CH10

Chapter 10
10-1 From Eqs. (10-4) and (10-5)
4C  1 0.615 4C  2
KW  K B   
4C  4 C 4C  3
Plot 100(KW  KB)/ KW vs. C for 4  C  12 obtaining

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
100(KW-KB)/KW
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
4 6 8 10 12
C
We see the maximum and minimum occur at C = 4 and 12 respectively where
Maximum = 1.36 % Ans., and Minimum = 0.743 % Ans.

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10-2 A = Sdm
dim(Auscu) = [dim (S) dim(d m)]uscu = kpsiinm
dim(ASI) = [dim (S) dim(d m)]SI = MPammm
 m Auscu  6.894757  25.4  Auscu  6.895  25.4  Auscu

MPa mm m
ASI  Ans.
m m
kpsi in
For music wire, from Table 10-4:
Auscu = 201 kpsiinm, m = 0.145; what is ASI?
ASI = 6.895(25.4)0.145 (201) = 2215 MPammm Ans.

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10-3 Given: Music wire, d = 2.5 mm, OD = 31 mm, plain ground ends, Nt = 14 coils.
Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 1/47

(a) Table 10-1: Na = Nt  1 = 14  1 = 13 coils
D = OD  d = 31 2.5 = 28.5 mm
C = D/d = 28.5/2.5 = 11.4
Table 10-5: d = 2.5/25.4 = 0.098 in  G = 81.0(103) MPa
d 4G 2.54  81103
8 D 3 N a 8  28.53 13
Eq. (10-9): k   1.314 N / mm Ans.
(b) Table 10-1: Ls = d Nt = 2.5(14) = 35 mm
Table 10-4: m = 0.145, A = 2211 MPammm
A 2211
Eq. (10-14): Sut    1936 MPa
d m
2.50.145
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.45(1936) = 871.2 MPa
4C  2 4 11.4   2
KB    1.117
4C  3 4 11.4   3
Eq. (10-5):
 d 3 S sy   2.53  871.2
Fs    167.9 N
8 1.117  28.5
Eq. (10-7): Ans.
8K B D
Fs 167.9
(c) L0   Ls   35  162.8 mm Ans.
k 1.314
2.63  28.5 
(d)  L0 cr   149.9 mm . Spring needs to be supported. Ans.
0.5
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10-4 Given: Design load, F1 = 130 N.
Referring to Prob. 10-3 solution, C = 11.4, Na = 13 coils, Ssy = 871.2 MPa, Fs = 167.9 N,
L0 = 162.8 mm and (L0)cr = 149.9 mm.
Eq. (10-18): 4 ≤ C ≤ 12 C = 11.4 O.K.
Eq. (10-19): 3 ≤ Na ≤ 15 Na = 13 O.K.
F 167.9
Eq. (10-17):   s  1   1  0.29
F1 130

Eq. (10-20):   0.15,   0.29 O.K .
From Eq. (10-7) for static service
 8F1D  8(130)(28.5)
1  K B  3 
 1.117  674 MPa
 d   (2.5)3
S 871.2
n  sy   1.29
1 674
Eq. (10-21): ns ≥ 1.2, n = 1.29 O.K.
 167.9   167.9 
 s  1    674    870.5 MPa
 130   130 
S sy /  s  871.2 / 870.5  1
Ssy/s ≥ (ns )d : Not solid-safe (but was the basis of the design). Not O.K.
L0 ≤ (L0)cr: 162.8  149.9 Not O.K.
Design is unsatisfactory. Operate over a rod? Ans.

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10-5 Given: Oil-tempered wire, d = 0.2 in, D = 2 in, Nt = 12 coils, L0 = 5 in, squared ends.
(a) Table 10-1: Ls = d (Nt + 1) = 0.2(12 + 1) = 2.6 in Ans.
(b) Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 12  2 = 10 coils

Table 10-5: G = 11.2 Mpsi
d 4G 0.24 11.2 106

8  23 10
Eq. (10-9): k   28 lbf/in
8D3 N a
Fs = k ys = k (L0  Ls ) = 28(5  2.6) = 67.2 lbf Ans.
(c) Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 2/0.2 = 10
4C  2 4 10   2
KB    1.135
4C  3 4 10   3
Eq. (10-5):
8  67.2  2
 48.56 103  psi
8 Fs D
  0.2 
Eq. (10-7):  s  KB  1.135
d 3 3
Table 10-4: m = 0.187, A = 147 kpsiinm

A 147
Eq. (10-14): Sut    198.6 kpsi
d m
0.20.187
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.50 Sut = 0.50(198.6) = 99.3 kpsi
99.3 S sy
ns   2.04  Ans.
 s 48.56
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10-6 Given: Oil-tempered wire, d = 4 mm, C = 10, plain ends, L0 = 80 mm, and at F = 50 N,
y = 15 mm.
(a) k = F/y = 50/15 = 3.333 N/mm Ans.
(b) D = Cd = 10(4) = 40 mm
OD = D + d = 40 + 4 = 44 mm Ans.
(c) From Table 10-5, G = 77.2 GPa
d 4G 4  77.2 10
4 3
Na    11.6 coils
8kD3 8  3.333 403
Eq. (10-9):
Table 10-1: Nt = Na = 11.6 coils Ans.
(d) Table 10-1: Ls = d (Nt + 1) = 4(11.6 + 1) = 50.4 mm Ans.
(e) Table 10-4: m = 0.187, A = 1855 MPammm
A 1855
Eq. (10-14): Sut    1431 MPa
d m 40.187
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.50 Sut = 0.50(1431) = 715.5 MPa
ys = L0  Ls = 80  50.4 = 29.6 mm
Fs = k ys = 3.333(29.6) = 98.66 N
4C  2 4(10)  2
Eq. (10-5): KB    1.135
4C  3 4(10)  3
8 Fs D 8  98.66  40
  43 
Eq. (10-7):  s  KB  1.135  178.2 MPa
d 3

715.5 S sy
ns   4.02 
Ans.
 s 178.2
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10-7 Static service spring with: HD steel wire, d = 0.080 in, OD = 0.880 in, Nt = 8 coils, plain
and ground ends.
Preliminaries
Table 10-5: A = 140 kpsi · inm, m = 0.190
A 140
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   226.2 kpsi
d 0.0800.190
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.45(226.2) = 101.8 kpsi
Then,
D = OD  d = 0.880  0.080 = 0.8 in
Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 0.8/0.08 = 10
4C  2 4(10)  2
Eq. (10-5): KB    1.135
4C  3 4(10)  3
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  1 = 8  1 = 7 coils
Ls = dNt = 0.08(8) = 0.64 in
Eq. (10-7) For solid-safe, ns = 1.2 :
 d 3S sy / ns   0.08  101.8 10  / 1.2 
3 3
Fs    18.78 lbf
8K B D 8(1.135)(0.8)
d 4G 0.084 11.5 106
8  0.83  7
Eq. (10-9): k    16.43 lbf/in
8D 3 N a
Fs 18.78
ys    1.14 in
k 16.43
(a) L0 = ys + Ls = 1.14 + 0.64 = 1.78 in Ans.

L 1.78
(b) Table 10-1: p  0   0.223 in Ans.
Nt 8
(c) From above: Fs = 18.78 lbf Ans.
(d) From above: k = 16.43 lbf/in Ans.
2.63D 2.63(0.8)
(e) Table 10-2 and Eq. (10-13): ( L0 ) c r    4.21 in
 0.5
Since L0 < (L0)cr, buckling is unlikely Ans.
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10-8 Given: Design load, F1 = 16.5 lbf.
Referring to Prob. 10-7 solution, C = 10, Na = 7 coils, Ssy = 101.8 kpsi, Fs = 18.78 lbf,
ys = 1.14 in, L0 = 1.78 in, and (L0)cr = 4.21 in.
Eq. (10-18): 4 ≤ C ≤ 12 C = 10 O.K.

Eq. (10-19): 3 ≤ Na ≤ 15 Na = 7 O.K.
Fs 18.78
Eq. (10-17):   1   1  0.14
F1 16.5
Eq. (10-20):   0.15,   0.14 not O.K . , but probably acceptable.
From Eq. (10-7) for static service
 74.5 103  psi  74.5 kpsi

 8F D  8(16.5)(0.8)
 1  K B  1 3   1.135
  d   (0.080) 3
Ssy 101.8
n   1.37
1 74.5
Eq. (10-21): ns ≥ 1.2, n = 1.37 O.K.
 18.78   18.78 
 s  1    74.5    84.8 kpsi
 16.5   16.5 
ns  S sy /  s  101.8 / 84.8  1.20
Eq. (10-21): ns ≥ 1.2, ns = 1.2 It is solid-safe (basis of design). O.K.
Eq. (10-13) and Table 10-2: L0 ≤ (L0)cr 1.78 in  4.21 in O.K.

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10-9 Given: A228 music wire, squared and ground ends, d = 0.007 in, OD = 0.038 in,
L0 = 0.58 in,
Nt = 38 coils.
D = OD  d = 0.038  0.007 = 0.031 in

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 0.031/0.007 = 4.429
4C  2 4  4.429   2
KB    1.340
4C  3 4  4.429   3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 38  2 = 36 coils (high)

d 4G 0.007 4 12.0 106
8  0.0313  36
Eq. (10-9): k   3.358 lbf/in
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 0.007(38) = 0.266 in
ys = L0  Ls = 0.58  0.266 = 0.314 in
Fs = kys = 3.358(0.314) = 1.054 lbf
8 1.054  0.031
 325.1103  psi
8F D
  0.0073 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.340 (1)
d
Table 10-4: A = 201 kpsiinm, m = 0.145

A 201
Eq. (10-14): Sut    412.7 kpsi
d m
0.007 0.145
s > Ssy, that is, 325.1 > 185.7 kpsi, the spring is not solid-safe. Return to Eq. (1) with
Fs = kys and s = Ssy /ns, and solve for ys, giving
ys 
 Ssy / ns   d 3 185.7 103  / 1.2   0.0073 
  0.149 in
8 K B kD 8 1.340  3.358  0.031
The free length should be wound to
L0 = Ls + ys = 0.266 + 0.149 = 0.415 in Ans.
This only addresses the solid-safe criteria. There are additional problems.
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10-10 Given: B159 phosphor-bronze, squared and ground. ends, d = 0.014 in, OD = 0.128 in,
L0 = 0.50 in, Nt = 16 coils.
D = OD  d = 0.128  0.014 = 0.114 in

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 0.114/0.014 = 8.143
4C  2 4  8.143   2
KB    1.169
4C  3 4  8.143  3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 16  2 = 14 coils

Table 10-5: G = 6 Mpsi
d 4G 0.014 4  6 106
8  0.1143 14
Eq. (10-9): k   1.389 lbf/in
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 0.014(16) = 0.224 in
ys = L0  Ls = 0.50  0.224 = 0.276 in
Fs = kys = 1.389(0.276) = 0.3834 lbf
8  0.3834  0.114
 47.42 103  psi
8F D
  0.014 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.169 (1)
d 3
Table 10-4: A = 145 kpsiinm, m = 0

A 145
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   145 kpsi
d 0.0140
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.35 Sut = 0.35(135) = 47.25 kpsi
ys 
 Ssy / ns   d 3  47.25 103  / 1.2   0.0143 
  0.229 in
8 K B kD 8 1.169 1.389  0.114 

L0 = Ls + ys = 0.224 + 0.229 = 0.453 in Ans.
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10-11 Given: A313 stainless steel, squared and ground ends, d = 0.050 in, OD = 0.250 in,
L0 = 0.68 in, Nt = 11.2 coils.
D = OD  d = 0.250  0.050 = 0.200 in

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 0.200/0.050 = 4
4C  2 4  4   2
KB    1.385
4C  3 4  4   3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 11.2  2 = 9.2 coils

Table 10-5: G = 10 Mpsi
d 4G 0.050 4 10 106
8  0.23  9.2
Eq. (10-9): k   106.1 lbf/in
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 0.050(11.2) = 0.56 in
ys = L0  Ls = 0.68  0.56 = 0.12 in
Fs = kys = 106.1(0.12) = 12.73 lbf
8 12.73 0.2
 71.8 103  psi
8F D
  0.0503 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.385
d
Table 10-4: A = 169 kpsiinm, m = 0.146
A 169
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   261.7 kpsi
d 0.0500.146
S sy
91.6
ns  
 1.28 Spring is solid-safe (ns > 1.2) Ans.
 s 71.8
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10-12 Given: A227 hard-drawn wire, squared and ground ends, d = 0.148 in, OD = 2.12 in,
L0 = 2.5 in, Nt = 5.75 coils.
D = OD  d = 2.12  0.148 = 1.972 in

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 1.972/0.148 = 13.32 (high)
4C  2 4 13.32   2
KB    1.099
4C  3 4 13.32   3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 5.75  2 = 3.75 coils

d 4G 0.1484 11.4 106
8 1.9723  3.75
Eq. (10-9): k   23.77 lbf/in
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 0.148(5.75) = 0.851 in
ys = L0  Ls = 2.5  0.851 = 1.649 in
Fs = kys = 23.77(1.649) = 39.20 lbf

8  39.20 1.972
 66.7 103  psi
8 Fs D
  0.148 
Eq. (10-7):  s  KB  1.099
d 3 3
Table 10-4: A = 140 kpsiinm, m = 0.190

A 140
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   201.3 kpsi
d 0.1480.190
90.6S sy
ns  
 s 66.7
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10-13 Given: A229 OQ&T steel, squared and ground ends, d = 0.138 in, OD = 0.92 in,
L0 = 2.86 in, Nt = 12 coils.
D = OD  d = 0.92  0.138 = 0.782 in
Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 0.782/0.138 = 5.667

4C  2 4  5.667   2
KB    1.254
4C  3 4  5.667   3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 12  2 = 10 coils
A229 OQ&T steel is not given in Table 10-5. From Table A-5, for carbon steels,
G = 11.5 Mpsi.
d 4G 0.1384 11.5 106
8  0.7823 10
Eq. (10-9): k   109.0 lbf/in
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 0.138(12) = 1.656 in
ys = L0  Ls = 2.86  1.656 = 1.204 in
Fs = kys = 109.0(1.204) = 131.2 lbf
8 131.2  0.782
 124.7 103  psi
8F D
  0.1383 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.254 (1)
d
Table 10-4: A = 147 kpsiinm, m = 0.187
A 147
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   212.9 kpsi
d 0.1380.187
ys 
 Ssy / ns   d 3 106.5 103  / 1.2   0.1383 
  0.857 in
8 K B kD 8 1.254 109.0  0.782 

L0 = Ls + ys = 1.656 + 0.857 = 2.51 in Ans.
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10-14 Given: A232 chrome-vanadium steel, squared and ground ends, d = 0.185 in, OD = 2.75
in, L0 = 7.5 in, Nt = 8 coils.
D = OD  d = 2.75  0.185 = 2.565 in

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 2.565/0.185 = 13.86 (high)
KB 
4C  2

4 13.86   1.095
 2
4C  3 4 13.86   3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 8  2 = 6 coils
Table 10-5: G = 11.2 Mpsi.

d 4G 0.1854 11.2 106
8  2.5653  6
Eq. (10-9): k   16.20 lbf/in
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 0.185(8) = 1.48 in
ys = L0  Ls = 7.5  1.48 = 6.02 in
Fs = kys = 16.20(6.02) = 97.5 lbf
8  97.5  2.565
 110.1 103  psi
8F D
  0.1853 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.095 (1)
d
Table 10-4: A = 169 kpsiinm, m = 0.168
A 169
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   224.4 kpsi
d 0.1850.168
S sy 112.2
ns    1.02 Spring is not solid-safe (ns < 1.2)
 s 110.1
Return to Eq. (1) with Fs = kys and s = Ssy /ns, and solve for ys, giving
 S sy / ns   d 3 112.2 10  / 1.2    0.185 
3 3
ys    5.109 in
8 K B kD 8 1.095 16.20  2.565 
L0 = Ls + ys = 1.48 + 5.109 = 6.59 in Ans.
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10-15 Given: A313 stainless steel, squared and ground ends, d = 0.25 mm, OD = 0.95 mm,
L0 = 12.1 mm, Nt = 38 coils.
D = OD  d = 0.95  0.25 = 0.7 mm
Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 0.7/0.25 = 2.8 (low)
4C  2 4  2.8   2
KB    1.610
4C  3 4  2.8   3
Eq. (10-5):

Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 38  2 = 36 coils (high)
Table 10-5: G = 69.0(103) MPa.

d 4G 0.254  69.0 103
8  0.7 3  36
Eq. (10-9): k   2.728 N/mm
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 0.25(38) = 9.5 mm
ys = L0  Ls = 12.1  9.5 = 2.6 mm
Fs = kys = 2.728(2.6) = 7.093 N
8F D 8  7.093 0.7
  0.253 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.610  1303 MPa (1)
d
Table 10-4 (dia. less than table): A = 1867 MPammm, m = 0.146
A 1867
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   2286 MPa
d 0.250.146
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.35 Sut = 0.35(2286) = 734 MPa
s > Ssy, that is, 1303 > 734 MPa, the spring is not solid-safe. Return to Eq. (1) with
ys 
 Ssy / ns   d 3  734 / 1.2    0.253 
  1.22 mm
8 K B kD 8 1.610  2.728  0.7 
L0 = Ls + ys = 9.5 + 1.22 = 10.72 mm Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-16 Given: A228 music wire, squared and ground ends, d = 1.2 mm, OD = 6.5 mm, L0 = 15.7
mm, Nt = 10.2 coils.
D = OD  d = 6.5  1.2 = 5.3 mm
Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 5.3/1.2 = 4.417
4C  2 4  4.417   2
KB    1.368
4C  3 4  4.417   3
Eq. (10-5):
Table (10-1): Na = Nt  2 = 10.2  2 = 8.2 coils
Table 10-5 (d = 1.2/25.4 = 0.0472 in): G = 81.7(103) MPa.

d 4G 1.24  81.7 103
8  5.33  8.2
Eq. (10-9): k   17.35 N/mm
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 1.2(10.2) = 12.24 mm
ys = L0  Ls = 15.7  12.24 = 3.46 mm
Fs = kys = 17.35(3.46) = 60.03 N

8 Fs D 8  60.03 5.3
 1.23 
Eq. (10-7):  s  KB  1.368  641.4 MPa (1)
d 3
Table 10-4: A = 2211 MPammm, m = 0.145

A 2211
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m  0.145  2153 MPa
d 1.2
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.45 Sut = 0.45(2153) = 969 MPa
S sy
969
ns  
 s 641.4
______________________________________________________________________________
10-17 Given: A229 OQ&T steel, squared and ground ends, d = 3.5 mm, OD = 50.6 mm,
L0 = 75.5 mm, Nt = 5.5 coils.
D = OD  d = 50.6  3.5 = 47.1 mm

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 47.1/3.5 = 13.46 (high)
4C  2 4 13.46   2
KB    1.098
4C  3 4 13.46   3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 5.5  2 = 3.5 coils
A229 OQ&T steel is not given in Table 10-5. From Table A-5, for carbon steels,
G = 79.3(103) MPa.
d 4G 3.54  79.3103
8  47.13  3.5
Eq. (10-9): k   4.067 N/mm
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 3.5(5.5) = 19.25 mm
ys = L0  Ls = 75.5  19.25 = 56.25 mm
Fs = kys = 4.067(56.25) = 228.8 N
8F D 8  228.8  47.1
  3.53 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.098  702.8 MPa (1)
d
Table 10-4: A = 1855 MPammm, m = 0.187
A 1855
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   1468 MPa
d 3.50.187
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.50 Sut = 0.50(1468) = 734 MPa
S sy 734
ns    1.04 Spring is not solid-safe (ns < 1.2)
 s 702.8
Return to Eq. (1) with Fs = kys and s = Ssy /ns, and solve for ys, giving
 S sy / ns   d 3  734 / 1.2    3.53 
ys    48.96 mm
8 K B kD 8 1.098  4.067  47.1

L0 = Ls + ys = 19.25 + 48.96 = 68.2 mm Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-18 Given: B159 phosphor-bronze, squared and ground ends, d = 3.8 mm, OD = 31.4 mm,
L0 = 71.4 mm, Nt = 12.8 coils.
D = OD  d = 31.4  3.8 = 27.6 mm

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 27.6/3.8 = 7.263
4C  2 4  7.263   2
KB    1.192
4C  3 4  7.263  3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 12.8  2 = 10.8 coils
Table 10-5: G = 41.4(103) MPa.

d 4G 3.84  41.4 103
8 D 3 N a 8  27.63 10.8
Eq. (10-9): k   4.752 N/mm
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 3.8(12.8) = 48.64 mm

ys = L0  Ls = 71.4  48.64 = 22.76 mm
Fs = kys = 4.752(22.76) = 108.2 N
8F D 8 108.2  27.6
  3.83 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.192  165.2 MPa (1)
d
Table 10-4 (d = 3.8/25.4 = 0.150 in): A = 932 MPammm, m = 0.064
A 932
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   855.7 MPa
d 3.80.064
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.35 Sut = 0.35(855.7) = 299.5 MPa
S sy 299.5
ns    1.81 Spring is solid-safe (ns > 1.2) Ans.
 s 165.2
______________________________________________________________________________
10-19 Given: A232 chrome-vanadium steel, squared and ground ends, d = 4.5 mm, OD = 69.2
mm, L0 = 215.6 mm, Nt = 8.2 coils.
D = OD  d = 69.2  4.5 = 64.7 mm

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 64.7/4.5 = 14.38 (high)
4C  2 4 14.38   2
KB    1.092
4C  3 4 14.38   3
Eq. (10-5):
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 8.2  2 = 6.2 coils
Table 10-5: G = 77.2(103) MPa.

d 4G 4.54  77.2 103
8  64.73  6.2
Eq. (10-9): k   2.357 N/mm
8D3 N a
Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 4.5(8.2) = 36.9 mm

ys = L0  Ls = 215.6  36.9 = 178.7 mm
Fs = kys = 2.357(178.7) = 421.2 N
8F D 8  421.2  64.7
  4.53 
Eq. (10-7):  s  K B s 3  1.092  832 MPa (1)
d
Table 10-4: A = 2005 MPammm, m = 0.168
A 2005
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   1557 MPa
d 4.50.168
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.50 Sut = 0.50(1557) = 779 MPa
s > Ssy, that is, 832 > 779 MPa, the spring is not solid-safe. Return to Eq. (1) with
ys 
 Ssy / ns   d 3  779 / 1.2    4.53 
  139.5 mm
8 K B kD 8 1.092  2.357  64.7 
L0 = Ls + ys = 36.9 + 139.5 = 176.4 mm Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-20 Given: A227 HD steel.

From the figure: L0 = 4.75 in, OD = 2 in, and d = 0.135 in. Thus
D = OD  d = 2  0.135 = 1.865 in
(a) By counting, Nt = 12.5 coils. Since the ends are squared along 1/4 turn on each end,
N a  12.5  0.5  12 turns Ans.

p  4.75 / 12  0.396 in Ans.
The solid stack is 13 wire diameters
Ls = 13(0.135) = 1.755 in Ans.
(b) From Table 10-5, G = 11.4 Mpsi
d 4G 0.1354 (11.4) 106 

8 1.8653  (12)
k    6.08 lbf/in Ans.
8D 3 N a
(c) Fs = k(L0 - Ls ) = 6.08(4.75  1.755) = 18.2 lbf Ans.
(d) C = D/d = 1.865/0.135 = 13.81

4(13.81)  2
KB   1.096
4(13.81)  3
 38.5 103  psi  38.5 kpsi
8F D 8(18.2)(1.865)
  0.135 
 s  K B s 3  1.096 Ans.
d 3
______________________________________________________________________________
10-21 Given: Plain end, hard drawn steel, 12 gauge W & M wire, OD = 0.75 in, Nt = 20 coils,
L0 = 3.75 in.
Table A-28: d = 0.1055 in
(a) D = OD  d = 0.75  0.1055 = 0.6445 in. C = D / d = 0.6445/0.1055 = 6.109 Ans.
(b) Table 10-1: Na = Nt = 20 coils,
p = (L0  d)/ Na = (3.75  0.1055)/20 = 0.1822 in/coil Ans.
(c) Table 10-1: Ls = d (Nt + 1) = 0.1055 (20 + 1) = 2.2155 in,
ys = L0  Ls = 3.75  2.2155 = 1.5345 in Ans.
(d) Eq. (10-8):
d 4Gys 0.10554 11.5 106 1.5345 
Fs    50.36 lbf Ans.
 1   
8D N 1  2  8  0.6445 3  20  1  1
2
3
 2  6.109  
 2C 
4C  2 4  6.109   2
(e) Eq. (10-5): K B    1.233
4C  3 4  6.109   3
Eq. (10-7):
8  50.36  0.6445
 86.8 103  psi  86.8 kpsi
8 Fs D
 s  KB  1.233 Ans.
d   0.1055 
3 3
A 140
(f) Table 10-4 and Eq. (10-14): Sut    214.6 kpsi
d  0.1055 
m 0.190
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.45 Sut = 0.45(214.6) = 96.57 kpsi.

S sy 96.57
ns    1.11 Ans.
s 86.8
(g) Exact, k = Fs / ys = 50.36/1.5345 = 32.82 lbf/in Ans.
d G
4
0.1055 11.5 106
4
Approximate using Eq. (10-9): k    33.26 lbf/in Ans.

8D3 N 8  0.6445  20
3
Approximate is 1.34 percent higher than the exact. Ans.

______________________________________________________________________________
10-22 Given: Squared and ground, oil tempered steel, d = 3 mm, OD = 30 mm, Nt = 32 coils,
L0 = 240 mm.
Table A-28: d = 0.1055 in
(a) D = OD  d = 30  3 = 27 mm. C = D / d = 27/3 = 9 Ans.
(b) Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 32  2 = 30 coils,
p = (L0  2d)/ Na = [240  2(3)] / 30 = 7.8 mm/coil Ans.
(c) Table 10-1: Ls = d Nt = 3 (32) = 96 mm,
ys = L0  Ls = 240  96 = 144 mm Ans.

(d) Eq. (10-8):
 0.003 77.2 109  0.144
4
d 4Gys
Fs    189.45 N Ans.
 1   
8  0.027   30  1 
8D N 1  1
2 
2
3
 2  9  
3
 2C 
4C  2 4  9   2
(e) Eq. (10-5): K B    1.152
4C  3 4  9   3
Eq. (10-7):
8 189.45  0.027
8F D
 s  K B s 3  1.152
d   0.003
3  106   555.8 MPa Ans.
A 1855
(f) Table 10-4 and Eq. (10-14): Sut    1510.5 MPa
d  3
m 0.187
Table 10-5: Ssy = 0.45 Sut = 0.45(1510.5) = 679.7 MPa.

S sy 679.7
ns    1.22 Ans.
 s 555.8
(g) Exact, k = Fs / ys = 189.45/144 = 1.316 N/mm Ans.
Approximate using Eq. (10-9):
 0.003 77.2 109  3
10   1.324 N/mm
4
d 4G
k  Ans.
8D3 N 8  0.027  30
3
Approximate is 0.61 percent higher than the exact. Ans.

______________________________________________________________________________
10-23 y = 50 mm, F = 90 N, k = F / y = 90/50 = 1.8 N/mm Ans.
ys = 60 mm, Fs = k ys = 1.8(60) = 108 N.
A 2065
Eq. (10-14), Table 10-4, assume 2.5  d  5 mm: Sut  m  0.263
d d
2065 722.75
Table 10-6 (includes KB): S ys  0.35Sut  0.35 0.263  0.263 (1)
d d
Eq. (10-7) (with ns = 1.2 but without KB):
8n F D 8n F C 8 1.2 108 10  3300
 max  s s3  s s2   2 MPa (2)
d d d2 d
722.75 3300 3300
Equate Eqs. (1) and (2), 0.263  2  d 1.737   d  2.40 mm
d d 722.75
Since this is less than 2.5 mm, return to Eq. (10-14), Table 10-4, for 0.3  d  2.5 mm:
A 1867 653.45
Sut  m  0.146  S ys  0.146 (1)
d d d
Again, equate Eqs. (1) and (2),
653.45 3300 3300
 2  d 1.854   d  2.40 mm Ans.
d 0.146
d 653.45
The final factor of safety is

S ys 653.45 / d 0.146 653.45  2.40 
1.854
ns     1.20
8 108 10
Ans.
s  8 Fs C 
 2 
 d 
OD =Cd + d = (C + 1) d = 11(2.40) = 26.4 mm Ans.
ID = (C  1) d = 9(2.40) = 21.6 mm Ans.
k = 1.8 N/mm Ans. (found earlier)
Table 10-5, G = 69.0 GPa, Eq. (10-9):
d 4G dG 2.4 103  69 109 
8 103 1.8 103 
Na     11.5 coils
8 D3k 8C 3 k
Table 10-1: Nt = Na + 2 = 13.5 coils Ans.
Ls = d (Nt + 1) = 2.4(13.5 + 1) = 34.8 mm Ans.
L0 = Ls + ys = 34.8 + 60 = 94.8 mm Ans.
D 10  2.4 
Eq. (10-13):   2.63  2.63  0.666
L0 94.8
Stable if supported between fixed-fixed ends. Otherwise would need to be supported by
hole or rod.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-24 Phosphor-bronze, closed ends, C = 10, at y = 2 in F = 15 lbf, ys = 3 in, ns = 1.2.
k = F / y = 15/2 = 7.5 lbf/in, Fs = k ys = 7.5 (3) = 22.5 lbf.
Eq. (10-14) with Table 10-4 assuming 0.022  d  0.075 in, A = 121 kpsi٠inm and m =
0.028. Then, from Table 10-5, Sys = 0.45 Sut:
121 54.45
S ys  0.45 0.028  0.028 (1)
d d
4C  2 4 10   2
Eq. (10-5): K B    1.135
4C  3 4 10   3
Eq. (10-7) with ns = 1.2:

8  22.5 10
 max  ns K B s 2  1.2 1.135 
8F C
d d 2 103  
0.7804
d2
(2)
Where max is in kpsi. Equating (1) and (2) gives
54.45 0.7804 0.7804

  d 1.972   d  0.116 in
d 0.028 d2 54.45
Returning to Table 10-4, use A =110 kpsi٠inm and m = 0.028 for 0.075  d  0.3 in,
110 49.5 0.7804 0.7804

S ys  0.45  0.064   d 1.936   d  0.117 in
d 0.064
d d 2
49.5
Table A-17, select the preferred size of: d = 0.12 in Ans.

S ys 49.5 /  d 0.064  49.5 103   d 1.936
Check ns, ns    (3)
s  FC  8 K B Fs C
K B  8 s 2 103 
 d 
49.5 103    0.12 

1.936
ns   1.26
8 1.135  22.5 10 
Ans.
OD = Cd + d = (C + 1) d = (10 + 1)0.12 = 1.32 in Ans.
ID = (C  1) d = (10  1)0.12 = 1.08 in
Found earlier, k = 7.5 lbf/in Ans.
dG 0.12  6 106
8 103  7.5
Table 10-5, G = 6 Mpsi. Eq. (10-9): N a    12 coils
8C 3 k
Table 10-1: Nt = Na + 2 = 14 coils Ans.
Ls = d (Nt + 1) = 0.12(14 + 1) = 1.8 in Ans.
L0 = Ls + ys = 1.8 + 3 = 4.8 in Ans.
Eq. (10-13):  = 2.63 D / L0 = 2.63 (10)0.12/4.8 = 0.658

Table 10-2: Stable if supported between fixed-fixed ends. Otherwise would need to be
supported by hole or rod.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-25 From Prob. 10-24, d = 0.12 in and from Eq. (3),
49.5 103   d 1.936 49.5 103    0.12 
1.936
C   10.46
8 1.2 1.135  22.5 
Ans.
8ns K B Fs
OD = (C + 1) d = 11.46(0.12) = 1.375 in Ans.
ID = (C  1) d = 9.46(0.12) = 1.135 in Ans.
dG 0.12  6 106
8C 3 k 8 10.463  7.5
Table 10-5, G = 6 Mpsi, Eq. (10-9): N a    10.5 coils
Ls = d (Nt + 1) = 0.12(12.5 + 1) = 1.62 in Ans.
L0 = Ls + ys = 1.62 + 3 = 4.62 in Ans.
Eq. (10-13):  = 2.63 D / L0 = 2.63 (10.46)0.12/4.62 = 0.715

Table 10-2: Stable if supported between fixed-fixed ends, or one end on flat surface and
other end hinged. Otherwise would need to be supported by hole or rod.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-26 For the wire diameter analyzed, G = 11.75 Mpsi per Table 10-5. Use squared and ground
ends. The following is a spread-sheet study using Fig. 10-3 for parts (a) and (b). For Na,
k = Fmax /y = 20/2 = 10 lbf/in. For s, F = Fs = 20(1 + ) = 20(1 + 0.15) = 23 lbf.
(a) Spring over a Rod (b) Spring in a Hole

Source Parameter Values Source Parameter Values
d 0.075 0.080 0.085 d 0.075 0.080 0.085
ID 0.800 0.800 0.800 OD 0.950 0.950 0.950
D 0.875 0.880 0.885 D 0.875 0.870 0.865
Eq. (10-1) C 11.667 11.000 10.412 Eq. (10-1) C 11.667 10.875 10.176
Eq. (10-9) Na 6.937 8.828 11.061 Eq. (10-9) Na 6.937 9.136 11.846
Table 10-1 Nt 8.937 10.828 13.061 Table 10-1 Nt 8.937 11.136 13.846
Table 10-1 Ls 0.670 0.866 1.110 Table 10-1 Ls 0.670 0.891 1.177
1.15y + Ls L0 2.970 3.166 3.410 1.15y + Ls L0 2.970 3.191 3.477
Eq. (10-13) (L0)cr 4.603 4.629 4.655 Eq. (10-13) (L0)cr 4.603 4.576 4.550
Table 10-4 A 201.000 201.000 201.000 Table 10-4 A 201.000 201.000 201.000
Table 10-4 m 0.145 0.145 0.145 Table 10-4 m 0.145 0.145 0.145
Eq. (10-14) Sut 292.626 289.900 287.363 Eq. (10-14) Sut 292.626 289.900 287.363
Table 10-6 Ssy 131.681 130.455 129.313 Table 10-6 Ssy 131.681 130.455 129.313
Eq. (10-5) KB 1.115 1.122 1.129 Eq. (10-5) KB 1.115 1.123 1.133
Eq. (10-7) s 135.335 112.948 95.293 Eq. (10-7) s 135.335 111.787 93.434
Eq. (10-3) ns 0.973 1.155 1.357 Eq. (10-3) ns 0.973 1.167 1.384
Eq. (10-22) fom 0.282 0.391 0.536 Eq. (10-22) fom 0.282 0.398 0.555
For ns ≥ 1.2, the optimal size is d = 0.085 in for both cases.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-27 In Prob. 10-26, there is an advantage of first selecting d as one can select from the
available sizes (Table A-28). Selecting C first requires a calculation of d where then a
size must be selected from Table A-28.
Consider part (a) of the problem. It is required that
ID = D  d = 0.800 in. (1)
From Eq. (10-1), D = Cd. Substituting this into the first equation yields
0.800
d (2)
C 1
Starting with C = 10, from Eq. (2) we find that d = 0.089 in. From Table A-28, the closest
diameter is d = 0.090 in. Substituting this back into Eq. (1) gives D = 0.890 in, with C =
0.890/0.090 = 9.889, which are acceptable. From this point the solution is the same as
Prob. 10-26. For part (b), use
OD = D + d = 0.950 in. (3)

0.800
and, d (4)
C 1
(a) Spring over a rod (b) Spring in a Hole

Source Parameter Values Source Parameter Values
C 10.000 10.5 C 10.000
Eq. (2) d 0.089 0.084 Eq. (4) d 0.086
Table A-28 d 0.090 0.085 Table A-28 d 0.085
Eq. (1) D 0.890 0.885 Eq. (3) D 0.865
Eq. (10-1) C 9.889 10.412 Eq. (10-1) C 10.176
Eq. (10-9) Na 13.669 11.061 Eq. (10-9) Na 11.846
Table 10-1 Nt 15.669 13.061 Table 10-1 Nt 13.846
Table 10-1 Ls 1.410 1.110 Table 10-1 Ls 1.177
1.15y + Ls L0 3.710 3.410 1.15y + Ls L0 3.477
Eq. (10-13) (L0)cr 4.681 4.655 Eq. (10-13) (L0)cr 4.550
Table 10-4 A 201.000 201.000 Table 10-4 A 201.000
Table 10-4 m 0.145 0.145 Table 10-4 m 0.145
Eq. (10-14) Sut 284.991 287.363 Eq. (10-14) Sut 287.363
Table 10-6 Ssy 128.246 129.313 Table 10-6 Ssy 129.313
Eq. (10-5) KB 1.135 1.128 Eq. (10-5) KB 1.135
Eq. (10-7) s 81.167 95.223 Eq. (10-7) s 93.643
ns = Ssy/s ns 1.580 1.358 ns = Ssy/s ns 1.381
Eq. (10-22) fom -0.725 -0.536 Eq. (10-22) fom -0.555
Again, for ns  1.2, the optimal size is = 0.085 in.
Although this approach used less iterations than in Prob. 10-26, this was due to the initial
values picked and not the approach.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-28 One approach is to select A227 HD steel for its low cost. Try L0 = 48 mm, then for
y = 48  37.5 = 10.5 mm when F = 45 N. The spring rate is k = F/y = 45/10.5 = 4.286
N/mm.
For a clearance of 1.25 mm with screw, ID = 10 + 1.25 = 11.25 mm. Starting with
d = 2 mm,
D = ID + d = 11.25 + 2 = 13.25 mm
C = D/d = 13.25/2 = 6.625 (acceptable)
Table 10-5 (d = 2/25.4 = 0.0787 in): G = 79.3 GPa

d 4G 24 (79.3)103
Eq. (10-9): Na    15.9 coils
8kD 3 8(4.286)13.253
Assume squared and closed.

Table 10-1: Nt = Na + 2 = 15.9 + 2 = 17.9 coils
Ls = dNt = 2(17.9) =35.8 mm

ys = L0  Ls = 48  35.8 = 12.2 mm
Fs = kys = 4.286(12.2) = 52.29 N
4C  2 4  6.625   2
KB    1.213
4C  3 4  6.625   3
Eq. (10-5):
8Fs D  8(52.29)13.25 
  23 
Eq. (10-7):  s  KB  1.213    267.5 MPa
d3  
Table 10-4: A = 1783 MPa · mmm, m = 0.190
A 1783
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m  0.190  1563 MPa
d 2
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.45Sut = 0.45(1563) = 703.3 MPa
S sy 703.3
ns    2.63 1.2 O.K .
s 267.5
No other diameters in the given range work. So specify
A227-47 HD steel, d = 2 mm, D = 13.25 mm, ID = 11.25 mm, OD = 15.25 mm, squared
and closed, Nt = 17.9 coils, Na = 15.9 coils, k = 4.286 N/mm, Ls = 35.8 mm, and L0 = 48
mm. Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-29 Select A227 HD steel for its low cost. Try L0 = 48 mm, then for y = 48  37.5 = 10.5 mm
when F = 45 N. The spring rate is k = F/y = 45/10.5 = 4.286 N/mm.
For a clearance of 1.25 mm with screw, ID = 10 + 1.25 = 11.25 mm.
D  d = 11.25 (1)
and, D =Cd (2)
Starting with C = 8, gives D = 8d. Substitute into Eq. (1) resulting in d = 1.607 mm.
Selecting the nearest diameter in the given range, d = 1.6 mm. From this point, the
calculations are shown in the third column of the spreadsheet output shown. We see that
for d = 1.6 mm, the spring is not solid safe. Iterating on C we find that C = 6.5 provides
acceptable results with the specifications
A227-47 HD steel, d = 2 mm, D = 13.25 mm, ID = 11.25 mm, OD = 15.25 mm, squared
and closed, Nt = 17.9 coils, Na = 15.9 coils, k = 4.286 N/mm, Ls = 35.8 mm, and L0 = 48
mm. Ans.

Source Parameter Values
C 8.000 7 6.500
Eq. (2) d 1.607 1.875 2.045
Table A-28 d 1.600 1.800 2.000
Eq. (1) D 12.850 13.050 13.250
Eq. (10-1) C 8.031 7.250 6.625
Eq. (10-9) Na 7.206 10.924 15.908
Table 10-1 Nt 9.206 12.924 17.908
Table 10-1 Ls 14.730 23.264 35.815
L0 Ls ys 33.270 24.736 12.185
Fs = kys Fs 142.594 106.020 52.224
Table 10-4 A 1783.000 1783.000 1783.000
Table 10-4 m 0.190 0.190 0.190
Eq. (10-14) Sut 1630.679 1594.592 1562.988
Table 10-6 Ssy 733.806 717.566 703.345
Eq. (10-5) KB 1.172 1.200 1.217
Eq. (10-7) s 1335.568 724.943 268.145
ns = Ssy/s ns 0.549 0.990 2.623
The only difference between selecting C first rather than d as was done in Prob. 10-28, is
that once d is calculated, the closest wire size must be selected. Iterating on d uses
available wire sizes from the beginning.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-30 A stock spring catalog may have over two hundred pages of compression springs with up
to 80 springs per page listed.
• Students should be made aware that such catalogs exist.
• Many springs are selected from catalogs rather than designed.
• The wire size you want may not be listed.
• Catalogs may also be available on disk or the web through search routines.
• It is better to familiarize yourself with vendor resources rather than invent them
yourself.
• Sample catalog pages can be given to students for study.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-31 Given: ID = 0.6 in, C = 10, L0 = 5 in, Ls = 5  3 = 2 in, sq. & grd ends, unpeened, HD
A227 wire.
(a) With ID = D  d = 0.6 in and C = D/d = 10 10 d  d = 0.6  d = 0.0667 in Ans.,

and D = 0.667 in.
(b) Table 10-1: Ls = dNt = 2 in  Nt = 2/0.0667 = 30 coils Ans.
(c) Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 30  2 = 28 coils

d 4G 0.0667 4 11.5 106
8  0.667 3  28
Eq. (10-9): k   3.424 lbf/in Ans.
8D3 N a

(d) Table 10-4: A = 140 kpsiinm, m = 0.190
A 140
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   234.2 kpsi
d 0.0667 0.190
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.45 Sut = 0.45 (234.2) = 105.4 kpsi
Fs = kys = 3.424(3) = 10.27 lbf

4C  2 4 10   2
KB    1.135
4C  3 4 10   3
Eq. (10-5):
Eq. (10-7):
8Fs D 8 10.27  0.667
  0.06673 
 s  KB  1.135
d3
 66.72 103  psi  66.72 kpsi
S sy105.4
ns    1.58 Ans.
 s 66.72
(e) a = m = 0.5s = 0.5(66.72) = 33.36 kpsi, r = a / m = 1. Using the Gerber fatigue
failure criterion with Zimmerli data,
Eq. (10-30): Ssu = 0.67 Sut = 0.67(234.2) = 156.9 kpsi
The Gerber ordinate intercept for the Zimmerli data is obtained using Eqs. (10-28)
and (10-29b).
S sa 35
S se    39.9 kpsi
1   S sm / S su  1   55 /156.9 
2 2
The Gerber fatigue criterion from Eq. (6-48), adapted for shear,
  2 m S se  
1  Ssu   a 
2 2
nf    1  1   
2   m  S se   Ssu a  
 

1  156.9  33.36   2  33.36  39.9  
2 2
  1  1   
156.9  33.36   

2  33.36  39.9  
 
 1.13 Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-32 Given: OD  0.9 in, C = 8, L0 = 3 in, Ls = 1 in, ys = 3  1 = 2 in, sq. ends, unpeened,
music wire.
(a) Try OD = D + d = 0.9 in, C = D/d = 8  D = 8d  9d = 0.9  d = 0.1 Ans.
D = 8(0.1) = 0.8 in
(b) Table 10-1: Ls = d (Nt + 1)  Nt = Ls / d  1 = 1/0.1 1 = 9 coils Ans.
Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 9  2 = 7 coils

(c) Table 10-5: G = 11.75 Mpsi
d 4G 0.14 11.75 10 6

8  0.83  7
Eq. (10-9): k   40.98 lbf/in Ans.
8D3 N a
(d) Fs = kys = 40.98(2) = 81.96 lbf
4C  2 4  8   2
KB    1.172
4C  3 4  8   3
Eq. (10-5):
8  81.96  0.8
 195.7 103  psi  195.7 kpsi
8 Fs D
  0.1 
Eq. (10-7):  s  KB  1.172
d 3 3
Table 10-4: A = 201 kpsiinm, m = 0.145
A 201
Eq. (10-14): Sut   0.145  280.7 kpsi
d m
0.1
S sy 126.3
ns    0.645 Ans.
s 195.7
(e) a = m = s /2 = 195.7/2 = 97.85 kpsi. Using the Gerber fatigue failure criterion with
Zimmerli data,
Eq. (10-30): Ssu = 0.67 Sut = 0.67(280.7) = 188.1 kpsi
The Gerber ordinate intercept for the Zimmerli data is obtained using Eqs. (10-28)
and (10-29b).
S sa 35
S se    38.3 kpsi
1   S sm / S su  1   55 / 188.1
2 2
  2 m S se  
1  S su   a 
2 2
nf    1  1   
2   m  S se   S su a  
 

1  188.1  97.85   2  97.85  38.3  
2 2
  1  1   
188.1 97.85   

2  97.85  38.3  
 
 0.38 Ans.
Obviously, the spring is severely under designed and will fail statically and in fatigue.
Increasing C would improve matters. Try C = 12. This yields ns = 1.83 and nf = 1.00.

______________________________________________________________________________
10-33 Given: Fmax = 300 lbf, Fmin = 150 lbf, y = 1 in, OD = 2.1  0.2 = 1.9 in, C = 7,
unpeened, squared & ground, oil-tempered wire.
(a) D = OD  d = 1.9  d (1)
C = D/d = 7  D = 7d (2)
Substitute Eq. (2) into (1)
7d = 1.9  d  d = 1.9/8 = 0.2375 in Ans.
(b) From Eq. (2): D = 7d = 7(0.2375) = 1.663 in Ans.
F 300  150
(c) k   150 lbf/in Ans.
y 1
(d) Table 10-5: G = 11.6 Mpsi
d 4G 0.2375 11.6 10

8 1.6633 150
4 6
Eq. (10-9): Na    6.69 coils

8D 3k
(e) Table 10-4: A = 147 kpsiinm, m = 0.187

A 147
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m   192.3 kpsi
d 0.23750.187
4C  2 4  7   2
KB    1.2
4C  3 4  7   3
Eq. (10-5):
8 Fs D
Eq. (10-7):  s  KB  S sy
d3
 d 3 S sy   0.23753  96.15 103 

Fs    253.5 lbf
8K B D 8 1.2 1.663
ys = Fs / k = 253.5/150 = 1.69 in
Table 10-1: Ls = Nt d = 8.46(0.2375) = 2.01 in

L0 = Ls + ys = 2.01 + 1.69 = 3.70 in Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-34 For a coil radius given by:
R2  R1
R  R1  
2 N
The torsion of a section is T = PR where dL = R d
 GJ 0
U 1 T 1 2 N 3
P   T dL  PR d
P GJ P
GJ 0 
P 2 N  R2  R1 
3
  R1    d
2 N 
 1   2 N   R2  R1  
2 N
P
4
     R1   
GJ  4   R2  R1   2 N   0

 PN
2GJ ( R2  R)
R4
2  R14  
2GJ
 PN
( R1  R2 )  R12  R22 
( R1  R2 )  R12  R22 

1
16 PN
J  d4  p 
32 Gd 4
P d 4G
 P 16 N ( R1  R2 )  R12  R22 
k   Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-35 Given: Fmin = 4 lbf, Fmax = 18 lbf, k = 9.5 lbf/in, OD  2.5 in, nf = 1.5.
For a food service machinery application select A313 Stainless wire.

Table 10-5: G = 10(106) psi
Note that for 0.013 ≤ d ≤ 0.10 in A = 169, m = 0.146
0.10 < d ≤ 0.20 in A = 128, m = 0.263
18  4 18  4
Fa   7 lbf , Fm   11 lbf , r  7 / 11
2 2
169
Try, d  0.080 in, Sut   244.4 kpsi
(0.08)0.146
Ssu = 0.67Sut = 163.7 kpsi, Ssy = 0.35Sut = 85.5 kpsi
The Gerber ordinate intercept for the Zimmerli data is obtained using Eqs. (10-28) and
(10-29b).
S sa 35
S se    39.5 kpsi
1  (S sm / S su ) 2
1  (55 / 163.7) 2

Let r = a /m = 7/11. The Gerber fatigue criterion from Eq. (6-48), adapted for shear,
  2S se  
1 S su2 r 
2
nf  1  1   
2  m S se   S su r  
 
Solving for m gives,
 2 S se   1 163.7   7 / 11   2  39.5   

 2  2
1 S su2 r 
2
m  1  1     1  1   
2 n f S se   S su r   2 1.5  39.5   163.7  7 / 11  
   
 36.70 kpsi
But,
8 F C 4C  2  8 FmC 
m  KB m2   
d 4C  3   d 2 
8F 8 11103
Let  = m = 36.70 kpsi, and   m2   4.377 kpsi From Eq. (10-23),
d   0.08 
2
2    2    3
2
C    
4  4  4
2  36.70   4.377  2  36.70   4.377  3  36.70 

2
      6.98
4  4.377   4  4.377   4  4.377 
D = Cd = 6.98(0.08) = 0.558 in
4C  2 4(6.98)  2
KB    1.201
4C  3 4(6.98)  3
 8F D   8(7)(0.558) 3 
 a  K B  a 3   1.201  (10 )   23.3 kpsi
 d    (0.08 ) 
3
  2 m S se  
1  S su   a 
2 2
nf    1  1   
2   m  S se   S su a  
 
1  163.7  23.3    11  39.5  
2 2
    1  1   2    
2  36.6  39.5    7  163.7  
 
 1.50 checks
Gd 4
10(106 )(0.08) 4
Na    31.02 coils
8kD3 8(9.5)(0.558)3

Nt = 31.02 + 2 = 33 coils
Ls = dNt = 0.08(33) = 2.64 in
ymax = Fmax / k = 18 / 9.5 = 1.895 in
ys = (1 + ) ymax = (1 + 0.15)(1.895) = 2.179 in
L0 = Ls + ymax = 2.64 + 2.179 = 4.819 in
(L0)cr = 2.63 D /  = 2.63(0.558) / 0.5 = 2.935 in
s = (1 + )( Fmax /Fa) a = 1.15(18/7)23.3 = 68.8 kpsi
ns = Ssy / s = 85.5/68.9 = 1.24
kg 9.5(386)
f    109 Hz
 d DN a
2 2
 (0.08 )(0.558)(31.02)(0.283)
2 2
These steps are easily implemented on a spreadsheet, as shown below, for different
diameters.
d1 d2 d3 d4
d 0.080 0.092 0.106 0.121
m 0.146 0.146 0.263 0.263
A 169.000 169.000 128.000 128.000
Sut 244.363 239.618 231.257 223.311
Ssu 163.723 160.544 154.942 149.618
Ssy 85.527 83.866 80.940 78.159
Ssa 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000
Sse 39.452 39.654 40.046 40.469
m 36.667 36.667 36.667 36.667
 36.667 36.667 36.667 36.667
 4.377 3.346 2.517 1.929
C 6.977 9.603 13.244 17.702
D 0.558 0.879 1.397 2.133
KB 1.201 1.141 1.100 1.074
a 23.333 23.333 23.333 23.333
nf 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500
Na 30.993 13.594 5.975 2.858
Nt 32.993 15.594 7.975 4.858
Ls 2.639 1.427 0.841 0.585
ys 2.179 2.179 2.179 2.179

L0 4.818 3.606 3.020 2.764
(L0)cr 2.936 4.622 7.350 11.220
s 69.000 69.000 69.000 69.000
ns 1.240 1.215 1.173 1.133
f,
(Hz) 108.895 114.578 118.863 121.775
The shaded areas depict conditions outside the recommended design conditions. Thus,
one spring is satisfactory. The specifications are: A313 stainless wire, unpeened, squared
and ground, d = 0.0915 in, OD = 0.879 + 0.092 = 0.971 in, L0 = 3.606 in, and Nt = 15.59
turns Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-36 The steps are the same as in Prob. 10-35 except that the Gerber-Zimmerli criterion is
replaced with the Goodman-Zimmerli relationship of Eq. (10-29a) :
S sa
1   S sm S su 
S se 
The problem then proceeds as in Prob. 10-30. The results for the wire sizes are shown
below (see solution to Prob. 10-35 for additional details).
Iteration of d for the first trial

d1 d2 d3 d4 d1 d2 d3 d4
d 0.080 0.0915 0.1055 0.1205 d 0.080 0.0915 0.1055 0.1205
m 0.146 0.146 0.263 0.263 KB 1.151 1.108 1.078 1.058
A 169.000 169.000 128.000 128.000 a 29.008 29.040 29.090 29.127
Sut 244.363 239.618 231.257 223.311 nf 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500
Ssu 163.723 160.544 154.942 149.618 Na 14.191 6.456 2.899 1.404
Ssy 85.527 83.866 80.940 78.159 Nt 16.191 8.456 4.899 3.404
Ssa 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 Ls 1.295 0.774 0.517 0.410
Sse 52.706 53.239 54.261 55.345 ys 2.179 2.179 2.179 2.179
m 45.585 45.635 45.712 45.771 L0 3.474 2.953 2.696 2.589
 45.585 45.635 45.712 45.771 (L0)cr 3.809 5.924 9.354 14.219
 4.377 3.346 2.517 1.929 s 85.782 85.876 86.022 86.133
C 9.052 12.309 16.856 22.433 ns 0.997 0.977 0.941 0.907
D 0.724 1.126 1.778 2.703 f, (Hz) 141.284 146.853 151.271 154.326
Without checking all of the design conditions, it is obvious that none of the wire sizes
satisfy ns ≥ 1.2. Also, the Gerber line is closer to the yield line than the Goodman. Setting
nf = 1.5 for Goodman makes it impossible to reach the yield line (ns < 1) . The table
below uses nf = 2.

Iteration of d for the second trial
d1 d2 d3 d4 d1 d2 d3 d4
d 0.080 0.0915 0.1055 0.1205 d 0.080 0.0915 0.1055 0.1205
m 0.146 0.146 0.263 0.263 KB 1.221 1.154 1.108 1.079
A 169.000 169.000 128.000 128.000 a 21.756 21.780 21.817 21.845
Sut 244.363 239.618 231.257 223.311 nf 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000
Ssu 163.723 160.544 154.942 149.618 Na 40.243 17.286 7.475 3.539
Ssy 85.527 83.866 80.940 78.159 Nt 42.243 19.286 9.475 5.539
Ssa 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 Ls 3.379 1.765 1.000 0.667
Sse 52.706 53.239 54.261 55.345 ys 2.179 2.179 2.179 2.179
m 34.188 34.226 34.284 34.329 L0 5.558 3.944 3.179 2.846
 34.188 34.226 34.284 34.329 (L0)cr 2.691 4.266 6.821 10.449
 4.377 3.346 2.517 1.929 s 64.336 64.407 64.517 64.600
C 6.395 8.864 12.292 16.485 ns 1.329 1.302 1.255 1.210
D 0.512 0.811 1.297 1.986 f, (Hz) 99.816 105.759 110.312 113.408
The satisfactory spring has design specifications of: A313 stainless wire, unpeened,
squared and ground, d = 0.0915 in, OD = 0.811 + 0.092 = 0.903 in, L0 = 3.944 in, and
.Nt = 19.3 turns. Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-37 This is the same as Prob. 10-35 since Ssa = 35 kpsi. Therefore, the specifications are:
A313 stainless wire, unpeened, squared and ground, d = 0.0915 in, OD = 0.879 + 0.092 =
0.971 in, L0 = 3.606 in, and Nt = 15.59 turns Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-38 For the Gerber-Zimmerli fatigue-failure criterion, Ssu = 0.67Sut ,
  2S se  
S sa 1 S su2 r 
2
S se  , m  1  1   
1  (S sm / S su ) 2 2 n f Sse   S su r  
 
See the process used in Prob. 10-36. The last 2 columns of diameters of Ex. 10-5 are
presented below with additional calculations.

d 0.105 0.112 d 0.105 0.112
Sut 278.691 276.096 Nt 10.915 8.190
Ssu 186.723 184.984 Ls 1.146 0.917
Sse 38.325 38.394 L0 3.446 3.217
m 38.508 38.502 (L0)cr 6.630 8.160
 38.508 38.502 KB 1.111 1.095
 2.887 2.538 a 23.105 23.101
C 12.004 13.851 nf 1.500 1.500
D 1.260 1.551 s 70.855 70.844
ID 1.155 1.439 ns 1.770 1.754
OD 1.365 1.663 fn 105.433 106.922
Na 8.915 6.190 fom -0.973 -1.022
There are only slight changes in the results.

______________________________________________________________________________
10-39 As in Prob. 10-38, the basic change is Ssa.

S sa
For Goodman, using Eq. (10-29a): S se 
1  (S sm / S su )
Recalculate m using Eq. (6-41) for shear. That is,
  
1
S se S su S se S su
nf   a  m   
 S se S su   a S su   m S se  m  rS su  S se 
Where r = a / m. Thus,

S se S su
m 
n f  rS su  S se 
See the process used in Prob. 10-36. Calculations for the last 2 diameters of Ex. 10-5 are
given below.

d 0.105 0.112 d 0.105 0.112
Sut 278.691 276.096 Nt 11.153 8.353
Ssu 186.723 184.984 Ls 1.171 0.936
Sse 49.614 49.810 L0 3.471 3.236
m 38.207 38.201 (L0)cr 6.572 8.090
 38.207 38.201 KB 1.112 1.096
 2.887 2.538 a 22.924 22.920
C 11.899 13.732 nf 1.500 1.500
D 1.249 1.538 s 70.301 70.289
ID 1.144 1.426 ns 1.784 1.768
OD 1.354 1.650 fn 104.509 106.000
Na 9.153 6.353 fom -0.986 -1.034
There are only slight differences in the results.

______________________________________________________________________________
10-40 Use: E = 28.6 Mpsi, G = 11.5 Mpsi, A = 140 kpsi · inm , m = 0.190, rel cost = 1.
140
Try d  0.067 in, Sut   234.0 kpsi
(0.067) 0.190
Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.45Sut = 105.3 kpsi
Table 10-7: Sy = 0.75Sut = 175.5 kpsi
Eq. (10-34) with D/d = C and C1 = C
F S
 A  max2 [( K ) A (16C )  4]  y
d ny
4C 2  C  1  d 2S y
(16C )  4 
4C (C  1) n y Fmax
  d 2S y 
4C 2  C  1  (C  1)   1
 4ny Fmax 
 
1  d Sy
2
 1   d Sy
2

C 2  1   1 C    2  0
4  4n y Fmax 
 4  4n y Fmax 


 
1   d Sy   d 2S y   d 2S y
2
 2  take positive root

2
C    
2 16n y Fmax  16n F  4n F 
  y max  y max

1   (0.067 2 )(175.5)(103 )
 
2 16(1.5)(18)
  (0.067) 2 (175.5)(103 )  
 (0.067) 2 (175.5)(103) 
2
     2   4.590
 16(1.5)(18)  4(1.5)(18) 
D  Cd  4.59  0.067   0.3075 in
 d 3 i  d3  33 500  C  3 
Fi     1000  4  
8D 8D  exp(0.105C )  6.5  
Use the lowest Fi in the preferred range. This results in the best fom.
 (0.067)3  33 500  4.590  3  

Fi    1000  4     6.505 lbf
8(0.3075)  exp[0.105(4.590)]  6.5 
For simplicity, we will round up to the next integer or half integer. Therefore, use Fi = 7
lbf
18  7
k   22 lbf/in
0.5
d 4G (0.067) 4 (11.5)(10 6 )
Na    45.28 turns
8kD3 8(22)(0.3075)3
G 11.5
Nb  N a   45.28   44.88 turns
E 28.6
L0  (2C  1  N b )d  [2(4.590)  1  44.88](0.067)  3.555 in
L18 lbf  3.555  0.5  4.055 in
4C  2 4(4.590)  2
Body: K B    1.326
4C  3 4(4.590)  3
8K B Fmax D 8(1.326)(18)(0.3075) 3
 max   (10 )  62.1 kpsi
d3  (0.067)3
S sy 105.3
(n y ) body    1.70
 max 62.1
2r2 2(0.134)
r2  2d  2(0.067)  0.134 in, C2   4
d 0.067
4C2  1 4(4)  1
(K )B    1.25
4C2  4 4(4)  4

 8Fmax D   8(18)(0.3075)  3
 B  (K ) B  3 
 1.25   (10 )  58.58 kpsi
 d    (0.067) 
3
S 105.3
(ny ) B  sy   1.80
B 58.58
 2d 2 ( N b  2) D  2 (0.067) 2 (44.88  2)(0.3075)
fom  (1)   0.160
4 4
Several diameters, evaluated using a spreadsheet, are shown below.
d 0.067 0.072 0.076 0.081 0.085 0.09 0.095 0.104

Sut 233.97 230.79 228.441 225.69 223.63 221.21 218.95 215.22
7 9 2 4 9 8 4
Ssy 105.29 103.86 102.798 101.56 100.63 99.548 98.531 96.851
0 0 1 5
Sy 175.48 173.10 171.331 169.26 167.72 165.91 164.21 161.41
3 0 9 6 4 8 8
C 4.589 5.412 6.099 6.993 7.738 8.708 9.721 11.650
D 0.307 0.390 0.463 0.566 0.658 0.784 0.923 1.212
Fi (calc) 6.505 5.773 5.257 4.675 4.251 3.764 3.320 2.621
Fi (rd) 7.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0
k 22.000 24.000 25.000 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000
Na 45.29 27.20 19.27 13.10 9.77 7.00 5.13 3.15
Nb 44.89 26.80 18.86 12.69 9.36 6.59 4.72 2.75
L0 3.556 2.637 2.285 2.080 2.026 2.071 2.201 2.605
L18 lbf 4.056 3.137 2.785 2.580 2.526 2.571 2.701 3.105
KB 1.326 1.268 1.234 1.200 1.179 1.157 1.139 1.115
max 62.118 60.686 59.707 58.636 57.875 57.019 56.249 55.031
(ny)body 1.695 1.711 1.722 1.732 1.739 1.746 1.752 1.760
B 58.576 59.820 60.495 61.067 61.367 61.598 61.712 61.712
(ny)B 1.797 1.736 1.699 1.663 1.640 1.616 1.597 1.569
(ny)A 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500 1.500
fom 0.160 0.144 -0.138 0.135 0.133 0.135 0.138 0.154
Except for the 0.067 in wire, all springs satisfy the requirements of length and number of
coils. The 0.085 in wire has the highest fom.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-41 Given: Nb = 84 coils, Fi = 16 lbf, OQ&T steel, OD = 1.5 in, d = 0.162 in.
D = OD  d = 1.5  0.162 = 1.338 in
(a) Eq. (10-39):
L0 = 2(D  d) + (Nb + 1)d
= 2(1.338  0.162) + (84 + 1)(0.162) = 16.12 in Ans.
or 2d + L0 = 2(0.162) + 16.12 = 16.45 in overall

D 1.338
(b) C    8.26
d 0.162
4C  2 4(8.26)  2
KB    1.166
4C  3 4(8.26)  3
 8F D  8(16)(1.338)
 i  K B  i 3   1.166  14 950 psi Ans.
 d   (0.162)3
(c) From Table 10-5 use: G = 11.4(106) psi and E = 28.5(106) psi
G 11.4
N a  Nb   84   84.4 turns
E 28.5
d 4G (0.162) 4 (11.4)(106 )
k    4.855 lbf/in Ans.
8D 3 N a 8(1.338)3 (84.4)
(d) Table 10-4: A = 147 psi · inm , m = 0.187
147
Sut   207.1 kpsi
(0.162)0.187
S y  0.75(207.1)  155.3 kpsi
S sy  0.50(207.1)  103.5 kpsi
Body
 d 3S sy
F 
 KBD
 (0.162)3 (103.5)(103 )
  110.8 lbf
8(1.166)(1.338)
Torsional stress on hook point B
2r2 2(0.25  0.162 / 2)

C2    4.086
d 0.162
4C2  1 4(4.086)  1
(K )B    1.243
4C2  4 4(4.086)  4
 (0.162)3 (103.5)(103)
F   103.9 lbf
8(1.243)(1.338)
Normal stress on hook point A
2r1 1.338
C1    8.26
d 0.162
4C12  C1  1 4(8.26) 2  8.26  1
(K ) A    1.099
4C1(C1  1) 4(8.26)(8.26  1)

16( K ) A D 4 
S yt    F  
 d
3
 d 2 
 
155.3(103 )
F   85.8 lbf
16(1.099)(1.338) /  (0.162)3   4 /  (0.162)2 
 min(110.8, 103.9, 85.8)  85.8 lbf Ans.
(e) Eq. (10-48):

F  Fi 85.8  16
y   14.4 in Ans.
k 4.855
______________________________________________________________________________
10-42 Fmin = 9 lbf, Fmax = 18 lbf

18  9 18  9
Fa   4.5 lbf , Fm   13.5 lbf
2 2
A313 stainless: 0.013 ≤ d ≤ 0.1 A = 169 kpsi · inm , m = 0.146
0.1 ≤ d ≤ 0.2 A = 128 kpsi · inm , m = 0.263
E = 28 Mpsi, G = 10 Gpsi
Try d = 0.081 in and refer to the discussion following Ex. 10-7
169
Sut   243.9 kpsi
(0.081)0.146
S su  0.67 Sut  163.4 kpsi
S sy  0.35Sut  85.4 kpsi
S y  0.55Sut  134.2 kpsi
Table 10-8: Sr = 0.45Sut = 109.8 kpsi

Sr / 2 109.8 / 2
Se    57.8 kpsi
1  [ Sr / (2Sut )]2
1  [(109.8 / 2) / 243.9]2
r   a /  m  Fa / Fm  4.5 / 13.5
For Gerber, Eq. (6-48), solving for (m)A gives

  2Se  
 m  A 
1 Sut2 r 
2
1  1   
2 n f Se   Sut r  
 
1 243.9  4.5 / 13.5  2  57.8 

2    
2
 1  1      63.3 kpsi

2 2  57.8    243.9  4.5 / 13.5   

Hook bending
 16C 4  13.5  (4C 2  C  1)16C 
( m ) A  Fm ( K ) A     4  (1)
  d 2  d 2   d 2  4C (C  1) 

 a  A 103  d 2 63.3 103    0.081
2
Let     96.65
13.5 13.5
Equation (1) reduces to
  8
C2  C 0
16 16
The useable root for C is
1      1  96.647  96.647  
2 2
C      8        96.647  8 
4 8  8  4 8  8  
   
 4.91
 a  A  a  m  A 
F 4.5
63.3  21.1 kpsi
Fm 13.5
  2 m Se  
n  1  Sut    a  
2 2
     1  1   
2   m   Se    Sut a  
f A
 
  2(63.3)(57.8)  
1  243.9   21.1  
2 2
      1  1     2.00 checks
2  63.3   57.8    243.9(21.1)  
 
D = Cd = 0.398 in
Using Eq. (10-4) for i

 d 3 i  d 3  33 500  C  3 
Fi     1000  4  
8D 8D  exp(0.105C )  6.5  
Use the lowest Fi in the preferred range.
 (0.081)3  33 500  4.91  3  
Fi    1000  4  
8(0.398)  exp[0.105(4.91)]  6.5  
 8.55 lbf
For simplicity we will round Fi up to next 1/4 integer. Let Fi = 8.75 lbf.
18  9
k   36 lbf/in
0.25
d 4G (0.081) 4 (10)(106 )
Na    23.7 turns
8kD3 8(36)(0.398)3
G 10
Nb  N a   23.7   23.3 turns
E 28
L0  (2C  1  N b )d  [2(4.91)  1  23.3](0.081)  2.602 in
Lmax  L0  ( Fmax  Fi ) / k  2.602  (18  8.75) / 36  2.859 in

 a  A   m  A 
Fa 4.5
63.3  21.1 kpsi
Fm 13.5
4C  2 4(4.91)  2
Body: KB    1.300
4C  3 4(4.91)  3
 a body 
8(1.300)(4.5)(0.398) 3
(10 )  11.16 kpsi
 (0.081)3
 m body  m  a body 
F 13.5
(11.16)  33.48 kpsi
Fa 4.5
The repeating allowable stress from Table 10-8 is
Ssr = 0.30Sut = 0.30(243.9) = 73.17 kpsi
The Gerber intercept is given by Eq. (10-42) as
73.17 / 2
S se   38.5 kpsi
1  [(73.17 / 2) / 163.4]2
From Eq. (6-48),
  2 m S se  
1  S su    a  
2 2
(n f ) body      1  1   
2   m   S se    S su a  
 
  2(33.47)(38.5)  
1  163.4   11.16  
2 2
      1  1     2.53
2  33.47   38.5    163.4(11.16)  
 
Let r2 = 2d = 2(0.081) = 0.162
2r 4(4)  1
C2  2  4, ( K ) B   1.25
d 4(4)  4
(K )B 1.25
( a ) B  a  (11.16)  10.73 kpsi
KB 1.30
(K )B 1.25
( m ) B  m  (33.48)  32.19 kpsi
KB 1.30
Table 10-8: (Ssr )B = 0.28Sut = 0.28(243.9) = 68.3 kpsi

68.3 / 2
(S se ) B   35.7 kpsi
1  [(68.3 / 2) / 163.4]2
 2
1  163.4   10.73    2(32.18)(35.7)  
2
(n f ) B       1  1      2.51
2  32.18   35.7    163.4(10.73)  
 
Yield
Bending:

4 Fmax  (4C 2  C  1) 
( A ) max  2 
 1
d  C 1 
4(18)  4(4.91)  4.91  1
2

 2 
 1 (10-3 )  84.4 kpsi
 (0.081 )  4.91  1 
134.2
(n y ) A   1.59
84.4
Body:
 i  ( Fi / Fa ) a  (8.75 / 4.5)(11.16)  21.7 kpsi
r   a /( m   i )  11.16 / (33.47  21.7)  0.948
r 0.948
(S sa ) y  (S sy   i )  (85.4  21.7)  31.0 kpsi
r 1 0.948  1
(S ) 31.0
(n y ) body  sa y   2.78
a 11.16
Hook shear:
S sy  0.3Sut  0.3(243.9)  73.2 kpsi
 max  ( a ) B  ( m ) B  10.73  32.18  42.9 kpsi
73.2
(n y ) B   1.71
42.9
7.6 2d 2 ( N b  2) D 7.6 2 (0.081) 2 (23.3  2)(0.398)
fom     1.239
4 4
A tabulation of several wire sizes follow
d 0.081 0.085 0.092 0.098 0.105 0.120

Sut 243.920 242.210 239.427 237.229 234.851 230.317
Ssu 163.427 162.281 160.416 158.943 157.350 154.312
Ssy 85.372 84.773 83.800 83.030 82.198 80.611
Sr 109.764 108.994 107.742 106.753 105.683 103.643
Se 57.809 57.403 56.744 56.223 55.659 54.585
(m)A 63.331 62.887 62.164 61.594 60.976 59.799
 96.695 105.734 122.443 137.659 156.443 200.389
C 4.916 5.497 6.563 7.527 8.713 11.477
(a)A 21.110 20.962 20.721 20.531 20.325 19.933
(nf)A 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000
D 0.398 0.467 0.604 0.738 0.915 1.377
OD 0.479 0.552 0.696 0.836 1.020 1.497
Fi
(calc) 8.537 7.842 6.769 5.960 5.117 3.618
Fi (rd) 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750 8.750

k 36.000 36.000 36.000 36.000 36.000 36.000
Na 23.677 17.767 11.301 7.979 5.512 2.756
Nb 23.320 17.410 10.944 7.622 5.155 2.399
L0 2.604 2.329 2.122 2.124 2.266 2.922
Lmax 2.861 2.586 2.379 2.381 2.523 3.179
KB 1.300 1.263 1.215 1.184 1.157 1.117
(a)body 11.162 11.015 10.796 10.638 10.478 10.197
(m)body 33.486 33.044 32.388 31.913 31.433 30.591
Ssr 73.176 72.663 71.828 71.169 70.455 69.095
Sse 38.519 38.249 37.809 37.462 37.087 36.371
(nf)body 2.526 2.542 2.564 2.578 2.591 2.611
(KB)B 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000
(a)B 10.732 10.898 11.106 11.226 11.320 11.416
(m)B 32.196 32.695 33.319 33.679 33.960 34.248
(Ssr)B 68.298 67.819 67.040 66.424 65.758 64.489
(Sse)B 35.708 35.458 35.050 34.728 34.380 33.717
(nf)B 2.512 2.457 2.383 2.336 2.293 2.230
Sy 134.156 133.215 131.685 130.476 129.168 126.674
(A)max 84.441 83.849 82.886 82.125 81.302 79.732
(ny)A 1.589 1.589 1.589 1.589 1.589 1.589
i 21.704 21.417 20.992 20.684 20.373 19.828
r 0.947 0.947 0.947 0.947 0.947 0.947
(Ssa)y 30.974 30.822 30.555 30.330 30.077 29.570
(ny)body 2.775 2.798 2.830 2.851 2.871 2.900
(Ssy)B 73.176 72.663 71.828 71.169 70.455 69.095
(B)max 42.928 43.594 44.426 44.905 45.280 45.664
(ny)B 1.705 1.667 1.617 1.585 1.556 1.513
fom -1.240 -1.229 -1.240 -1.278 -1.353 -1.636
optimal fom
The shaded areas show the conditions not satisfied.
______________________________________________________________________________

10-43 For the hook,
M = FR sin, ∂M/∂F = R sin
 FR3
 F  R sin   R d 
1
F 
 /2 2
EI 0 2 EI
The total deflection of the body and the two hooks
8FD 3 N b   FR 3  8FD3 N b  F (D / 2)3

   2    
d 4G  2 EI  d 4G E ( / 64)(d 4 )
8FD 3  G  8FD3 N a
 4  Nb   
d G  E d 4G
G
 N a  Nb  Q.E.D.
E
______________________________________________________________________________
10-44 Table 10-5 (d = 4 mm = 0.1575 in): E = 196.5 GPa
Table 10-4 for A227:

A = 1783 MPa · mmm, m = 0.190
A 1783
Eq. (10-14): Sut  m  0.190  1370 MPa
d 4
Eq. (10-57): Sy = all = 0.78 Sut = 0.78(1370) = 1069 MPa
D = OD  d = 32  4 = 28 mm
C = D/d = 28/4 = 7
4C 2  C  1 4  7   7  1
2
Eq. (10-43): Ki    1.119

4C (C  1) 4(7)(7  1)
32 Fr
Eq. (10-44):   Ki
d3
At yield, Fr = My ,  = Sy. Thus,
 d 3S y   43 1069 103 
My    6.00 N · m
32 Ki 32(1.119)
Count the turns when M = 0

My
N  2.5 
k

d 4E
where from Eq. (10-51): k
10.8 DN
Thus,
My
N  2.5 
d E / (10.8DN )
4
Solving for N gives

2.5
N 
1  [10.8DM y / (d 4 E )]
 
2.5
  2.413 turns
1  10.8(28)(6.00) / 4 4 (196.5) 
This means (2.5  2.413)(360) or 31.3 from closed. Ans.
Treating the hand force as in the middle of the grip,

87.5
r  112.5  87.5   68.75 mm
6.00 103 
2
My
Fmax    87.3 N Ans.
r 68.75
______________________________________________________________________________
10-45 The spring material and condition are unknown. Given d = 0.081 in and OD = 0.500,
(a) D = 0.500  0.081 = 0.419 in
Using E = 28.6 Mpsi for an estimate
d 4E (0.081) 4 (28.6)(106 )
k    24.7 lbf · in/turn
10.8DN 10.8(0.419)(11)
for each spring. The moment corresponding to a force of 8 lbf
Fr = (8/2)(3.3125) = 13.25 lbf · in/spring
The fraction windup turn is
Fr 13.25
n   0.536 turns
k 24.7
The arm swings through an arc of slightly less than 180, say 165. This uses up
165/360 or 0.458 turns. So n = 0.536  0.458 = 0.078 turns are left (or
0.078(360) = 28.1 ). The original configuration of the spring was

Ans.
(b)
D 0.419
C    5.17
d 0.081
4C 2  C  1 4(5.17) 2  5.17  1
Ki    1.168
4C  C  1 4(5.17)(5.17  1)
 297 103  psi  297 kpsi

32M  32(13.25) 
  Ki  1.168  3
Ans.
d 3
  (0.081) 
To achieve this stress level, the spring had to have set removed.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-46 (a) Consider half and double results
M
Straight section: M = 3FR,  3R
F
Upper 180 section:
M  F [ R  R(1  cos  )]
M
 FR(2  cos  ),  R(2  cos  )
F
M
Lower section: M = FR sin ,  R sin 
F
Considering bending only:

 9 FR 2 dx   FR 2 (2  cos  ) 2 R d  
U 2  l /2
   F ( R sin  ) 2 R d 
  /2
F EI  0 0 0 
2F  9 2     
 R l  R 3  4  4 sin  0    R 3   


EI  2  2  4 
2 FR  19 9  FR
(19 R  18l )
2 2
  R  l 
EI  4 2  2 EI
The spring rate is
F 2 EI
k  Ans.
 R (19 R  18 l )
2
(b) Given: A227 HD wire, d = 2 mm, R = 6 mm, and l = 25 mm.
Table 10-5 (d = 2 mm = 0.0787 in): E = 197.2 GPa
2 197.2 109   0.0024  /  64 

k  10.65 103  N/m  10.65 N/mm
0.006 19  0.006   18  0.025  
2
Ans.
(c) The maximum stress will occur at the bottom of the top hook where the bending-
moment is 3FR and the axial fore is F. Using curved beam theory for bending,
Mci 3FRci
Aeri  d / 4  e  R  d / 2 
Eq. (3-65): i   2
F F
Axial: a  
A d2 / 4
4F  3Rci 
Combining,  max   i   a    1  S y
d2  e  R  d / 2 
 d 2Sy
F (1) Ans.
 3Rci 
 1
 e  R  d / 2 
4
For the clip in part (b),
Eq. (10-14) and Table 10-4: Sut = A/dm = 1783/20.190 = 1563 MPa
Eq. (10-57): Sy = 0.78 Sut = 0.78(1563) = 1219 MPa

Table 3-4:
 
12
rn   5.95804 mm
2 6  62  12
e = rc  rn = 6  5.95804 = 0.04196 mm
ci = rn  (R  d /2) = 5.95804  (6  2/2) = 0.95804 mm
Eq. (1):
  0.0022 1219 106 
F  46.0 N Ans.
 3  6  0.95804 
4  1
 0.04196  6  1 
______________________________________________________________________________
10-47 (a)
M
M   Fx,  x 0 xl
F
M
M  Fl  FR 1  cos   ,  l  R 1  cos   0   / 2
 
F
  F l  R 1  cos    Rd

1 l
F    
 /2
Fx ( x ) dx
2
EI
 
0 0
4l 3  3R  2 l 2  4   2  l R   3  8  R 2 
F

12 EI
The spring rate is
F 12 EI
k  Ans.
F 4l  3R  2 l  4   2  l R   3  8  R 2 
3 2

(b) Given: A313 stainless wire, d = 0.063 in, R = 0.625 in, and l = 0.5 in.
Table 10-5: E = 28 Mpsi
I

64
d4 

64
 0.063   7.733 10  in
4 7 4
12  28 106  7.733107
4  0.53   3  0.625   2  0.52   4   2  0.5  0.625    3  8   0.6252 
k
 36.3 lbf/in Ans.
(c) Table 10-4: A = 169 kpsiinm, m = 0.146
Eq. (10-14): Sut = A/ d m = 169/0.0630.146 = 253.0 kpsi
Eq. (10-57): Sy = 0.61 Sut = 0.61(253.0) = 154.4 kpsi
One can use curved beam theory as in the solution for Prob. 10-41. However, the
equations developed in Sec. 10-12 are equally valid.
C = D/d = 2(0.625 + 0.063/2)/0.063 = 20.8
4C 2  C  1 4  20.8   20.8  1
2
Ki    1.037
4C  C  1 4  20.8  20.8  1
Eq. (10-43):
Eq. (10-44), setting  = Sy:
32 F  0.5  0.625 
 154.4 103 
32 Fr
  0.063 
Ki  Sy  1.037
d3 3
Solving for F yields F = 3.25 lbf Ans.
Try solving part (c) of this problem using curved beam theory. You should obtain the
same answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
10-48 (a) M =  Fx
M Fx Fx
   2
I / c I / c bh / 6
Constant stress,

bh 2 Fx 6 Fx
  h (1) Ans.
6  b
At x = l,
6 Fl
ho   h  ho x / l Ans.
b
(b) M =  Fx,  M / F = x
M  M / F   Fx   x 
y dx   1 3
bho3 E 0
1 12 Fl 3/ 2 1/ 2
l l l
dx  x dx
0
EI E 0 12 bho  x / l 3/ 2
2 12 Fl 3/ 2 3/ 2 8 Fl 3
 l  3
3 bho3 E bho E
F bho3 E
k
 3 Ans.
y 8l
______________________________________________________________________________
10-49 Computer programs will vary.

______________________________________________________________________________
10-50 Computer programs will vary.

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Chapter 10

10-1 From Eqs. (10-4) and (10-5)

Plot 100(KW  KB)/ KW vs. C for 4  C  12 obtaining

We see the maximum and minimum occur at C = 4 and 12 respectively where

Maximum = 1.36 % Ans., and Minimum = 0.743 % Ans.

dim(ASI) = [dim (S) dim(d m)]SI = MPammm

 m Auscu  6.894757  25.4  Auscu  6.895  25.4  Auscu

For music wire, from Table 10-4:

Auscu = 201 kpsiinm, m = 0.145; what is ASI?

ASI = 6.895(25.4)0.145 (201) = 2215 MPammm Ans.

Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 1/47

D = OD  d = 31 2.5 = 28.5 mm

C = D/d = 28.5/2.5 = 11.4

Table 10-5: d = 2.5/25.4 = 0.098 in  G = 81.0(103) MPa

(b) Table 10-1: Ls = d Nt = 2.5(14) = 35 mm

Table 10-4: m = 0.145, A = 2211 MPammm

Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.45(1936) = 871.2 MPa

10-4 Given: Design load, F1 = 130 N.

Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 2/47

Eq. (10-21): ns ≥ 1.2, n = 1.29 O.K.

L0 ≤ (L0)cr: 162.8  149.9 Not O.K.

Design is unsatisfactory. Operate over a rod? Ans.

(a) Table 10-1: Ls = d (Nt + 1) = 0.2(12 + 1) = 2.6 in Ans.

(b) Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 12  2 = 10 coils

d 4G 0.24 11.2 106

Fs = k ys = k (L0  Ls ) = 28(5  2.6) = 67.2 lbf Ans.

(c) Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 2/0.2 = 10

Table 10-4: m = 0.187, A = 147 kpsiinm

Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 3/47

Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.50 Sut = 0.50(198.6) = 99.3 kpsi

(a) k = F/y = 50/15 = 3.333 N/mm Ans.

(c) From Table 10-5, G = 77.2 GPa

Table 10-1: Nt = Na = 11.6 coils Ans.

(d) Table 10-1: Ls = d (Nt + 1) = 4(11.6 + 1) = 50.4 mm Ans.

(e) Table 10-4: m = 0.187, A = 1855 MPammm

Table 10-6: Ssy = 0.50 Sut = 0.50(1431) = 715.5 MPa

Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 4/47

(a) L0 = ys + Ls = 1.14 + 0.64 = 1.78 in Ans.

10-8 Given: Design load, F1 = 16.5 lbf.

Eq. (10-18): 4 ≤ C ≤ 12 C = 10 O.K.

Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 5/47

 74.5 103  psi  74.5 kpsi

Eq. (10-21): ns ≥ 1.2, n = 1.37 O.K.

Eq. (10-13) and Table 10-2: L0 ≤ (L0)cr 1.78 in  4.21 in O.K.

D = OD  d = 0.038  0.007 = 0.031 in

Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 38  2 = 36 coils (high)

Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 6/47

L0 = Ls + ys = 0.266 + 0.149 = 0.415 in Ans.

D = OD  d = 0.128  0.014 = 0.114 in

Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 16  2 = 14 coils

Table 10-4: A = 145 kpsiinm, m = 0

Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 7/47

D = OD  d = 0.250  0.050 = 0.200 in

Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 11.2  2 = 9.2 coils

D = OD  d = 2.12  0.148 = 1.972 in

Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 5.75  2 = 3.75 coils

Shigley’s MED, 11th edition Chapter 10 Solutions, Page 8/47

Table 10-4: A = 140 kpsiinm, m = 0.190

Eq. (10-1): C = D/d = 0.782/0.138 = 5.667

Table 10-1: Na = Nt  2 = 12  2 = 10 coils