Electron Theory and Ohm's Law

ELECTRONICS Property of 10 Archimedes
WEEK 1
Electron Theory and OHM’s Law
Matter - Electrons possess a negative electrical
charge and are very much lighter in
- Anything which occupies space and
weight than protons.
has weight is called matter.
- All electrons are alike regardless of the
- All liquids, gases, and solids are
atoms of which they are part. An atom
examples of matter in different forms.
contains the same number of electrons
- Matter itself is made up of smaller
as there are protons. For example, the
units called
aluminum atom has 13 electrons and
atoms.
13 protons.
Atom
Current
- An atom resembles the solar system
- Electrons in motion result in an
with the sun as the center around
electrical current.
which series of planets revolve. In the
- The intensity of an electrical current is
atom there is a relatively large mass at
measured in amperes (A)
the center called the nucleus.
- The instrument used to measure
- Electrons revolve in orbital patterns
current is called an ammeter.
around the nucleus.
- The letter (I) is used to represent the
Electrical Charge amount of current in a circuit.
-
- A material is said to have an electrical
charge when it attracts or repel CURRENT TYPES
another charge material.
1. Direct Current
- A material may have either a positive
- Direct current (dc) is the movement of
or a negative electrical charge.
electrons in one direction in a
- Two objects with positive charge repel
conductor.
each other. Two objects with negative
charges also repel each other. Two
2. Pulsating Direct Current
objects with unlike charges attract
- Pulsating direct current is a current in
each other.
one direction which varies in intensity
Protons and Neutrons at a regular interval of time.
- Part of the nucleus of an atom is made 3. Alternating Current

up of protons. Each proton has a - Alternating current (ac) is a current
positive electrical charge and attract which changes in direction and
electrons; neutrons from the remainder intensity at a regular interval of time.
of the nucleus.
- Neutrons are electrically neutral. They Voltage
can neither attract nor repel other
- The force that causes the electrons to
electrical charges.
move in an electrical circuit is called
Electron electromotive force (EMF).
- The letter (E) is used to represent a
- One or more electrons revolve voltage.
continuously about the nucleus of an - The volt (V) is the unit used to express
atom the quantity of electrical pressure.
voltage is the voltmeter.
ELECTRONICS Property of 10 Archimedes
WEEK 1
Electron Theory and OHM’s Law
VOLTAGE SOURCES Ohm’s Law
- Ohm’s Law is used to show the
 Generators
relationship of current, voltage, and
- Generators are widely used for high- resistance.
powered ac and dc installations. - Ohm’s Law states that in any electrical
 Storage Batteries circuit the current is directly
- Storage batteries are used extensively proportional to the voltage applied to
for dc power in automobiles and the circuit and is inversely proportional
aircraft. to the resistance in the circuit.
 Photoelectric cells - Both resistance and voltage affect the
- Photoelectric cells convert light energy current.
into electrical energy. - According to the Ohm’s Law, when the
- These cells are used as voltage resistance of the circuit is constant, the
sources in light-operated devices. current can be changed by changing
 Thermocouple the voltage: current will increase when
- Thermocouple consists of a junction of the voltage is increased, and current
two unlike metals will decrease when the voltage is
- Generates a low voltage when heated. decreased. Similarly, when the voltage
Electrical Polarity is constant, current will increase when
the resistance is decreases, and
- All dc sources of electrical pressure current will decrease when resistance
have two terminals to which electrical is increased.
devices are connected. These
terminals have what is known as EQUATION FOR OHM’S LAW
electrical polarity.
- The source maintains a supply of I=E/R E=IR R=EI
electrons on its negative terminal.
I= intensity of current in amperes
Resistance
E= quantity of electrical pressure in
- The property of the material which volts
causes it to oppose the movement of R= amount of resistance in ohms
electrons is called resistance.
- Materials which offer little resistance to
electron movements are called
conductors. Those which offer high
resistance are called nonconductor or
insulators.
- Resistance is measured in ohms.
- The symbol for ohms is the Greek
letter omega (Ω).
- This symbol, representing ohms and
the letter (R), representing resistance,
are used in formulas
resistance is called an ohmmeter.
- Electrical power must be disconnected
in a circuit when using an ohmmeter.

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ELECTRONICS Property of 10 Archimedes

- Part of the nucleus of an atom is made 3. Alternating Current

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