Diapositivas Flexión 2.0

REINFORCED CONCRETE I
UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE
SANTANDER
LUIS E. ZAPATA ORDUZ, PhD

Facultad de Ingenierías Físico-Mecánicas
Escuela de Ingeniería Civil
Bucaramanga, I semestre 2022

2
FLEXURE THEORY
✓ Summary from the example:
The example was based on elastic theory assuming the following:
(1) A plane section before bending remains plane after bending (strain
variation from zero at N.A throughout the depth member is linear)
(2) Stress α strain. Stress distribution throughout the depth was also linear
from zero at N.A to a maximum at the outer fibers.
3
GENERALITIES
✓ Summary from the example:

εconcrete
εconcrete
4
FLEXURE THEORY
5
6
FLEXURE THEORY
✓ Introduction to M-ϕ Diagram
Mcr
ϕcr
7
FLEXURE THEORY
✓ Curvature, ϕ → slope of the strain diagram
εconcrete
Mcr
εconcrete
ϕcr For above example,

please find: ϕcr = ???
Use: ____ x 10-3
8
FLEXURE THEORY
✓ Curvature, ϕ → slope of the strain diagram
εconcrete
Mcr
εconcrete
ϕcr
La curvatura se define como el cociente entre el
momento flector aplicado y la rigidez de la sección
For above example,
please find: ϕcr = ???
Use: ____ x 10-3
9
FLEXURE THEORY
Mcr
ϕcr ϕćr
¿What about the Ec ?

Following the NSR-10
you can use the same Ec: C.10.10.4.1
10
FLEXURE THEORY
Mcr
Mcr
ϕcr
11
FLEXURE THEORY
Mcr
ϕcr
12
FLEXURE THEORY
✓ For a RC beam, the use of the flexure formula presents some

complications:
(i) the beam is not homogeneous (literally it is a composite)

(ii) concrete does not behave elastically over its full range of strength
13
FLEXURE THEORY
✓ RC members at loads close to / at failure, one or both materials (concrete

or steel), are invariably in their nonlinear inelastic range.
14
GENERALITIES
Terminology and Notation
✓ The ACI Code uses the subscript u to designate the required strength,
which is a load effect computed from combinations of factored loads
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
✓ The symbol U and subscript u → sum of the factored loads in terms of

loads, or in terms of the effects of the factored loads: Mu, Vu, Pu or Tu
15
GENERALITIES
✓ The reduced nominal strength or design strength is the nominal strength

multiplied by a strength-reduction factor, ϕ. The design equations are thus:
ϕ Mn ≥ Mu
ϕ Pn ≥ Pu
ϕ Vn ≥ Vu
ϕ Tn ≥ Tu
16
GENERALITIES
17
GENERALITIES
18
GENERALITIES
4. The Limit State Design (LSD)
✓ LSD → RC members must be analyzed regarding three limiting states:
1. Load-carrying capacity (safety and stability)

2. Deformation (deflections, vibrations, and impact)
3. Durability (crack formation and environment)
✓ LSD indicates the state of the member in which it ceases to meet the
service requirements such as …
✓ The aim of LSD is to ensure that no __________ will appear in the

structural member during its service life
19
GENERALITIES
 Serviceability → deflections be small, cracks be kept to tolerable limits

and vibrations should be minimized, ...
20
FLEXURE THEORY
“d ” from C → T
21
FLEXURE THEORY
Cc
(d – a/2) = j d
Mn
For while fy will be assumed
NSR-10: Art. C.7.7

22
FLEXURE THEORY
23
GENERALITIES
 For buildings LSD starts by selecting the concrete strength, cement

content & type, SCM, w/b ratio, air content, and clear cover (cc) of
reinforcement → to satisfy the durability requirements of codes.
compression
zone
N.A
tension
zone
d = h – cc – (stirrup) – ½(bar diameter)

24
GENERALITIES
 Ex. → If b = 350 mm and h = 500 mm. The beam is working at internal

environments using steel reinforcement N°5 with stirrups N°3. Find d.
d = h – cc – (stirrup) – ½(bar diameter)
d = 500 – 40 – (9.5)- ½ (15.9) = 442.55 mm

→ d = 442.5 mm vs. d = 442.6 mm?
25
GENERALITIES
26
FLEXURE THEORY
27
FLEXURE THEORY
28
GENERALITIES
29
FLEXURE THEORY
30
FLEXURE THEORY
31
FLEXURE THEORY
32
FLEXURE THEORY
 The nominal strength (Sn) of a member must be calculated based on this

inelastic behavior of the materials.
Wonderland Hypothesis
of behavior
Code imposed C
Sn → [Fy (As)] & [0.85Fć (ab)]

33
FLEXURE THEORY
Assuming Whitney´s compressive law:

Cc = 0.85fć(ab)
a = β1 c
Internal Moment → Two options
Cc
Option 1: ∑MC = Mn
(d – a/2)
Mn Mn = (FyAs)(d – a/2)
Option 2: ∑MT = Mn
If Fs < Fy – a/2)
Mn = [0.85fć(ab)](d
Fy was assumed
34
FLEXURE THEORY
Cc = 0.85fć(ab)
a = β1 c
Cc
Option 1: ∑MC = Mn
Mn = (FyAs)(d – a/2)
Mn
(d – a/2) Option 2: ∑MT = Mn
Mn = [0.85Fć(ab)](d – a/2)
Compression Area (ab) = !!! WARNING ¡¡¡ If b is not constant

35
FLEXURE THEORY

Cc = 0.85fć(ab)
a = β1 c
Cc Option 1: ∑MC = Mn
Mn = (FyAs)(d – a/2)
(d – a/2) Mn
Option 2: ∑MT = Mn
Mn = [0.85Fć(ab)](d – a/2)
Whitney is assumed
For while fy will be assumed
For while “b” will be a constant value
For while “only one layer of steel” will be assumed

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REINFORCED CONCRETE I

LUIS E. ZAPATA ORDUZ, PhD

Bucaramanga, I semestre 2022

✓ Summary from the example:

The example was based on elastic theory assuming the following:

✓ Summary from the example:

✓ Introduction to M-ϕ Diagram

✓ Curvature, ϕ → slope of the strain diagram

ϕcr For above example,

✓ Curvature, ϕ → slope of the strain diagram

✓ Introduction to M-ϕ Diagram

¿What about the Ec ?

✓ Introduction to M-ϕ Diagram

✓ Introduction to M-ϕ Diagram

✓ For a RC beam, the use of the flexure formula presents some

(i) the beam is not homogeneous (literally it is a composite)

✓ RC members at loads close to / at failure, one or both materials (concrete

Terminology and Notation

✓ The symbol U and subscript u → sum of the factored loads in terms of

✓ The reduced nominal strength or design strength is the nominal strength

4. The Limit State Design (LSD)

✓ LSD → RC members must be analyzed regarding three limiting states:

1. Load-carrying capacity (safety and stability)

✓ The aim of LSD is to ensure that no __________ will appear in the

 Serviceability → deflections be small, cracks be kept to tolerable limits

For while fy will be assumed

NSR-10: Art. C.7.7

 For buildings LSD starts by selecting the concrete strength, cement

d = h – cc – (stirrup) – ½(bar diameter)

 Ex. → If b = 350 mm and h = 500 mm. The beam is working at internal

d = h – cc – (stirrup) – ½(bar diameter)

d = 500 – 40 – (9.5)- ½ (15.9) = 442.55 mm

 The nominal strength (Sn) of a member must be calculated based on this

Sn → [Fy (As)] & [0.85F´c (ab)]

Assuming Whitney´s compressive law:

Compression Area (ab) = !!! WARNING ¡¡¡ If b is not constant

Assuming Whitney´s compressive law:

For while fy will be assumed

For while “b” will be a constant value

For while “only one layer of steel” will be assumed

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