Sturtevant Inappropriate Appropriation
Sturtevant Inappropriate Appropriation
Sturtevant Inappropriate Appropriation
STURTEVANT:
INAPPROPRIATE
APPROPRIATION
Byall accounts the past several years have seen a sig cou, Lee Lozano, Anne Truitt. Another (perhaps
nificant resurgence of interest in the work of Sturte- more cynical) answer might be found in the current
vant. This was exemplified by the major retrospective state of an overheated art market: when crops of
exhibition (“Sturtevant: The Brutal Truth”) that seemingly ever-younger artists are pursued in hopes
opened at the Museumfür Moderne Kunst in Frank of identifying the “next big thing,” a similar though
furt in September 2004, and subsequently traveled in countermove may be to find such novelty in the
reduced form to MIT’s List Visual Arts Center. The work of an artist long overlooked. Finally, interest
MMK show, which was awarded a prize by Beaux Arts in Sturtevant’s work may stem from the sheer ubiq
magazine for best international exhibition, also occa uity of appropriation in contemporary artmak
sioned a two-volume publication, one volume of ing. Such 1980s appropriationists as Sherrie Levine
which comprised a catalogue raisonné of the artist’s and Richard Prince are by now well-established
work. To what factors might we ascribe this interest figures in the art world, while appropriation under
in an artist whose work has not always been warmly lies such diverse projects as the cinematic réinven
embraced by the art world? For one, this may be part tions of Douglas Gordon, Pierre Huyghe, and Brice
of a broader recent trend toward revisiting the Dellsperger and the staged photography of Vik
careers of underrecognized women artists who Muniz, Yasumasa Morimura, and Sharon Core.
emerged in the 1950s and 1960s: think of Lee Bonte- Sturtevant’s project, begun in the 1960s, can be seen
as providing a suitable historical precedent for such
MICHAEL LOBE L is Director of the M.A. Program in Mod practices.
ern and Contemporary Art, Criticism, and Theory at Purchase Since the 1980s—which saw the first wave of
College, State University of New York. He is the author of Image “rediscovery” of Sturtevant’s work—the artist’s proj
Duplicator: Roy Lichtenstein and theEmergence ofPop Art (Yale Uni ect has been saddled with the reading of it as appro
versity Press). priation art avant la lettre.0 This critical move
STURTEVANT, DUCHAMP NUDESCENDANT UNESCALIER, 1968, video.
(PHOTO: PERRY RUBENSTEIN GALLERY, NEW YORK)
depends on an anachronism, for “appropriation” any act of artistic borrowing. Yet because that term
didn’t exist as an artistic term when she began work also has a more narrowly construed historical
ing in this vein. It was only in the 1980s that a full meaning, its application may limit our understand
complement of critical voices, particularly those affil ing, particularly in that it may focus our attention
iated with the journal October, were in place to on reiterative strategies to the exclusion of other
name—and perhaps more importantly, defend— significant features of the artist’s project.
such practices. Sturtevant’s work, in contrast, had We can better understand this by taking a look at
lacked such powerful defenders when it first one of Sturtevant’s first gallery shows, a 1966 exhibi
appeared. So yes, one could describe her approach tion at GalerieJ in Paris. As far as I knowthere’s only
as appropriation in the broader sense of referring to one photographic document of the exhibition, an
STURTEVANT, Installation Bianchi Gallery, 1965, installation view, photograph / Installationsansicht, Photographie.
(PHOTO: PERRY RUBENSTEIN GALLERY, NEW YORK)
installation shot that offers a partial view out the duplicative impulse; an ironic critique of the success
plate glass windows at the front of the gallery. The the movement had achieved by that point; a frivo
works on viewseem enough to confirm the received lous, camp gesture; or perhaps some combination of
account of the artist’s work: deadpan repeats of the above. Regardless of the intent, we can see why
works by Claes Oldenburg, George Segal, James this showwould appear to the casual observer, look
Rosenquist, Tom Wesselmann, and Roy Lichten ing back from the vantage point of the 1980s (or for
stein—artists who by that time were all closely identi that matter, from our own time), as a fitting precur
fied with Pop Art. (“Repeats,” by the way, is my per sor to appropriation art: Sturtevant simply remade
sonal term of preference for designating the objects works by her Pop contemporaries and exhibited
made bySturtevant, in part to get awayfrom the term them as her own. End of story, right?
appropriation and in deference to the artist’s insis Well, not quite. First of all, there’s the matter of
tence that she does not make copies.) There are a display. Note that in the Galerie J show the WESSEL
number of ways to interpret Sturtevant’s interven MANN GREATAMERICANNUDE (1966) and the Lich
tion here in 1966: a logical extension of Pop’s tenstein painting of a crying girl were not conven
tionally hung but rather propped on the floor and work of art but rather evokes a buyer selecting goods
against the wall (the painting of the crying girl, one for purchase. Moreover, Sturtevant went a step fur
notes, was also turned on its end). This method of ther in quite literally distancing the viewer from the
display is significant; it functions to devalorize the exhibited works. According to the artist’s own
works, calling attention to their status as mere account, the door to the gallery was locked for the
objects. The artist had done something similar in her duration of the exhibition, which meant that one
showat NewYork’s Bianchini Gallery the preceding could only view the works through the plate glass
year: she had hung a group of works from a rolling windows at the front of the gallery. The art on view
garment rack placed in the center of the gallery, was thus presented as if seen in a shop window or
“pulled”by another plaster figure a la George Segal. oversize display case.
That particular method of display equated the works As I noted earlier, by framing Sturtevant’swork as
with ordinary articles of clothing, a Frank Stella appropriation we’re more inclined to think of it as
abstraction orJasperJohns’Flagtreated like a blouse concerned primarily, if not solely, with issues of
or pair of trousers. At the same time it evoked the authorship and originality. Yet we’re seeing that,
conventional method of storing paintings on racks, from early on, she seems to have been fundamental
whether in the back room of an art gallery or in ly concerned as well with the institutional framing,
museumstorage. In that state the work of art tends to presentation, and display of works of art. This might
lose its auratic status and reverts to beingjust anoth prompt us to align her project with the work of such
er object in the world. In this respect, the stance of artists as Marcel Broodthaers (think of his MUSÉE
the plaster figure in the GalerieJ showis significant, D’ART MODERNE, DÉPARTEMENT DES AIGLES, 1972)
in that its physical handling of the painting does not or Michael Asher, with his early interventions into
suggest the reverential distance ordinarily afforded a museum and gallery spaces. In this way one could
STURTEVANT:
«APPROPRIATION»?
Das Interesse am Werk Sturtevants ist offensichtlich Künstlerinnen, die ihre Karriere in den 50er und
in den letzten Jahren beträchtlich aufgelebt. Das 60er Jahren begannen - Lee Bontecou, Lee Lozano,
deutlichste Beispiel für diese Entwicklung war die Anne Truitt, um nur einige zu nennen -, finden end
grosse Retrospektive («Sturtevant - The Brutal lich die Anerkennung, die ihnen gebührt. Eine zwei
Truth»), die im September 2004 im Museum für te (und vielleicht zynischere) Antwort könnte im
Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt am Main eröffnet wur überhitzten Kunstmarkt unserer Zeit zu finden sein:
de und danach in reduzierter Form im List Visual In der Hoffnung auf die nächste grosse Entdeckung
Arts Center des MIT in Cambridge (Massachusetts) werden die Ateliers scheinbar immerjüngerer Künst
zu sehen war. Zur MMK-Ausstellung, die vom Beaux ler durchstöbert, und warum sollte man nicht auf
Arts Magazine als «Beste internationale Ausstellung» den Gedanken kommen, auch die entgegengesetzte
ausgezeichnet wurde, erschien eine zweibändige Richtung einzuschlagen und im Werk eines lange
Publikation; einer der beiden Bände ist ein Catalo übersehenen Künstlers nach solchen Entdeckungen
gue Raisonné der Arbeiten der Künstlerin. Auf wel Ausschau zu halten. Und schliesslich könnte das
che Faktoren können wir dieses Interesse an einer Interesse an Sturtevants Werk aus der allgegenwärti
Künstlerin zurückführen, deren Werkvon der Kunst gen Präsenz der Appropriation Art in der heutigen
welt nicht immer wohlwollend aufgenommen wor Kunstproduktion herrühren. Appropriationisten der
den ist? Zum einen ist diese Entwicklung vielleicht 80er Jahre wie Sherrie Levine und Richard Prince
als Teil eines Trends der letzten Jahre zu sehen: sind inzwischen in der Kunstwelt etabliert, und das
Prinzip der Appropriation liegt so unterschiedlichen
MICHAEL LOBEL ist Direktor des M.A.-Programms in Projekten wie den filmischen Reinventionen von
Moderner und Zeitgenössischer Kunst, Kunstkritik und -theorie Douglas Gordon, Pierre Huyghe und Brice Dellsper-
am Purchase College, State University of New York. Er ist der ger und der inszenierten Photographie von Vik
Autor des Buches Image Duplicator: Roy Lichtenstein and the Emer Muniz, Yasumasa Morimura und Sharon Core
gence ofPop Art (Yale University Press). zugrunde. In Sturtevants Projekt, das in den 60er
): ARTIST’S STUDIO, PARIS)
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STl’RTEVANT, DILIJNGER RUNNING SERIES I, 2000, film still, video.
(PHOTO: ARTISTS STUDIO, PARIS)
der Fall zu sein, dass keines der Werke in der Aus kreisförmiges Bild, Sturtevants Version dagegen ein
stellung (zumindest keines von denen, die auf der Rechteck (und auch im Hintergrund hat sie
Installationsphotographie zu sehen sind) einfach beträchtliche Änderungen vorgenommen). Sturte
eine Wiederholung eines gegebenen Kunstwerks vants OLDENBURG HAMBURGER (1966)? Das von
darstellt. Sturtevants STUDY FOR ROSENQUIST SPA dieser charakteristischen Gurkenscheibe gekrönte
GHETTI &GRASS (1966) war, wie der Lichtenstein, Weichbrötchen sieht ganz wie Oldenburgs unver
eine gemalte Version einer Darstellung, die ur wechselbarer weicher FLOOR BURGER (1962) aus,
sprünglich auf einem graphischen Blatt zu sehen doch Sturtevants Version besteht aus anderen Mate
war. Ihr WESSELMANN GREATAMERICANNUDE? Die rialien und ist viel kleiner als Oldenburgs gewaltiges
Aktdarstellung selbst (wie auch die Streifen darun (mehr als zwei Meter breites) Sandwich. Und die
ter) wurde, wenn ich es richtig sehe, Wesselmanns Gipsfigur nach George Segal? Ein dieser Figur in der
GREATAMERICAN NUDE #10 von 1961 entnommen. Galerie J entsprechendes Werk des Bildhauers, das
Wesselmanns Gemälde ist jedoch ein Tondo, ein Sturtevants Figur vorangegangen wäre, habe ich
STURTEVANT, THE DARK THREAT OEABSENCE FRAGMENTED
AND SLICED, 2002, video installation, 7 monitors / DIE DUNKLE BE
DROHUNG DER FRAGMENTIERTEN UNDIN SCHEIBEN GESCHNITTENEN
ABWESENHEIT, Videoinstallation, 7Monitore.
(PHOTO: PERRY RUBENSTEINGALLERY, NEW YORK)