EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday

Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering

EE-221 Digital Logic Systems

Laboratory Report: Experiment 04 [Prove Function of Logic Gates]

Name: Danstan KULE

ID#: 21300712

S/Code: EE-221

C/Code: BEEL-2

Lecturer/Tutor: Mr. Wilson Kepa

Group#: 3
EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday
Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

1. INTRODUCTION

A logic gate is a device that widely used as the building block for digital circuits. Logic gate
performs basic logical functions with the binary digits of 0s and 1s that are fundamental to
digital circuits in modern computational hardware/electronics. Most electronic devices we used
today will have some form of logic gates in them which may allow them to perform certain
function accordingly. For example, Logic gate can be used in technologies such as smartphones,
computers, and light and heat sensors or within memory devices. Basically, there are seven
basic logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR logic gates. These logic gates got
their names from their nature of operation/behavior in the electronic devices (circuits). This
laboratory report preparation is based on the experiment that is being conducted to prove the
function of six of the seven logic gates accordingly. Those namely AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT
and XOR gates respectively.

2. BACKGROUND

The background information and the principles of the six logic gates

 AND Gate
- An AND gate is a logic gate having two or more inputs and a single output. An AND gate
operates on logical multiplication rules. In this gate, if either of the inputs is low (0), then the
output is also low. If all of the inputs are high (1), then the output will also be high. An AND gate
can have any number of inputs, although 2 input and 3 input AND gates are the most common.

The symbol for a two-input AND gate is logically represented as:

Where A and B represent the inputs of the gate and X represents the output: A, B, and X can
either be 0 (low) or 1 (high) logically.

The logical operation of AND gate hence can be represented in a Boolean expression as:
EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday
Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

 OR Gate
- An OR gate is a logic gate that performs logical OR operation. A logical OR operation has a high
output (1) if one or both the inputs to the gate are high (1). If neither input is high, a low output
(0) results. Just like an AND gate, an OR gate may have any number of input but only one output
would resulted.
The logical symbol of 2 input OR gate is shown below:

Where A and B represents the inputs of the gate and X represents the output: A, B, and X can
either be 0 (low) or 1 (high) logically.

The logical operation of AND gate hence can be represented in a Boolean expression as:

 NAND Gate

- A NAND gate (“not AND gate”) is a logic gate that produces a low output (0) only if all its inputs
are true, and high output (1) otherwise. Hence the NAND gate is the inverse of an AND gate, and
its circuit is produced by connecting an AND gate to a NOT gate. Just like an AND gate, a NAND
gate may have any number of input probes but only one output probe.

The NAND gate performs the logical NAND operation. NAND gates are known as universal gates
(along with NOR gates), which means they are a type of logic gate which can implement any
Boolean function without the need to use any other gate type.

The basic logical construction of the NAND gate is shown below (you can see it is an AND gate
followed by a NOT gate):

The symbol of a NAND gate is similar to the AND gate, but a bubble is drawn at the output point
of the AND gate. The symbol of the NAND gate is shown below.
EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday
Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

 NOR gate
- A NOR gate (“not OR gate”) is a logic gate that produces a high output (1) only if all its inputs are
false, and low output (0) otherwise. Hence the NOR gate is the inverse of an OR gate, and its
circuit is produced by connecting an OR gate to a NOT gate. Just like an OR gate, a NOR gate may
have any number of input probes but only one output probe. A NOT gate followed by an OR
gate makes a NOR gate. The basic logic construction of the NOR gate is shown below:

 NOT Gate
- The NOT gate is the logic special gate that inverts the digital inputs signal. For this reason, a NOT
gate is sometimes is referred to as an inverter (not to be confused with a power inverter). A NOT
gate always has high (logical 1) output when its input is low (logical 0). Conversely, a logical NOT
gate always has low (logical 0) output when the input is high (logical 1). The logical symbol for a
NOT gate is shown below:
-

NOT gate

 XOR Gate
- An XOR gate (also known as an EOR, or EXOR gate) – pronounced as Exclusive OR gate – is a
digital logic gate that gives a true (i.e. a HIGH or 1) output when the number of true inputs is
odd. An XOR gate implements an exclusive OR, i.e., a true output result occurs if one – and only
one – of the gate’s inputs is true. If both inputs are false (i.e. LOW or 0) or both inputs are true,
the output is false. Below is the symbol for XOR gate
EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday
Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

3. APPARATUS OR EQUIPMENT

The apparatus that are used in this experiment are listed below;

1. Digital-analog training system M21-7000

2. Circuit board DTS-001 (1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1K, 1I), DTS-002 (2D)

3. Digital voltage meter

4. Digital current meter

EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday
Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

5. Small connecting wires

6. USB cable

7. Laptop/DC Power sources

4. OBJECTIVES/AIM

This experiment is to conduct specifically to identify and prove the nature/logical behavior function
of those six (6) logic gates outlined on the background section above.
EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday
Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

5. EXPERIMENTAL TEST PROCEDUCRES OR METHODS

1. Prove AND circuit logic relationship

a) Use circuit board DTS-002 switches and LEDs to configure AND logic complete table 4.1.
b) Connect A and B pins of the AND circuit on circuit board DTS-001 to the data switches of
M21 -7000, and connect Y pin to LED level display, according to table 4.1 switch input
level, observe the LED level display. Record the data prove the logic relationship.
2. Prove OR circuit logic relationship
a) Use circuit board DTS-002 switches and LEDs to configure OR logic, complete table 4.2.
b) Connect A and B pins of the OR circuit on circuit board DTS-001 to the data switches of
M21 -7000, and connect Y pin to LED level display, according to table 4.2 switch input
level, observe the LED level display. Record the data prove the logic relationship.
3. Prove NAND circuit logic relationship
a) Use circuit board DTS-002 switches and LEDs to configure NAND logic, complete table 4.3.
b) Connect A and B pins of the NAND circuit on circuit board DTS-001 to the data switches of
M21-7000, and connect Y pin to LED level display, according to table 4.3 switch input level,
observe the LED level display. Record the data prove the logic relationship.
4. Prove NOR circuit logic relationship
a) Use circuit board DTS-002 switches and LEDs to configure NOR logic, complete table 4.4.
b) Connect A and B pins of the NOR circuit on circuit board DTS-001 to the data switches of
M21-7000, and connect Y pin to LED level display, according to table 4.4 switch input
level, observe the LED level display. Record the data prove the logic relationship.
5. Prove NOT circuit logic relationship
a) Use circuit board DTS-002 switches and LEDs to configure NOT logic, complete table 4.5
b) Connect A and B pins of the NOT circuit on circuit board DTS-001 to the data switches of
M21-7000, and connect Y pin to LED level display, according to table 4.5 switch input
level, observe the LED level display. Record the data, prove the logic relationship
6. Prove the XOR circuit logic relationship
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅
̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ , and logic diagram shown in figure
a) As equation
4.3, use NAND gates for XOR logic. Set up the circuit on the circuit board DTS-001,
connect A and B pins to the LED level display, according to table 4.6 switch input level,
and observe the LED level display. Record the data prove the logic relationship.
b) Use XOR IC on circuit board DTS-001. Connect A and B pins of the XOR circuit to the data
switches of M21-7000, and L pin connect to LED level display, according to table 4.6
switch input level, and observe the LED level display. Record the data, prove the logic
relationship
EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday
Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

6. RESULTS

i. OR Logic Gate
INPUT OUTPUT
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
ii. AND Logic gate
INPUT OUTPUT
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
iii. NAND Logic Gate
INPUT OUTPUT
A B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
iv. NOR Logic Gate
INPUT OUTPUT
A B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
v. NOT Logic Gate
INPUT OUTPUT
A
0 1
0 1
vi. XOR Logic Gate
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
EE 221 – Digital Logic System Day: Tuesday
Lab Report – 01 Date: 16/08/2022

7. CONCLUSION:
The experiment was carefully conducted with guidelines and instructions followed. The results
were obtained as expected and have proven the individual logic gate’s functions (see from the
tables under result section above). The experiment has also confirmed theoretical concepts of
those logic gates respectively against their practical outcomes.
During the experiment we have faced many difficulties and challenges such as miss arrangement
of the apparatus and equipment and slightly tricks in alignment of the circuits. Nevertheless we
keep on doing trial and error still we achieved expected results/outcomes.