LA PATRIA COLLEGE

Santiago City

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IN FS 003

Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology

TOPIC/S: CHAPTER VII: DRUGS

A. Definition
B. Medical and Dangerous Drugs
C. Classification of Drugs
 According to Origin
 According to Legal Classification
 According to International Classification
 According to Pharmacological Classification (Effects)
WEEK: 4
Time Allotment: 5 hours per week Online Classes/Consultation Hours: W 2:30-3:30
F 2:30-4:30

OBJECTIVES/ LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this chapter, the students shall be able to:
1. Define and classify drugs;
2. Identify the different forms of drugs; and
3. Differentiate Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Depressants and Inhalants.

DISCUSSION:

DRUG
 Drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, physiological, behavioral and /or
psychological change in a person taking it.
 All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicine drug.
 A drug is any substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when
consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional
support.
 A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced
into the body.
Medicinal Drugs
A substance which when taken into the human body cures illness and / or relieves signs /symptoms
of disease.
Dangerous Drugs
A substance affecting the central nervous system which when taken into the human body brings
about physical, emotional or behavioral changes in a person taking it.

Drug Abuse
Any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical, psychological, legal, economic, or social damage
to the user or to people affected by the user’s behavior.
Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to drugs that are available legally,
such as prescribed medications and certain over-the-counter medications.

Classification of Drugs

According to origin:
A. Natural Drugs are active ingredients secondary metabolic products of plants and other living,
systems that may be isolated by extraction

Examples:
Raw opium Coca bush Marijuana
 B. Synthetic Drugs are artificially produced substances, synthesized in the laboratory for the illicit
market, which are almost wholly manufactured from chemical compounds in illicit laboratories.
Examples:

Methamphetamine Barbiturates
According to Legal classification:
A. RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002)
B. PD 1619 (Volatile Substances)
C. RA 6425 (Classified as: Regulated and Prohibited) '
Under RA 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, the term
prohibited and regulated was changed into dangerous drug with the following classification:
1. Immediate precursors -a chemical substance used in the clandestine manufacturing process
becomes incorporated in full or in part into the fmal molecules of a substance under international
control.
2. Essential chemicals chemical substance used as reagent or solvent in the illegal manufacture 0f
controlled substances.
3. Narcotic, psychotropic and designer

According to International Classification:

a. Narcotics substance - produces analgesia (pain relief), narcosis (state of stupor or sleep), and addiction
(physical dependence on the drug). In some people narcotics also produce euphoria, a feeling of great
elation. The best-known narcotics are the opiates, compounds found in or derived from opium
b. Psychotropic substances - describes any drug that affects behavior, mood, thoughts, or perception.
It’s an umbrella term for a lot of different drugs, including prescription drugs and commonly misused drugs
c. Designer drugs - a synthetic version of a controlled substance (such as heroin) that is produced with a
slightly altered molecular structure to avoid having it classified as an illicit drug.

According to Pharmacological Classification (Effects):

a. Stimulants
b. Hallucinogens
c. Depressants
d. Inhalants

STIMULANTS – are drugs which increases alertness of physical disposition.

Example: Amphetamine
Street Name: Eye, lid poppers, pep pills, uppers, hearts
What it is: Reduces appetite, Relieves mental depression, Comfort fatigue and Sleepiness
How taken: Orally as tablet or capsule
Effects:
General: wakefulness, increased alertness/initiative
Toxic: from restlessness to coma and death
Dangers: Dependence, overdose, violent/bizarre

Example: Shabu (Methampetamine Hydrochloride)

Street Name: Poor man’s cocaine, S, Shabs, ubas, Siopao, Sha, Ice
What it is: White odorless crystal/crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste
How taken: Ingestion, Inhalation (chasing the dragon), Sniffing, Injection, Smoked
Effects:
General: anxiety, irritability, irrational behavior
Long term: Psychosis similar to schizophrenia, difficulty in concentrating, lost of interest in
sex
 Physical: Chest pain, Irregular heartbeat, Hypertension, Convulsion, Death
Dangers: Injection from contaminated needled may lead to risk of infections, phlebitis, septicemia,
AIDS, etc.

HALLUCINOGENS – are drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion. Changes in
time and space perception, delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations may be mild or overwhelming,
depending on dose and quality.
Example: Ecstacy
Street Name: XTC, Adam, Essence, E, Herbals
How taken: Swallowing or Inhalation
Effects: Exaggerated emotions, makes heart rate and blood pressure hike up, dries the mouth,
stiffens arms, legs, jaws; dilates pupils of the eyes, causes faintness, chills sweating and
nausea.
Dangers: It can really kill
Example: LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
Street Name: Lucy in the sky with diamonds, wedding bells, acid, white sugar, lightning, cubes,
brain eaters.
What it is: A semi synthetic alkaloid substance extracted from a fungus which grows on rye,
wheat, and other grains; odorless, tasteless, and colorless.
Effects:
Psychological: vivid hallucinations, confusion, blurring and distinction between conscious and
unconscious thought, etc.
Physical: Dilated pupils, flushed face, increase BP, etc.
Dangers: May cause abnormal amount of breakage of chromosomes of white blood cells that carry
genes, which may result to miscarriages and birth defects.
Example: Marijuana
Street Name: Mary Jane, Flower, Pampapogi, brownines, damo, pot, tea, joint, dope
What is it: Comes from Cannabis Sativa L. (indian hemp); looks fine, green tobacco
How taken: Smoked in pipes/cigarettes; can be taken in food; made into candy; sniffed in
powder form; mixed with honey and butter.
Effects:
Immediate: faster heartbeat, bloodshot eyes, fry mouth
Long term: Chest pain, temporary loss of fertility, cancer, marijuana burn out
Dangers: Slows down user’s mental and psychomotor activities; long term use may lead to
psychological dependence; may lead to cancer.

DEPRESSANTS – are drugs which depress or lower the functions of the Central Nervous System.
Types of depressants:
1. Narcotics – a drug which induces sleep (Hypnotics) or stupor and relieve pain (analgesics)
 Something that soothes, or cause a sensation or mental numbness.
 This includes opium, opiates, heroin, morphine and codeine
2. Tranquilizers – a substance that reduces anxiety, ease tension and relax muscles.
3. Sedatives and Hypnotics – calm the nerves, reduces tension and induce sleep.
Example: Barbiturates and alcohol

INHALANTS – these are any liquid, solid or mixed substance that has the property of releasing toxic
(psychoactive) vapors or fumes.
Example: solvent, glue, gasoline, kerosene, paint, thinner, naphthalene.

What are considered Dangerous Drugs?

Dangerous Drug is a substance affecting the central nervous system Which When taken into the
human body brings about physical, emotional or behavioral changes in a person taking it.
It is a substance which when taken into the human body alters mood, perception, feelings and
behavior.
Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known 85 the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, dangerous
drugs are classified into three (3) main categories, namely:
A. Prohibited Drugs
B. Regulated Drugs
C. Volatile Substances

A. Prohibited Drug, which includes opium and its active components and derivatives, such as heroin and
morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs,
such as mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing similar effects; Indian
hemp and its derivatives; all preparations made from any of the foregoing; and other drugs and chemical
preparations, whether natural or synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic or a hallucinogenic
drug (As amended by BR 179 dated March 2, 1982).
B. Regulated Drug, which includes self-inducing sedatives, such as secobarbital Phenobarbital,
pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt or a derivative of a salt of
barbituric acid; any salt, isomer or salt of an isomer, of amphetamine, such as Benzedrine or Dexedrine, or
any drug which produces a physiological action similar to amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as
methaqualone, nitrazepam or any other compound producing similar physiological effects (As amended by
PD No. 1683 dated March 14, 1980).

C. Volatile Substance, Liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic vapors or
fumes or any chemical substance which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled; or introduced into the physiological
system of the body produce/induce a condition of intoxication, inebriation, excitement, stupefaction, etc.
Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, gives a single
definition for prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law defines the term “dangerous drugs” as
pertaining to either “prohibited drug” or “regulated drug”.
“Drug Dependence” means a state of psychk2 01' Physical dependence, or both, on a dangerous
drug, arising in a person following administration or use of that drug on a periodic or continuous
basis.

Characteristics of Drug Dependency

1. Physical dependence the body’s physical system changes until the body needs that particular drug in
order to function.
2. Mental or psychological dependence a need of drug in order to feel good, to get by or feel normal. ‘
3. Idiosyncrasy or side effect.
“Use” refers to the act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, or of consuming, either by chewing,
smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking, or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the
body, any of the dangerous drugs.
“Sell” means the act of giving a dangerous drug, whether for money or any other material consideration.

Question:
What happens to confiscated, seized and surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of
dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia
and/ or laboratory equipment?

Answer:
The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) shall have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant
sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals as well as
instruments/paraphernalia and/ or laboratory equipment that are confiscated, seized and /or surrendered.

The apprehending team or the group in custody of the confiscated drugs shall immediately prepare an
inventory and photograph the items in the presence of the accused or his counsel, a representative from
the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ) and any elected public official. The items will then be
submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for examination. Within 24 hours after receipt of the items, the
Forensic Laboratory examiner shall issue a certification of the laboratory results.

The court shall conduct an ocular inspection of the confiscated items Within 72 hours after the filing of the
criminal case. The PDEA shall then destroy or burn the items in the presence of the accused, a representative
from media and DOJ, civil society groups and any elected official. However, a representatiVe sample shall
be retained.

After the judgment has been rendered in the criminal case, the trial prosecutor shall inform the Dangerous
Drugs Board that the case has been terminated and ask permission from the court to turn over the
representative sample to the PDEA.

REFERENCE:
1. Canete, Arlyn M, (2015): Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology: An Essential Tool in Effective Criminal
Justice System. #32 Visayas Ave. Corner Congressional Avenue, Project 6, Quezon City Philippines 1100.
Wiseman’s Book Trading, INC.
 LEARNING TASKS/ ACTIVITY
WEEK 4(September 14 -18, 2020)

General Directions:
1. Write your answers on a clean sheet of bond paper with your name, course and year level, week
number, course number, and course description. Use black ball pen in writing your answers.
Example: BAYAUA, JENNIFER Y. BSCRIM2 WEEK 1
GEC 006 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
2. After writing your answers, install the CamScanner application on your smartphone and use to
capture image/s of your answer sheet/s.
3. Send your answers to the personal Microsoft Teams accounts of your instructor Ms. Jennifer Y.
Bayaua and to your Program Head thru Microsoft Teams.
4. Your answer sheet should be sent in PDF form and name your file with this format: Surname-
Course number-Week number- Quiz number /Activity number (all in capitalized letter).
Example: BAYAUA-GEC006-WEEK1-QUIZ/ ACTIVITY.
5. Deadline of Activity: September 22, 2020 5:00pm

SEATWORK 4: WORD BANK: Define the following terms according to your own understanding. (5 points
each)
1. Stimulants
2. Hallucinogens
3. Depressants
4. Inhalants

QUIZ 5:
a. CONCEPT MAPPING: Based on your own understanding, classify and identify different types or forms of
drugs using your own concept map. (20 points)
b. ESSAY: Write a simple essay about the following topic below:
1. “Legalization of marijuana in the Philippines” (10 pts)
2. “Coca Cola Cannabis infused drinks” (10 pts)

 DO SOMETHING TODAY THAT YOU’RE FUTURE SELF WILL THANK YOU FOR 
 CONGRATULATIONS for finishing this Module, Keep up the good work! 

Rubric for SEATWORK 4

5 points Comprehensive answer and includes extensive information
4 points Well written answer includes some strong analysis
3 points Well written answer but lacks analysis
2 points Lacks organization and uses a little information
1 point Barely addresses the question
Rubric for QUIZ 5 (CONCEPT MAPPING)
1. Original thinking (10 pts)
"Demonstrates original thinking that adds insight to analysis of case; meaningful elaboration beyond
text and notes in strategy development"
Excellent Very Good Good
10 pts 5-9 pts 1-4 pts
2. Understanding (3 pts)
Demonstrates deep understanding of concepts and ideas
Excellent Very Good Good
3 pts 2 pts 1 pt
3. Content (5pts)
Addresses each question and all its parts thoroughly; incorporates relevant ideas into responses; uses
specific information.
Excellent Very Good Good
5 pts 3-4 pts 1-2 pts
4. Structure (2 pts)
Response to each question is well organized and clearly written; there is evidence of planning before
writing
Very Good Good
2 pts 1 pts
Rubric for QUIZ 5 (ESSAY)
10 points Answer shows mastery of content and deeper analysis/understanding the content
8 points Answers show some analysis. Student’s show mastery and understanding of the
content
6 points Answer show some understanding of the essential facts but it is lacking in greater
analysis and evidence
4 points Answer do not show understanding of basic content. Answer are incomplete and
shows mastery but most of the general content is missing.
2 points Answer does not address the assignment or is off topic

Prepared by: JENNIFER Y. BAYAUA, LPT September 15, 2020

Instructor

Reviewed/Approved: JEAN RUSSEL B. PAULMITAN, RCrim, MSCJ

Program Head, Criminology