CYGNUS 1 UNDERWATER

ULTRASONIC
THICKNESS
GAUGE
V6.19B – Feb 05 S.102 / Issue 5

QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT

“It is the policy of Cygnus Instruments to provide all customers with products and
services of a quality that complies in all respects with the requirements contained
in their orders and specifications.

“It is our firm belief that excellence can only be achieved and maintained by
continual appraisal. The organisation, methods, and procedures adopted by the
company aim to both fulfil this policy and ensure adherence to it.”

Cygnus is an ISO-9001 accredited company.

The scope of our accreditation covers all our products and services.

abcde

3
 Content

CYGNUS 1 UNDERWATER
ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAUGE

OPERATION MANUAL

INTRODUCTION 6
Cygnus 1 Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge 7
Cygnus Instruments 8
The Multiple-Echo method 9
Cygnus 1 Underwater - Gauge Specification 10

GETTING TO KNOW THE GAUGE 12

Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge - Kit of Parts 13
Underwater Gauge Battery Assembly 13
Controls 14
Measurement 16
Calibration 17
Probe/Knurled Ring Assembly 18
Underwater Gauge Probe Module Assembly 19
Probe Usage 20
Table of Probe Types 21

WORKING WITH THE GAUGE 22

Calibrating the Gauge 23
Changing Gauge-Settings 24
Changing the Probe-setting 25
Changing the Gain-setting 26
Changing the Units-setting 27
Changing the Resolution-setting 27
Low-Battery Warning 28
Battery-Charging Procedure 28
Troubleshooting 29
General Points on Thickness Gauging 30
The Five-Point Check 31
A Guide to Sound Velocities 32
Table of Sound Velocities 33

CARE AND SAFETY 34

Care of the Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge 35
Servicing 36

4
5
 Introduction

INTRODUCTION

Cygnus 1 Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge

Cygnus Instruments

The Multiple-Echo Method

Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge Specification

6
Introduction
CYGNUS 1 ULTRASONIC THICKNESS GAUGE

The Cygnus 1 Underwater Multiple-Echo Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge is a rugged,

handheld, battery-powered instrument designed for high-reliability thickness measurement
using the multiple-echo technique.

The Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge is a fully-waterproof unit, pressure tested to a depth of

300 metres. The Gauge is powered from a rechargeable battery-module.

The Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge can be used with a choice of single-crystal Ultrasonic
Probes, depending on the thickness and type of material which is to be measured.

Measurement can be displayed in Metric (mm) or in Imperial (inch) units, and

measurement resolution can be selected for either 0.1 or 0.05 mm, (or 0.005 or 0.002
inch).

Crystal-controlled Calibration provides stability and accuracy – Calibration can be made to

a known thickness, or to a known Velocity of Sound. Velocity of Sound is displayed in
either metres/second or inches/microsecond, depending on the current selection for
Measurement Units

The Cygnus 1 Underwater Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge is a solid-state electronic

instrument which, under normal operating conditions, will give many years of active
service.

Although designed for ease of operation, the first time user should carefully read this
manual to familiarise themselves with the features of the instrument.

7
 Introduction
CYGNUS INSTRUMENTS
Cygnus Instruments Limited, founded in 1983, were pioneers in the development of the
Ultrasonic Multiple-Echo Technique used for measurement through coatings. This has
long been the standard required to ensure that accurate measurements are taken without the
need to first zero the Gauge or remove coatings.

Our philosophy is to work closely with each of our customers to provide a range of
products specifically for each application. Cygnus Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges are
designed to be simple to use and to withstand the harsh environments that they are
intended for. We have built up an enviable reputation with our customers in over 45
countries around the world.

website : www.cygnus-instruments.com
e-mail : [email protected]

CYGNUS Instruments Limited CYGNUS Instruments Inc.

Cygnus House 1993 Moreland Parkway
30 Prince of Wales Road Suite 202
Dorchester Annapolis
Dorset DT1 1PW Maryland 21401
England USA
Tel: 00 44 (0) 1305 265533 Tel: 00 1 410 267 9771
Fax: 00 44 (0) 1305 269960 Fax: 00 1 410 268 2013

8
Introduction
THE MULTIPLE-ECHO METHOD
The Cygnus 1 Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge works on the pulse-echo principle. The Probe is
made to vibrate for a very short period, creating a pulse of ultrasound which enters the test
piece. The Probe waits for returned echoes and acting as a receiver, converts them into
electrical signals which are processed to produce timings in digital form.

The multiple-echo beam travel is depicted above, spread out for time, to illustrate the
timing method. The beam path is in fact straight, at 90 degrees to the surface and the
ultrasonic energy reverberates up and down within the metal (as shown in the small sketch
above - left). Each time the echo is reflected back down, a small portion of the energy
comes up through the coatings, striking the Probe which now acts as a receiver.

The delay between echoes at the Probe-face is exactly equal to the time taken to pass
through the metal twice, therefore coatings such as paint are ignored and the measurement
displayed is of the metal thickness only.

9
 Introduction
CYGNUS 1 UNDERWATER - GAUGE SPECIFICATION

Materials Sound Velocity from 2000 m/s to7000 m/s

[0.0800 in/uS to 0.2780 in/uS]

Range Measurement Range in Steel :

2.25 MHz probe: 3 mm to 250 mm [0.120 in. to 10.00 in.]
3.5 MHz probe : 2 mm to 150 mm [0.080 in. to 6.000 in.]
5 MHz probe : 1 mm to 50 mm [0.040 in. to 2.000 in.]

Resolution 0.1 mm [0.005 in.] or

0.05 mm [0.002in.]

Accuracy ± 0.1 mm [± 0.005 in.] or

± 0.05 mm [± 0.002 in.]

Probes Single-Crystal, Soft-face Probes :

¾ 2.25 MHz : 13mm [0.5 in.]
¾ 2.25MHz : 19mm [0.75 in.]
¾ 3.5MHz : 13mm [0.5 in.]
¾ 5MHz : 13mm [0.5 in.]
¾ 5MHz : 6mm [0.25 in.]

Battery-life Typical life from a fully-charged battery :

15 hours continuous usage

Display 4-character seven-segment high brightness red LED display

Size Including Probe-head and Battery-pack :

Length 238 mm x Diameter 85 mm [9.4 in. x 3.4 in.]

Weight Including Battery-pack :

With Remote Probe - 977 gm [35 ounce]

Operating Recommended : -10°C to +50°C [14°F to 122°F]

Temp.
Storage Temp. Recommended : -10°C to +60°C [14°F to 140°F]

Environmental Waterproof : Pressure tested to a depth of 300 m [984 ft.]

10
Introduction

11
 Getting to Know the Gauge

GETTING TO KNOW THE GAUGE

Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge - Kit of Parts

Underwater Gauge Battery Assembly

Controls

Measurement

Calibration

Probe/Knurled Ring Assembly

Underwater Gauge Probe Module Assembly

Probe Usage

Table of Probe Types

12
Getting to Know the Gauge
CYGNUS 1 UNDERWATER GAUGE – KIT OF PARTS
1. Instrument Body
2. Battery Module
3. Heavy Duty Remote Probe
4. Battery Charger
5. Fixed Head Probe
6. Bottle of Membrane Oil
7. Membranes
8. O-Ring Type A-D
9. Nose Cone Torque Bar
10. Calibration Jumper Lead
11. Locking Ring Key
12. Steel Test Block
13. Calibration Trim Tool
14. Molykote
15. Lanyard

UNDERWATER GAUGE BATTERY ASSEMBLY

U Always unscrew the Battery Module if the Gauge is going to be left unused for more
than a few days

L Rechargeable Batteries are supplied uncharged and should be given a full charge
before using the Gauge - see Battery-Charging Procedure on page 28.

¾ Before fitting a Battery-module to the instrument, fit two new O-Rings type C and D
to the instrument body : C is fitted first and should be placed beyond the threaded area
- D follows and is fitted before the thread.
See diagram on page 19.

¾ Check that the O-Rings are properly located and that there is a light coating of Dow
Corning Molykote.

¾ Screw on the Battery-module until hand-tight : do not overtighten

U All O-Rings should be discarded after each dive - a diagram of O-Ring locations
can be found on page 19.

13
 Getting to Know the Gauge
CONTROLS
The Cygnus 1Gauge is designed for ease of operation and has only three controls :
¾ ON/OFF Switch on the outside of the instrument
¾ Calibration Trim-screw on the inner face of the instrument
¾ Selector Button on the inner face of the instrument

Switching the instrument on

To switch the instrument on push and release the ON/OFF Switch :
¾ all digits illuminate ‘8.8.8.8. ’ showing that self-test has been performed and the
instrument has been activated.
¾ the symbol ‘bAtt ’ is briefly displayed as the battery is tested
¾ the current Calibration setting of the instrument is briefly displayed
Sound Velocity : shown in the same units that the instrument is currently set for

The Gauge is now ready to take measurements– the display will show a decimal point, and
a single flashing bar :
¾ In Metric mode the display will show ONE or TWO digits after the decimal point
¾ In Imperial mode there will be THREE digits after the decimal point.

Switching the instrument off

The instrument can be turned off in one of three ways :
Ö Manually : press and release the Switch - the message ‘Shutoff ’ will scroll through
the display, and then the Gauge will turn itself off.
Ö Automatically : the Gauge will turn itself off 10 minutes after the last reading
Ö Low-Battery : see Low-Battery Warning, page 28

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Getting to Know the Gauge

Calibration Trim-screw
This is used to calibrate the Gauge Sound Velocity setting for the material under test.
See Calibrating the Gauge, on page 23.
A Guide to Sound Velocities can be found on page 32.

Selector Button
This is used to change four Gauge-settings :
Ö Probe-setting can be preset between three Probe-types : 2.25, or 3.5, or 5 MHz
Ö Gain-setting can be reduced to prevent standing readings from over-sensitive Probes
Ö Units-setting can be preset between Imperial (inch) units, and Metric (mm) units
Ö Resolution-setting can be switched between 0.1mm and 0.05mm [0.005 inch and
0.002 inch] according to preference
See Changing Gauge-Settings, page 24.

15
 Getting to Know the Gauge
MEASUREMENT
The Cygnus 1 Gauge is designed to provide accurate, reliable readings on most types of
surfaces using the Multiple-echo method described on page 9.

Preparing to take measurements

Ö When measuring underwater : there is no need to use a couplant - the water itself is a
good couplant
Ö When measuring in air : always use a couplant to enable ultrasound to enter the test
material.
Water, oil or gel are all suitable couplants, depending on application and preference.
Ö Ensure that the Probe is correctly fitted with a membrane, and with membrane oil
correctly applied. See Probe / Knurled-Ring Assembly, page 18
Ö Remove all scale, calciferous marine growth, dirt or loose coating and brush or scrape
the test area clean.
Ö Protective coatings such as paint or epoxy resin need not be removed, provided that
their adherence is good.
Ö Place the Probe-face on the clean, lubricated test surface and make firm contact.

Echo-Strength meter
When there is difficulty in obtaining a measurement the Gauge aids the operator by
displaying flashing bars as an indication of signal strength and coupling :
¾ one flashing bar only : no echoes are being returned
¾ one bar + one flashing : 1 echo only is being returned
¾ two bars + one flashing : 2 echoes only are being returned
¾ three bars + one flashing : 3 echoes are being returned but are not matching
to give a valid multiple-echo measurement

While the display is showing these indicators the operator should continue to move the
Probe around to locate a reflector, using a slight rocking movement.

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Getting to Know the Gauge
CALIBRATION

Calibration adjusts the Gauge Sound Velocity setting for the material under test.
See Calibrating the Gauge, on page 23
A Guide to Sound Velocities can be found on page 32

¾ Cygnus Gauges are always delivered calibrated for Steel.

The Calibration is stable and there is no warm-up time.

¾ There is no zero-adjustment since the multiple-echo technique zeros automatically –

the timing starts when the first echo is received.

¾ There is no ‘ranging in’ since the straight beam path of the single-crystal Probe
ensures that the timing is related to the thickness – the linearity is perfect.

¾ Calibration is vital : whenever a reading is suspect, check that the test material is the
same as the one for which the instrument has been calibrated.

¾ Some castings have unreliable sound velocity values - allow for greater inaccuracies.
Many castings are also difficult to penetrate with high frequencies, making it difficult
to obtain three echoes : the larger the Probe the better.

17
 Getting to Know the Gauge
PROBE/KNURLED RING ASSEMBLY
Use of the Membrane
¾ The polyurethane membrane covering the Probe-face provides better contact on
rough surfaces and protects the Probe-face from damage.
¾ To avoid excessive wear of the membrane, do not use pressure nor ‘screw’ the Probe
when trying to obtain readings on rough surfaces - a light touch is normally sufficient
¾ Check the membrane regularly and renew when it becomes worn.

PROBE

LOCKING RING

MEMBRANE

KNURLED RING

Replacing the Membrane in the Knurled-ring

Ö To replace the membrane unscrew the Knurled-ring from the end of the Probe.
The membrane is held in place by a locking-ring.
Ö Unscrew the locking-ring using the locking-ring key provided
Ö Remove the old membrane and clean the locating groove in the knurled ring before
fitting a new membrane
Ö Replace the locking-ring and screw up tight, checking that the membrane is properly
located.

Refitting the membrane

U There must always be a thin film of mineral oil such as glycerine or liquid paraffin
between the membrane and the Probe-face to ensure good contact and exclude any
air.
U Do not overtighten the knurled ring assembly as this will affect the performance of
the Probe.

18
Getting to Know the Gauge
UNDERWATER GAUGE PROBE MODULE ASSEMBLY

Fitting the Underwater Probe Module

Before fitting the Underwater Probe take the two O-Rings type A and B :
¾ A is fitted into the O-Ring groove in the Nose-cone housing
¾ B is to be fitted in the O-Ring groove at the front of the instrument
See diagram of O-Ring locations below.

Ö Check that the O-Rings are properly located and that there is a light coating of Dow
Corning Molykote.
Ö Screw onto the instrument body, hand tight.
Do not use the Nose-cone torque bar to tighten.
Ö Use the torque bar to undo the Nose-cone after a dive : all O-Rings should be
discarded after each dive.

Important notes on assembly of the Underwater Gauge:

U The rule of changing all four O-Rings after every dive must be observed - see Care
of the Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge section on page 35.

U It is important to note that it will not be necessary to stretch or force the O-Rings
into their locations.

U All such parts are designed to ensure a good water tight fit : incorrect fitting will
result in the instrument leaking.

19
 Getting to Know the Gauge
PROBE USAGE

U When a Probe of different Frequency is used it is essential that the Gauge Probe-
setting is changed accordingly.
See Changing the Probe-Setting, page 25

Probe face colour

Cygnus 1 Gauges should only be used with soft-face Probes, as supplied by Cygnus.

The colour of the Probe face indicates the Probe frequency

See Table of Probe Types, page 21

Probe Selection
Apart from the physical limitations of the Probe size, the diameter of the crystal affects the
probe performance :
¾ Larger diameter crystals produce more energy, which in turn gives better penetration.
¾ Smaller diameter crystals produce a narrower beam, which is a distinct advantage
when looking for small reflectors - they are particularly useful on tubes of small
diameter

Using Probes at high temperature

Heat can damage the Probe crystal - in Cygnus Probes the crystal is very near to the face.
The higher the temperature of the test material and the longer the contact with the Probe,
the greater the likelihood of eventual damage to the crystal.

¾ At temperatures above normal, ie : above 75oC (170oF), always avoid prolonged

contact.
¾ Teflon (PTFE) membranes are available for measurements up to 150 oC (318 oF).

¾ Thin oil couplants evaporate rapidly at high temperature – high melting-point grease
is more suitable in such cases.

20
Getting to Know the Gauge
TABLE OF PROBE TYPES

CRYSTAL FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT APPLICATION

DIAMETER RANGE

13 mm 2¼ MHz 3.0 – 250 mm This is the standard probe –

½ inch Red face 0.12 – 10 inch suitable for most applications

Use with castings and other

attenuative materials if the
13mm probe is inadequate –
19 mm 2¼ MHz 3.0 – 250 mm the larger diameter gives
¾ inch Red face 0.12 – 10 inch greater penetration power on
badly corroded or heavily
coated steel. Some metallic
coatings are also highly
attenuative.

13 mm 3½ MHz 2.0 – 150 mm Suitable for measurement on

½ inch Orange face 0.08 – 6 inch thinner sections where
surfaces are relatively rough

The higher frequency and

narrower beam makes this
6 mm 5 MHz 1.0 – 50 mm Probe ideal for measuring
¼ inch Black face 0.04 – 2 inch small-bore tubing, thin section
plate and other areas where
access is limited.

13 mm 5 MHz 1.0 – 50 mm Ideal for thin sections without

½ inch Black face 0.04 – 2 inch heavy corrosion

L Use the face colour to determine the frequency of the probe in use

U Important : always ensure that the Gauge is set for the actual Probe in use
see Changing the Probe-Setting, page 25

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 Working with the Gauge

WORKING WITH THE GAUGE

Calibrating the Gauge

Changing Gauge-Settings

Changing the Probe-Setting

Changing the Gain-Setting

Changing the Units-Setting

Changing the Resolution-Setting

Low-Battery Warning

Battery-Charging Procedure

Troubleshooting

General Points on Thickness Gauging

The Five-Point Check

A Guide to Sound Velocities

Table of Sound Velocities

22
Working with the Gauge
CALIBRATING THE GAUGE
¾ Calibration on a Test Sample : if possible the Gauge should always be calibrated on
the actual material under test or on a measured test sample of the same material
¾ Calibration by Sound Velocity : if there is no test sample available the Gauge can be
calibrated by setting the value of Sound Velocity directly
¾ A third method is to leave the Gauge set to its factory-preset value for Steel [5920 m/s
or 0.2332 in/us], and then use a Conversion Factor : see page 32

Setting-up for Calibration

Unscrew the Battery-module, and then connect to the Gauge using the Calibration
Jumper-lead supplied.

Calibration on a Test Sample

Ö Turn the Gauge on as normal, and place the Probe on the measured test sample.
The Calibration trim-screw is located on the inner face of the instrument body as
illustrated on page 24 :
Ö using the Calibration trim-tool, turn the trim-screw until the correct reading is
displayed : the Gauge is now Calibrated

Calibration by Sound Velocity

Ö Do not turn the Gauge on as normal – instead, press and hold the ON-switch until the
display shows the current setting of Sound Velocity, then release the switch :
The display will now continuously flash the Sound Velocity value.
Ö Turn the Calibration trim-screw until the desired Sound Velocity is displayed.
Ö Now press and release the ON-switch again :
Calibration is complete, and the Gauge now returns to normal measurement mode.

L Sound Velocity is displayed in the same units as the Gauge is currently preset for. For
example - if the Gauge is calibrated for Steel [5920 m/s or 0.2332 in/us] :
¾ the display will flash ‘5920 ’ if the Gauge is preset for Metric units
¾ the display will flash ‘2332 ’ if the Gauge is preset for Imperial units
See Table of Sound Velocities, page 33.

L Cygnus 1 Gauge has a Sound Velocity range of 2000 m/s to 7000 m/s when preset for
Metric units, and 0.0800 in/us to 0.2782 in/us when preset for Imperial units.

When Calibration is complete

Turn the Gauge off and remove the Calibration Jumper-lead, then screw the Battery-
module back onto the Gauge.

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 Working with the Gauge
CHANGING GAUGE-SETTINGS
Settings for Probe-Frequency, Probe-Gain, Measurement-Units, and Measurement-
Resolution can be changed by the User, using the Selector-Button and the ON/OFF
Switch.

The Selector-Button is located on the inner face of the instrument body :

Preparing the Gauge to change Gauge-settings

Ö Unscrew the Battery-module, and then connect it to the Gauge using the Calibration
Jumper-lead supplied
Ö Turn the Gauge on using the ON/OFF Switch
¾ The Gauge is now in Measurement mode, as normal

Stepping through the Settings-menu

Keep pressing the Selector-Button until the setting you want to change appears flashing on
the display :
Ö Press the Selector-Button once
¾ The Gauge is now in Probe-Setting mode
with the display flashing ‘Prob’ and the current Probe-selection
Ö Press the Selector-Button a second time
¾ The Gauge is now in Gain-Setting mode
with the display flashing ‘GAin’ and the current Gain-value
Ö Press the Selector-Button a third time
¾ The Gauge is now in Units-Setting mode
with the display flashing ‘Unit’ and the current Units-setting
Ö Press the Selector-Button a fourth time
¾ The Gauge is now in Resolution-Setting mode
with the display flashing ‘rES’ and the current Resolution-setting

Ö If you press the Selector-Button once more

¾ The Gauge will now return to Measurement mode
with all of the Gauge-settings unchanged

24
Working with the Gauge
Changing the selected value
When the setting you want to change is flashing on the display :
Ö Keep pressing the ON/OFF Switch until the new value you want for this setting
appears on the display
Ö Now press the Selector-Button once more
¾ The Gauge will now reset and quit Gauge-setting mode, and then return to
normal Measurement mode
¾ The display will now show the same sequence as seen when the Gauge is first
turned-on, followed by ‘Stor ’, telling you that the new setting has been stored

After changing any of the Gauge-settings

Ö Turn the Gauge off and remove the Calibration Jumper-lead, then screw the Battery-
module back onto the Gauge.

L The new setting has been stored – and this new setting will now be in use each time
the Gauge is turned-on

CHANGING THE PROBE-SETTING

U When a Probe of different Frequency is used it is essential that the Gauge Probe-
setting is changed accordingly – if the Probe-setting does not match the Probe in
use it may be difficult or impossible to obtain correct Readings

To change the Probe-frequency setting

Ö Prepare the Gauge as described above, and then turn the Gauge on as normal
Ö Press and release the Selector-Button once.
¾ The Gauge is now in Probe-setting mode - the display will now alternate
between ‘Prob ’ and the current Probe frequency value
¾ The Probe-frequency values are displayed as :
y ‘2.2 ’ [2.25 MHz]
y ‘3.5 ’ [3.5 MHz]
y ‘5.0 ’ [5 MHz]
Ö Press and release the ON-switch : the Probe-frequency value will now change.
Keep pressing the ON-switch until the desired value is now being shown.
Ö When the display shows the desired Probe-frequency : press the Selector-Button once
more
¾ This completes Probe-setting, and the Gauge will now reset itself

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 Working with the Gauge
CHANGING THE GAIN-SETTING

U Gain-setting should not be changed unless the Gauge is being used with an over-
sensitive Probe – beware, that if the Gain value is set too low, it may be difficult or
impossible to obtain Readings.

Gain-setting allows the sensitivity of the Probe to be reduced – this is only required if an
extra-sensitive Probe is used, and standing readings are being obtained : ie there are
readings with a Probe connected, even though the Probe is not in contact with anything.

Gain-setting should always be set to the highest possible value, for maximum sensitivity
and ease of obtaining measurements

L Standing readings can occur if there is excess couplant on the Probe-face, or if the
Probe-membrane has been overtightened.

L The Cygnus 1 Gauge is always supplied with the Gain set correctly for the Probe
supplied with the Gauge

To change the Gain-setting

Ö Prepare the Gauge as described above, and then turn the Gauge on as normal
Ö Press and release the Selector-Button twice.
¾ The Gauge is now in Gain-setting mode - the display will now alternate between
‘GAin ’ and the current Gain value.
¾ The Gain value can be set between 1 [low sensitivity] and 12 [high sensitivity]
Ö Press and release the ON-switch : the Gain value will now change.
Keep pressing the ON-switch until the desired value is now being shown.
Ö When the display shows the desired Gain-value : press the Selector button once more
¾ This completes Gain-setting, and the Gauge will now reset itself.

26
Working with the Gauge
CHANGING THE UNITS-SETTING
The Cygnus 1 Gauge always displays the Thickness value , and also Velocity of Sound
value, in the Measurement-Units which have been stored in internal memory.

The Gauge can be preset to either Metric[mm] or Imperial[inch] Measurement-Units.

To change the Units-setting

Ö Prepare the Gauge as described above, and then turn the Gauge on as normal
Ö Press and release the Selector-Button three times
¾ The Gauge is now in Units-setting mode - the display will now alternate between
‘unit ’ and the current Units-setting
¾ Units-settings are shown as :
y ‘Euro ’ [Metric, mm]
y ‘inch ’ [Imperial, inch]
Ö Press and release the ON-switch : the units-setting will now change.
Press the ON-switch again to return to the previous setting, if desired.
Ö When the display shows the desired units-setting : press the Selector once more
¾ This completes Units-setting, and the Gauge will now reset itself

CHANGING THE RESOLUTION-SETTING

The Cygnus 1 Gauge can display thickness measurements in one of two Resolution-
settings – the Resolution should be chosen according to your own preference.

The exact value of the Resolution-setting will also depend on whetherMetric or Imperial
Units is currently selected

To change the Resolution-setting

Ö Prepare the Gauge as described above, and then turn the Gauge on as normal
Ö Press and release the Selector-Button four times
¾ The Gauge is now in Resolution-setting mode - the display will now alternate
between ‘rES ’ and the current Resolution-setting
¾ Resolution-settings are shown as :
y ‘HI ’ [High-Resolution : 0.05mm, or 0.002 inch]
y ‘LO ’ [Low-Resolution : 0.1mm, or 0.005 inch]
Ö Press and release the ON-switch : the units-setting will now change.
Press the ON-switch again to return to the previous setting, if desired.
Ö When the display shows the desired Resolution-setting : press the Selector once more
¾ This completes Resolution-setting, and the Gauge will now reset itself

27
 Working with the Gauge
LOW BATTERY WARNING
The instrument shows a warning message as the battery is coming to the end of its useful
charge :
¾ ‘bAtt ’ is briefly flashed once every four seconds -
There is no need to replace the battery immediately, the instrument will continue to
measure as normal for some time yet : the exact period depends on battery-type.

¾ When the battery is finally exhausted the ‘bAtt ’ message will flash continuously for
about five seconds, and the instrument will then switch itself off.

Ö Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge battery should be recharged as described below.

BATTERY-CHARGING PROCEDURE
U Only the Battery-module as supplied with the Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge may be
recharged

L Cygnus Chargers are supplied for use with either 110V or 230V mains supply – the
User must ensure that the Charger is suitable for the local mains supply.

Cygnus Battery-modules should only be charged with the supplied Charger, and always
using the following sequence :
Ö Plug the Charger into the mains power supply, and switch the mains power on.

Ö Connect the Charger to the Battery-module – charging will commence immediately,

and the indicator on the Charger will show RED
The Battery is now fast-charging.

Ö After a maximum 2 hours the Battery will normally be fully charged - the Charger
will stop fast-charging, and the indicator will now show GREEN
Disconnect the Battery from the Charger – the Battery is now ready for use.

Ö If another discharged Battery needs to be charged, it may now be connected -

the Charger will reset itself, to begin fast-charging again.

L There is no harm in leaving the Battery connected after fast-charging has finished –it
is recommended periodically to leave the Battery in this state for 14-16 hours to
recondition the Battery, and extend its usable life.

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Working with the Gauge
TROUBLESHOOTING
If the Gauge does not switch on
¾ only if the batteries are completely dead will the Gauge not display anything when the
ON-switch is pressed.
¾ otherwise, if the batteries are at the end of their useful charge the Gauge will normally
flash ‘bAtt ’ several times and then turn off again - see Low-Battery Warning, page 28
Ö in either case replace or recharge the Battery

¾ if the ON-switch will not always function properly, it may have become
contaminated or defective :
Ö the Gauge will need to be returned for Manufacturer’s Service

If it is difficult to obtain a reading

¾ if there is only a single flashing bar on the display - this means the Gauge is not
receiving any echoes :
Ö check that the Probe-lead is properly connected to both Probe and Gauge.
Ö check the condition of the lead; replace if necessary.
¾ if there is mostly one fixed bar plus one flashing bar this means that the Gauge is
having difficulty obtaining more than one echo :
Ö check the Probe and its membrane are properly assembled – see page 18
Ö also see General Point on Thickness Gauging, page 30
¾ if there is up to three fixed bars plus one flashing bar, but never any reading - this
means the Gauge is receiving unrelated echoes from more than one reflector :
Ö on heavily corroded areas this is often a problem; try check measurements on an
adjacent area of the same material. See General Points
Ö check the Gauge and Probe together on a test block; if there is still no reading
the Gauge may require servicing.

If readings are erratic or unstable

¾ Check that the Probe-lead is properly connected to both Probe and Gauge; check that
the ‘O’Rings are properly seated in their correct positions; check that the Probe and its
membrane are correctly assembled with sufficient couplant

¾ Check that the Gauge is set for the same Probe-frequency as the actual Probe being
used see Changing the Probe-Setting, page 25

¾ The User should ensure that the Probe-frequency is suitable for the probable minimum
thickness of the material being measured – Probe-frequency too low causes doubling and
tripling of the actual thickness - see Probe Usage, page 20, and Changing the Probe-
Setting, page 25.

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 Working with the Gauge
GENERAL POINTS ON THICKNESS GAUGING

¾ On very rough surfaces, and especially if both sides are badly corroded, it is often
necessary to move the Probe around to locate a reflector. Sometimes a slight rocking
movement can help find reflectors which are otherwise impossible.

¾ Always ensure that there is plenty of couplant present for good contact, but beware
that on a pitted surface the Gauge may just measure the couplant-filled pit – always
avoid measuring directly over external pits.

¾ Beware that in extreme conditions, or if the plate is of poor quality and contains many
inclusions, the ultrasound will scattered to such an extent that measurement may not
be possible.

¾ Beware that the multiple-echo technique will not work if the front and back surfaces
of the material being measured are not close to parallel; also note that long narrow
bars cannot be gauged along their length with the multiple-echo method.

¾ The instrument should not be used near arc-welding equipment, as this affects the
performance of the Gauge.

30
Working with the Gauge
THE FIVE-POINT CHECK
The most frequent reasons found which cause difficulty getting readings

¾ Is the Probe-membrane fitted correctly ?

see : Probe/Knurled Ring Assembly, page 18
Check that there is a thin layer of oil between the membrane and Probe-face, and with
no air-bubbles trapped

¾ Is the Probe-lead OK ?
see : Probe Usage, page 20
Check that the lead in good condition, and is it correctly inserted into both the Probe
and the Gauge

¾ Is the Probe-setting correct ?

see : Changing the Probe-Setting, page 25
Check on the Gauge that the Probe-setting is correct for the actual Probe in use

¾ Is there adequate couplant applied to the material being measured, and is the surface
properly prepared ?
see : Preparing to take measurements, page 16
Check that there is plenty of couplant applied, and that there are no air-gaps between
the Probe and the material when measuring

¾ Is the material measurable at all ?

- Are the front and back faces of the material parallel ?
- Is the material not too corroded ?
- Is the material not too thin for the Probe being used ?
It is often worth confirming that the Gauge is operating OK using a test sample – and
also to confirm that the material can actually be measured by ultrasonic multiple-
echo thickness measurement.

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 Working with the Gauge
A GUIDE TO SOUND VELOCITIES

Table of Sound Velocities

¾ Velocities can vary according to the precise grade and processing conditions.
This table is included as a guide only.
Wherever possible, the Gauge should always be calibrated on the material under test.

¾ These Velocities are given in good faith and are believed to be accurate within the
limits described above.
No liability is accepted for errors.

¾ Velocities given are the compressional wave velocity cl.

Reading Conversion
If only a few measurements are to be taken on a material other than Steel, it may be easier
to leave the calibration set for Steel and merely convert the readings by multiplying by the
Conversion Factor for the material being measured.
This method avoids unnecessary recalibration.

Example – if the Gauge is calibrated for Steel [5920 m/s], and a reading is being taken on
Copper [4700 m/s] :
T = t x VCOPPER / V STEEL = t x 4700 / 5920 = t x 0.794
thus : T = t x f

where : T = true thickness of Copper being measured

t = actual reading obtained
f = Conversion Factor
VCOPPER = Sound Velocity in Copper : 4700 m/s
VSTEEL = Sound Velocity in Steel : 5920 m/s

Conversion Factor f : is given for various materials in the Table of Sound Velocities on
page 33

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Working with the Gauge
TABLE OF SOUND VELOCITIES

Velocity of Sound Conversion

Material Factor
m/s in/us

Aluminium 6320 0.2488 1.068

Epoxy 2500 0.0986 0.422

Copper 4700 0.1850 0.794

Grey Cast Iron 4600 0.1812 0.777

Magnesium 5770 0.2272 0.975

Nickel 5630 0.2218 0.951

Acrylic 2730 0.1076 0.461

Nylon (Polyamide) 2620 0.1032 0.443

Porcelain 5600 0.2206 0.946

Glass
Quartz 5570 0.2194 0.941
Soda-lime 6000 0.2362 1.014
Borosilicate 5640 0.2222 0.953
Steel
Mild 5920 0.2332 1.000
Tool 5870 0.2312 0.992
Stainless 302 5660 0.2228 0.956

Tungsten 5460 0.2150 0.922

Monel 5400 0.2126 0.912

Inconel 5700 0.2244 0.963

Phosphor Bronze 3530 0.1390 0.596

Brass (70% Cu) 4700 0.1850 0.794

33
 Care and Servicing

CARE AND SERVICING

Care of the Cygnus 1 Underwater Gauge

Servicing

34
Care and Servicing
CARE OF CYGNUS 1 UNDERWATER GAUGE

Although Cygnus Gauges are highly robust, care should be taken to ensure years of active
service :

¾ Cleaning the Gauge

Ö After each dive, and while the instrument is still assembled, wash the unit in fresh
water and allow to dry.
Ö A mild detergent may be necessary to remove grease from the O-Ring grooves.
Ö Care should be taken not to allow water into the instrument body whilst cleaning.

Ö Do not use solvents for cleaning.

Ö Do not use any abrasive cleaner, especially on the display window.

¾ Use of O-Rings
Ö When reassembling before a dive fit new O-Rings all round, first ensuring that
they are lubricated with Molykote.
Ö To avoid the risk of a leak : prevent accidental re-use by destroying all four used
O-Rings after each dive.

¾ Batteries
Ö Disconnect the Battery-module from the Gauge, if the Gauge will be left unused
for more than a few days.
Ö Recharge batteries periodically, even if the instrument is not used for long
periods.
Ö Occasionally give the Battery a recharge duration of 14-16 hours to recondition
the Battery and to extend its useable life.

¾ Environmental
Ö Do not subject the Gauge body to temperature in excess of 60oC (140oF).
Ö Do not store the Gauge for long periods in conditions of high humidity.

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 Care and Servicing
SERVICING

L Please refer to the Gauge and Accessories brochure for our full range of Equipment.

Returning your Gauge for Service

A full Manufacturer’s Factory Service is available from Cygnus Instruments

L Please note : the complete Kit should always be returned for Service or Repair,
including all Probes and Leads.

Cygnus Gauges are renowned for their reliability – very often problems with getting
measurements are simply due to the way the Gauge is being used – see : Troubleshooting,
page 29, and The Five-Point Check, page 31

However, if you do need to return your Gauge for Repair please let us know the details of
the problem, to guarantee the best possible service :
F Is the problem behaviour intermittent ?
F Is there a problem turning the Gauge on ?
F Is there a problem with the Gauge turning itself off ?
F Does the Gauge constantly give incorrect Readings, or unsteady Readings ?
F Is it not possible to Calibrate the Gauge ?
F Does the Gauge fail to operate correctly in certain ambient conditions ?

36
Care and Servicing

Cygnus Instruments has a policy of continual product improvement. We reserve the right
to make changes to the product without prior notification to any person or organisation

Cygnus Instruments has made every attempt to ensure that the information in this
document is accurate and complete. Cygnus Instruments assumes no liability for errors, or
for any incidental, consequential, indirect, or special damages, including without
limitation, loss of use, loss or alteration of data, delays, or lost profits arising from the use
of this document or the product which it accompanies

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