CH 10

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SOLUTION (10.1)
Known: A special C-clamp uses a 0.5-inch diameter Acme thread and a collar of
0.625-inch effective mean diameter.
Find: Estimate the force required at the end of a 5-in. handle to develop a 200 lb
clamping force.
Schematic and Given Data:
1/2 in. Acme thread

d c = 5/8 in.
6 in.
Assumptions:
1. Coefficients of running friction are estimated as 0.15 for both the collar and the
screw.
2. The screw has a single thread.
Analysis:
1. From section 10.3.1, and considering that service conditions may be conducive to
relatively high friction, estimate f = f c ≈ 0.15 (for running friction).
2. From Table 10.3, p = 0.1 in., and with a single thread, L = 0.1 in.
3. From Fig. 10.4(a),
p
α = 14.5o and dm = d − = 0.5 − 0.05 = 0.45 in.
2
4. From Eq. (10.1),
λ = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 1 = 4.05o

πd m π(0. 45)
5. From Eq. (10.6),
αn = tan-1 (tan α cos λ) = tan-1 (tan 14.5o cos 4.05o)
= 14.47o
(Note: with λ ≈ 4o, it is obvious that αn ≈ α and well within the accuracy of
assumed friction coefficients)
10-1
6. From Eq. (10.4),
T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

2 !dmcos " n # f L 2
(150)(0.45) (0.15)!(0. 45) + 0. 1(cos 14. 47˚) (150)(0.15)(0.625)

T= +
2 !(0. 45)(cos 14. 47˚) " (0. 15)(0. 1) 2
T = 7.70 + 7.03 = 14.73 lb in. Use T ≈ 15 lb in.
At the end of a 6-in. handle, the clamping force required ≈ 15/6 = 2.5 lb ■
SOLUTION (10.2)
Known: A double-threaded Acme screw of known major diameter is used in a jack
having a plain thrust collar of known mean diameter. Coefficients of running friction
are estimated as 0.09 for the collar and 0.12 for the screw.
Find:
(a) Determine the pitch, lead, thread depth, mean pitch diameter, and helix angle of
the screw.
(b) Estimate the starting torque for raising and for lowering a 4000 N load.
(c) If the screw is lifting a 4000 N load, determine the efficiency of the jack.
Double-threaded Acme
Load screw
4,000 N d = 1 in.
dc = 50 mm
fc = 0.09
f
f = 0.12
fc
dm
dc
Assumptions:
1. The starting friction is about 1/3 higher than running friction.
2. The screw is not exposed to vibration.
Analysis:
1. From Table 10.3, there are 5 threads per inch.
p = 1/5 = 0.2 in. = 0.0051 m ■
Because of the double-threaded screw,
L = 2p = 0.4 in. = 0.0102 m ■
10-2
2. From Fig. 10.4a,
Threaded depth = 0.5p = 0.10 in. = 0.00254 m ■
dm = d − 0.5p = 0.90 in. = 0.02286 m ■
3. From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 4 = 8. 05o ■

#dm 0. 90#
4. For starting, increase the coefficient of friction by 1/3:
f c = 0.12, f = 0.16
From Eq. (10.6),

= 14.36o
5. From Eq. (10.4),

=
2 [
4000(0.02286) 0.16π(0.02286) + 0.0102cos 14.36˚
π(0.02286)cos 14.36˚ − 0.16(0.0102) ]
4000(0. 12)(0. 05)
+
2
T = 7.175 + 12 = 19.175 N•m. to raise the load ■
6. From Eq. (10.5),
T = Wdm f !dm " Lcos # n + Wf c dc

2 !dmcos # n + f L 2
T=
2 [
4000(0.02286) 0.16π(0.02286) − 0.0102cos 14.36˚
π(0.02286)cos 14.36˚ + 0.16(0.0102) ]
4000(0. 12)(0. 05)
+
2
T = -5.819 + 12 = 6.18 N•m. to lower the load ■
7. From Eq. (10.4) with fc = 0.09, f = 0.12
T=
2 [
π(0.02286)cos 14.36˚ - 0.12(0.0102) + ]
4000(0.02286) 0.12π(0.02286) + (0.0102)(cos 14.36˚) 4000(0. 09)(0. 05)
2
10-3
T = 7.00 + 9 = 16.00 N•m
8. From Eq. (10.4), the friction free torque for raising the load is
T=
2 [
4000(0.02286) (0.0102)(cos 14.36˚)
π(0.02286)cos 14.36˚ ]
= 6.49 N•m
9. Efficiency = 6.49/16.00 = 40.6% ■

10. Work input to the screw during one revolution = 2πT = 2π(16.00) = 100.5 N•m
11. Work output during one revolution = WL = (4000)(2)(0.0051) = 40.8 N•m
12. Efficiency = Work out/Work in = 40.8/100.5 = 40.6%
Comments:
1. For a double threaded screw the work output during one revolution is WL where L
= 2p.
2. If a small thrust bearing were used so that the collar friction could be neglected,
the efficiency would increase to 6.49/7.00 = 92.7%.
SOLUTION (10.3)
Known: A square-threaded, single thread power screw is used to raise a known load.
The screw has a mean diameter of 1 in. and four threads per inch. The collar mean
diameter is 1.5 in. The coefficient of friction is estimated as 0.1 for both the thread and
the collar.
Find:
(a) Determine the major diameter of the screw.
(b) Estimate the screw torque required to raise the load.
(c) If collar friction is eliminated, determine the minimum value of thread coefficient
of friction needed to prevent the screw from overhauling.
Load
25,000 lb dm = 1 in.
4 threads/in.
dc = 1.5 in.
f
f = fc = 0.1
fc
dm
dc
10-4
Assumption: The screw is not exposed to vibration.
Analysis:
1. From Fig. 10.4(c),
p
d = dm + = 1 + 0. 25 = 1. 125 in. ■
2 2
2. From Eq. (10.4a),
T = Wdm f !dm + L + Wf c dc
2 !dm " f L 2
=
2 [
(25000)(1) (0. 1)π(1) + 0. 25
π(1) − (0. 1)(0. 25)]+
(25000)(0. 1)(1. 5)
2
T = 2263 lb in. + 1875 lb in. = 4138 lb in. ■
3. From Eq. (10.7a), the screw is self-locking if
f ! L = 0. 25 = 0. 08
"dm "(1)
f ≥ 0.08 ■
Therefore, the minimum value of thread coefficient of friction needed to prevent

the screw from overhauling is 0.08.
SOLUTION (10.4)
Known: A double-threaded Acme stub screw of known major diameter is used in a
jack having a plain thrust collar of known mean diameter. Coefficients of running
friction are estimated as 0.10 for the collar and 0.11 for the screw.
Find:
the screw.
(b) Estimate the starting torque for raising and for lowering a 5000 lb load.
(c) If the screw is lifting a 5000 lb load at the rate of 4 ft/min, determine the screw
rpm. Also determine the efficiency of the jack under this steady-state condition.
(d) Determine if the screw will overhaul if a ball thrust bearing (of negligible friction)
were used in place of the plain thrust collar.
10-5
Load stub screw
3,500 lb d = 2 in.
dc = 2.75 in.
f fc = 0.10
f = 0.11
fc
dm
dc
Assumptions:
Analysis:
p = 1/4 = 0.25 in. ■
L = 2p = 0.50 in. ■
From Fig. 10.4 (b),
Threaded depth = 0.3p = 0.075 in. ■
dm = d − 0.3p = 1.925 in. ■
From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

#dm 1.925#
2. For starting, increase the coefficients of friction by 1/3:
fc = 0.133, f = 0.147
From Eq. (10.6),

αn = tan-1 (tan α cos λ) = tan-1 (tan 14.5˚ cos 4.73˚)
= 14.45˚
From Eq. (10.4),
T=
(
2 πd mcos α n + f L )
Wd m f πd m − Lcos α n Wf c d c
+
2
=
2 [
3500(1.925) 0.147π(1.925) + 0.5cos 14.45˚
π(1.925)cos 14.45˚ − 0.147(0.5)
10-6
+
]3500(0.133)(2.75)
2
T = 799.9 + 640.1 = 1440 lb in. to raise the load ■
From Eq. (10.5),
T=
(
2 πd mcos α n + f L )
Wd m f πd m − Lcos α n Wf c d c
+
2
=
2 [
3500(1.925) 0.147π(1.925) + 0.5cos 14.45˚
π(1.925)cos 14.45˚ − 0.147(0.5)
+
]
3500(0.133)(2.75)
2
T = 230.0 + 640.1 = 870.1 lb in. to lower the load ■
4(12) in. /min

3. = 96 rpm ■
0. 5 in. /rev
4. From Eq. (10.4), with fc = 0.1, f = 0.11
T=
2 [
3500(1.925) 0.11π(1.925) + 0.5cos 14.45˚
π(1.925)cos 14.45˚ − 0.11(0.5)]+
3500(0.1)(2.75)
2
T = 667.1 + 481.3 = 1148.4 lb in.
5. From Eq. (1.3),
Tn (1148. 4/12)96
Win = = = 1.75 hp
5252 5252
(3500)4
Wout = = 0.424 hp
33000
Therefore, efficiency = 0.424 = 0.24 = 24% ■

1.75
6. From Eq. (10.7), the screw is self-locking if
L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

f ≥ = = 0.08
"dm !(1. 925)
Thus, if f = 0.11, the screw is self-locking and not overhauling. ■
10-7
SOLUTION (10.5)
diameter is 1.5 in. The coefficient of friction is estimated as 0.1 for both the thread and
the collar.
Find:
Load
12,500 lb dm = 1 in.
4 threads/in.
f dc = 1.5 in.
f = fc = 0.1
fc
dm
dc

Analysis:
1. From Fig. 10.4(c),
p
d = dm + = 1 + 0. 25 = 1. 125 in. ■
2 2
2. From Eq. (10.4a),
2 !dm " f L 2
=
2 [
(12500)(1) (0.1)π(1) + 0.25
π(1) − (0.1)(0.25)]+
(12500)(0.1)(1.75)
2
T = 1132 lb in. + 937 lb in. = 2069 lb in. ■
10-8
f ≥ L = 0.25 = 0.08
πd m π(1)
f ≥ 0.08 ■

SOLUTION (10.6)
Known: A double-threaded Acme screw of known major diameter is used in a jack
having a plain thrust collar of known mean diameter. Coefficients of running friction
are estimated as 0.10 for the collar and 0.13 for the screw.
Find:
the screw.
(b) Estimate the starting torque for raising and for lowering a 10,000 lb load.
(c) If the screw is lifting a 10,000 lb load, determine the efficiency of the jack.
Load screw
10,000 lb d = 1 in.
dc = 2.0 in.
f fc = 0.10
f = 0.13
fc
dm
dc
Assumptions:
Analysis:
p = 1/5 = 0.2 in. ■
L = 2p = 0.4 in. ■
10-9
2. From Fig. 10.4a,
dm = d − 0.5p = 0.90 in. ■
3. From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 4 = 8. 05o ■

#dm 0. 90#
4. For starting, increase the given coefficients of friction by 1/3:
fc = 0.133, f = 0.173
5. From Eq. (10.6),

= 14.36o
6. From Eq. (10.4),

=
2
[
10, 000(0. 90) 0.173π(0.90) + 0.4cos 14.36˚
π(0.90)cos 14.36˚ − 0.173(0.4) ]
10, 000(0.133)(2. 0)
+
2
T = 1477.5 + 1330 = 2807.5 lb•in. to raise the load ■
7. From Eq. (10.5),

=
2 [
10, 000(0.90) 0.173π(0.90) − 0.4cos 14.36˚
]
π(0.90)cos 14.36˚ + 0.173(0.4)
10, 000(0.133)(2. 0)
+
2
T = 162.89 + 1330 = 1492.89 lb•in. to lower the load ■
8. From Eq. (10.4) with fc = 0.10, f = 0.13
T=
2 [
10, 000(0.90) 0.13π(0.90) + (0.4)(cos 14.36˚)
π(0.90)cos 14.36˚ - 0.13(0.4) ]
+
10, 000(0.10)(2. 0)
2
= 1264.5 + 1000 = 2264.5 lb•in
10-10
9. From Eq. (10.4), the friction free torque for raising the load is
T=
2 [
10, 000(0. 90) (0. 4)(cos 14. 36˚)
π(0. 90)cos 14. 36˚]= 636. 6 lb· in
10. Efficiency = 636.6/2264.5 = 28% ■

11. Work input to the screw during one revolution = 2πT = 2π(2264.5) = 14228.8 lb•in
12. Work output during one revolution = WL = (10000)(2)(0.2) = 4000 lb•in
13. Efficiency = Work out/Work in = 4000/14228.8 = 28%
Comments:
1. For a double threaded screw the work output during one revolution is WL where L
= 2p.
2. If a small thrust bearing were used so that the collar friction could be neglected,
the efficiency would increase to 636.6/1264.5 = 50%.
10-11
SOLUTION (10.7)
diameter is 1.75 in. The coefficient of friction is estimated as 0.1 for both the thread
and the collar.
Find:
Load
13,750 lb dm = 1 in.
4 threads/in.
f dc = 1.75 in.
f = fc = 0.1
fc
dm
dc

Analysis:
1. From Fig. 10.4(c),
p
d = dm + = 1 + 0. 25 = 1. 125 in. ■
2 2
2. From Eq. (10.4a),
2 !d " f L 2
m
=
2 [
(13750)(1) (0.1)π(1) + 0.25
]
π(1) − (0.1)(0.25)
+
(13750)(0.1)(1.75)
2
T = 1245 lb in. + 1203 lb in. = 2448 lb in. ■

f ≥ L = 0.25 = 0.08
πd m π(1)
10-12
f ≥ 0.08 ■

SOLUTION (10.8)
Find:
the screw.
Load stub screw
5,000 lb d = 2 in.
dc = 2.5 in.
fc = 0.10
f
f = 0.11
fc
dm
dc
Assumptions:
Analysis:
p = 1/4 = 0.25 in. ■
L = 2p = 0.50 in. ■
2. From Fig. 10.4 (b),
dm = d − 0.3p = 1.925 in. ■
10-13
3. From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

#dm 1.925#
f c = 0.133, f = 0.147
5. From Eq. (10.6),

= 14.45˚
6. From Eq. (10.4),

5000(1. 925) 0.147!(1. 925) + 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 133)(2. 5)

= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ " 0. 147(0. 5) 2
7. From Eq. (10.5),

5000(1. 925) 0.147!(1. 925) " 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 133)(2. 5)
= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ + 0. 147(0. 5) 2
T = 328.5 + 831.3 = 1160 lb in. to lower the load ■
4(12) in. /min

8. = 96 rpm ■
0. 5 in. /rev
9. From Eq. (10.4), with f c = 0.1, f = 0.11
5000(1. 925) 0.11!(1. 925) + 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 1)(2. 5)
T= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ " 0. 11(0. 5) 2
T = 953 + 625 = 1578 lb in.
10 From Eq. (1.3),
Tn (1578/12)96
Win = = = 2.40 hp
5252 5252
10-14
(5000)4
Wout = = 0.606 hp
33000
0. 606
11. Therefore, efficiency = = 0.25 = 25% ■
2. 40
L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

f ≥ = = 0.08
"dm !(1. 925)
SOLUTION (10.9)
Known: A jack uses a single square-thread screw to raise a known load. The major
diameter and pitch of the screw and the thrust collar mean diameter are known.
Running friction coefficients are estimated.
Find:
(a) Determine the thread depth and helix angle.
(b) Estimate the starting torque for raising and lowering the load.
(c) Estimate the efficiency of the jack for raising the load.
(d) Estimate the power required to drive the screw at a constant 1 revolution per
second.
Load Single square-thread screw

50 kN d = 36 mm
p p = 6 mm
dc = 80 mm
f f = 0.15
f c = 0.12
fc
dm
dc
Assumption: The starting friction is about 1/3 higher than running friction.
Analysis:
1. From Fig. 10.4(c),
Thread depth = p/2 = 6/2 = 3 mm ■
10-15
2. From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan-1 L where dm = d ! p = 33 mm
"dm 2
λ = tan-1 6 = 3.31o ■
π(33)
3. For starting, increase the coefficients of friction by 1/3, then
f = 0.20, f c = 0.16
4. From Eq. (10.4a),
2 !dm " f L 2
=
2 (
(50, 000)(0. 033) 0. 20π(0. 033) + 0. 006
π(0. 033) − (0. 20)(0. 006))+
(50, 000)(0. 16)(0. 080)
2
T = 215 + 320
T = 535 N•m to raise the load ■

5. From Eq. (10.5a),
T = Wdm f !dm " L + Wf c dc

2 !dm + f L 2
=
2 (
(50, 000)(0. 033) 0. 20π(0. 033) − 0. 006
π(0. 033) + (0. 20)(0. 006))+
(50, 000)(0. 16)(0. 080)
2
T = 116 + 320
T = 436 N•m to lower the load ■
6. From Eq. (10.4a), with f = 0.15, f c = 0.12,
T=
2 (
(50, 000)(0. 033) 0. 15π(0. 033) + 0. 006
π(0. 033) − (0. 15)(0. 006))+
(50, 000)(0. 12)(0. 080)
2
T = 173 + 240 = 413 N•m
7. Work input to the screw during one revolution

= 2πT = 2π(413) = 2595 N•m
10-16
8. Work output during one revolution
= W• p = (50,000)(0.006) = 300 N•m
Work out 300

9. Efficiency = = = 11.6% ■
Work in 2595
10. Check:
Torque during load raising with f = f c = 0
T=
2 (
(50, 000)(0. 033) 0 + 0. 006
π(0. 033) − 0
+0 )
T = 47.8 N•m
T(with zero friction) 47. 8

Efficiency = = = 11.6% ■
T(actual) 413
11. Check (partial):

Torque during load raising if collar friction is eliminated = 173 N•m
47. 8
Efficiency (screw only) = = 28%
173
12. From Eq. (1.2),
nT (60)(413)
W= = = 2.6 kW ■
9549 9549
10-17
SOLUTION (10.10)
Known: An ordinary C-clamp uses a 1/2 in. Acme thread and a collar of 5/8 in. mean
diameter.
Find: Estimate the force required at the end of a 5-in. handle to develop a 200 lb
clamping force.
1/2 in. Acme thread

d c = 5/8 in.
5 in.
Assumptions:
1. Coefficients of running friction are estimated as 0.15 for both the collar and the
screw.
2. The screw has a single thread.
Analysis:
1. From section 10.3.1, and considering that service conditions may be conducive to
relatively high friction, estimate f = f c ≈ 0.15 (for running friction).
2. From Table 10.3, p = 0.1 in., and with a single thread, L = 0.1 in.
3. From Fig. 10.4(a),
p
dm = d − = 0.5 − 0.05 = 0.45 in.
2
α = 14.5o
4. From Eq. (10.1),
λ = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 1 = 4.05o

πd m π(0. 45)
5. From Eq. (10.6),
= 14.47o
(Note: with λ ≈ 4o, it is obvious that αn ≈ α and well within the accuracy of
assumed friction coefficients)
10-18
6. From Eq. (10.4),

(200)(0. 45) (0.15)!(0. 45) + 0. 1(cos 14. 47˚) (200)(0. 15)(0. 625)
= +
2 !(0. 45)(cos 14. 47˚) " (0. 15)(0. 1) 2
T = 10.27 + 9.37 = 19.64 lb in. Use T ≈ 20 lb in.
20
At the end of a 5-in. handle, the clamping force required ≈ = 4 lb ■
5
SOLUTION (10.11)
Known: Two identical 3 in. major diameter screws (single threaded) with modified
square threads are used to raise and lower a 50-ton sluice gate of a dam. An estimated
friction coefficient is only 0.1 for the screw. Because of gate friction, each screw must
provide a lifting force of 26 tons.
Find: Determine the power required to drive each screw when the gate is being raised
at the rate of 3 ft/min. Also calculate the corresponding rotating speed of the screws.
Motor
Gear
3 in. major
diameter
power screw
f = 0.1
50 ton
sluice gate
V = 3 ft/min
Assumption: Collar friction can be neglected.
10-19
Analysis:
1. From Table 10.3,
p = L = 1/(1.75) = 0.571 in.
2. From Fig. 10.4(d),
p
dm = d ! = 3 ! 0. 571 = 2. 71 in.
2 2
and α = 2.5o
3. Since cos α = 0.999, use Eq. (10.4a):
2 !dm " f L 2
(52, 000)(2. 71) (0.1)!(2. 71) + 0. 571

= +0
2 !(2. 71) " (0. 1)(0. 571)
T = 11,851 lb in. = 988 lb ft (during load raising)
4. To raise the gate 36 in./min with L = 0.571 in.
requires 36/0.571 = 63.05 ≈ 63 rpm ■
5. From Fig. (1.3),
(63. 05)(988)
W= = 11.9 hp say 12 hp
5252
Therefore, 12 hp are required to drive each screw. ■
6. Check:
Work output per gate = 52,000 lb (3 ft/min)
= 156,000 lb ft/min = 4.73 hp
! = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 571 = 3. 84o

"dm "(2. 71)
From Fig. 10.8, Efficiency ≈ 40 %
4. 73
Thus, Wrequired ≈ = 11.83 hp ■
0. 4
10-20
SOLUTION (10.12)
Known: Ball-bearing screws are used for the various applications listed in Section
10.3.5.
Find: List other applications of ball-bearing screws in addition to those listed in Section
10.3.5.
Analysis: Ball-bearing screws are used in steering boxes in passenger and commercial
vehicles where they are sometimes referred to as “recirculating ball steering”. Aircraft
and missile control surfaces utilize powered ball-bearing screws for precise movement
under high loads. Robotic movement, semiconductor-manufacturing stepper motors,
CNC milling machines and 3D rapid prototyping devices all commonly use ball-bearing
screws.
SOLUTION (10.13)
Find:
the screw.
Load stub screw
5,000 lb d = 2 in.
dc = 2.5 in.
fc = 0.10
f
f = 0.11
fc
dm
dc
Assumptions:
10-21
Analysis:
p = 1/4 = 0.25 in. ■
L = 2p = 0.50 in. ■
2. From Fig. 10.4 (b),

dm = d − 0.3p = 1.925 in. ■
3. From Eq. (10.1),
! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

#dm 1.925#
f c = 0.133, f = 0.147
5. From Eq. (10.6),

= 14.45˚
6. From Eq. (10.4),

5000(1. 925) 0.147!(1. 925) + 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 133)(2. 5)

= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ " 0. 147(0. 5) 2
7. From Eq. (10.5),

5000(1. 925) 0.147!(1. 925) " 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 133)(2. 5)
= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ + 0. 147(0. 5) 2
T = 328.5 + 831.3 = 1160 lb in. to lower the load ■
4(12) in. /min

8. = 96 rpm ■
0. 5 in. /rev
9. From Eq. (10.4), with f c = 0.1, f = 0.11
10-22
5000(1. 925) 0.11!(1. 925) + 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 1)(2. 5)
T= +
2 !(1. 925)cos 14. 45˚ " 0. 11(0. 5) 2
T = 953 + 625 = 1578 lb in.
10 From Eq. (1.3),
Tn (1578/12)96
Win = = = 2.40 hp
5252 5252
(5000)4
Wout = = 0.606 hp
33000
0. 606
11. Therefore, efficiency = = 0.25 = 25% ■
2. 40
L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

f ≥ = = 0.08
"dm !(1. 925)
10-23
SOLUTION (10.14)
Known: Machines for the silicon computer chip industry designed and manufactured
in other countries that are later shipped abroad and installed in a fabrication plant can
require a plumber to connect the machine to a city or plant water supply. At times this
has been done with copper tubing, metal connectors and plastic coupling nuts. Similar
materials and fixtures generally of lesser quality are sometimes also used to connect
toilets to home water supplies.
Find: Comment on the use of copper tubing, metal connectors, and plastic nuts to
connect water supplies in the context of an accident that could take place where a
plastic nut fractures along a thread and sprays water causing extensive water damage.
Analysis: Using plastic nuts to connect water lines without installation directions that
would include proper torque values leaves the door open to improper installation. Using
aggressively treaded wrenches can chew into the surfaces of a plastic nut and introduce
stress concentrations and reduce the load carrying capacity. Over tightening the plastic
nut can introduce stress cracking in the thread roots and nut body, and this can result in
a failure after a few production cycles. The use of materials with grossly dissimilar
strength means that the weaker material will yield and deform long before the stronger
materials will. In this case the metal tubing and connectors are essentially rigid with
respect to the plastic nut. Differing rates of thermal expansion/contraction will also be
an issue as plastics are generally a couple times more expansive than metals.
The significant factor to consider is the cost of a connector system relative to the cost of
failure. The cost of using a stronger corrosion resistant metal nut versus a weaker
plastic nut that could be easily abused is nominal. The cost of a connection
failure/rupture and flooding of a house can cost into the thousands or tens of thousands
of dollars.
10-24
SOLUTION (10.15D)
Known: There are various types of commercially available locknuts.
Find: Give examples of locknuts for (1) pins, keys, tabs, safety wire, (2) deformed
threads, (3) secondary spring elements, (4) frictional interference, and (5) free spinning
until seated.
Analysis:
1. The article, The Fundamentals of Selecting Locknuts, by C.C. Feroni, in Product
Design Engineering Manual, edited by Douglas C. Greenwood, McGraw-Hill,
1959, p. 47-49, lists and illustrates the basic classes of commercial locknuts.
2. The author provides the following discussion for each basic class.
CLASS I - Pins, Keys, Tabs, Safety Wire
Assembly is more costly than for other types, and there is the possibility of
forgetting the locking member at assembly. Also, the very vibration that the
locknuts are intended to withstand may cause fatigue failure of the pin, tab or
wire. On the other hand, these types of nuts are most satisfactory where some
relative motion exists between the respective parts of the joint.
CLASS II - Deformed Threads
Widely used for moderate service conditions because of low original cost.
Several factors limit their performance: (1) Locking friction is a result of
high pressure in a few localized places; (2) Performance is usually erratic; (3)
Cyclic loading and vibration can materially wear the interference points.
Often merely loading the nut causes local yielding and a loss of locking
torque. Also, deformed threads do not lend themselves to frequent reuse.
CLASS III - Secondary Spring Elements
These often give an attractive balance between cost and performance. Initial
cost is usually low and reliability is adequate for many applications.
Limitations: (1) Spring member may fail from vibrations; (2) Locking
effectiveness is reduced or even lost if bolt stretches or mating surfaces wear;
(3) Most nuts of this type tend to score the surfaces on which they bear.
CLASS IV - Frictional Interference
Highest performance, but more expensive than any of the other classes.
Locking action comes from plastic deformation of elements of the nut itself.
These elements are either non-metallic inserts, or slotted collars. With either,
spring-back tendency that produces action is uniform and does not depend
solely upon bolt tension. Also these types need not be seated to lock.
Reusability is high. Operating temperature is limited.
CLASS V - Free Spinning
These include types that are free to spin until seated. Advantages: Easy and
inexpensive installation; easily removed and replaced. Disadvantages: Any
loosening of joint or loss of bolt tension converts them into free running plain
nuts. Also, since the clamping force is in addition to bolt stress and is usually
10-25
confined to the lower threads where load is already high, combined stress in
these threads lowers the fatigue and impact resistance.
10-26
SOLUTION (10.16)
Known: The power screws in Problems (a) 10.3, (b) 10.8, (c) 10.9, (d) 10.10, and (e)
10.11 are given.
Find: Calculate the nominal values of torsional, axial, thread bearing, and thread shear
stresses.
dm
p/2 d
dr
Assumptions:
1. The length of thread engagement is 1.5 times the outside diameter of the screw.
16T
2. For torsional stress, assume effective diameter ≈ dr, then τ = 3 .
πd r
3. For axial stress, where At is not given,
4W
assume σ ≈ 2.
!d r
4. For bearing stress, assume di ≈ dr,
4W
then σ = 2 2 .
π(d − d r )
5. For thread shear stress, assume di ≈ dr, and define j as the fraction of nut thickness
(in this problem, 1.5d) involved in screw thread shear fracture surface B
W W
of Fig. 10.11. Then τ = = .
A πd r(1. 5d)j
Analysis:
(a) Assume starting friction ≈ 1 1 running friction, or f = 0.133
3
From Eq. (10.4a),
10-27
2 !dm " f L 2
25, 000(1) 0. 133!(1) + 0. 25 25, 000(0. 133)1. 5

= +
2 !(1) " 0. 133(0. 25) 2
T = 2686 + 2494 = 5180 lb in.
(b) From Prob. 10.8:

T = 1973 lb in.
dr = d − 0.6p = 2 − 0.6(0.25) = 1.85 in.
From Fig. 10.4(b): j = (0.5p + 0.3p tan 14.5o)/p = 0.58
(c) From Prob. 10.9:

T = 535 N•m
dr = d − p = 36 − 6 = 30 mm
4
(d) Using starting friction of f = (0.15) = 0.20 in place of running friction
3
f = 0.15 in Prob. 10.10 solution:
T=
2 [
(200)(0. 45) (0. 2)π(0. 45) + 0. 1(cos 14. 47 )
o
o
π(0. 45)(cos 14. 47 ) − (0. 2)(0. 1)

+](200)(0. 2)(0. 625)
2
T = 9.48 + 12.50 = 21.98 ≈ 22 lb in.
From Fig. 10.4(a):
0. 5p + 0. 5p tan 14. 5o
j= p = 0. 63
4
(e) Using starting friction of f = (0.1) = 0.133,
3
(52, 000)(2. 71) 0. 133!(2. 71) + 0. 571
T=
2 !(2. 71) " (0. 133)(0. 571)
= 14,223 lb in.
From Fig. 10.4(d):
1
dr = d - p = 3 - = 2.43 in.
1. 75
10-28
o
0. 5p + 0. 5p tan 2. 5
j= p = 0.52
Prob. Load Torque dr Torsion Axial Bearing Shear

Part T d j stress,! stress," stress," stress,!
W
(a) 25,000 5180 1.125" 0.875" 0.5 39.4 ksi 41.6 ksi 63.6 ksi 10.8 ksi
(b) 5000 1993 2" 1.85" 0.58 1.6 ksi 1.9 ksi 11.0 ksi 0.49 ksi
(c) 50 kN 535 Nm 36 mm 30 mm 0.5 101 MPa 70.7 MPa 160.7 MPa 19.6 MPa
(d) 200 22 0.5" 0.40" 0.63 1.8 ksi 1.6 ksi 2.8 ksi 0.34 ksi
(e) 52,000 14,223 3" 2.43" 0.52 5.0 ksi 11.2 ksi 21.4 ksi 2.9 ksi
Comment: In the above table, the units of load, W, are lb, and the units of torque, T,
are lb•in, unless specified otherwise.
10-29
SOLUTION (10.17D)
Known: Several different types of fasteners are used that prevent or resist unauthorized
removal.
Find: Examine and sketch several fasteners used in vending machines, computers, and
other items that prevent or resist unauthorized removal.
Analysis:
1. The article, Twenty Tamper-proof Fasteners, by Federico Strasser appearing in
Product Engineering Design Manual edited by Douglas C. Greenwood, McGraw-
Hill, 1959, p. 72-73, illustrates twenty tamper-proof fasteners.
2. The abstract of the article states: Ways to prevent or indicate unauthorized
removal of fasteners in vending machines, instruments, radios, TV sets and other
units. Included are positively retained fasteners to prevent loss where retrieval
would be difficult.
The author provides the following descriptions:
1a. Wax or other suitable material fills recess above screw. Wax flush with plate
hides screw position if surface is painted.
b. Cupped sleeve riveted in screw hole provides cavity for wax when plate is too
thin for recessing.
c. Pin prevents rotation of square cup that would allow screw to be removed
without disturbing wax.
2a. Lead seal crimped over twisted ends of wire passing through screw allows
only limited slackening of nut.
b. Two or more screws strung through heads with wire are protected against
unauthorized removal by only one seal. Code or other signet can be
embossed on seals during crimping.
3. Sheet-metal disk pressed into groove can only be removed with difficulty and
discourages tampering.
4a. Spanner-head screws are available in all standard heads and sizes from U.S.
manufacturers. Special driver is required for each screw size except 1/4-in.
diameter and above.
b. Left-handed screw thread is sometimes sufficient to prevent unauthorized
loosening.
c. Special head lets screw be driven but not unscrewed.
5. Tapped cover and casing allows screw with reduced shank diameter to be
completely unscrewed from casing yet retained positively in cover. For thin
sheet-metal covers, split ring on reduced shank is preferable. Snap ring in
groove or transverse pin are effective on unreduced shank. Simple and cheap
method is fiber washer pushed over thread.
6. Open-ended slot in sliding cover allows screw end to be staked or burred so
screw cannot be removed, once assembled.
7. Nut is retained on screw by staking or similar method but, if removal of nut is
occasionally necessary, coaxial binding-head screw can be used. Where
screw end must be flush with nut, pin through nut tangential to undercut
screw limits nut movement. Rotatable nut or screw should have sufficient
lateral freedom to accommodate slight differences in location when two or
more screws are used.
10-30
SOLUTION (10.18D)
Known: There are various types of commercially available locknuts.
Find: Develop a list of ten factors that should be considered in selecting the class of
locknut that should be used.
Analysis:
1. The article, The Fundamentals of Selecting Locknuts, by C.C. Feroni, in Product
Design Engineering Manual, edited by Douglas C. Greenwood, McGraw-Hill,
1959, p. 47-49, lists and illustrates the basic classes of commercial locknuts.
2. The definitions for the basic classes of commercial locknuts are given in Solution
(10.12D).
The author presents the following discussion for some of the factors that determine
what class of locknut to use:
1. Can the risk be run that occasionally something may accidentally be forgotten
in assembly? Class I nuts depend on a secondary element, such as a lock
washer or a cotter pin. Not only might this be overlooked in assembly, but
also lock wires or cotter pins can break under severe vibration. Without the
secondary element, these nuts are as free to spin as plain nuts. There seems to
be little justification for the popularity that still exists for this class. Probably
it is partially inertia in resisting a change from practice and partially a
reluctance to trust what seems like less positive methods. Actually many
types often perform better.
2. Can the nut be seated tight against the work? Class V types lock only when
they are tightly seated against one of the surfaces being joined. If any
relaxation occurs, they are free to turn off. Such relaxation can occur due to
creep of the bolt, wear or corrosion of mating surfaces.
3. Is locking pressure spread evenly, or concentrated on a few threads? If
vibration is severe, the friction which prevents a nut from loosening should be
spread over as large an area as possible. This requires expensive, precise
manufacture. Some nuts lock with interference between a few threads or load
some threads more than others.
4. Are all nuts of a given type equally reliable? Some classes of nuts are not
uniform in their locking ability. The amount of distortion of shape that causes
locking may vary from nut to nut. Also, these types cannot adjust to the
normal variations of bolt diameter within normal tolerance limits. Thus, on
bolts with diameters near the low limit, some nuts may not lock at all.
5. Will the joint be exposed to high temperatures? Some types of Class IV
locknuts have plastic or other non-metallic inserts to obtain locking action,
and are not recommended for use above 250˚F.
6. Will the nut be frequently removed and reused? Often, bolted joints must be
broken periodically for inspection, repairs, access, or maintenance. The types
of nuts, which jam a few threads together for locking, can damage bolt
threads to the extent that the joint cannot be remade unless bolts are replaced.
7. Is speed of assembly important? It obviously takes more assembly time for
nuts that require extra motions to lock, such as insertion of cotter pins or lock
wires. With large volume production, this is an important factor.
8. Is ease of assembly important? When a locknut is required for a relatively
inaccessible location, the free spinning type, Class V, may be preferred.
10-31
9. Will the nut damage the bolt or the work surfaces? When a joint design is
critical and maximum strength is required, stress raisers that jammed-on nuts
can cause should be noted.
10. Is there relative motion between parts bolted together? If this is so, a
castellated nut with pin or lock wire may be best, since repeated rotary motion
might loosen other types.
10-32
SOLUTION (10.19D)
Known: The web site http://www.nutty.com/ lists different kinds of (a) nuts, (b) bolts,
and (c) washers.
Find: Review the web site and list the different kinds of (a) nuts, (b) bolts, and (c)
washers. Comment on how to evaluate the products promoted on a web site.
Analysis:
(a) nuts
hex nut, nylon insert lock nut, grade 5 hex nut, jam nylon insert lock nut, grade 8
hex nut, grade 8 torque lock nut, jam nut, grade 8 flange torque lock nut, heavy
hex nut, 2-way lock nut, machine screw nut, left hand nut, acorn (cap) nut, tee nut,
acme nut, rod coupling nut, slotted nut, reducer rod coupling nut, castle nut, k-lock
(keps) nut, 2H heavy hex nut, flange lock nut, wing nut, square nut, wood insert
nut, cage nut. ■
(b) bolts
grade 2 hex head cap screw, carriage bolt, grade 5 hex head cap screw, lag bolt,
grade 8 hex head cap screw, tap (full thread) bolt, grade 8 flange frame bolt, grade
5 shaker screen bolt, square head bolt, grade 8 shaker screen bolt, grade 5 carriage
bolt, grade 8 plow bolt, hanger bolt, step bolt, elevator bolt, A325 structural bolt, L
- anchor bolt, A490 structural bolt, J - bolt. ■
(c) washers
USS flat washer, grade 8 USS flat washer, SAE flat washer, grade 8 SAE flat
washer, shim washer, fender washer, split lock washer, grade 8 split lock washer,
finishing (cup) washer, galvanized/rubber bonding, dock washer, square bevel
washer, internal tooth lock washer, external tooth lock washer, high collar split
lock washer. ■
10-33
SOLUTION (10.20D)
Known: The web site http://www.boltscience.com/ provides information related to
bolt technology.
Find: Review the web site information related to bolted joint technology and answer
the following questions:
(a) Is vibration the most frequent cause of bolt/nut loosening? If not, what is the
most frequent cause of loosening?
(b) What are three common causes of relative motion in threads?
(c) Can conventional spring lock washers be used to prevent self-loosening when
bolts without lock washers would loosen because of relative motion?
(d) What is prevailing torque?
(e) What are direct tension indicators?
Analysis: The web site provides the following answers:
(a) It is widely believed that vibration causes bolt loosening. By far the most frequent
cause of loosening is side sliding of the nut or bolt head relative to the joint,
resulting in relative motion occurring in the threads. If this does not occur, then the
bolts will not loosen, even if the joint is subjected to severe vibration. ■
(b) There are three common causes of the relative motion occurring in the threads:
1. Bending of parts that results in forces being induced at the friction surface. If
slip occurs, the head and threads will slip which can lead to loosening.
2. Differential thermal effects caused as a result of either differences in
temperature or differences in clamped materials.
3. Applied forces on the joint can lead to shifting of the joint surfaces leading to
bolt loosening. ■
(c) Conventional spring lock washers are no longer specified, because it has been
shown that they actually aid self-loosening rather than prevent it. ■
(d) The prevailing torque is the torque required to run a nut down a thread on certain
types of nuts designed to resist vibration loosening. A plastic insert or a non-
circular head can provide the resistance. Threads coated with an adhesive also
exhibit a prevailing torque. ■
(e) Direct Tension Indicators (DTI's) is a term sometimes used to describe load-
indicating washers. Projections on the face of the washer (usually on the face
abutting the bolt head or nut) deform under loading as the bolt is tensioned. An
indication of the tension in the bolt can be made by measuring the gap between the
washer face and the nut or bolt head. The smaller the gap - the greater the tension
in the bolt. Load indicating washers are commonly used in civil rather than
mechanical engineering applications. ■
Comment: The task of developing a procedure for evaluating the integrity of
information provided by a web site is left as an exercise for a bushy-tailed student. We
suggest starting by defining the word "integrity". As with most all problem solving, we
first need to understand and/or define the problem.
10-34
SOLUTION (10.21)
Known: In a given assembly, two parts are clamped together by a bolt. The ratio of
the clamped member stiffness and the bolt stiffness is given. The initial bolt tension and
the range of the fluctuating external load are also given.
Find: Draw a graph (plotting force vs. time) showing three or four external load
fluctuations, and corresponding curves showing the fluctuations in total bolt load and
total joint clamping force.
Fe
Fe = 0 to 6,000 lb
kc = 6kb
Fi = 1,100 lb
Fe
Assumption: The bolt size and material are such that the bolt load remains within the
elastic range.
Analysis:
1. The total bolt load when an external load is applied is, from Eq. (10.13),
Fb = Fi +
( )
kb
kb + kc
Fe = 1100 + 1 (6000)
1+6
= 1957 lb
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
Fe = 1100 − 6 (6000)
7
= -4043 lb, since -4043 < 0, Fc = 0 lb and Fb = 6000 lb
2. When Fc = 0, separation takes place: 1100 - 6 Fe = Fc = 0 and thus

7
Fe = 7 (1100) = 1283 lb
6
3. With no external load: Fb = Fc = Fi
10-35
4.
Fb
6000
Total force (lb)
1100
0
Fc
6000
Fe
1283
0
Time
SOLUTION (10.22)
Known: In a given assembly, two parts are clamped together by a bolt. The ratio of
the clamped member stiffness and the bolt stiffness is given. The initial bolt tension and
the range of the fluctuating external load are also given.
Fe
Fe = 0 to 6,000 lb
kc = 3kb
Fi = 1,100 lb
Fe
elastic range.
Analysis:
1. Using Eq. (10.13) for Fe = 6000 lb,
10-36
Fb = Fi + ( )
kb
kb + kc
Fe = 1100 + 1 (6000)
1+3
= 2600 lb
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
Fe = 1100 − 3 (6000)
4
= -3400 lb
Since -3400 < 0, Fc = 0 and Fb = 6000 lb
2. When Fc = 0, separation takes place: 1100 - 3 Fe = Fc = 0 and thus

4
4
Fe = (1100) = 1467 lb
3
3. For Fe = 0 lb, Fb = Fc = Fi
4.
Fb
6000
Total force (lb)
1100
0
Fc
6000
Fe
1467
0
Time
10-37
SOLUTION (10.23)
Known: The bolt shown is made from cold drawn steel. The load fluctuates
continuously between 0 and 8000 lb.
Find:
(a) The minimum required value of initial load to prevent loss of compression of the
plates.
(b) The minimum force in the plates for the fluctuating load when the preload is 8500
lb.
Fe
Fe = 0 to 8,000 lb
kc = 6kb
Fe
Assumption: The bolt, nut, and plate materials do not yield.

Analysis:
1. Compression of the plates is lost when Fc = 0 when maximum load is applied.
From Eq. (10.13)
kc
Fi = Fc + F
kb + kc e
=0+ 6kb 8, 000 = 6 (8, 000) = 6,857 lb ■

kb + 6kb 7
2. Minimum force in plates occurs when fluctuating load is maximum.
From Eq. (10.13),
kc
Fc = Fi - Fe
kb + kc
= 8, 500 - 6kb 8, 000 = 8, 500 - 6 (8, 000) = 1,643 lb ■
kb + 6kb 7
10-38
SOLUTION (10.24)
Known: The bolt shown is made from cold drawn steel. The load fluctuates
continuously between 0 and 8000 lb.
Find:
(a) The minimum required value of initial load to prevent loss of compression of the
plates.
(b) The minimum force in the plates for the fluctuating load when the preload is 8500
lb.
Fe
Fe = 0 to 8,000 lb
kc = 4kb
Fe
Assumption: The bolt, nut, and plate materials do not yield.

Analysis:
1. Compression of the plates is lost when Fc = 0 when maximum load is applied.
From Eq. (10.13),
kc
Fi = Fc + F
kb + kc e
=0+ 4kb 8, 000 = 4 (8, 000) = 6,400 lb ■

kb + 4kb 5
2. Minimum force in plates occurs when fluctuating load is maximum.
From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = Fi - kc F
e
kb + kc
4kb ■
= 8, 500 - 8, 000 = 8, 500 - 6, 400 = 2,100 lb
kb + 4kb
10-39
SOLUTION (10.25)
Known: The cylinder head of a piston-type air compressor is held in place by ten bolts.
Total joint stiffness is four times total bolt stiffness. Each bolt is tightened to an initial
tension of 5000 N. The total external force acting to separate the joint fluctuates
between 0 and 20,000 N.
Fe = 0 to 20,000 N
elastic range.
Analysis:
1. The total bolt load when an external load is applied is, from Eq. (10.13),
Fb = Fi + ( )
kb
kb + kc
Fe = [(5000)(10)] +
1
1+4
(20,000)
= 54,000 N
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
4
Fe = 50,000 − (20,000)
5
= 34,000 N
10-40
2.
Fb
60,000
54,000
50,000
Total force (N)
40,000
Fc
34,000
30,000
20,000
Fe
10,000
0
Time
SOLUTION (10.26)
Known: The cylinder head of a piston-type air compressor is held in place by ten bolts.
Total joint stiffness is four times total bolt stiffness. Each bolt is tightened to an initial
tension of 5000 N. The total external force acting to separate the joint fluctuates
between 10,000 and 20,000 N.
fluctuations, and draw corresponding curves showing the fluctuations in total bolt load
and total joint clamping force.
Fe = 10,000 to 20,000 N
elastic range.
10-41
Analysis:
1. Using Eq. (10.13) for Fe = 20,000 N,
Fb = Fi + ( )
kb
kb + kc
Fe = [(5000)(10)] +
1
1+4
(20,000)
= 54,000 N
kc
Fc = Fi −
kc + kb ( )4
Fe = 50,000 − (20,000)
5
= 34,000 N
2. For Fe = 10,000 N,
1
Fb = 50,000 + (10,000) = 52,000 N
1+4
4
Fc = 50,000 − (10,000) = 42,000 N
5
3.
Fb
54 60
52
50
42
Total force (kN)
40 Fc
34
30
20
Fe
10
0
Time
SOLUTION (10.27)
Known: Two parts of a machine are held together by bolts that are initially tightened
to provide a total initial clamping force of 10,000 N. The elasticities are such that kc =
2kb.
Find:
(a) Determine the external separating force that would cause the clamping force to be
reduced to 1000 N.
(b) If this separating force is repeatedly applied and removed, determine values of
mean and alternating force acting on the bolts.
10-42
Fe
Initial Fc = 10,000 N
kc = 2 k b
Fe
Assumption: The stress on the bolt is within the elastic limit.

Analysis:
(a) From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
Fe :
1000 = 10,000 −
( )2
2+1
2
Fe : 9000 = Fe
3
Hence, Fe = 13,500 N ■
(b) Load off; Fb = Fi = 10,000 N

1
Load on; Fb = 10,000 + (13,500) = 14,500 N
3
10, 000 + 14, 500
Fm = = 12,250 N ■
2
14, 500 − 10, 000
Fa = = 2250 N ■
2
SOLUTION (10.28)
to provide a total initial clamping force of 2000 lb. The elasticities are such that kc =
5kb.
Find:
reduced to 500 lb.
10-43
Fe
Initial Fc = 2000 lb
kc = 5 k b
Fe
Assumption: The stress on the bolt is within the elastic limit.
Analysis:
(a) From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
Fe :
500 = 2000 − 5 Fe (or) 1500 = 5 Fe

5+1 6
Hence, Fe = 1800 lb ■
(b) Load off; Fb = Fi = 2000 lb
Load on; Fb = 2000 + 1 (1800) = 2300 lb

6
Fm = 2000 + 2300 = 2150 lb ■

2
Fa = 2300 ! 2000 = 150 lb ■

2
SOLUTION (10.29)
to provide a total initial clamping force of 2000 lb. The elasticities are such that kc =
6kb.
Find:
reduced to 500 lb.
10-44
Fe
Initial Fc = 2000 N
kc = 6 k b
Fe
Assumption: The bolt stress is less than the elastic limit of the bolt material.
Analysis:
(a) From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = Fi − ( )
kc
kc + kb
Fe :
500 = 2000 − 6 Fe (or) 1500 = 6 Fe

6+1 7
Hence, Fe = 1750 lb ■
(b) Load off; Fb = Fi = 2000 lb

1
Load on; Fb = 2000 + (1750) = 2250 lb
7
+
Fm = 2000 2250 = 2125 lb ■
2
! 2000
Fa = 2250 = 125 lb ■
2
SOLUTION (10.30)
Known: Drawing 1 and 2 are identical except for placement of the spring washer. The
bolt and the clamped members are "infinitely" rigid in comparison with the spring
washer. In each case the bolt is initially tightened to a force of 10,000 N before two
known external loads are applied.
Find:
(a) For both arrangements, draw block A as a free-body in equilibrium.
(b) For both arrangements, draw a bolt force-vs-time plot for the case involving
repeated application and removal of the external loads.
10-45
A
A Spring
washer
1000 N 1000N
1000 N 1000 N Spring
washer
(1) (2)
Assumption: The bolt stress is within the elastic limit of the bolt material.
Analysis:
(a)
(1) 10,000 N (2) 8000 N
1000 N 12,000 N 1000 N 1000 N 10,000 N 1000 N
(b)
12 kN
10 kN 10 kN
Fb Fb
0 0
Time Time
(1) (2)
Comment: Note that in neither case does the 10 kN force of the flexible spring washer
change.
10-46
SOLUTION (10.31)
Known: Drawing 1 and 2 are identical except for placement of the spring washer. The
bolt and the clamped members are "infinitely" rigid in comparison with the spring
washer. In each case the bolt is initially tightened to a force of 10,000 N before two
known external loads are applied.
Find: Plot Fb and Fc versus Fe for drawings 1 and 2.
A
A Spring
washer
1000 N 1000N
1000 N 1000 N Spring
washer
(1) (2)
Assumption: The bolt stress is within the elastic limit of the bolt material.
Analysis:
(a)
Drawing (1) Drawing (2)
10,000 N 8000 N
1000 N 12,000 N 1000 N 1000 N 10,000 N 1000 N
10-47
(b)
Drawing (1)
Fb
12 kN
Fi = 10 kN
Fc
0
2 kN Fe
Drawing (2)
Fb
Fi = 10 kN
8 kN
Fc
0
2 kN Fe
Comment: Note that in neither case does the 10 kN force exerted by the flexible spring
washer change with change in the external load, Fe.
SOLUTION (10.32D)
Known: An idea is given for reducing the fluctuating load in a connecting rod bolt.
Find: Explain why this idea will or will not work.
Flexible
Sheeve
Assumption: The bolt and sleeve remain within their elastic range.
Analysis: This idea will work. (But other considerations may render it impractical.)
Any increase in force applied to the bolt head requires shortening of the "flexible"
added sleeve. No appreciable sleeve shortening is possible without separation at the
rod-cap interface.
10-48
SOLUTION (10.33)
Known: Two parts of a machine, each carrying a static load, are held together by bolts.
The factor of safety and the ratios of yield strength and proof strength of the nuts to the
yield strength and proof strength of the bolts are known.
Find:
(a) Determine the size of class 5.8 coarse-thread metric bolts required.
(b) Determine the least number of threads that must be engaged for the thread shear
strength to be equal to the bolt tensile strength.
3.1 kN
Assumptions:
1. For steel, Sys ≈ 0.58Sy.
2. The loads are equally distributed among the threads.
3. (Sy)nut = 0.7(Sy)bolt
Analysis:
(a) From Table 10.5, Sp = 380 MPa
(Force)(SF) 3100(4) N
At = = = 32. 6 mm2
Sp 380 MPa
From Table 10.2, select M8 ✕ 1.25 with At = 36.6 mm2 ■
(b) Bolt tensile strength ≈ At Sy = 36.6 mm2 • Sy

Nut shear strength ≈ πd(0.75t)Sys
= π(8 mm)(0.75t)(0.58)(0.7Sy)
where Sy pertains to the bolt material.
Equating the strengths gives t = 4.78 mm
For pitch = 1.25 mm, this corresponds to 3.83 ≈ 3.9 threads ■
10-49
SOLUTION (10.34D)
Known: A known static tensile load is applied to two metric (ISO) screws.
Find: Select appropriate screws and specify a tightening torque.
33 kN
Rotating
shaft
Metric (ISO) screw
Assumptions/Decisions:
1. The load of 33 kN is shared equally by each screw.
2. No bending of the machine screws (bolts) takes place; i.e., the bolt is in axial
tension.
3. Use a SF of 4.
4. A relatively inexpensive class 5.8 steel is chosen for the screw material.
Analysis:
1. From Table 10.5, choose class 5.8 steel with proof strength of 380 MPa.
Nominal load on each screw = 33 kN = 16.5 kN

2
Using a safety factor of 4, design overload for each bolt = 16.5 kN ✕ 4 = 66 kN
66, 000 N
! = P " 380 MPa = " A t = 173. 7 mm2
A At
From Table 10.2, use screw size M18 ✕ 2.5 (coarse threads) with
At = 192 mm2 ■
2. From Eq. (10.11a), Fi = 0.9 At Sp = 0.9(192)(380) = 65.7 kN
From Eq. (10.12), T = 0.2 Fi d = 0.2(65.7(18) = 236.5 N•m ■
Comments:
1. In the analysis, step 1, the solution for area At is independent of the stiffness ratio,
kc/kb and also independent of the initial tension Fi. Regardless of these quantities,
static failure of the bolts will occur only when the overload is sufficient to yield
the entire bolt cross section, with the pillow block pulled away from the mating
fixed surface (i.e., Fc = 0). The optimal initial tension would be the highest value
that does not yield the bolts enough to damage them after taking them out and
reinstalling them many times.
10-50
2. The procedure to obtain At = 173.7 mm2 was based on slight yielding of the entire
bolt cross-section when the design overload is reached. With the M18 ✕ 2.5
screws (At = 192 mm2), a design overload of 73 kN would cause slight yielding.
A small additional overload would distort the bolts so that they would not be
reusable. However, a substantially higher overload would be needed to bring the
material to its ultimate strength and fracture the bolts (ratio Su/Sp = 520/ 380 =
1.37). In some situations the design overload might be based on using the ultimate
strength of the bolt material rather than its proof or yield strength.
SOLUTION (10.35)
Known: A known steel bolt clamps three steel plates and is loaded in double shear.
Find: Determine the force capacity of the joint.
Normal Load, carried by Overload, causing
Friction forces shear failure
F F
2 2
F F
F F
2 2
(a) (b)
1 in.-12 UNF grade 5 steel bolt
Assumptions:
1. The bolt is tightened to its full proof load; that is, Fi = SpAt.
2. The bolt fails in double shear.
3. The bolt and plates have adequate strength to prevent other failure modes.
4. The wrench-torque variation is roughly ±30 percent.
5. There is a 10 percent initial loss in tension during the first few weeks of service.
Analysis:
1. For 1 in.-12 UNF grade 5 steel bolt, Table 10.1 gives At = 0.663 in.2, and Table
10.4 shows that Sp = 85 ksi. Therefore, the initial tension is:
Fi = SpAt
= 85,000(0.663)
= 56,355 lb
With ±30% torque-wrench variation and 10% initial tension loss during the first
few weeks of service, a conservative assumption of working value of Fi is about
35,500 lb.
10-51
2. The coefficient for semi-polished steel is approximately 0.3, and for sand or grit-
blasted steel approximately 0.5. For this case, a friction of 0.4 is assumed.
Therefore, the force required to slip each of two interface = 35,500 ✕ 0.4 =
14,200 lb.
Hence, the value of F required to overcome friction is in the range of 28,000 lb.
3. For the two shear planes involved, the larger value of force that can be transmitted
through the bolt itself is F = 2 SysA, where A = the area of the bolt at the shear
plane = π(1)2/4 = 0.785 in2 and Sys = 0.58 Sy = 0.58(92) = 53 ksi. Thus, for
yielding of the two shear planes,
F = 2(53,000)(0.785) = 83,210 lb ■
4. The estimated 83,210 lb would increase the shear stress to the shear yield strength
over the entire cross section of the shear planes. A further increase in load would
cause total shear yield failure. The estimated load for complete failure is,
F = 2ASus, where from Eq. (10.16), Sus ≈ 74 ksi ■
Therefore, F = 2(0.785)(74 ✕ 103) = 116,180 lb ■
SOLUTION (10.36)
Known: Three SAE class 9.8 steel bolts with a specified safety factor are used to
attach a bracket of known geometry that supports a known vertical load.
Find: Determine an appropriate bolt size.
Schematic and Given Data: See Figure 10.32 of the textbook. The safety factor,
SF = 10.
Assumptions:
1. The clamped members are rigid and do not deflect with load.
2. The load tends to rotate the bracket about point A.
3. The shear loads are carried by friction.
Design Analysis:
1. With the assumption of rigid clamped members and shear loads carried by friction,
the eccentricity of the applied load has no effect on bolt loading. With the bracket
tending to rotate about point A, the strain (and hence the load) imposed upon the
two bolts D is four times that imposed upon bolt E. Let FD and FE denote the
tensile loads carried by bolts D and E. Summation of moments about point A for
the design overload of 24 kN(10) = 240 kN gives
500(240) = 100FE + 400FD + 400FD = 25FD + 400FD + 400FD

FD = 145.45 kN
2. Class 9.8 steel has a proof strength of 650 MPa. Hence the required tensile stress
area is
145, 450
At = = 224 mm2
650
Reference to Table 10.2 indicates the required thread size to be M20 ✕ 2.5.
10-52
Comments:
1. Because of appearance, and to provide additional safety, a larger bolt size might be
selected.
2. As in Sample Problem 10.2, the bolt size required is independent of kb, kc, and Fi,
except for the fact that Fi must be large enough to justify the assumption that shear
forces are transmitted by friction. With an assumed coefficient of friction of 0.4
and an initial tension (after considering tightening variations and initial relaxation)
of at least 0.55SpAt, compare the available shear friction force (using 16-mm bolts)
with the applied shear overload:
Available friction force = (3 bolts)(0.55SpAt)f

= 3(0.55)(650 MPa)(245 mm2)(0.4)
= 105,105 N
which represents a margin of safety with respect to the 24-kN applied overload,
plus the rotational tendency caused by the overload eccentricity. The second effect
is dealt with in Sample Problem 10.5.
SOLUTION (10.37)
Known: Three SAE class 9.8 steel bolts having a specified safety factor are used to
attach a bracket of known geometry that supports a known vertical load.
Find: Select an appropriate bolt size.
Schematic and Given Data: See Sample Problem 10.4 and Fig. 10.32 of the textbook.
The safety factor, SF = 10.
Assumptions:
1. The shear forces caused by the eccentric vertical load are carried completely by the
bolts.
2. The vertical shear load is distributed equally among the three bolts.
3. The tangential shear force carried by each bolt is proportional to its distance from
the center of gravity of the group of bolts.
Design Analysis:
1. Neglecting friction has no effect on bolt stresses in the threaded region, where
attention was focused in Sample Problem 10.4 and in Problem 10.36. For this
problem attention is shifted to the bolt shear plane (at the interface between
bracket and fixed plate). This plane experiences the tensile force of 145.45 kN
calculated in Problem 10.36 in addition to the shear force calculated in the
following step 2.
2. The applied eccentric shear force of 24 kN(10) = 240 kN tends to displace the
bracket downward and also rotate it clockwise about the center of gravity of the
bolt group cross-section. For three bolts of equal size, the center of gravity
corresponds to the centroid of the triangular pattern, as shown in the following
figure. This figure shows the original applied load (dotted vector) replaced by an
equal load applied at the centroid (solid vector) plus a torque that is equal to the
product of the force and the distance it was moved. As assumed, each bolt carries
one-third of the vertical shear load, plus a tangential force (with respect to rotation
about the center of gravity) that is proportional to its distance from the center of
gravity. Calculations on the figure show this tangential force to be 62 kN for each
10-53
of the top bolts. The vector sum of the two shear forces is obviously greatest for
the upper-right bolt. Routine calculation shows V = 136 kN.
240-kN applied
overload
F
150
180 240 kN 100 180 F

80
80 V
240 kN (150 mm) CG of bolt group

= 36 kN•m cross section
200
F 200
180
80
!Mcg = 0: 240 kN (150 mm) = F(180 mm) + F(180 mm) + F 200 (200 mm)
180
" F = 62 kN
3. The critical upper-right bolt is thus subjected to a tensile stress, σ = 145,450/A,

and a shear stress, τ = 136,000/A. Substitution in the distortion energy equation
gives an equivalent tensile stress of
276, 846
!e = !2 + 3"2 = 1 (145, 450)2 + 3(136, 000)2 =
A A
4. Equating this to the proof stress gives
276, 846
= Sp = 650 MPa
A
Therefore, A = 426 mm2
5. Finally,
2 4(426)
A = !d , or d = 4A = = 23. 3 mm
4 ! !
Thus, a shank diameter of 24 mm is required.
Comment: In comparing this solution with that of Problem 10.36, note that for this
particular case, shear plus tension in the bolt shear plane proved to be more critical than
tension alone in the threads.
10-54
SOLUTION (10.38)
Known: The bolts that attach a bracket to an industrial machine must each carry a
static tensile load of 4 kN. The safety factor is 5. The nuts are made of steel with 2/3
the yield strength and proof strength of the bolt steel.
Find:
(a) Determine the size of class 5.8 coarse-thread metric bolts required.
4 kN
Assumptions:
3. (Sy)nut = 2/3 (Sy)bolt
Analysis:
(a) From Table 10.5, Sp = 380 MPa
(Force)(SF) 4, 000(5) N
At = = = 52. 6 mm 2
Sp 380 MPa
From Table 10.2, select M10 ✕ 1.5 ■
(b) Bolt tensile strength ≈ At (Sy)bolt = 58 mm2 • (Sy)bolt
Nut shear strength ≈ πd(0.75t)Sys
= π(10 mm)(0.75t)(0.58)(2/3)(Sy)bolt
where Sys pertains to the nut material and (Sy)bolt to the bolt material.
Equating the strengths gives t = 6.37 mm
For pitch = 1.50 mm, this corresponds to 4.25 ≈ 4.3 thread ■
10-55
SOLUTION (10.39)
Known: A UNF bolt, made from SAE grade 5 steel, carries a static tensile load of
3000 lb. The bolt is used with a nut made of steel corresponding to SAE grade 2
specifications. The safety factor is 4 based on the proof strength.
Find:
(a) Determine the size of the UNF bolt.
yield strength to be equal to the bolt tensile yield strength.
UNF bolt
SAE grade 5
SF = 4
Nut, SAE grade 2
3000 lb
Assumptions:
Analysis:
(a) For the 3,000 lb load, it is obvious that drequired < 1 in.
Hence, from Table 10.4, select Sp = 85 ksi
(3, 000)(4)
At required = 85, 000 = 0.14 in.2
From Table 10.1, select 1/2 in.-20 thread, with At = 0.1599 in.2 ■
(b) Tensile strength ≈ At Sy = (0.1599 in.2)(92,000 psi) = 14,710 lb
Nut shear strength ≈ πd(0.75t)Sys = π(0.5)(0.75t)(0.58)(57,000)
Equating the strengths gives t = 0.38 in.
For pitch = 1/20 in., this corresponds to 7.55, say 7.6 threads. ■
SOLUTION (10.40)
Known: A UNF bolt, made from SAE grade 5 steel, carries a static tensile load of
2000 lb. The bolt is used with a nut made of steel corresponding to SAE grade 1
specifications. The safety factor is 5 based on the proof strength.
Find:
(a) Determine the size of the UNF bolt.
10-56
UNF bolt
SAE grade 5
SF = 5
Nut, SAE grade 1
2000 lb
Assumptions:
Analysis:
(a) For the 2000 lb load, it is obvious that drequired < 1 in.
Hence, from Table 10.4, select Sp = 85 ksi
(2000)(5)
At required = = 0.118 in.2
85,000
From Table 10.1, select 0.500 in.-20 thread, with At = 0.1599 in.2 ■
(b) Tensile strength ≈ At Sy = (0.1599 in.2)(92,000 psi) = 14711 lb
Nut shear strength ≈ πd(0.75t)Sys = π(0.500)(0.75t)(0.58)(36,000)
where Sy is obtained from Table 10.4.
Equating the strengths gives t = 0.598 in.
For pitch = 1/20 in., this corresponds to 11.96, say 12 threads. ■
10-57
SOLUTION (10.41)
Known: A gear reducer of known weight is lifted using a steel eyebolt of SAE grade 5.
The housing into which the bolt is threaded has only half the yield strength of the bolt
steel.
Find:
(a) Select a suitable bolt size for a safety factor of 10.
(b) Determine the minimum number of threads that should be engaged.
Tensile failure
Stripping along surface "A" of Fig. 10.11
Assumption: The loads are equally distributed among the threads.

Analysis:
(a) From Table 10.4, Sp = 85 ksi
W(SF) 2000 lb (10)
At = = = 0. 235 in2
Sp 85, 000 psi
From Table 10.1, sizes 5 in. -18 UNF or 3 in. -10 UNC would be appropriate.
8 4
Arbitrarily choosing 3 in. -10 UNC, a SF of 10 0. 334 = 14 is provided. ■

4 0. 235
(b) For balanced tensile and "stripping" strength, Eq. (d) in Sec. 10.4.5 gives
t = 0.47d = 0.47(0.75 in.) = 0.353 in.
But if threaded member strength is only half that of the bolt, use t = 0.706 in. With
threads per in. = 10
Number of threads = (0.706)(10) = 7.06 threads engaged ■
10-58
SOLUTION (10.42)
Known: The internal pressure of a pressure vessel with a gasketed end plate is
sufficiently uniform that the bolt loading can be considered static. A gasket clamping
pressure of at least 13 MPa is needed.
Find:
(a) For 12-, 16-, and 20-mm bolts with coarse threads and made of SAE class 8.8 or
9.8 steel, determine the number of bolts needed.
(b) If the ratio of bolt circle circumference to number of bolts should not exceed 10,
nor be less than 5, state which of the bolt sizes considered gives a satisfactory bolt
spacing.
230 mm
140 mm
280 mm
Assumption: When calculating gasket area, the bolt hole area is negligible.
Analysis:
! 2
(a) Clamping force required =
4
( 2
)
Do ! Di (pressure)
!
=
4
( 2 2
)
280 ! 140 13 = 600,358 N
Sp Clamping force/
Bolt dia. (Tab.A10.2)
t 600 kN! Number of
(Tab. 10.5) bolt @ 90 % proof force/bolt bolts required
load A t (0.9 Sp )
12 mm 84.3 mm 650 MPa2 49.3 kN 12.17 13
16 157 650 91.8 6.54 7

20 245 600 132.3 4.54 5
(b) For 12 mm bolts:

spacing = 230π/13 = 55.58 mm = 4.63d
For 16 mm bolts:
spacing = 230π/7 = 103.2 mm = 6.45d
For 20 mm bolts:
spacing = 230π/5 = 144.5 mm = 7.23d
The 16 and 20 mm bolts satisfy the given guidelines.
The 12 mm bolts are a little too close together. ■
10-59
SOLUTION (10.43)
Known: The internal pressure of a pressure vessel with a gasketed end plate is
sufficiently uniform that the bolt loading can be considered static. A gasket clamping
pressure of at least 10 MPa is needed.
Find:
(a) For 12-, 16-, and 20-mm bolts with coarse threads and made of SAE class 8.8 or
9.8 steel, determine the number of bolts needed.
(b) If the ratio of bolt diameter should not exceed 10, nor be less than 5, state which of
the bolt sizes considered gives satisfactory bolt spacing.
230 mm
140 mm
280 mm
Assumption: When calculating gasket area, the bolt hole area is negligible.
Analysis:
! 2
(a) Clamping force required = D ! D2i (pressure)
4 o
!
=
4
( 2 2
)
280 ! 140 10 = 461,814 N ≈ 460 kN
Sp Clamping force/
Bolt dia. (Tab.A10.2)
t 460 kN! Number of
(Tab. 10.5) bolt @ 90 % proof force/bolt bolts required
load A t (0.9 Sp )
12 mm 84.3 mm 650 MPa2 49.3 kN 9.33 10
16 157 650 91.8 5.01 6
20 245 600 132.3 3.47 4
(b) For 12 mm bolts:

spacing = 230π/10 = 72.26 mm = 6.02d
For 16 mm bolts:
spacing = 230π/6 = 120.4 mm = 7.53d
For 20 mm bolts:
spacing = 230π/4 = 180.6 mm = 9.03d
The 12, 16, and 20 mm bolts all satisfy the given guidelines. ■
10-60
SOLUTION (10.44D)
Known: An industrial motor weighing 22 kN is provided with a class 8.8 steel eyebolt
(used when lifting the motor). The housing into which the bolt is threaded has only half
the yield strength of the bolt steel.
Find:
(a) Select a suitable bolt size. Explain briefly your choice of safety factor.
(b) Determine the minimum number of threads that should be engaged.
Tensile failure
Stripping along surface "A" of Fig. 10.11
Assumption: The loads are equally distributed among the threads.

Analysis:
(a) Select safety factor: This case corresponds to # 3 in Section 6.12 except that an
impact factor is involved (# 8 in Section 6.12). Impact upon a chain hoist
becoming taut can exceed the factor of 2 associated with a suddenly applied load.
In a normal situation one might select, say, SF = 2.5 multiplied by an impact factor
of 4 to get an overall SF of 10. But this is a case where consequences of failure
could be catastrophic (If the motor is lifted over someone's head!) and the cost of
an oversize bolt is minimal. Let us arbitrarily select SF ≈ 20.
From Table 10.5, Sp = 600 MPa
W(SF) 22, 000 N (20)

At = = = 733 mm2
Sp 600 MPa
From Table 10.2, sizes M33✕2 or M36✕4 would be appropriate.
733 ( )
Arbitrarily choosing M36✕4 , a SF of 20 817 = 22 is provided. ■
(b) For balanced tensile and "stripping" strength, Eq. (d) in Sec. 10.4.5 gives
t = 0.47d = 0.47(36 mm) = 16.92 mm
10-61
But if threaded member strength is only half that of the bolt, use t = 33.84 mm
with p = 4 mm,
Number of threads = 33.84/4 = 8.46 threads engaged
Specifying an integral number, say:
9 threads engaged, minimum ■
SOLUTION (10.45)
Known: A bolt made of steel is initially tightened to its full yield strength of 80 kN.
Elasticities are such that kc = 3kb. A plot of load vs. time is given.
Find:
(a) Complete the curves for bolt force and clamping force.
(b) Make a simple drawing showing the shape of the residual stress curve in a
threaded section of the bolt.
Sy = 80 kN
kc = 3kb
Assumption:
1. Use an idealized stress-strain curve for the bolt.
2. The stress concentration factor at the notch is K = 3.
Analysis:
kb
(a) With = 1 , the elastic load division is 1/4 to the bolt and 3/4 to the
kb + kc 1 + 3
clamped members. But for the initial load application kb = 0
10-62
Bolt yielding
Fb
80
76.25
76.25
72.5
65 61.25
60
50 Fc
kN
40
30 Fe
20
15 15
0
Time
(b) With the assumption that K = 3, we have:

-2Sy -Sy 0 Sy 2Sy 3Sy
Answer (solid line)

Elastic stress for tightening load
Actual stress when tightened
K = 3 notch
SOLUTION (10.46)
Known: A grade 5, 1-in. diameter UNF bolt has rolled threads, and is used to clamp
two rigid members together such that kc = 4kb. There is a force tending to separate the
members that fluctuates rapidly between 0 and 20,000 lb. There is a possibility of
slight bolt bending. Two values of initial tension are to be investigated: (1) the normal
value that a mechanic might tend to apply [Eq. (e) in Section 10.7], and (2) the
theoretical limiting value of AtSy.
Find:
(a) Make a force vs. time plot for each of the two values of initial tension.
(b) Estimate the safety factor corresponding to each of the values of initial tension,
where failure is considered to be either eventual fatigue fracture or joint opening
(clamping force dropping to zero).
10-63
Grade 5
1-in. UNF bolt
rolled threads
kc = 4kb
Fe = 0 to 20,000 lb
Assumption: The material has an idealized stress-strain curve, with the change from
elastic to plastic occurring at the yield strength.
Analysis:
(a) Force vs. time plot for two values of initial tension:
1. From Table 10.1, At = 0.663 in.2
From Table 10.4, Sy = 92 ksi
From Table 10.6, Kf = 3
2. Eq. (e) tightening: Fi = 16,000d = 16,000 lb
"Full tightening": Fi = AtSy = (0.663)(92,000) = 61,000 lb
kb
3. Elastic response: = 1/5
kb + kc
(4/5 of load to clamped member)
kb
When bolt is plastic: =0
kb + kc
(all of load to clamped member)
4.
Fi = 61 Fb
60
57
Fc
40 41
klb
Fb
20
16
Fi = 16
Fc
Fe
0
Time
10-64
(b) Estimate the safety factor for joint opening:
5. For Fe = 20,000 lb, Fc = 0 when Fi = 16,000 lb
Thus, for Fi = 16,000 lb
SF = 1
and for Fi = 61,000 lb
SF = 61,000/16,000 = 3.8
6. In estimating the safety factor for fatigue,
Sn = Snʹ′CLCGCsCTCR [Eq. (8.1)]
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su (Fig. 8.5)
Su = 120 ksi (Table 10.4)
CL = CT = CR = 1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.8 (some bending)(Table 8.1)
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(120)(1)(0.8)(1)(1)(1) = 48 ksi
7. For Fi = 16,000 lb,

16, 000
σi = (3) = 72.4 ksi (at thread root)
0. 663
and an overload to failure proceeds as shown on the σm - σa plot to σa = 18 ksi
For Fi = 61,000 lb, the thread root stresses proceed from σm = Sy, σa = 0 to the
same limiting value of σa = 18 ksi.
8.
50 48
40
"a Limiting ! life
30 fatigue point
(ksi)
20 18
10
20 40 60 72.4 80 92 100 120

"m (ksi)
9. Since Fa = 2000 lb for the bolt, for either value of Fi,
σa = 2000 (3) = 9 ksi

0. 663
Hence, SF = 18/9 = 2
10. For Fi = 16,000 lb, SF = 1, limited by separation. ■

For Fi = 61,000 lb, SF = 2, limited by fatigue. ■
10-65
SOLUTION (10.47)
Known: A grade 7, 3/4-in., UNF bolt with rolled threads is used in a joint such that the
clamped member stiffness is only half the bolt stiffness. The bolt initial tension
corresponds to Eq. (e) in Section 10.7. During operation, there is an external separating
force that fluctuates between 0 and P. The bending of the bolts is negligible.
Find:
(a) Estimate the maximum value of P that would not cause eventual bolt failure.
(b) Estimate the maximum value of P that would not cause joint separation.
Grade 7
3/4 in. UNF bolt
rolled threads
2kc = kb
Assumption: The material has an idealized stress-strain curve, with the change from
elastic to plastic occurring at the yield strength.
Analysis:
(a)
1. From Eq. (e),
Fi = 16,000d = 16,000
3
4 ()
= 12,000 lb
2. Using Eq. (10.13),
Maximum Force/bolt = Fi + ( )kb

kb + kc
P
= 12,000 +
( )
2
1+2
P = 12,000 + 2/3 P lb
Minimum Force/bolt = Fi = 12,000 lb
Thus, Fm = 12,000 + 1/3 P lb and Fa = 1/3 P lb
3. From Table 10.1, At = 0.373 in.2

From Table 10.4, Su = 133 ksi, Sy = 115 ksi
1 P P
4. σa = P Kf = (3) =
A 3 0. 373 0. 373
5. Sn = Snʹ′CLCGCsCTCR [Eq. (8.1)]
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su (Fig. 8.5)
CL = CT = CR = 1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.9 (Table 8.1)
10-66
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(133)(1)(0.9)(1)(1)(1) = 59.85 ksi
6. For Fi = 12,000 lb,

12, 000
σi = (3) = 96.5 ksi
0. 373
7.
59.85
60
40
!a
Eventual
(ksi) fatigue failure
20 !a = 15 ksi
96.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
!m (ksi) Sy = 115 Su = 133
P
8. σa = = 15,000
0. 373
Thus, P = 5595 ≈ 5600 lb for eventual fatigue failure ■
(b)
9. From Eq. (10.13),
Fc = 12,000 −
1
1+2
P ( )
At separation, Fc = 0
1
0 = 12,000 − P
3
Thus, P = 36,000 lb for separation ■
Comment: The value of P for separation would be somewhat less because of yielding
in the thread root region, which reduces the value of kb.
SOLUTION (10.48)
Known: The cap of an automotive connecting rod is secured by two class 10.9,
M8✕1.25 bolts with rolled threads. The grip and unthreaded length can both be taken
as 16 mm. The connecting rod cap (the clamped member) has an effective cross-
section area of 250 mm2 per bolt. The initial tension and the maximum external load
are known.
10-67
Find:
(a) Estimate the bolt tightening torque required.
(b) Determine the maximum total load per bolt during operation.
(c) Construct free-body diagrams when the maximum load of 18 kN is pushing
downward on the center of the cap.
(d) Determine the safety factor for fatigue.
22 22 22 22
22 22 22 22 Class 10.9
M8 x 1.25 bolts
Rolled threads
22 22 22 22
Fi = 22 kN
Max. Fe = 18 kN
22 22 22 22
Assumption: The material follows an idealized stress-strain-curve based on Sy.
Analysis:
(a) From Eq. (10.12), T = 0.2Fi d
T = 0.2(22,000)(0.008) = 35.2 N•m ■
!
(b) Ab = (8)2 = 50.27 mm2
4
(Note: use full 8 mm diameter to find kb)
Since Eb = Ec and Lb = Lc, then k's are directly proportional to A's
kb Ab 50. 27
Thus, = = = 0.167
k b + k c Ab + Ac 50. 27 + 250
From Eq. (10.13),
Fb (max) = 22 kN + 0.167(9 kN)
= 23.5 kN ■
10-68
(c)
18
14.5 14.5
23.5 23.5
14.5 14.5
18
23.5 23.5
(d)1. From Table 10.5, Su = 1040 MPa, Sy = 940 MPa

(d)2. Sn = Snʹ′CLCGCsCTCR [Eq. (8.1)]
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su (Fig. 8.5)
CL = CT = CR = 1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.7 (Table 8.1)
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(1040)(1)(0.7)(1)(1)(1) = 364 MPa
22 + 23. 5
(d)3. Fm = = 22.75 kN
2
23. 5 − 22
Fa = = 0.75 kN
2
(d)4. σm = ( FA ) K = ( 22.36. 7579) 3 = 1.86 GPa

m
t
f
(obviously relieved by yielding)
( )
σa = Fa Kf = 0. 75 3 = 0.061 GPa = 61 MPa
At 36. 79
10-69
(d)5.
400 364
!a
200 61 MPa yielding
(MPa)
1040
0 200 400 600 800 1000

!m (MPa) 940
(d)6. The drawing shows that σa = 60 MPa is as high as σa can be without eventual
fatigue failure.
Hence, SF ≈ 1.0 ■
SOLUTION (10.49)
Known: Two grade 8.8 bolts with M20 ✕ 2.5 rolled threads are used to attach a pillow
block. The bolts are initially tightened in accordance with Eq. (10.11a). Joint stiffness
is estimated to be three times bolt stiffness. The external load tending to separate the
pillow block from its support varies rapidly between 0 and P.
Find:
(a) Estimate the maximum value of P that would not cause eventual fatigue failure of
the bolts.
(b) Show on a mean stress-alternating stress diagram points representing thread-root
stresses: (1) just after initial tightening, (2) during operation with the load
fluctuating between 0 and P/2, and (3) with the machine shut down after operating
with the 0 to P/2 load.
P
Grade 8.8 bolts

M20 5 2.5
Rolled threads
10-70
Assumptions:
1. Bolt bending is negligible.
2. The material behaves as predicted by an idealized stress-strain curve based on Sy.
3. The safety factor is 2.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (10.11a), Fi = 0.9AtSp
where At = 245 mm2 (Table 10.2)
Sp = 600 MPa (Table 10.5)
Fi = 0.9(245)(600) = 132.3 kN
2. Since Kf = 3.0 (Table 10.6),
132, 300
σi = Fi Kf = (3) = 1620 MPa
At 245
Therefore, the bolt will yield.
3. Alternating bolt force,
1
Fa =
kb
2 kb + kc 2
Alternating bolt stress,
()
P 1 1 P P
=
( ) =
2 1 + 3 2 16
Fa P
σa = Kf = (3)
At 16(245)
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su
Su = 830 MPaR (Table 10.5)
CL = CT = CR = 1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.9 (Table 8.1)
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(830)(1)(0.9)(1)(1)(1) = 373.5 MPa
5.
373.5
400
!a
(MPa) 200 !a = 140 (2)
(1) 830
(3)
0 200 400 600 800

!m (MPa) 660
6. From the drawing, σa = 140 MPa

P
140 = 16(245) (3)
Thus, P = 183 kN ■
7. The points (1), (2), and (3) are shown in the above figure. ■
10-71
SOLUTION (10.50)
Known: Two aluminum plates are held together by a grade 7, 1/2 in. UNF bolt. The
effective area of the aluminum plates in compression is estimated to be 12 times the
cross-sectional area of the steel bolt. The bolt is initially tightened to 90% of its proof
strength. Gust loads, varying from zero to P, tend to pull the plates apart. The safety
factor is 1.3.
Find:
(a) Determine the maximum value of P that will not cause eventual bolt fatigue
failure.
(b) Determine the clamping force that will remain when this value of P acts.
Grade 7
1/2-in. UNF bolt
Assumptions:
1. Bolt bending is negligible.
2. Threads are rolled.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (10.11a), Fi = 0.9At Sp
At = 0.1599 in.2 (Table 10.1)
Sp = 105 ksi (Table 10.4)
Fi = 0.9(0.1599)(105,000) = 15,100 lb
With this initial tightening load, the threads roots are yielded.
Snʹ′ = 0.5Su
Su = 133 ksi (Table 10.4)
CL = CT = CR =1 (Table 8.1)
CG = 0.9 (Table 8.1)
Cs = 1 (Table 10.6)
Sn = 0.5(133)(1)(0.9)(1)(1)(1) = 60 ksi
3.
Sn = 60
60
Eventual fatigue failure

40 is limited by this point.
!a
(ksi)
20 !a = 15 ksi Sy = 115
Su = 133
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
!m (ksi)
10-72
4. With rolled threads as assumed, from Table 10.6
Kf = 3.0
Fa Fa
5. σa = Kf (or) 15,000 = (3) (and) Fa = 800 lb
At 0. 1599
6. = ( )( ) ( )
k b Eb A b
k c Ec A c
= (3)
1
12
= 1/4
kb (1/4)
Hence, = = 0.2
k b + k c (1/4) + 1
Thus, Fa = 0.1P
7. 800 = 0.1P
Hence, P = 8000 lb, but with SF = 1.3,
P = 8000/1.3 = 6150 lb ■
8. If the bolt did not yield at all when initially tightened, the clamping force
remaining would be
Fi − 0.8P = 15,100 − 4900 = 10,200 lb
If the bolt were fully yielded when initially tightened, the clamping force
remaining would be
Fi − P = 15,100 − 6150 = 8950 lb
The answer is between these values
8950 lb < Fc < 10,200 lb ■
SOLUTION (10.51)
Known: Solutions to problems (a) 10.46, (b) 10.47, (c) 10.48, (d) 10.49, and (e) 10.50
are given as the information in Section 10.12 and Table 10.7.
Find: Comment on the probable accuracy of the fatigue results. If previous designs
had been made based on these earlier results, state whether or not it is important to
specify that the bolt threads be rolled after heat treatment?
Analysis:
Base Thread root Nominal Table 10.7 alt. strength

Su !a ! a*
problem roll before roll after
(a) 10.46
10.33 120 ksi 18 ksi 6 ksi 10 ksi 21 ksi
(b) 10.47
(c) 10.48
10.35 1040 MPa 61 MPa 20.3 MPa 69 MPa 145 MPa
(d)10.49
10.36 830 MPa 140 MPa 46.7 MPa 69 MPa 145 MPa
(e) 10.50
* "dividing out" K f = 3 , in each case
Comment: In each case, the earlier results appear satisfactory with threads rolled
before (as well as after) heat-treatment.
10-73
SOLUTION (10.52)
Known: A critical application requires the smallest possible bolt for resisting a
dynamic separating force varying from 0 to 100 kN. It is estimated that by using an
extra high strength bolt steel with Sp = 1200 MPa, and using special equipment to
control initial tightening to the full AtSp, a stiffness ratio of kc/kb = 6 can be realized.
Any of the bolt threads and finishes listed in Table 10.7 may be selected. The safety
factor is 1.3.
Find:
(a) With respect to eventual fatigue failure, determine the smallest size metric bolt that
can be used.
(b) State the thread and finish selected.
(c) With this bolt tightened as specified, determine the clamping force that will remain
(at least initially) when the 100-kN load is applied.
F
F = 0 to 100 kN
Sp = 1200 MPa
kc = 6
kb
SF = 1.3
F
Assumption: The reduction in clamping force approaches the full-applied load of 100
kN.
Analysis:
1. Alternating component of separating force = 50 kN.
kb 1 1
Since, = = ,
kb + kc 1 + 6 7
50
Fa (felt by bolt) = = 7.14 kN
7
2. From Table 10.7, find Sa = 179 MPa, with SF = 1.3.
The nominal value of σa can be 173/1.3 = 138 MPa
Fa
σa,nom = ,
At
7140 N
138 MPa = .
At
Hence, At = 51.7 mm2

10-74
3. Tentatively choose M10✕1.5 thread, with At = 58.0 mm2. But this is
unsatisfactory since because of separation when the bolt is tightened to full proof
load, kb becomes small. We have conservatively assumed that the reduction in
clamping force approaches the full-applied load of 100 kN. This exceeds the
initial clamping force of
AtSp = (58.0 mm2)(1200 MPa) = 69,600 N.
To provide SF = 1.3 against separation (and assuming kb ≈ 0), the required Fi is

equal to (1.3)(100 kN).
130,000 N = Sp•At = 1200 MPa • At
At = 108 mm2
We select an M14✕2 thread.
This gives Fi = (1200 MPa)(115 mm2) = 138,000 N. ■
Even with kb = 0, this is a minimum clamping force of

138 kN − 100 kN = 38 kN = Fc,min ■
10-75

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1/2 in. Acme thread

λ = tan-1 L = tan-1 0. 1 = 4.05o

T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

(150)(0.45) (0.15)!(0. 45) + 0. 1(cos 14. 47˚) (150)(0.15)(0.625)

T = 7.70 + 7.03 = 14.73 lb in. Use T ≈ 15 lb in.

3. From Eq. (10.1),

! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 4 = 8. 05o ■

From Eq. (10.6),

T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

6. From Eq. (10.5),

T = Wdm f !dm " Lcos # n + Wf c dc

7. From Eq. (10.4) with fc = 0.09, f = 0.12

9. Efficiency = 6.49/16.00 = 40.6% ■

T = 2263 lb in. + 1875 lb in. = 4138 lb in. ■

3. From Eq. (10.7a), the screw is self-locking if

Therefore, the minimum value of thread coefficient of friction needed to prevent

! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

From Eq. (10.6),

From Eq. (10.4),

From Eq. (10.5),

T = 230.0 + 640.1 = 870.1 lb in. to lower the load ■

4(12) in. /min

T = 667.1 + 481.3 = 1148.4 lb in.

5. From Eq. (1.3),

Therefore, efficiency = 0.424 = 0.24 = 24% ■

L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

Thus, if f = 0.11, the screw is self-locking and not overhauling. ■

Assumption: The screw is not exposed to vibration.

T = 1132 lb in. + 937 lb in. = 2069 lb in. ■

Therefore, the minimum value of thread coefficient of friction needed to prevent

3. From Eq. (10.1),

! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 4 = 8. 05o ■

5. From Eq. (10.6),

T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

7. From Eq. (10.5),

T = Wdm f !dm " Lcos # n + Wf c dc

8. From Eq. (10.4) with fc = 0.10, f = 0.13

10. Efficiency = 636.6/2264.5 = 28% ■

Assumption: The screw is not exposed to vibration.

T = 1245 lb in. + 1203 lb in. = 2448 lb in. ■

Therefore, the minimum value of thread coefficient of friction needed to prevent

! = tan"1 L = tan"1 0. 5 = 4. 73˚ ■

5. From Eq. (10.6),

T = Wdm f !dm + Lcos " n + Wf c dc

5000(1. 925) 0.147!(1. 925) + 0. 5cos 14. 45˚ 5000(0. 133)(2. 5)

7. From Eq. (10.5),

T = Wdm f !dm " Lcos # n + Wf c dc

T = 328.5 + 831.3 = 1160 lb in. to lower the load ■

4(12) in. /min

T = 953 + 625 = 1578 lb in.

10 From Eq. (1.3),

L cos ! n 0. 5(cos 14. 45˚)

Thus, if f = 0.11, the screw is self-locking and not overhauling. ■

Load Single square-thread screw

4. From Eq. (10.4a),

T = 535 N•m to raise the load ■

T = Wdm f !dm " L + Wf c dc

T = 436 N•m to lower the load ■