Microbial

Disease
of the Nervous

Group 2 System
 Sub Topics
Structure and Function of the Nervous System
Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous system
Viral Diseases of the Nervous System
Fungal Diseases of the Nervous System
Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions
Disease Caused by Undentified Agents
The nervous system is the major

controlling,
regulatory, and communicating system in

the body.
It is the center of all mental activity

including thought, learning, and memory.

Together with the endocrine system, the

nervous system is responsible for

regulating and maintaining homeostasis.

Through its receptors, the nervous

system keeps us in touch with our

environment, both external and internal.

 Our brain can be divided into three

main parts
The cerebrum, with its cerebral

cortex, gives us conscious control of

our actions. The diencephalon

mediates sensations, manages

emotions, and commands whole

internal systems.
The cerebellum adjusts body

movements, speech coordination, and

balance,
The brain stem relays signals from

the spinal cord and directs basic

internal functions and reflexes.

 Central Nevous System (CNS)
consists of the brain and the spinal cor. As the control center

for the entire body, the CNS picks up sensory information from

the environment, interprets the information, and send

inmpulse that coordinate the body's activities.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

consists of all the nervous that branch off from the brain

and spinal cord. These peripheral nerves are the lines of

communication between the central nervous system, the

various parts of the body, and the external environment.

 The central and
peripheral nervous

system.
 Neurons (also called

neurones or nerve cells) are

the fundamental units of the

brain and nervous system,

the cells responsible for

receiving sensory input from

the external world, for

sending motor commands to

our muscles, and for

transforming and relaying

the electrical signals at every

step in between
 Bacterial Meningitis
The initial systoms of menigitis are not especially

alarming: fever, heachead, and a stiff neck.

Meningitis may progress to convulsions and

coma. It also caused by different tyoes of

pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and

protozoa.
 Three Bacterial Species
2 3
1
Gram-negative

Gram-positive
Neissiria

bacteria

diplococcus
meningitidis
Haemophilus

Streptococcus

influenzae
pneumoniae

All three possess a capsule that protects them from

phagocytosis as they replictae rapidly in the bloodstream,
from which they might enter the cerebrospinal fluid.
 HAEMOPHILUS

INFLUENZAE

MENINGITIS
Haemphilus refers to the need the

microorganism has for factors in

blood fro growth (hemo - blood;

philus - loving)Haemophilus
influenzae is an aerobic, gram-

negative bacterium that is common

memeber of the normal throat

microbiata.
 DID YOU NOT KNOW?
The name Haemophilus influenzae was given
because the microorganism was erroneously thought
to be the causetive agent of the influenza pandemic
of 1890 and World War I. H. influenzae was
probably only a secondary invader during those
virus-caused pandemics.
Neisseria Meningitis

(meningococcal

meningitis)
Meningococcal Meningitis

is caused by Neisseria

meningitidis (the

meningococcus). THis is an

aerobic, gram-negative

bacterium with a

polysaccharide capsule

that is important to its

virulence.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis

(Pneumococcal Meningitis)

is a common inhabitant of the

nasopharyngeal region. The

pneumococcus, so called because

it is best known as a cause of

pneumonia, is a gram-positive,

encapsulated diplococcus.
 Diagnosis and Treatment of the most

Common Types of Bacterial Meningitis

Prompt treatment of any

type of bacterial meningitis

is essential, and

chemotherapy of

suspected cases is usually

initiated before

identification of the

pathogen is complete.
 LISTORIOSIS

Listoriosis monocytogenes is

a gram-positive rod known to

cause stillbirth and

neurological disease in

animals long before it was

recogized as a causing human

disease.
 Tetanus
The causative agent of tetanus, Clostridium tetani,

is an obligately anaerobic, endospore-forming,

gram-positive rod. The symptoms of tetanus are

caused by an extremely potent neurotoxin,

tetenospasmin, that is released upon death and

lysis of the growing bacteria.

The tetanus neurotoxin

blocks the relaxtion

pathways so that both

opposing sets of

muscles contract,

resulting in the

characteristic muscle

spasms. the muscles of

the jaw from opeing, a

condition known as

lockjaw. In extreme

cases, spasms of the

back muscles cause the

head and hells to bow

backward, a condition

called opisthotonoss.
 Tetanus Vaccine

Treatment
is a toxoid, an inactivated toxin that

stimulates the formation of

antibodies that neutralize the toxin

produced by the bacteria.

Opisthotonos is a condition in which a

person holds their body in

an abnormal position. The

person is usually rigid and

arches their back, with their

head thrown backward. If a

person with opisthotonos

lies on their back, only the

back of their head and heels

touch the surface they are

on.
 Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of

opisthotonos. Commonly used treatment plans include:

Antibiotics for bacterial based infections, such as meningitis and tetanus.

Antibiotics are also prescribed to prevent infection or further bacterial

infections after surgery.

Over-the-counter pain medications, increased fluid intake, and rest are

recommended for most cases, especially viral infections, such as meningitis.

Intravenous fluids are usually given in severe cases and to counteract

bronchodilator overdoses.
Surgery is often necessary in cases of trauma, bleeding, and Chiari

malformation to reduce pressure on the brain.

Antitoxin injections or medications are often given to those with tetanus to limit

excess tissue damage associated with severe infection.

Ventilator and oxygen may be used when breathing is limited, labored, or
difficult.
 Botulism
is a form of food poisoning, is

caused by Clostridium botulinum,

an obligately anaerobic,

endospores-forming gram-positive

rod fround in soil and many

freshwater sediments.
 Botulinal Types
Type A toxin is probably the most

virulent. Death have resulted from type A

toxin when the food was only tasted but

not swalloed.
Type B toxin is responsible for most

European outbreaks of botulism and is

the most common type in the eastern

United State.
Type E toxin is produced by botulism

organisms that are often involve seafood

and are especially common in the Pacific

Northwest, Alaska, and the Great Lakes

are.
 Botulism is not a common disease.

Only a few cases are reported each

Incidence and Treatment
year, but outbreaks from restaurants
of Botulism
accasionally involve 20-30 cases.
Example: One food involved in

Alaska outbreaks of botulism is

muktuk.
Muktuk is prepared by slicing the

flippers of seals or whales into

strops and then drying them for a

few days.
 Botulism Treatment
Antitoxins The main treatment for botulism is a medication called an

antitoxin. It interferes with the toxin your bloodstream. This

medication can often help stop symptoms from getting worse.

Antibiotics Sometimes these may work if your case is wound botulism.

These bacteria-killing medications aren’t used for other types of

botulism.
Breathing aid: If your case of botulism has seriously affected your

muscles for breathing, you may need to be hooked up to a machine

that helps you breathe. You may be on a mechanical ventilation

machine for months if the illness is severe.

Therapy: You may need programs to help with your speech,

swallowing, and other body functions as you start to get better.

Leprosy
a contagious disease that affects the skin, mucous

membranes, and nerves, causing discoloration and

lumps on the skin and, in severe cases,

disfigurement and deformities. Leprosy occurs in

two main forms (although borderline are also

recognized) that apparently reflect the

effectiveness of the host's cell-mediated immune

system.
Treatment
Paucibacillary leprosy: You’ll take two antibiotics, such

as dapsone each day and rifampicin once a month.

Multibacillary leprosy: You’ll take a daily dose of the

antibiotic clofazimine in addition to the daily dapsone

and monthly rifampicin. You’ll take multidrug therapy

for 1-2 years, and then you’ll be cured.

 Myocobacterium

leprae is probably

the only bacterium

thar grows in the

peripheral nervous

system, although it

can also grow in skin

cells. It is an acid-

fast rod closly

related to the

tuberculosis

pathogen,

Mycobacterium

tuberculosis.
Poliomyelitis
is best known as a cause of paralysis. Polioviruses are
more stable than most other viruses and can remain
infectious for relatively long periods in water and food.

From the lypmh nodes, the virus enters the blood, resulting in

viremia. Which is in most cases viremia is only transient, the

infection does not progress past the lymphatic stage, and

clinical disease does not result.

Rabies (the word is from the Latin for rage or madness), is a

disease that almost always result in fatl encephalitis. The

cauative agent is the rabies virus, a rhabdovirus having a

characteristic bullet shape.

Rabies treatment

Any person bitten by an animals

that is positive for rabies must

undergo postexposure prophylaxis

- meaning a series of antirabies

vaccine and immune globulin

injections.
 Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis (Cryptococcosis)
Fungal of the genus Cryptococcus are spherical cells resembling

yeast; they reproduce by budding and produce polysaccharide

capsules, some much thicker than the cells themselves. Only one

species, Cryptococcus neoformans, is pathogenic for humans,

causing the disease called cryptococcosis.

Cryptococcosis is an infestation with a yeastlike fungus,

resulting in tumors in the lungs and sometimes spreading to the

brain.
 aFRICAN

TRYPANOSOMIASIS
African trypanosomiasis or also known

as the sleeping sickness, is a protozoan

disease that affects the nervous system

This disease is caused by Trypanosoma

brucei gambiense and trypanosoma

brucei rhodesiehse, flagellates that are

injected by the bite of a tsetse fly.

 Naegleria

meningoencephalitis
Naegleria fowleri is a protozan (amoeba) that causes the

neurological disease Naegleria meningoencephalitis.

The organism initially infects the nasal muscosa and later

proliferates in the brain. The fatality rate is nearly 100%

diagnosis is typically made at autopsy

The initial symptoms may include headache, fever,

nausea, or vomiting. Later symptoms can include

stiff neck, confusion, lack of attention to people and

surroundings, loss of balance, seizures, and

hallucinations.
 Nervous system Diseases

Caused by Prions
Several fatal diseases of the human central nervous system

are caused by prions. (Prions are abnormally folded

proteins that can induce a change in the shape of a normal

protein, causing the proteins to clamp.)

Prion-caused diseases have long incubation times,

measured in years. CNS damage is insidious and slowly

progressive, without the fever and inflammation seen in

encephalitis.
In the recent years, the study of these disease, called

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), has been one of

the most interesting areas of medical microbiology.

 SHEEP SCRAPIE

A typical prion disease in animals is called sheep

scrapie, has been long known in Great Britain and made

its first appearance in the United States in 1947.

The infection can be experimentally passed to other animals

by infection of brain tissue from one animal to the next.
 CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB

DISEASE

is a degenerative brain disorder that

leads to dementia and, ultimately,

death. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

symptoms can be similar to those of

other dementia-like brain disorders,

such as Alzheimer's disease.

 Kuru
Transmission of kuru is apparently related to the

practice of snearing brain tissue onto the body

during cannibalistic rituals. The infection results

when the agent is introduced into pores or cuts.

Kuru is a very rare disease. It is caused by an infectious

protein (prion) found in contaminated human brain tissue. The

name kuru means “to shiver” or “trembling in fear.” The

symptoms of the disease include muscle twitching and loss of

coordination
Chronic fatigue System
The medical community has long been

puzzled by patients who complain of

persistent fatigue that prevents them

from working and has no apparent

cause, called chronic fatigue syndrome

(CFS)
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complicated

disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that

lasts for at least six months and that can't be fully

explained by an underlying medical condition. The

fatigue worsens with physical or mental activity,

but doesn't improve with rest.

References:
Book, Microbiology an introduction 8th editioin

Medical news today https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318868#prevention

WebMD Medically Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD on June 05, 2020

https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-botulism

WebMD By Kelli Miller Medically Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD on September 28, 2020

https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/leprosy-symptoms-treatments-history
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