1 The Indefinite Integral 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTEGRATION
Integration is the process of finding the function, given its derivative. The function has a derivative
of . Reversing this processes called anti-differentiation or integration. Therefore, the anti-derivative
of is , and the anti-derivative of –sinx is cosx, for a formula from differential calculus to
recall.
A illustrated above, the formula is read from left to right for differentiation, and right to left for integration. It implies
that formulas for integration are derived from differentiation formulas.
Properties of Indefinite Integral and the Constant of Integration
Looking back the derivatives

(1) If
then, or or
(2) If
then, or or
(3) If
then, or or
As you have observed the derivative of a constant function is zero.
If the derivatives of two functions are equal, then the functions differ by, at most, a constant.
What you are doing with this operation is taking the indefinite integral. The indefinite integral represents all anti-
derivatives
; where
the integral symbol

the integrand
the indefinite integral
the constant of integration
The constant of integration compensates for the zero derivative of a constant function that cannot be recovered
exactly during the integration process.
Introduction: Fundamental Integral Concepts and Formulas
The process of integration
The process of integration reverses the process of differentiation. In differentiation, if then

f . Thus the integral of is , i.e. integration is the process of moving from to
By similar reasoning, the integral of is .
Integration is a process of summation or adding parts together and an elongated S, shown as ʃ is used to
replace the words ‘the integral of’. Hence, from above, and .
In differentiation, the differential coefficient indicates that a function of x is being differentiated with
respect to , the indicating that it is ‘with respect to In integration the variable of integration is
shown by adding d (the variable) after the function to be integrated.
Thus means ‘‘the integral of 4x with respect to x, and means ‘the integral of 2t with
respect to t.
As stated above, the differential coefficient of is , hence However, the differential

coefficient of is also . Hence is also equal to . To allow for the possible
presence of a constant, whenever the process of integration is performed, a constant “c” is added to the
result.
“c” is called the arbitrary constant of integration
TYPES of INTEGRAL
1. Indefinite integral – integral without limits of integration
2. Definite integral – integral with limits of integration and with a definite value as answer.
Where: 0 & 1 are limits of integration
0 = lower limit,
1 = upper limit
MODULE 1
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

Indefinite Integral
Let be a given function which is the derivative of a function
Theorem:
If is a function having as differential or as derivative, the is

the most general function having their differential (or derivative).
Definition:
where: ∫ = an integral sign = integrand
= particular integral = constant of integration
= indefinite integral of
Basic Principles:
Properties of Indefinite Integrals
1.
2. where is any constant
for, “a constant factor maybe moved across the integral sign”
→ “constant factor maybe written before the integral sign.”
3.
4. “ we may introduce a constant factor into the integrand, provided we
place its reciprocal before the integral sign.”

General Integration Formulas
1. General Power Formula

for
Derivation: From differential calculus, the General Power Formula for

differentiation is,
Multiply by
Change and divide by
Integrating both sides,
Finally, = , the General Power Formula for integration
Example 1.1.1
Evaluate
General Power Formula applies, and looking at the integrand with the formula in mind, in
Answer
We have now the answer back in terms of x.

Example 1.1.2
Evaluate , from the above example under types of integral, and under
indefinite integrals.
With the General Power Formula in mind and looking forward,
By the General Power Formula,
Answer
“Integration is forward looking”
Example 1.1.3
Evaluate
By substitution,
=
In terms of the original variable,
=
Answer
Other Formulas
2. Logarithmic Functions
a.
b. +C
3.Exponential Functions
a.
4. Trigonometric Functions:
a.
5. Inverse Trigonometric Function
a.
6. Hyperbolic Functions:
a.
Definition of Six Hyperbolic Functions
Eight Identities of Hyperbolic Function

Example 1.2.1
Evaluate
The integrand of the right side of the preceding equation shows that formula a. for
Logarithmic functions apply,
let
Answer
Example 1.2.2
Evaluate
The integrand of the right side of the preceding equation shows that formula a. for
Logarithmic functions apply,
let
Answer
Example 1.3
Evaluate
The integrand shows that formula a. for exponential functions apply.

let
Answer
Example 1.4
Evaluate
but,
But,
The integrand of the right side of the preceding equation shows that formula
a. for trigonometric functions apply,
let
Multiply the left side by to complete the integrand,
The integrand now is complete, and conforms with the formula.
Finally,
Answer
Example 1.5 Evaluate
For the first term of the right side of the preceding equation, formula C
for inverse trigonometric functions applies, and for the second term formula a. for
logarithmic functions apply
Answer
Example 1.6
Evaluate
Formula for hyperbolic functions apply.
let
Finally,
Answer
We have now the answer back in terms of the original variable.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF INTEGRATION

Properties of Indefinite Integral and the Constant of Integration

Looking back the derivatives

As you have observed the derivative of a constant function is zero.

the integral symbol

The process of integration reverses the process of differentiation. In differentiation, if then

By similar reasoning, the integral of is .

As stated above, the differential coefficient of is , hence However, the differential

“c” is called the arbitrary constant of integration

1. Indefinite integral – integral without limits of integration

Where: 0 & 1 are limits of integration

THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

Let be a given function which is the derivative of a function

If is a function having as differential or as derivative, the is

where: ∫ = an integral sign = integrand

= particular integral = constant of integration

Properties of Indefinite Integrals

2. where is any constant

for, “a constant factor maybe moved across the integral sign”

→ “constant factor maybe written before the integral sign.”

4. “ we may introduce a constant factor into the integrand, provided we

place its reciprocal before the integral sign.”

1. General Power Formula

Derivation: From differential calculus, the General Power Formula for

Change and divide by

Integrating both sides,

Finally, = , the General Power Formula for integration

We have now the answer back in terms of x.

By the General Power Formula,

5. Inverse Trigonometric Function

Eight Identities of Hyperbolic Function

The integrand shows that formula a. for exponential functions apply.

Multiply the left side by to complete the integrand,

The integrand now is complete, and conforms with the formula.

Example 1.5 Evaluate

Formula for hyperbolic functions apply.

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