELIEFS
❑NORMS (folkways, mores and laws)
Symbol
anything that is used to stand for
something else.
People who share a culture often
attach a specific meaning to an
object, gesture, sound, or image
Language

Itis a system of words and symbols

used to communicate with other
people.
Technology
the application of knowledge and
equipment to ease the task of living
and maintaining the environment
Values
culturally defined standards for what
is good, proper or desirable
influences people’s behavior and serve
as a benchmark for evaluating the
actions of other
Beliefs
They are conceptions or ideas of
people have about what is true in the
environment around them.
maybe based on common sense, folk
wisdom, religion, science or a
combination of all of these
Norms
specific rules/standards to guide for
appropriate behavior.
societal expectations that mandate
specific behaviors in specific
situations.
Types of Norms
❑Proscriptive Norms
– defines and tells us things not to do

❑Prescriptive Norms
- defines and tells us things to do
FORMS OF NORMS

❑FOLKWAYS
❑MORES
❑LAWS
Forms of Norms
Folkways/Customs
- repetitive ways of doing things
- behavior that people follow for the
sake of tradition or convenience.
Forms of Norms
Mores
-strict norms that control moral and
ethical behavior
-based on definitions of right and wrong
Forms of Norms
Laws
– controlled ethics and they are morally
agreed, written down and enforced by an
official law enforcement agency.
Ethnocentrism and
Cultural Relativism
Ethnocentrism
 Leadspeople to believe the inherent
superiority of one’s culture over the other.
Cultural Relativism
 Promotes the idea that no culture is superior to
other.
 Neutral perspective
CULTURAL CHANGE

the manner by which

culture evolves.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE

1. DISCOVERY 2. INVENTION 3. DIFFUSION

• the process of • the process of • the process
finding a new place devising, creating through which
or an object, and producing elements of
artefact or anything something new, culture spread
that previously novel or original from one society
existed. to another
DISCOVERY
INVENTIONS
THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/35-inventions-that-changed-the-world

WHEEL

<iframe src="https://giphy.com/embed/ALvhCuAS6l8EU" width="480" height="270"

frameBorder="0" class="giphy-embed" allowFullScreen></iframe><p><a
href="https://giphy.com/gifs/thengb-metal-the-ngb-machine-ALvhCuAS6l8EU">via
GIPHY</a></p>
INVENTIONS
THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/35-inventions-that-changed-the-world

COMPASS
INVENTIONS
THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/35-inventions-that-changed-the-world

LIGHTBULB
INVENTIONS
THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/35-inventions-that-changed-the-world

NAIL
Processes of Diffusion
ASSIMILATION

ACCULTURATION the process in which

groups or individuals AMALGAMATION
a process in which a learn to absorb the the process of ENCULTURATION
person adopts the dominant culture of mixing two cultures
values, norms and the society in which to create a new
practices of another they live and do not culture the process by
group, while still maintain any form which an
retaining their own of their own culture. individual learns
culture. about his/her
own culture.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE

4. COLONIZATION 5. REBELLION AND

• the act of taking REVOLUTIONARY
control of an area or a MOVEMENTS
country that is not
your own, especially
• acts of violent or
using force, and open resistance to
sending people from an established
your own country to government or ruler.
live there
COLONIZATION
REBELLION AND REVOLUTIONARY
MOVEMENTS
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

Cultural Variation/Diversity
• refers to the differentiation of culture all over the world which means there
is no right or wrong culture but there is appropriate culture for the need of a
specific group of people
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

Sub-culture
• refers to a smaller group within a
larger culture
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

Counterculture
• Refers to cultural patterns that
strongly oppose those widely
accepted within a society
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

Culture Lag
• is experienced when some parts of the
society do not change as fast as with other
parts and they are left behind
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

Culture Shock
• the feeling of disorientation experienced by
someone who is suddenly subjected to an
unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of
attitudes.
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

Ideal Culture
• refers to the values, norms, and
behaviors that a certain society claims
and aspires to have
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

Real Culture
• refers to the values, norms, and
behaviors that the society actually
has
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

High Culture
• cultural aspects considered superior and
typically associated with and consumed by
the elites of society: the well-educated or
wealthy.
Other Important
Terms Related to
Culture

Popular Culture
• refers to the cultural patterns that are
widespread among a society’s
population
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
 CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
 Society is viewed as a complex web of
relationships existing out of man’s interaction
with one another.

relationship interaction
Several definitions of society:
❖ Auguste Comte, the Father of Sociology, saw society as a social
organism possessing harmony of structure and function.
❖ Talcott Parsons, an American sociologist, conceives as system
comprised of the interactions of many individuals within a
situation through commonly understood cultural norms of
generalized symbols and associated meanings.
❖ George Douglas Howard Cole, an English political theorist and
economist, views the society as a complex of organized
associations and institutions with a community.
❖ Robert Maclver and Charles Page, social scientists, a system of
usages and procedures of authority and mutual aid of many
groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and
liberties.
Society is viewed as group
of people with a shared
culture interacting within
groups and institutions.
 SOCIETY
-a group of people with common
territory, interaction, and culture
Definition of society has
two types:
FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION
-Society is defined as a complex of groups in
reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another,
enabling human organisms to carry on their life-
activities and helping each person to fulfill his wishes
and accomplish his interests in association with his
fellows.
Definition of society has two
types:

STRUCTURAL DEFINITION
-Society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores
and institutions; of habits, sentiments and ide
The following are reasons people live
together as a society (Ariola, 2012):

A. For survival
-From birth to death, man
always depends upon his
parents and from others.
The following are reasons people live
together as a society (Ariola, 2012):

B. Feeling of gregariousness
-This is the desire of people to be with other
people, especially of their own culture.
The following are reasons people live
together as a society (Ariola, 2012):

C. Specialization
-to promote and protect
their own professions

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

 Characteristics of Society

1. LIKENESS
• Without a sense of likeness, there could
be no mutual recognition of’ belonging
together’ and therefore no society.
 Characteristics of Society

2. DIFFERENCES
• If people will be alike in all aspects, society
could not be formed and there would be
little reciprocity and relationship would
become limited.
 Characteristics of Society

3. RECIPROCAL AWARENESS
• All social action is based on reciprocal
response. This alone, makes possible, the
we-feeling.
 Characteristics of Society

4. INTERDEPENDENCE
• It is not possible for human being to
satisfy his desire in isolation. He cannot
live alone. He needs the help of others for
his survival.
 Characteristics of Society

5. COOPERATION
• If the members of the society do not work
together for the common purposes, they
cannot lead a happy and comfortable life.
Cooperation avoids mutual
destructiveness.
 Characteristics of Society

6. CONFLICT
• A conflict free harmonious society is
practically an impossibility. There is no
denying the fact that society requires for
its formation and growth both harmony
and disharmony.
Gerhard Lenski’s five types of societies

Horticultural
Hunting and Agricultural
and pastoral
gathering societies
societies

Post-
Industrial
industrial
societies
societies
 Hunting and Gathering Society

• Also called “foraging society” because survival is

anchored on searching and gathering food from nature.
• People used their basic human instinct and skills as a way
to acquire food and shelter.
Hunting and
Gathering
Society
 Horticultural and Pastoral Society
• People discovered and cultivated the process of raising
crops using handmade tools like hoe and stick for digging
through soil and animal for domestication.
 Horticultural and Pastoral Society

• Horticulture is derived from the Latin word hortus,

“garden” and colere, “to cultivate”.
 Agricultural Society
• The use of materials like metals and wheels led to the
plowing of fertile soils in massive proportions.
• People used plow than hoe in food production
 Agricultural Society
• Irrigation farming was introduced which resulted to a
larger yield of production.
 Industrial Society
• The invention of steam machine was an important turning
point in the transition from agricultural to industrial society

agricultural lands were converted as manufacturing

 Industrial Society
• Emerging agricultural lands were converted as
manufacturing to industrial sites
• Factories rise to prominence as iconic structures
 Post-industrial Society
• 20th century marked the
beginning of information
revolution
• Accessibility are faster and
yield higher productivity
• Globalization, network
society, global village and
service economy
 Characteristics of our Current Era

1. There is a shift from producing goods to creating

services.
2. Blue-collar, manual labor jobs are replaced with
professional and technical jobs.
 Characteristics of our Current Era

3. Transition to a focus on theoretical knowledge over

practical know-how.

4. Increased focus on the implication of new technologies,

when and how they should be used.