Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

UNIT 15

ROAD MAINTENANCE

OBJECTIVES

General Objective
To understand the management and the types of road maintenance.

Specific Objectives
At the end of the unit you should be able to: identify the types of maintenance operation. describe the categories of maintenance. explain the purpose of road maintenance. identify the organizations of road maintenance in Malaysia. state the maintenance operation activities.

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

INPUT

ROAD MAINTENANCE

15.0 INTRODUCTION Road maintenance is a continuous process that involves keeping and repairing the existing road . So, it is carried out to control the rate of damage and to ensure the safety towards the road users or the public. Thus, the maintenance is done in order ; a. to ensure the durability of the road. b. To maintain the usage for the traffic user. c. To improve the traffic system operation. 15.1 MAINTENANCE OPERATION The highway maintenance operation is specifically planned according to restorative and preventive methods. It is categorized into the following ; a. Immediate maintenance. b. Routine maintenance. c. Periodic maintenance. d. Rehabilitation maintenance.

15.1.1

Immediate Maintenance

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ROAD MAINTENANCE

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Immediate maintenance is carried out to overcome an incident that happened outside the immediate maintenance area . The incidents are ; a. bank avalanche b. erosion c. flood d. carcass e. traffic light damage f. accident 15.1.2 Routine maintenance Routine and periodic maintenance are implemented in order to avoid massive destruction that was caused by heavy traffic and weather condition. These two types of maintenance are also needed to ensure the safety of the road users , in terms of environment and the road condition. The following table is on routine operation maintenance. a. Routine Operation Maintenance Activities - Grass cutting. - Drainage cleaning - Puddle patch/tile. - Road shoulder maintenance. - Bridge and culvert cleaning. - Sign board cleaning. - Bridge maintenance. - Traffic light and intersection checking. b. Periodic Operation Maintenance Return period - 4 6 times per year - 12 times per year - if needed - 2 3 times per year - 2 times per year - 2 3 times per year - 1 2 times per year - When have any requirement.

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C3010 / UNIT 15

Activities - Rebuild A2 road surface with premix. - Surface dressing. - Grading and rebroadcast shoulder roads stone. - Replace the members of wooden bridge. - Paint the center road line.

Return period 7 10 years per time 3 5 years per time 2 3 years per time 2 3 years per time 1 2 times per year

15.2

UPGRADING Road upgrading is needed when routine and periodic maintenance are not

sufficient to achieve a quality that is required. Therefore, road maintenance is carried out when the number of traffic increases. The maintenance work routine depends on the road and the traffic condition. It is usually determined by obtaining the Benkelmen Beam Test result of the existing road surface. Examples of the upgrading work are:a. Flatten road tile. b. Maintaining the road shoulder and roadside drain.

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

ACTIVITY 15A

WANT TO IMPROVE YOUR UNDERSTANDING? TRY THESE ACTIVITIES AND GOOD LUCK!!!

15.1

What is the general purpose of road maintenance? a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________

15.2

Write down 4 categories that include in the maintenance operation. a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________

15.3

Match the correct return period and its activities of routine operation maintenance below.

Grass cutting Drainage cleaning Puddle patch/tile. Road shoulder maintenance Bridge and culvert cleaning

12 times per year 4 6 times per year If need 2 times per year 2 3 times per year

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 15A

Write down 4 categories that include in the maintenance operation. a. b. c. d. Immediate maintenance. Routine maintenance. Periodic maintenance. Rehabilitation maintenance.

16.3

Match the correct return period on activities of routine operation maintenance as listed below.

Grass cutting Drainage cleaning Puddle patch/tile. Road shoulder maintenance Bridge and culvert cleaning

12 times per year 4 6 times per year If need 2 times per year 2 3 times per year

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

15.2 MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION The organizations that are involved with the road maintenance in Malaysia are: 1. Federation Government by Highway Malaysian Boarded for highway link maintenance. 2. Federation Government by Federation JKR for federation road link maintenance. 3. State Government by State JKR, District JKR, Town Council etc. The size , manpower , location and equipment / machines of the maintenance organizations vary according to the types and length of roads and types of work to be done. The immediate maintenance and routine maintenance are usually done by class F contractors where the maintenance work is done by using hand tools and observed by Foreman. Road Division (District JKR)

Division Supervisor (Technician)

O.B

Foreman (workers 1)

Foreman (workers 2)

Foreman (workers 3)

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ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

In implementing the routine maintenance and upgrading works , it is done by increasing the manpower, material, tools and machines . They are operated as one gang. The jobs will then be carried out by the contractors workers. While the Supervisor Division will be monitoring them. A good relationship between the road maintenance contractor or organization and the civilian or the public is important in providing good services and safety for the road users Roads are public property and the road maintenance contractor is responsible to maintain it 15.3.1 Example of Maintenance Management This is example for maintenance management that has been done by JKR. a. Puddle patch. Substances : Premix 1 2 lories. 1 small plate. 1 compaction machine 1 machinery platform. 1 set traffic controller. 1 set of safety jacket, hammer and scoops. Main powers : 1 foreman 8 workers 1 driver Work limited : 2 3 mile/day

Tools/Machinery :

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ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

b. Road center line painted ( main power ) Substances : Paint ( white/yellow ) 3 5 painted brush 3 painting rope line 20 cylinders con. 1 safety jacket. 1 set of road-crossing controller. Workers : 1 foreman 5 workers. Work limited : - mile/day

Tools/Machinery :

c. Single layer surface ( surface dressing ) Substances : Well crusher run Binder course 80/100 bitumen Tools/Machinery : 1 carriage machine 1 pneumatic tyre roller 1 sprayer bitumen machine 1 sweep machine. 3 unit 10 ton carriage lorry. Workers Work limited Note : : : 1 foreman 8 drivers 2/3 mile for 18ft road width The work will be done in dry surface condition and well whether.

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ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

d. Grass cutting routine on Road Shoulder Substances : 3 grass cutting machine 1 van 3 sickle Workers : 1 foreman 3 workers 1 driver e. Culvert cleaning Substances : capping stone cover layer, mine sand cement and ext drain. Tool/ Machinery : Scoops Small exe Mortar hand tools Wheel barrow 1 small lorry 1 digging machine Workers : 1 foreman 1 driver 1 digging machine driver 10 workers Work efficiency : depend on situation

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

15.3 ROAD MANTENANCE ACTIVITIES The maintenance operation and its process are stated in the table of the previous sub topic; they are routine time, immediate time and emergency time . However, the maintenance operation activities can be categorized into :a. Maintenance of road surface. b. Maintenance of road shoulder and road side drain. c. Maintenance of culvert. d. Maintenance of road sign and road furniture. e. Maintenance of puddle and hole.

15.4.1 Maintenance of road surface. Road surface maintenance or resurfacing work must be done regularly. Surface maintenance program will be done as follow:a. Resurfacing A2 class by premix. This is done due to the high traffic flow (approximately 1000 pcu/hr of traffic per day). Roads under A2 class must be resurfaced from time to time. Before any resurfacing of road is being carried out, several important criteria should be considered , namely:Proper drainage system. Culvert line is not clog.

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

Side drain must be cleaned with sufficient design gradient. Stabilize road shoulder with its sufficient design gradient. Precaution signage and safety divider must be provided. All kind of machineries such as Road Premix Vehicle, steam roller vehicle, a tanker and bitumen emulsion binder must be at the wok site.

Premix substances at plant provider must be ready and all means of transportation to transport workers are also necessary.

During the resurfacing of the road , heat or temperature control is a stringent step. Since premix is a hot substance ,all processes involved such as transporting, premixing and rolling ,should be carried out instantly before its temperature drop. Before premixing is done, the substances temperature should not be under 1350 C ( 2750 F ). While during premixing, it is not wise to resurfacing the road under humid surface or during raining day. Standard BS 1621 bitumen macadam premix is seldom used by JKR. While premix quarries is becoming less in usage compared to Asphalt Concrete Premix . This is because it is , stronger and lasting . b. Surface Dressing Surface dressing is carried out by resurfacing the road on B and C class where the average traffic are below than 100 pcu/hr. Surface dressing is done by resurfacing one or two layers. If it is done correctly, the surface is smooth with a good skidding resistance. Compared to premix, the surface dressing method does

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

not last long and the surface is a bit rough. However, the sealing effect is good and can withstand water sealing effect or withstand the humidity underneath. Good surface dressing works need:Suitable gravel grading according to sizes. Free dust and free humidity of the gravel or Cuboids gravel are preferred in order to have a Gravel distribution rate with binder substance must

aggregate. suitable mixing ratio with bitumen. suit to existing road surfaces which are due to sizes and the traffic volume. New road surface must be premixed before any treatment process can be carried out. c. Gravel and Soil Road Surface Maintenance. i. Gravel Road Gravel surface road consists of selected gravel and is not given any bitumens mix. State and village road from D and E class are from this types of road. This kind of gravel contains laterite soil, gravel hill and shale. ii. Soil Road Normally, soil road is appropriate to be used during dry weather. Although dusty, soil road also can give condusive surface for driving. Soil road is normally build

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

from the nearest soil. The strength of the road to support the traffic depends on the location of the road, type of the soil around it and weather. To ensure the construction of the road (E class road ) is good, full concentration must be given to the maintenance works especially shaping and drainage. 15.4.2 Road Shoulder and Road Side Drain Maintenance a. Road Shoulder The functions of a road shoulder are; it i. ii. iii. prepares a flat support to the road pavement. drains the water surface to the road side drain and avoid humidity from diffusion. provides space for traffic users to stop by the roadside of the road and also for emergency lane during overtaking, especially on the one way street road. iv. v. provides lane/ path for pedestrians and cyclists provides space for traffic signs and guard rails.

The maintenance process of the soil and gravel of the road shoulder are:i. ii. iii. reshaping and leveling the road shoulder using motor grader. Topping/ Adding new substances to fill up the lost substance due to erosion and traffic impact. Compacting the new and existence substances by leveling and rolling.

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

b. Roadside drain. It is located at the side of the road. The functions are; it i. ii. iii. removes the water from the road surface. avoids the water from high level to flow over to the road area. avoids water diffusion that will cause the sub-grade failure.

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

ACTIVITY 15B

WANT TO IMPROVE YOUR UNDERSTANDING? TRY THESE ACTIVITIES AND GOOD LUCK!!!

15.4 Name the organizations that are involved in road maintenance in Malaysia. 1. __________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________

15.5 The maintenance operation activities can be categorized into 5 categories. List down all the categories. i. ii. iii. iv. v. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 15B

15.4

Name the organizations that involve with road maintenance in Malaysia. 1. Federation Government by Highway Malaysian Boarded for highway link maintenance. 2. Federation Government by Federation JKR for federation road link maintenance. 3. State Government by State JKR, District JKR, Town Council ect. For local and state roads link.

15.5

The maintenance operation activities can be categorized into 5 categories. List down all the categories. i. ii. iii. iv. v. Maintenance of road surface. Maintenance of road shoulder and road side drain. Maintenance of culvert. Maintenance of road sign and road furniture. Maintenance of puddle and hole.

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

Question 15 - 1
The highway maintenance operation is specifically planned according to restorative and preventive. It can be categorized into several types of maintenance. Describe the immediate maintenance.

Question 15 - 2
Surface maintenance or resurfacing work must be done regularly. Explain briefly about Resurfacing A2 class by Premix.

Question 15 - 2
State three functions of roadside drain.

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

Answer 15.1
Immediate maintenance is required to overcome the incident which happens outside of the immediate maintenance area. The incidents are a. bank avalanche b. erosion c. flood d. carcass e. traffic light damage f. accident

Answer 15.2
d. Resurfacing A2 class by premix. This is done due to the high traffic flow (approximately 1000 pcu/hr of traffic per day). Roads under A2 class must be resurfaced from time to time. Before any resurfacing of road is being carried out, several important criteria should be considered , namely:Proper drainage system. Culvert line is not clog.

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

Side drain must be cleaned with sufficient design gradient. Stabilize road shoulder with its sufficient design gradient. Precaution signage and safety divider must be provided. All kind of machineries such as Road Premix Vehicle, steam roller vehicle, a tanker and bitumen emulsion binder must be at the wok site.

Premix substances at plant provider must be ready and all means of transportation to transport workers are also necessary.

During the resurfacing of the road , heat or temperature control is a stringent step. Since premix is a hot substance ,all processes involved such as transporting, premixing and rolling ,should be carried out instantly before its temperature drop. Before premixing is done, the substances temperature should not be under 1350 C ( 2750 F ). While during premixing, it is not wise to resurfacing the road under humid surface or during raining day. Standard BS 1621 bitumen macadam premix is seldom used by JKR. While premix quarries is becoming less in usage compared to Asphalt Concrete Premix . This is because it is , stronger and lasting .

Highway Engineering

ROAD MAINTENANCE

C3010 / UNIT 15

Answer 15.3
The functions of roadside are:-

1. It removes the water from the road surface. 2. It avoids the water from high level to flow over to the road area. 3. It avoids water diffusion that will cause the subgrade failure.